Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

FORCE METHODS

METHOD OF CONSISTENT DEFORMATIONS

Analysis of statically indeterminate beams by using Method of Consistent Deformations

Example-1 (Beam with a single degree of static indeterminacy)

Determine the reaction at all supports and draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the
propped cantilever beam shown in the figure below by using Method Consistent Deformations.
𝐸𝐼 = Constant

100𝑘𝑁

2𝑚 2𝑚

Solution

Step-1: Determining the degree of static indeterminacy (DoSI) of the beam.

Degree of static indeterminacy (𝑫𝒐𝑺𝑰) for a beam can be given by:

𝑀𝐴 100𝑘𝑁

𝐴𝑥 2𝑚 2𝑚

𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦

𝑫𝒐𝑺𝑰 = 𝑹 − 𝑬 = 𝟒 − 𝟑 = 𝟏 → The given beam is statically indeterminate to 1st degree.

Step-2: Select redundant forces and/or moments or internal member forces.

There are two possible redundant reactions and two possible primary structures.

Option-1: Taking the vertical reaction at support B as the redundant reactions

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 1

Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

If the roller support B is removed from the beam, it will become primary beam (statically
determinate beam) while still remaining statically stable, because the fixed support A alone can
prevent it from translating and/or rotating as a rigid body.

Thus, the roller support B is not necessary for the static stability of the beam and its reaction 𝑩𝒚
can be designated as the redundant.

Step-3: Remove the restraints corresponding to the redundants from the given indeterminate beam
to obtain the primary (determinate) beam.

100𝑘𝑁

Indeterminate beam

100𝑘𝑁
B

Primary beam under external load ∆𝐵0

𝑓𝐵𝐵
B 𝑥𝐵𝑦
Primary beam with redundant 𝑩𝒚
1𝑘𝑁

Step-4: Formulate the compatibility equations.

The number of the compatibility equations must match the number of redundant forces.

After choosing the redundant forces and establishing the primary structures, the next step is to
formulate the compatibility equations by superposition of some sets of partial solutions that satisfy
equilibrium requirements. Because the deflection at support B of the indeterminate beam is zero,
the deflection at support B of the primary beam due to the combined effect of the external load P
and the redundant 𝑩𝒚 must also be zero (∆𝐵 = 0).

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

The total deflection ∆𝐵 at end B of the primary beam due to the combined effect of 100𝑘𝑁 and
𝑩𝒚 can be conveniently expressed by superimposing (algebraically adding) the deflections due to
the external load 100𝑘𝑁 and the redundant 𝑩𝒚 acting individually on the beam.

∆𝑩 = ∆𝑩𝟎 + ∆𝑩𝑩 = 𝟎

Where:

∆𝑩𝟎 is the deflections at the point B of the primary beam due to the external load P alone on the
beam in the direction of the load 100𝑘𝑁

∆𝑩𝑩 is the deflections at the point B of the primary beam due to the redundant 𝑩𝒚 alone on the
beam in the assumed direction.

Since the redundant 𝑩𝒚 is unknown, it is convenient to determine ∆𝑩𝑩 by first evaluating the

deflection at B due to a unit value of the redundant (𝑩𝒚 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵) and then the deflection at B due

to the unknown magnitude of the redundant 𝑩𝒚 will cause a deflection of 𝑩𝒚 𝒇𝑩𝑩 . Thus,

∆𝑩𝑩 = 𝒇𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝒚

Where 𝒇𝑩𝑩 is a flexibility coefficient which has units of deflection per unit force and it denotes
the deflection at point B of the primary beam due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑩𝒚 .

Then, we obtain the compatibility equation in terms of deflection:

∆𝑩 = ∆𝑩𝟎 + 𝒇𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝒚 = 𝟎

Step-5: Compute the flexibility coefficients

Determining the deflection due to the applied load ∆𝑩𝟎 and the one due to a unit redundant reaction
force applied 𝒇𝑩𝑩 to the primary structure.

The deflections ∆𝑩𝟎 due to the applied load and 𝒇𝑩𝑩 due to a unit redundant reaction force applied
to the primary beam is evaluated by using the virtual work method. The virtual work expression
for beam and frame deflections is given by:

𝑴𝒎
∆𝑩𝟎 = ∫ 𝑬𝑰
𝒅𝒙

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 3

 Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

𝒎𝟐
𝒇𝑩𝑩 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰

Where

𝑴 = moment in the primary beam due to the applied load 𝑃 = 100𝑘𝑁.

𝒎 = moment in the primary beam due to a unit load applied at B.

Let us write an expression for the moment in the real and virtual structure.

𝑀𝐴 1 100𝑘𝑁 2
𝑥
𝐴𝑥 𝑥

2𝑚 2𝑚
𝐴𝑦
→ + ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → 𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎

↑ + ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 → 𝐴𝑦 − 100𝑘𝑁 = 0 → 𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 → 𝑀𝐴 − 100 ∗ 2 = 0 → 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵𝒎

Section 1-1
𝑀𝐴 = 200𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀 ↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 200 − 100𝑥 = 0

𝑥 𝑉 𝑀 = 100𝑥 − 200 𝐹𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝑚

𝐴𝑦 = 100𝑘𝑁
Section 2-2
100𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝐴 = 200𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀 ↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 200 − 100𝑥 + 100(𝑥 − 2) = 0

𝑥 𝑀=0 𝐹𝑜𝑟 2𝑚 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4𝑚
𝐴𝑦 = 100𝑘𝑁
1
𝑀𝐴 = 4𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑥

1
𝐴𝑦 = 1𝑘𝑁

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 − 4 + 1𝑥 = 0

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 4

𝑀 =𝑥−4 𝐹𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4𝑚
 Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Bending moments at portions of the beam

x-coordinate Deflection
Origin Limits (m) 𝑀 𝑚
A 0−2 100𝑥 − 200 𝑥−4
A 2−4 0 𝑥−4
𝑀𝑚 2 (100𝑥−200)(𝑥−4) 4 (0)(𝑥−4) 2000
∆𝐵0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 𝑑𝑥 = (↓)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

𝑚2 2 (𝑥−4)2 4 (𝑥−4)2 64
𝑓𝐵𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝐸𝐼 (↑)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

Step-6: Substitute the flexibility coefficients into the compatibility equations and solve for the
redundant.

2000
2000 64
− + ∗ 𝐵𝑦 = 0 → 𝐵𝑦 = 3𝐸𝐼⁄64 = 31.25𝑘𝑁(↑)
3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
3𝐸𝐼

Step-7: Apply the computed redundant forces or moments to the indeterminate beam and evaluate
other functions, such as bending moment, shearing force, and deflection, if desired, using
equilibrium conditions

100𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝐴
𝐴𝑥

2𝑚 2𝑚
𝐴𝑦
𝐵𝑦 = 143.75𝑘𝑁

→ + ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → 𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎

↑ + ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 → 𝐴𝑦 − 100𝑘𝑁 + 31.25𝑘𝑁 = 0 → 𝑨𝒚 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑵(↑)

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 → 𝑀𝐴 − 100 ∗ 2 + 143.75 ∗ 4 = 0 → 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎(↺)

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Step-7: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam

100𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝐴 = 75𝑘𝑁𝑚

2𝑚 2𝑚
𝐴𝑦 = 68.75𝑘𝑁 𝐵𝑦 = 31.25𝑘𝑁𝑘𝑁

Example-2 (Beam with multiple degrees of static indeterminacy)

Determine the reactions and draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in
Figure below by the method of consistent deformations. 𝐸𝐼 = Constant

Solution

Step-1: Determining the degree of static indeterminacy (DoSI) of the beam.

Degree of static indeterminacy (𝑫𝒐𝑺𝑰) for a beam can be given by:

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

𝑫𝒐𝑺𝑰 = 𝑹 − 𝑬 = 𝟓 − 𝟑 = 𝟐 → The given beam is statically indeterminate to 2nd degree.

Step-2: Select redundant forces and/or moments or internal member forces.

There are three possible redundant reactions and three possible primary structures.

Option-1: Taking the vertical reaction at support C and E as the redundant reactions

If the roller supports at C and E are removed from the beam, it will become primary beam
(statically determinate beam) while still remaining statically stable, because the fixed support A
alone can prevent it from translating and/or rotating as a rigid body.

Thus, the roller supports at C and E are not necessary for the static stability of the beam and its
reaction 𝑪𝒚 and 𝑬𝒚 can be designated as the redundants.

Option-2: Taking the moment at support A and vertical reaction at support C as the redundant
reactions

If the fixed support at A and roller supports at C are removed from the beam, it will become
primary beam (statically determinate beam) while still remaining statically stable, because the pin
support A and roller support at C can prevent it from translating and/or rotating as a rigid body.

Thus, the support moment at A and roller support at C are not necessary for the static stability of
the beam and its reaction 𝑴𝑨 and 𝑪𝒚 can be designated as the redundants.

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Option-3: Taking the moment at support A and vertical reaction at support E as the redundant
reactions

If the fixed support at A and roller supports at E are removed from the beam, it will become primary
beam (statically determinate beam) while still remaining statically stable, because the pin support
A and roller support at E can prevent it from translating and/or rotating as a rigid body. Thus, the
support moment at A and roller support at E are not necessary for the static stability of the beam
and its reaction 𝑴𝑨 and 𝑬𝒚 can be designated as the redundants.

Let us consider option-1 and the vertical reactions 𝐶𝑦 and 𝐸𝑦 at the roller supports C and E,
respectively, are selected as the redundants.

Step-3: Remove the restraints corresponding to the redundants from the given indeterminate beam
to obtain the primary (determinate) beam.

Let us considered option-1 (The vertical reactions 𝐶𝑦 and 𝐸𝑦 at the roller supports C and E,
respectively, are selected as the redundants).

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Step-4: Formulate the compatibility equations.

The number of the compatibility equations must match the number of redundant forces.

After choosing the redundant forces and establishing the primary structures, the next step is to
formulate the compatibility equations by superposition of some sets of partial solutions that satisfy
equilibrium requirements. Because the deflection at supports C and E of the indeterminate beam
is zero, the deflection at support C and E of the primary beam due to the combined effect of the
external load P and the redundant 𝑪𝒚 and 𝑬𝒚 must also be zero (∆𝐶 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐸 = 0 ).

The total deflection ∆𝐶 at support C of the primary beam due to the combined effect of external
loads and 𝑪𝒚 can be conveniently expressed by superimposing (algebraically adding) the
deflections due to the external load and the redundant 𝑪𝒚 acting individually on the beam.

∆𝑪 = ∆𝑪𝟎 + ∆𝑪𝑪 + ∆𝑪𝑬 = 𝟎

Similarly, the total deflection ∆𝐸 at end E of the primary beam due to the combined effect of
external loads and 𝑬𝒚 can be conveniently expressed by superimposing (algebraically adding) the
deflections due to the external load and the redundant 𝑬𝒚 acting individually on the beam.

∆𝑬 = ∆𝑬𝟎 + ∆𝑬𝑪 + ∆𝑬𝑬 = 𝟎

Where:

∆𝑪𝟎 is the deflections at the point C of the primary beam due to the external loads alone on the
beam in the direction of the load

∆𝑪𝑪 is the deflections at the point C of the primary beam due to the redundant 𝑪𝒚 alone on the
beam in the assumed direction.

∆𝑪𝑬 is the deflections at the point C of the primary beam due to the redundant 𝐸𝑦 alone on the
beam in the assumed direction.

∆𝑬𝟎 is the deflections at the point E of the primary beam due to the external loads alone on the
beam in the direction of the load

∆𝑬𝑪 is the deflections at the point E of the primary beam due to the redundant 𝐶𝑦 alone on the
beam in the assumed direction.

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

∆𝑬𝑬 is the deflections at the point E of the primary beam due to the redundant 𝑬𝒚 alone on the
beam in the assumed direction.

Since the redundant 𝑪𝒚 is unknown, it is convenient to determine ∆𝑪𝑪 by first evaluating the

deflection at C due to a unit value of the redundant (𝑪𝒚 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵) and then the deflection at C and

E due to the unknown magnitude of the redundant 𝑪𝒚 will cause a deflection of 𝑪𝒚 𝒇𝑪𝑪 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝒚 𝒇𝑪𝑬
respectively. Thus,

∆𝑪𝑪 = 𝒇𝑪𝑪 𝑪𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∆𝑪𝑬 = 𝒇𝑪𝑬 𝑬𝒚

Where 𝒇𝑪𝑪 , 𝒇𝑪𝑬 a flexibility coefficient which has units of deflection per unit force

𝒇𝑪𝑪 denotes the deflection at point C of the primary beam due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑪𝒚

𝒇𝑪𝑬 denotes the deflection at point C of the primary beam due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑬𝒚

Similarly, the redundant 𝑬𝒚 is unknown, it is convenient to determine ∆𝑬𝑬 by first evaluating the

deflection at E due to a unit value of the redundant (𝑬𝒚 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵) and then the deflection at C and

E due to the unknown magnitude of the redundant 𝑬𝒚 will cause a deflection of 𝑪𝒚 𝒇𝑬𝑪 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑬𝒚 𝒇𝑬𝑬
respectively. Thus,

∆𝑬𝑪 = 𝒇𝑬𝑪 𝑪𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∆𝑬𝑬 = 𝒇𝑬𝑬 𝑬𝒚

Where 𝒇𝑬𝑪 , 𝒇𝑬𝑬 are a flexibility coefficient which has units of deflection per unit force.

𝒇𝑬𝑪 denotes the deflection at point E of the primary beam due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑪𝒚

𝒇𝑬𝑬 denotes the deflection at point E of the primary beam due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑬𝒚

Then, we obtain the compatibility equation in terms of deflection:

∆𝑪 = ∆𝑪𝟎 + 𝒇𝑪𝑪 𝑪𝒚 + 𝒇𝑪𝑬 𝑬𝒚 = 𝟎

∆𝑬 = ∆𝑬𝟎 + 𝒇𝑬𝑪 𝑪𝒚 + 𝒇𝑬𝑬 𝑬𝒚 = 𝟎

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Step-5: Compute the flexibility coefficients

Determining the deflections due to the applied load ∆𝑪𝟎 , ∆𝑬𝟎 and the one due to a unit redundant
reaction force applied 𝒇𝑪𝑪 , 𝒇𝑪𝑬 , 𝒇𝑬𝑬 to the primary structure.

The Mohr integral which depend on the virtual work principles is used for obtaining the flexibility
coefficient for beams and frames is expressed as follows:

Let us write an expression for the moment in the real and virtual structure.

Moment expressions for the primary beam under external load

Section 1-1:
𝑀

𝑉 +↺ ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 2400 − 240𝑥 = 0
𝑥
𝑴 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓𝒎

Section 2-2:

𝑀
5𝑚 ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 2400 − 240𝑥 + 120(𝑥 − 5) = 0
𝑉
𝑥 𝑴 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 for 𝟓𝒎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟓𝒎

Section 3-3:

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

𝑀 ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 2400 − 240𝑥 + 120(𝑥 − 5)

+ 120(𝑥 − 15) = 0
𝑥 𝑉=0
𝑴=𝟎 for 𝟏𝟓𝒎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝒎

Moment expressions for the primary beam under unit load 𝐶𝑦 = 1𝑘𝑁

Section 1-1:

𝑥 +↺ ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑚 − 10 + 𝑥 = 0

𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒙 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝒎

Section 2-2:

+↺ ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑚 − 10 + 𝑥 − 1(𝑥 − 10) = 0
𝑉=0 𝑚
𝒎=𝟎 for 𝟏𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝒎

Moment expressions for the primary beam under unit load 𝐸𝑦 = 1𝑘𝑁

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Section 1-1:

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑚 − 20 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑉 𝑚
𝒎 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝒙 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝒎
𝑥

Summary moment expressions:

Bending moments at portions of the beam

𝑥 −coordinate Deflection
Position

𝑚
Origin

Limits (m) 𝑀
𝑪𝒚 𝑬𝒚

AB A 0−5 240𝑥 − 2400 10 − 𝑥 20 − 𝑥

BC A 5 − 10 120𝑥 − 1800 10 − 𝑥 20 − 𝑥

CD A 10 − 15 120𝑥 − 1800 0 20 − 𝑥
DE A 15 − 20 0 0 20 − 𝑥

𝑀𝑚 5 (240𝑥−2400)(10−𝑥 ) 10 (120𝑥−1800)(10−𝑥 ) 15 (120𝑥−1800)(0)

∆𝐶0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
20 (0)(0) 82500
∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↓)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑀𝑚 5 (240𝑥−2400)(20−𝑥) 10 (120𝑥−1800)(20−𝑥)
∆𝐸0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
15 (120𝑥−1800)(20−𝑥) 20 (0)(20−𝑥) 230000
∫10 𝑑𝑥 + ∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↓)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑚2 5 (10−𝑥 )2 10 (10−𝑥 )2 15 (0)2 20 (0)2 333.33

𝑓𝐶𝐶 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 + ∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑚𝐶 𝑚𝐸 5 (10−𝑥 )(20−𝑥) 10 (10−𝑥 )(20−𝑥) 15 (0)(20−𝑥)

𝑓𝐸𝐶 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
20 (0)(20−𝑥) 833.33
∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

𝑚2 5 (𝑥−20)2 10 (𝑥−20)2 15 (𝑥−20)2 20 (𝑥−20)2 2666.67

𝑓𝐸𝐸 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 + ∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

833.33
By applying Maxwell’s law, 𝑓𝐶𝐸 = 𝑓𝐸𝐶 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼

Step-6: Substitute the flexibility coefficients into the compatibility equations and solve for the
redundants.

∆𝐶0 + 𝑓𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝑦 + 𝑓𝐶𝐸 𝐸𝑦 = 0 → −82500 + 333.33𝐶𝑦 + 833.33𝐸𝑦 = 0

∆𝐸0 + 𝑓𝐸𝐶 𝐶𝑦 + 𝑓𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝑦 = 0 → −230000 + 833.33𝐶𝑦 + 2666.67𝐸𝑦 = 0

Solving simultaneously for 𝐶𝑦 and 𝐸𝑦 , we obtain

𝐶𝑦 = 145.714𝑘𝑁(↑) and 𝐸𝑦 = 40.714𝑘𝑁(↑)

Step-7: Apply the computed redundant forces or moments to the indeterminate beam and evaluate
other functions, such as bending moment, shearing force, and deflection, if desired, using
equilibrium conditions

→ + ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → 𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎

↑ + ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 → 𝐴𝑦 − 120𝑘𝑁 − 120𝑘𝑁 + 145.714𝑘𝑁 + 40.714𝑘𝑁 = 0

→ 𝑨𝒚 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝟐𝒌𝑵(↑)

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 → 𝑀𝐴 − 120 ∗ 5 − 120 ∗ 15 + 145.714 ∗ 10 + 40.714 ∗ 20 = 0

→ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎(↺)

Step-8: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam

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Example-3 (Beam with multiple degrees of static indeterminacy and support settlements)

For the beam of example-2, determine the reaction at all supports and draw shear force and bending
moment diagrams due to the support settlements of 40𝑚𝑚 at C and 25𝑚𝑚 at E in addition to the
external loads.

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Solution

Step-1: Determining the degree of static indeterminacy (DoSI) of the beam.

Degree of static indeterminacy (𝑫𝒐𝑺𝑰) for a beam can be given by:

𝑫𝒐𝑺𝑰 = 𝑹 − 𝑬 = 𝟓 − 𝟑 = 𝟐 → The given beam is statically indeterminate to 2nd degree.

Step-2: Select redundant forces and/or moments or internal member forces.

The vertical reactions 𝐶𝑦 and 𝐸𝑦 at the roller supports C and E, respectively are selected as the
redundants.

Step-3: Remove the restraints corresponding to the redundants from the given indeterminate beam
to obtain the primary (determinate) beam.

Let us considered the vertical reactions 𝐶𝑦 and 𝐸𝑦 at the roller supports C and E, respectively are
selected as the redundants while it will become primary beam (statically determinate beam) and
still remaining statically stable.

Step-4: Formulate the compatibility equations.

The number of the compatibility equations must match the number of redundant forces.

After choosing the redundant forces and establishing the primary structures, the next step is to
formulate the compatibility equations by superposition of some sets of partial solutions that satisfy

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equilibrium requirements. Because the deflection at supports C and E of the indeterminate beam
are not zero.

The specified support settlements from which the chord AE of the primary beam coincides with
the un-deformed position of the indeterminate beam; therefore, the settlements of supports C and
E relative to the chord of the primary beam are equal to the prescribed settlements, that is

∆𝐶 = ∆𝐶𝑅 = −0.04𝑚 and ∆𝐸 = ∆𝐸𝑅 = −0.025𝑚

The total deflection ∆𝐶 at support C of the primary beam due to the combined effect of external
loads and 𝑪𝒚 can be conveniently expressed by superimposing (algebraically adding) the
deflections due to the external load and the redundant 𝑪𝒚 acting individually on the beam.

∆𝑪 = ∆𝑪𝟎 + ∆𝑪𝑪 + ∆𝑪𝑬 = −0.04

Similarly, the total deflection ∆𝐸 at end E of the primary beam due to the combined effect of
external loads and 𝑬𝒚 can be conveniently expressed by superimposing (algebraically adding) the
deflections due to the external load and the redundant 𝑬𝒚 acting individually on the beam.

∆𝑬 = ∆𝑬𝟎 + ∆𝑬𝑪 + ∆𝑬𝑬 = −0.025

Where:

∆𝑪𝟎 is the deflections at the point C of the primary beam due to the external loads alone on the
beam in the direction of the load

∆𝑪𝑪 is the deflections at the point C of the primary beam due to the redundant 𝑪𝒚 alone on the
beam in the assumed direction.

∆𝑪𝑬 is the deflections at the point C of the primary beam due to the redundant 𝐸𝑦 alone on the
beam in the assumed direction.

∆𝑬𝟎 is the deflections at the point E of the primary beam due to the external loads alone on the
beam in the direction of the load

∆𝑬𝑪 is the deflections at the point E of the primary beam due to the redundant 𝐶𝑦 alone on the
beam in the assumed direction.

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∆𝑬𝑬 is the deflections at the point E of the primary beam due to the redundant 𝑬𝒚 alone on the
beam in the assumed direction.

Since the redundant 𝑪𝒚 is unknown, it is convenient to determine ∆𝑪𝑪 by first evaluating the

deflection at C due to a unit value of the redundant (𝑪𝒚 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵) and then the deflection at C and

E due to the unknown magnitude of the redundant 𝑪𝒚 will cause a deflection of 𝑪𝒚 𝒇𝑪𝑪 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑬𝒚 𝒇𝑪𝑬
respectively. Thus,

∆𝑪𝑪 = 𝒇𝑪𝑪 𝑪𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∆𝑪𝑬 = 𝒇𝑪𝑬 𝑬𝒚

Where 𝒇𝑪𝑪 , 𝒇𝑪𝑬 a flexibility coefficient which has units of deflection per unit force

𝒇𝑪𝑪 denotes the deflection at point C of the primary beam due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑪𝒚

𝒇𝑪𝑬 denotes the deflection at point C of the primary beam due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑬𝒚

Similarly, the redundant 𝑬𝒚 is unknown, it is convenient to determine ∆𝑬𝑬 by first evaluating the

deflection at E due to a unit value of the redundant (𝑬𝒚 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵) and then the deflection at C and

E due to the unknown magnitude of the redundant 𝑬𝒚 will cause a deflection of 𝑪𝒚 𝒇𝑬𝑪 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑬𝒚 𝒇𝑬𝑬
respectively. Thus,

∆𝑬𝑪 = 𝒇𝑬𝑪 𝑪𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∆𝑬𝑬 = 𝒇𝑬𝑬 𝑬𝒚

Where 𝒇𝑬𝑪 , 𝒇𝑬𝑬 are a flexibility coefficient which has units of deflection per unit force.

𝒇𝑬𝑪 denotes the deflection at point E of the primary beam due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑪𝒚

𝒇𝑬𝑬 denotes the deflection at point E of the primary beam due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑬𝒚

Then, we obtain the compatibility equation in terms of deflection:

∆𝐶 = ∆𝐶0 + 𝑓𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝑦 + 𝑓𝐶𝐸 𝐸𝑦 = −004𝑚

∆𝐸 = ∆𝐸0 + 𝑓𝐸𝐶 𝐶𝑦 + 𝑓𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝑦 = −0.025𝑚

Step-5: Compute the flexibility coefficients

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Determining the deflections due to the applied load ∆𝑪𝟎 , ∆𝑬𝟎 and the one due to a unit redundant
reaction force applied 𝒇𝑪𝑪 , 𝒇𝑪𝑬 , 𝒇𝑬𝑬 to the primary structure.

The Mohr integral which depend on the virtual work principles is used for obtaining the flexibility
coefficient for beams and frames is expressed as follows:

Let us write an expression for the moment in the real and virtual structure.

Moment expressions for the primary beam under external load

Section 1-1:
𝑀

𝑉 ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 2400 − 240𝑥 = 0
𝑥
𝑴 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓𝒎

Section 2-2:

𝑀
5𝑚 ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 2400 − 240𝑥 + 120(𝑥 − 5) = 0
𝑉
𝑥 𝑴 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 for 𝟓𝒎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟓𝒎

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Section 3-3:

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 2400 − 240𝑥 + 120(𝑥 − 5)

𝑥 𝑉=0
+ 120(𝑥 − 15) = 0
𝑴=𝟎 for 𝟏𝟓𝒎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝒎

Moment expressions for the primary beam under unit load 𝐶𝑦 = 1𝑘𝑁

Section 1-1:

𝑉 𝑚
𝑥 ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑚 + 10 − 𝑥 = 0

𝒎 = 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝒎

Section 2-2:

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑚 + 10 − 𝑥 + (𝑥 − 10) = 0
𝑉=0 𝑚
𝒎=𝟎 for 𝟏𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝒎

Moment expressions for the primary beam under unit load 𝐸𝑦 = 1𝑘𝑁

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Section 1-1:

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑚 + 20 − 𝑥 = 0
𝑉 𝑚
𝑥 𝒎 = 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝒎

Summary moment expressions:

Bending moments at portions of the beam

𝑥 −coordinate Deflection

Position Origin Limits (m) 𝑀 𝑚

𝑪𝒚 𝑬𝒚

AB A 0−5 240𝑥 − 2400 𝑥 − 10 𝑥 − 20

BC A 5 − 10 120𝑥 − 1800 𝑥 − 10 𝑥 − 20

CD A 10 − 15 120𝑥 − 1800 0 𝑥 − 20
DE A 15 − 20 0 0 𝑥 − 20

𝑀𝑚 5 (240𝑥−2400)(𝑥−10) 10 (120𝑥−1800)(𝑥−10) 15 (120𝑥−1800)(0)

∆𝐶0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
20 (0)(0) 82500
∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↓)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑀𝑚 5 (240𝑥−2400)(𝑥−20) 10 (120𝑥−1800)(𝑥−20)
∆𝐸0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
15 (120𝑥−1800)(𝑥−20) 20 (0)(𝑥−20) 230000
∫10 𝑑𝑥 + ∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↓)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑚2 5 (𝑥−10)2 10 (𝑥−10)2 15 (0)2 20 (0)2 333.33

𝑓𝐶𝐶 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 + ∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑚𝐶 𝑚𝐸 5 (𝑥−10)(𝑥−20) 10 (𝑥−10)(𝑥−20) 15 (0)(𝑥−20)

𝑓𝐸𝐶 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
20 (0)(𝑥−20) 833.33
∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑚2 5 (𝑥−20)2 10 (𝑥−20)2 15 (𝑥−20)2 20 (𝑥−20)2 2666.67

𝑓𝐸𝐸 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 + ∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

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833.33
By applying Maxwell’s law, 𝑓𝐶𝐸 = 𝑓𝐸𝐶 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼

Step-6: Substitute the flexibility coefficients into the compatibility equations and solve for the
redundants.

∆𝐶0 + 𝑓𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝑦 + 𝑓𝐶𝐸 𝐸𝑦 = 0 → −82500 + 333.33𝐶𝑦 + 833.33𝐸𝑦 = −0.04

∆𝐸0 + 𝑓𝐸𝐶 𝐶𝑦 + 𝑓𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝑦 = 0 → −230000 + 833.33𝐶𝑦 + 2666.67𝐸𝑦 = −0.025

Solving simultaneously for 𝐶𝑦 and 𝐸𝑦 , we obtain

𝐶𝑦 = 107.60𝑘𝑁 (↑) and 𝐸𝑦 = 51.80𝑘𝑁 (↑)

Step-7: Apply the computed redundant forces or moments to the indeterminate beam and evaluate
other functions, such as bending moment, shearing force, and deflection, if desired, using
equilibrium conditions

→ + ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → 𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎

↑ + ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 → 𝐴𝑦 − 120𝑘𝑁 − 120𝑘𝑁 + 107.60𝑘𝑁 + 51.80𝑘𝑁 = 0

→ 𝑨𝒚 = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵(↑)

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 → 𝑀𝐴 − 120 ∗ 5 − 120 ∗ 15 + 107.60 ∗ 10 + 51.80 ∗ 20 = 0

→ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎(↺)

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Step-8: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam

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Example-4 (Truss with only external static indeterminacy)

Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss shown in figure below by using
the method of consistent deformations.

𝟒𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒌𝑵

𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐

𝟐𝟓𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝟒. 𝟓𝒎

𝟒𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝒄𝒎𝟐

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵
3 panels @ 6𝑚 = 18𝑚
Solution:

Step-1: Determining the degree of static indeterminacy (𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼) of the truss.

𝑏=9

𝑟𝑎 = 4

𝑟=3

𝑗=6

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼 = 𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑒 + 𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑖

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑖 = 𝑏 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗 = 9 + 3 − 2 ∗ 6 = 0 →Determinate internally

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑒 = 𝑟𝑎 − 𝑟 = 4 − 3 = 1 → Indeterminate to the 1st degree externally

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼 = 1 + 0 = 1

Step-2: Select redundant forces and/or moments or internal member forces.

Let us considered the horizontal reactions 𝐷𝑥 at the pin support D as the redundant.

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Step-3: Remove the restraints corresponding to the redundants from the given indeterminate truss
to obtain the primary (determinate) truss.

Step-4: Formulate the compatibility equations.

The number of the compatibility equations must match the number of redundant forces. After
choosing the redundant forces and establishing the primary structures, the next step is to formulate
the compatibility equations by superposition of some sets of partial solutions that satisfy
equilibrium requirements. The horizontal deflection at support D of the indeterminate truss is zero.

The total deflection ∆𝐷 at support D of the primary truss due to the combined effect of external
loads and 𝑫𝒙 can be conveniently expressed by superimposing (algebraically adding) the
deflections due to the external load and the redundant 𝑫𝒙 acting individually on the truss.

∆𝑫 = ∆𝑫𝟎 + ∆𝑫𝑫 = 𝟎

Where:

∆𝑫𝟎 is the deflections at the point D of the primary truss due to the external loads alone on the
truss in the direction of the load

∆𝑫𝑫 is the deflections at the point D of the primary truss due to the redundant 𝑫𝒙 alone on the truss
in the assumed direction.

Since the redundant 𝑫𝒙 is unknown, it is convenient to determine ∆𝑫𝑫 by first evaluating the
deflection at D due to a unit value of the redundant (𝑫𝒙 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵) and then the deflection at D due
to the unknown magnitude of the redundant 𝑫𝒙 will cause a deflection of 𝑫𝒙 𝒇𝑫𝑫 . Thus, ∆𝑫𝑫 =
𝒇𝑫𝑫 𝑫𝒙 .
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Where 𝒇𝑫𝑫 is a flexibility coefficient which has units of deflection per unit force and denotes the
deflection at point D of the primary truss due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑫𝒙 .

Then, we obtain the compatibility equation in terms of deflection:

∆𝐷 = ∆𝐷0 + 𝑓𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝑥 = 0

Step-5: Compute the flexibility coefficients

Determining the deflections due to the applied load ∆𝑫𝟎 and the one due to a unit redundant
reaction force applied 𝒇𝑫𝑫 to the primary structure.

The deflections ∆𝑫𝟎 due to the applied load and 𝒇𝑫𝑫 due to a unit redundant reaction force applied
to the primary truss is evaluated by using the virtual work method. The virtual work expression
for truss deflections is given by:

𝑭𝒇𝑳
∆𝑫𝟎 = ∑
𝑨𝑬

𝒇𝟐 𝑳
𝒇𝑫𝑫 =∑
𝑨𝑬

Where:

∆𝑫𝟎 = the displacement in members of the primary truss due to applied external load.

𝒇𝑫𝑫 = the displacement in members of the primary truss due to the unit redundant force 𝑫𝒙 .

𝑭 = axial force in the primary truss members due to the applied external load.

𝒇 = axial forces in truss members due to the applied unit redundant load.

𝑳 = length of truss member.

𝑨 = cross sectional area of a truss member.

For computing the deflection ∆𝑫𝟎 of the primary truss, the real system consists of the given external
loading as shown in figure below.

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The member axial forces due to this loading are obtained the method of joints.

93.33𝑘𝑁 (𝐶) 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒌𝑵

70𝑘𝑁(𝑇)

100𝑘𝑁(𝑇)

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒌𝑵
213.33𝑘𝑁(𝑇) 173.33𝑘𝑁(𝑇) 173.33𝑘𝑁(𝑇)

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒌𝑵

𝟕𝟎𝒌𝑵

For computing the deflection 𝒇𝑫𝑫 of the primary truss, the virtual system consists of a unit value
of the redundant 𝐷𝑥 applied to the primary truss as shown in figure below.

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Summary the members force values

Members 𝐿(𝑚) 𝐴(𝑚2 ) 𝐹(𝑘𝑁) 𝑓(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁) 𝐹𝑓𝐿 𝑓 2𝐿 𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹 + 𝑓𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝑥 (𝑘𝑁)

(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚) (1⁄𝑚)
𝐴 𝐴
AB 6 0.004 213.33 1 320000 1500 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕
BC 6 0.004 173.33 1 260000 1500 −𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑
CD 6 0.004 173.33 1 260000 1500 −𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑
EF 6 0.004 −93.33 0 0 0 −𝟗𝟑. 𝟑𝟑
BE 4.5 0.0025 70 0 0 0 𝟕𝟎
CF 4.5 0.0025 100 0 0 0 𝟏𝟎𝟎
AE 7.5 0.004 −116.67 0 0 0 −𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕
BF 7.5 0.0025 50 0 0 0 𝟓𝟎
DF 7.5 0.004 −216.67 0 0 0 −𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕
∑ 840000 4500
1 𝐹𝑓𝐿 840000
∆𝐷0 = 𝐸 ∑ = 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚
𝐴 𝐸

1 𝑓2 𝐿 4500
𝑓𝐷𝐷 = 𝐸 ∑ = (1⁄𝑚)
𝐴 𝐸

Step-6: Substitute the flexibility coefficients into the compatibility equations and solve for the
redundant.

840000 4500
∆𝐷0 + 𝑓𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝑥 = 0 → + 𝐷𝑥 = 0
𝐸 𝐸

840000
∆𝐷0 𝐸
𝐷𝑥 = − =− 4500 = −186.67𝑘𝑁
𝑓𝐷𝐷
𝐸

The negative answer for 𝐷𝑥 indicates that our assumption about 𝐷𝑥 acting to the right was incorrect
and that 𝐷𝑥 actually acts to the left.

𝐷𝑥 = 186.67𝑘𝑁(←)

Step-7: Apply the computed redundant force to the indeterminate truss and evaluate the remaining
reactions of using equilibrium conditions.

+→ ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝐴𝑥 + 120 − 186.67 = 0

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

𝐴𝑥 = 66.67𝑘𝑁(→)

+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 − 100 − 100 = 0 → 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 = 200𝑘𝑁

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 → 𝐷𝑦 ∗ 18 − 100 ∗ 12 − 100 ∗ 6 = 0 → 𝐷𝑦 = 130𝑘𝑁(↑)

∴ 𝐴𝑦 = 70𝑘𝑁(↑)

Step-8: Compute the axial forces in the members of the indeterminate truss by superposition of
the member forces of the primary truss due to the external loads and due to the redundant 𝐷𝑥

𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹 + 𝑓𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝑥

𝟗𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝑵(𝑪)
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵(𝑻)
𝟕𝟎𝒌𝑵(𝑻)

𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝒌𝑵(𝑻) 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝑵(𝑪) 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝒌𝑵(𝑪)

Example-5 (Truss with only internal static indeterminacy)

Determine the reactions and the force in each member of the truss shown in figure below by using
the method of consistent deformations. 𝐸𝐴 = Constant.

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 30

Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Solution:

Step-1: Determining the degree of static indeterminacy (𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼) of the truss.

𝑏 = 10

𝑟𝑎 = 3

𝑟=3

𝑗=6

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼 = 𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑒 + 𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑖

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑖 = 𝑏 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗 = 10 + 3 − 2 ∗ 6 = 1 →Indeterminate to 1st degree internally

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑒 = 𝑟𝑎 − 𝑟 = 3 − 3 = 0 → Determinate externally

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼 = 0 + 1 = 1

Step-2: Select redundant internal member forces.

Let us considered the axial force member 𝐹𝐶𝐸 in the diagonal member CE as the redundant. The
sense of 𝐹𝐶𝐸 is not yet known and arbitrarily assumed to be tensile.

Step-3: Remove the restraints corresponding to the redundants from the given indeterminate truss
to obtain the primary (determinate) truss.

The primary truss obtained by removing member CE as shown in figure below.

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 31

Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Step-4: Formulate the compatibility equations.

The number of the compatibility equations must match the number of redundant forces. After
choosing the redundant internal forces and establishing the primary structures, the next step is to
formulate the compatibility equations by superposition of some sets of partial solutions that satisfy
equilibrium requirements. The deflection of the diagonal member CE of the indeterminate truss is
zero.

The total deflection ∆𝐶𝐸 in the diagonal member CE of the primary truss due to the combined
effect of external loads and 𝑭𝑪𝑬 can be conveniently expressed by superimposing (algebraically
adding) the deflections due to the external load and the redundant member force 𝑭𝑪𝑬 acting
individually on the truss.

∆𝑪𝑬 = ∆𝑪𝑬𝟎 + ∆𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 = 𝟎

Where:

∆𝑪𝑬𝟎 is the relative displacement between joints C and E of the primary truss due to the external
loads alone on the truss in the direction of the load

∆𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 is the relative displacement between joints C and E of the primary truss due to the redundant
member force 𝑭𝑪𝑬 alone on the truss in the assumed direction.

Since the redundant member force 𝑭𝑪𝑬 is unknown, it is convenient to determine ∆𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 by first
evaluating the relative displacement between joints C and E of the primary truss due to a unit
tensile force in member CE (𝑭𝑪𝑬 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵) and then the relative displacement between joints C and
E due to the unknown magnitude of the redundant 𝑭𝑪𝑬 will cause a relative displacement
of 𝑭𝑪𝑬 𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 . Thus, ∆𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 = 𝑭𝑪𝑬 𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 .

Where 𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 is a flexibility coefficient which has units of deflection per unit force and denotes
the relative displacement between the same joints of the primary truss due to the unit value of the
redundant 𝑭𝑪𝑬

Then, we obtain the compatibility equation in terms of deflection:

∆𝑪𝑬 = ∆𝑪𝑬𝟎 + 𝑭𝑪𝑬 𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 = 𝟎

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Step-5: Compute the flexibility coefficients

Determining the displacements due to the applied load ∆𝑪𝑬𝟎 and the one due to a unit redundant
force applied𝑭𝑪𝑬 , 𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 to the truss.

The displacement ∆𝑪𝑬𝟎 due to the applied load and 𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 due to a unit redundant reaction force
applied to the primary truss is evaluated by using the virtual work method. The virtual work
expression for truss deflections is given by:

𝑭𝒖𝑪𝑬 𝑳
∆𝑪𝑬𝟎 = ∑
𝑨𝑬

𝒖𝑪𝑬 𝟐 𝑳
𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 = ∑
𝑨𝑬

Where:

∆𝑪𝑬𝟎 = the relative displacements between joints C and E of the primary truss due to the external
loads.

𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 = the relative displacement between the same joints in member of the primary truss due to
the unit value of redundant 𝑭𝑪𝑬 .

𝑭 = axial force in the primary truss members due to the applied external load.

𝒖𝑪𝑬 = axial forces in primary truss members due to the applied unit tensile force in member CE.

𝑳 = length of truss member.

𝑨 = cross sectional area of a truss member.

For computing ∆𝑪𝑬𝟎 the relative displacements between joints C and E of the primary truss, the
real system consists of the given external loading as shown in figure below.

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 33

Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

The member axial forces due to this loading are obtained the method of joints.

150𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)

200𝑘𝑁(𝑇)

150𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)
150𝑘𝑁 (𝑇) 131.25𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)
131.25𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)

200𝑘𝑁 175𝑘𝑁
Member forces in the primary truss due to external loads

For computing the deflection 𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 of the primary truss, the virtual system consists of a unit value
of the redundant 𝐹𝐶𝐸 applied to the primary truss as shown in figure below. The unit value of 𝐹𝐶𝐸
deforms the primary truss and causes the ends of the two portions of member CE to overlap by an
amount of 𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 . Thus, the overlap in member CE due to the axial force of magnitude 𝐹𝐶𝐸
equals 𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 ∗ 𝑭𝑪𝑬.

0.6𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
0.8𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
0.8𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)

0.6𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)

Member forces in the primary truss due to unit tensile force in member CE

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Summary the members force values

Members 𝐿(𝑚) 𝐹(𝑘𝑁) 𝑢𝐶𝐸 (𝑘𝑁⁄𝑘𝑁) 𝐹𝑢𝐶𝐸 𝐿(𝑘𝑁𝑚) 𝑢𝐶𝐸 2 𝐿(𝑚) 𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹 + 𝑢𝐶𝐸 𝐹𝐶𝐸 (𝑘𝑁)
AB 6 150 0 0 0 𝟏𝟓𝟎
BC 6 131.25 −0.6 −472.5 2.16 𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟓
CD 6 131.25 0 0 0 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
EF 6 −150 −0.6 540 2.16 −𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟑𝟎
BE 8 200 −0.8 −1280 5.12 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟓
CF 8 150 −0.8 −960 5.12 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟗𝟓
AE 10 −250 0 0 0 −𝟐𝟓𝟎
BF 10 31.25 1 312.5 10 𝟖𝟓. 𝟎𝟕
CE 10 0 1 0 10 𝟓𝟑. 𝟖𝟐
DF 10 −218.75 0 0 0 −𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟓
∑ −1860 34.56
1 −1860
∆𝐶𝐸0 = 𝐴𝐸 ∑ 𝐹𝑢𝐶𝐸 𝐿 = 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝐴𝐸

1 34.56
𝑓𝐶𝐸,𝐶𝐸 = 𝐴𝐸 ∑ 𝑢𝐶𝐸 2 𝐿 = 𝑚
𝐴𝐸

Step-6: Substitute the flexibility coefficients into the compatibility equations and solve for the
redundant.

−1860 34.56
∆𝐶𝐸0 + 𝐹𝐶𝐸 𝑓𝐶𝐸,𝐶𝐸 = 0 → + 𝐹𝐶𝐸 = 0
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

1860
∆
𝐹𝐶𝐸 = 𝑓 𝐶𝐸0 = 𝐴𝐸
34.56 = 53.82𝑘𝑁(𝑇)
𝐶𝐸,𝐶𝐸
𝐴𝐸

The positive answer for 𝐹𝐶𝐸 indicates that our assumption about 𝐹𝐶𝐸 acting a tensile force is
correct.

Step-7: Apply the computed redundant force to the indeterminate truss and evaluate the remaining
reactions of using equilibrium conditions.

+→ ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝐴𝑥 = 0

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 − 225 − 150 = 0 → 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 = 375𝑘𝑁

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 → 𝐷𝑦 ∗ 18 − 150 ∗ 12 − 1225 ∗ 6 = 0 → 𝐷𝑦 = 175𝑘𝑁(↑)

∴ 𝐴𝑦 = 200𝑘𝑁(↑)

Step-8: Compute the axial forces in the members of the indeterminate truss by superposition of
the member forces of the primary truss due to the external loads and due to the redundant 𝐷𝑥

𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹 + 𝑢𝐶𝐸 𝐹𝐶𝐸

𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟑𝒌𝑵(𝑪)
𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟓𝒌𝑵(𝑻)

𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟗𝟓𝒌𝑵(𝑻)

𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒌𝑵(𝑻) 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵(𝑻)

𝟗𝟖. 𝟗𝟓𝒌𝑵(𝑻)
𝟐𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑵

Example-6 (Truss with both internal and external static indeterminacy)

Using the method of consistent deformation, determine the axial force in all the members of the
truss shown in Figure below. 𝐸𝐴 = Constant.

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Solution:

Step-1: Determining the degree of static indeterminacy (𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼) of the truss.

𝑏=6

𝑟𝑎 = 4

𝑟=3

𝑗=4

𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥

𝐵𝑦
𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼 = 𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑒 + 𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑖 𝐴𝑦

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑖 = 𝑏 + 𝑟 − 2𝑗 = 6 + 3 − 2 ∗ 4 = 1 →Indeterminate to 1st degree internally

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼𝑒 = 𝑟𝑎 − 𝑟 = 4 − 3 = 1 → Indeterminate to 1st degree externally

𝐷𝑜𝑆𝐼 = 1 + 1 = 2

Step-2: Select the redundant reactions force and the internal member forces.

Let us considered the axial force member 𝐹𝐴𝐷 in the diagonal member AD and support reaction
𝐵𝑥 as the redundants. The sense of 𝐹𝐴𝐷 is not yet known and arbitrarily assumed to be tensile and
𝐵𝑥 acts toward the left.

Step-3: Remove the restraints corresponding to the redundants from the given indeterminate truss
to obtain the primary (determinate) truss.

The primary truss obtained by removing member AD and 𝐵𝑥 as shown in figure below.

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 37

Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Step-4: Formulate the compatibility equations.

The number of the compatibility equations must match the number of redundant forces. After
choosing the redundant internal forces and establishing the primary structures, the next step is to
formulate the compatibility equations by superposition of some sets of partial solutions that satisfy
equilibrium requirements. The deflection of the diagonal member AD of the indeterminate truss is
zero.

The total deflection ∆𝐴𝐷 in the diagonal member AD and ∆𝐵 at support of the primary truss due to
the combined effect of external loads and 𝑭𝑨𝑫 and 𝐵𝑥 can be conveniently expressed by
superimposing (algebraically adding) the deflections due to the external load and the redundants
of member force 𝑭𝑨𝑫 and 𝐵𝑥 acting individually on the truss.

∆𝑨𝑫 = ∆𝑨𝑫𝟎 + 𝑭𝑨𝑫 𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑨𝑫 + 𝒇𝑩,𝑨𝑫 𝑩𝒙 = 𝟎

∆𝑩 = ∆𝑩𝟎 + 𝑭𝑨𝑫 𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑩 + 𝒇𝑩𝑩 𝑩𝒙 = 𝟎

Where:

∆𝑨𝑫𝟎 is the relative displacement between joints A and D of the primary truss due to the external
loads alone on the truss in the direction of the load

𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑨𝑫 is the relative displacement between joints A and D of the primary truss due to the
redundant member force 𝑭𝑨𝑫 alone on the truss in the assumed direction.

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𝒇𝑩,𝑨𝑫 is the relative displacement at support B of the primary truss due to the redundant member
force 𝐹𝐴𝐷 alone on the truss in the assumed direction.

𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑩 is the relative displacement between joints A and D of the primary truss due to the redundant
member force 𝐵𝑥 alone on the truss in the assumed direction.

∆𝑩𝟎 = the displacement in members of the primary truss due to applied external load.

𝒇𝑩𝑩 = the displacement in members of the primary truss due to the unit redundant force 𝑩𝒙 .

Step-5: Compute the flexibility coefficients

Determining the displacements due to the applied load ∆𝑨𝑫𝟎 , ∆𝑩𝟎 and the one due to a unit
redundant force 𝑭𝑨𝑫 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩𝒙 , 𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑨𝑫 , 𝒇𝑩𝑩 , 𝒇𝑩,𝑨𝑫 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑩 to the primary truss.

The displacement ∆𝑪𝑬𝟎 due to the applied load and 𝒇𝑪𝑬,𝑪𝑬 due to a unit redundant reaction force
applied to the primary truss is evaluated by using the virtual work method. The virtual work
expression for truss deflections is given by:

𝑭𝒖𝑨𝑫 𝑳 𝒖𝑨𝑫 𝟐 𝑳
∆𝑨𝑫𝟎 = ∑ 𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑨𝑫 =∑
𝑨𝑬 𝑨𝑬
𝑭𝒖𝑩 𝑳 𝒖𝑩 𝟐 𝑳
∆𝑩𝟎 = ∑ 𝒇𝑩𝑩 = ∑
𝑨𝑬 𝑨𝑬
𝒖𝑨𝑫 𝒖𝑩 𝑳
𝒇𝑩,𝑨𝑫 = 𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑩 = ∑
𝑨𝑬
Where:

∆𝑨𝑫𝟎 = the relative displacements between joints A and D of the primary truss due to the external
loads.

𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑨𝑫 = the relative displacement between the same joints in member of the primary truss due to
the unit value of redundant 𝑭𝑨𝑫 .

∆𝑩𝟎 = the displacement at point B of the primary truss due to applied external load.

𝒇𝑩𝑩 = the displacement in members of the primary truss due to the unit redundant force 𝑩𝒙 .

𝒖𝑩 = axial forces in primary truss members due to the applied unit redundant load.

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𝒖𝑨𝑫 = axial forces in primary truss members due to the applied unit tensile force in member AD.

𝑭 = axial force in the primary truss members due to the applied external load.

𝑳 = length of truss member.

𝑨 = cross sectional area of a truss member.

For computing ∆𝑨𝑫𝟎 the relative displacements between joints C and E and ∆𝑩𝟎 of the primary
truss, the real system consists of the given external loading as shown in figure below.

← + ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 ⇒ −𝐴𝑥 + 60 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑥 = 60𝑘𝑁

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵𝑦 ∗ 5 − 60 ∗ 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑁

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑦 ∗ 5 − 60 ∗ 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑁

𝑨𝒙
𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚

The member axial forces due to this loading are obtained the method of joints.

𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)
𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)

𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵 (𝑻)

Member forces in the primary truss due to external loads

For computing the deflection 𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑨𝑫 of the primary truss, the virtual system consists of a unit value
of the redundant 𝐹𝐴𝐷 applied to the primary truss as shown in figure below. The unit value of 𝐹𝐴𝐷
deforms the primary truss and causes the ends of the two portions of member CE to overlap by an

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 40

200𝑘𝑁 175𝑘𝑁
Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

amount of 𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑨𝑫. Thus, the overlap in member AD due to the axial force of magnitude 𝐹𝐴𝐷
equals 𝒇𝑨𝑫,𝑨𝑫 ∗ 𝑭𝑨𝑫 .

𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟏𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)

𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟏𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)

𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟏𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)
𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝟏𝒌𝑵 (𝑪)

Member forces in the primary truss due to unit tensile force in member AD

Determining forces in members due to redundant 𝐵𝑥 = 1𝑘𝑁

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Summary the members force values

Members 𝐿(𝑚) 𝐹(𝑘𝑁) 𝑢𝐴𝐷 𝑢𝐵 𝑢𝐴𝐷 2 𝐿 𝑢𝐵 2 𝐿 𝑢𝐴𝐷 ∗ 𝑢𝐵 𝐿 𝐹𝑢𝐴𝐷 𝐿 𝐹𝑢𝐵 𝐿 𝐹𝑖

= 𝐹 + 𝑢𝐴𝐷 𝐹𝐴𝐷
+ 𝑢𝐵 𝐵𝑥

AB 5 60 −0.7071 −1.0 2.50 5.00 3.5355 −212.13 −300 0.084

AC 5 60 −0.7071 0 2.50 0 0 −212.13 0 26.46
AD 7.071 0 1.0000 0 7.071 0 0 0 0 47.40
BC 7.071 −84.84 1.0000 0 7.071 0 0 −599.904 0 −37.44
BD 5 0 −0.7071 0 2.50 0 0 0 0 −33.54
CD 5 60 −0.7071 0 2.50 0 0 −212.13 0 26.46
∑ 24.14 5.00 3.5355 −1236.30 −300
𝐹𝑢𝐴𝐷 𝐿 1 −1236.30
∆𝐴𝐷0 = ∑ = 𝐴𝐸 ∑ 𝐹𝑢𝐴𝐷 𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

𝐹𝑢𝐵 𝐿 1 −300
∆𝐵0 = ∑ = 𝐴𝐸 ∑ 𝐹𝑢𝐵 𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

𝑢𝐴𝐷 2 𝐿 1 24.14
𝑓𝐴𝐷,𝐴𝐷 = ∑ = 𝐴𝐸 ∑ 𝑢𝐴𝐷 2 𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

𝑢𝐵 2 𝐿 1 5.00
𝑓𝐵𝐵 = ∑ = ∑ 𝑢𝐵 2 𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

𝑢𝐴𝐷 𝑢𝐵 𝐿 1 3.5355
𝑓𝐵,𝐴𝐷 = 𝑓𝐴𝐷,𝐵 = ∑ == 𝐴𝐸 ∑ 𝑢𝐴𝐷 𝑢𝐵 𝐿 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

Step-6: Substitute the flexibility coefficients into the compatibility equations and solve for the
redundant.

−1236.30 24.14 3.5355

∆𝐴𝐷0 + 𝐹𝐴𝐷 𝑓𝐴𝐷,𝐴𝐷 + 𝑓𝐵,𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝑥 = 0 ⇒ + 𝐹𝐴𝐷 + 𝐵𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

−300 3.5355 5.00

∆𝐵0 + 𝐹𝐴𝐷 𝑓𝐴𝐷,𝐵 + 𝑓𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝑥 = 0 ⇒ + 𝐹𝐴𝐷 + 𝐵𝑥 = 0
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸

Solving this simultaneous equations;

𝐵𝑥 = 26.4𝑘𝑁 and 𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 47.4𝑘𝑁

The positive answer for 𝐹𝐴𝐷 indicates that our assumption about 𝐹𝐴𝐷 acting a tensile force is
correct.

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Step-7: Apply the computed redundant force to the indeterminate truss and evaluate the remaining
reactions of using equilibrium conditions.

𝐴𝑥 𝑩𝒙 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟎𝒌𝑵

𝐴𝑦
𝐵𝑦
+→ ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑥 − 60 + 26.4 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑥 = 33.60𝑘𝑁(←)

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵𝑦 ∗ 5 − 60 ∗ 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷𝑦 = 60𝑘𝑁(↑)

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑦 ∗ 5 − 60 ∗ 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑦 = −60𝑘𝑁 = 60𝑘𝑁(↓)

Step-8: Compute the axial forces in the members of the indeterminate truss by superposition of
the member forces of the primary truss due to the external loads and due to the redundants 𝐵𝑥 and
𝐹𝐴𝐷

𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹 + 𝑢𝐴𝐷 𝐹𝐴𝐷 + 𝑢𝐵 𝐵𝑥

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 0.084𝑘𝑁(𝑇) 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 47.44𝑘𝑁(𝐶)

𝐹𝐴𝐶 = 26.46𝑘𝑁(𝑇) 𝐹𝐵𝐷 = 33.54𝑘𝑁(𝐶)

𝐹𝐴𝐷 = 47.40𝑘𝑁(𝑇) 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 26.46𝑘𝑁(𝑇)

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Example-7 (Frame with multiple degree of static indeterminacy)

Using the method of consistent deformation, compute the support reactions and draw the shear
force and the bending moment diagrams for the frames shown in Figure below. Choose the
reaction(s) at any of the supports as the unknown redundant(s). 𝐸𝐼 = Constant.

Solution:

Step-1: Determining the degree of static indeterminacy (DoSI) of the frame.

Degree of static indeterminacy (𝑫𝒐𝑺𝑰) for a frame can be given by:

𝑫𝒐𝑺𝑰 = 𝑹 − 𝑬 = 𝟓 − 𝟑 = 𝟐 → The given frame is statically indeterminate to 2nd degree.

Step-2: Select redundant forces and/or moments or internal member forces.

Taking the horizontal reaction at support D and moment at support A as the redundants

Step-3: Remove the restraints corresponding to the redundants from the given indeterminate frame
to obtain the primary (determinate) frame.

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 44

Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

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Step-4: Formulate the compatibility equations.

The number of the compatibility equations must match the number of redundant forces. After
choosing the redundant forces and establishing the primary structures, the next step is to formulate
the compatibility equations by superposition of some sets of partial solutions that satisfy
equilibrium requirements. Because the deflection at supports A and D of the indeterminate frame
is zero, the deflection at support D and rotation at support A of the primary frame due to the
combined effect of the external loads and the redundant 𝑴𝑨 and 𝑫𝒙 must also be zero (𝜃𝐴 =
0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐷 = 0 ).

The total deflection ∆𝐶 at support D of the primary frame due to the combined effect of external
loads and 𝑫𝒙 can be conveniently expressed by superimposing (algebraically adding) the
deflections due to the external load and the redundant 𝑫𝒙 acting individually on the beam.

∆𝑫 = ∆𝑫𝟎 + ∆𝑫𝑫 + ∆𝑫𝑨 = 𝟎

Similarly, the total slope 𝜃𝐴 at support A of the primary frame due to the combined effect of
external loads and 𝑴𝑨 can be conveniently expressed by superimposing (algebraically adding) the
deflections due to the external load and the redundant 𝑴𝑨 acting individually on the beam.

𝜽𝑨 = 𝜽𝑨𝟎 + 𝜽𝑨𝑫 + 𝜽𝑨𝑨 = 𝟎

Where:

∆𝑫𝟎 is the deflections at the point C of the primary frame due to the external loads alone on the
frame in the direction of the load

∆𝑫𝑫 is the deflections at the point D of the primary frame due to the redundant 𝑫𝒙 alone on the
frame in the assumed direction.

∆𝑫𝑨 is the deflections at the point D of the primary frame due to the redundant 𝑀𝐴 alone on the
frame in the assumed direction.

𝜽𝑨𝟎 is the slope at the point A of the primary frame due to the external loads alone on the frame in
the direction of the load

𝜽𝑨𝑫 is the slope at the point A of the primary frame due to the redundant 𝐷𝑥 alone on the frame
in the assumed direction.

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

𝜽𝑨𝑨 is the slope at the point A of the primary frame due to the redundant 𝑴𝑨 alone on the frame
in the assumed direction.

Since the redundant 𝑫𝒙 is unknown, it is convenient to determine ∆𝑫𝑫 by first evaluating the
deflection at D due to a unit value of the redundant (𝑫𝒙 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵) and then the deflection at D and
A due to the unknown magnitude of the redundant 𝑫𝒙 will cause a deflection
of 𝒇𝑫𝑫 𝑫𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜽𝑫𝑨 𝑴𝑨 respectively. Thus,

∆𝑫𝑫 = 𝒇𝑫𝑫 𝑫𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜽𝑫𝑨 = 𝜶𝑫𝑨 𝑴𝑨

Where 𝒇𝑫𝑫 , 𝜶𝑫𝑨 a flexibility coefficient which has units of deflection per unit force

𝒇𝑫𝑫 denotes the deflection at point D of the primary frame due to the unit value of the
redundant 𝑫𝒙

𝜶𝑫𝑨 denotes the slope at point D of the primary frame due to the unit value of the redundant 𝑴𝑨

Similarly, the redundant 𝑴𝑨 is unknown, it is convenient to determine 𝜶𝑨𝑨 by first evaluating the
slope at A due to a unit value of the redundant (𝑴𝑨 = 𝟏𝒌𝑵𝒎) and then slope at A and D due to
the unknown magnitude of the redundant 𝑴𝑨 will cause a deflection of 𝜶𝑨𝑫 𝑴𝑨 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑫𝑫 = 𝒇𝑫𝑫 𝑫𝒙
respectively. Thus, 𝜽𝑨𝑫 = 𝜶𝑨𝑫 𝑴𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∆𝑫𝑫 = 𝒇𝑫𝑫 𝑫𝒙

Where 𝜶𝑨𝑫 , 𝒇𝑫𝑫 are a flexibility coefficient which has units of deflection per unit force.

Then, we obtain the compatibility equation in terms of deflection:

𝜽𝑨𝟎 + 𝜶𝑨𝑨 𝑴𝑨 + 𝒇𝑨𝑫 𝑫𝒙 = 𝟎

∆𝑫𝟎 + 𝜶𝑫𝑨 𝑴𝑨 + 𝒇𝑫𝑫 𝑫𝒙 = 𝟎

Step-5: Compute the flexibility coefficients

Determining the deflections and rotations due to the applied load 𝜽𝑨𝟎 , ∆𝑫𝟎 and the one due to a
unit value of redundants 𝜶𝑨𝑨 , 𝜶𝑫𝑨 , 𝒇𝑨𝑫 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝑫𝑫 to the primary frame.

The flexibility coefficients of the primary frame is evaluated by using the virtual work method.

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The virtual work expression for frame deflections is given by:

𝑀𝑚 𝑚𝜃𝐴 ∗𝑚𝜃𝐷
∆𝐷0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝛼𝐷𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑀𝑚𝜃 𝑚2
𝜃𝐴0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝐷𝐷 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑚𝜃 2 𝑚𝐴 ∗𝑚𝐷
𝛼𝐴𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝐴𝐷 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

Where

𝑴 = moment in the primary frame due to the external loads.

𝒎 = moment in the primary frame due to a unit load of a redundant 𝑫𝒙 at D.

𝑚𝜃 = moment in the primary frame due to a unit load of a redundant 𝑴𝑨 at A.

Let us write an expression for the moment in the real and virtual frame.

Moment expressions for the primary frame under external load

← + ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 ⇒ −𝐴𝑥 + 50 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑥 = 50𝑘𝑁

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ⇒ 𝐷𝑦 ∗ 10 − 50 ∗ 5 − 30 ∗ 10 ∗ 5 = 0
⇒ 𝐷𝑦 = 175𝑘𝑁

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 ⇒ −𝐴𝑦 ∗ 10 − 50 ∗ 5 + 30 ∗ 10 ∗ 5
= 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑦 = 175𝑘𝑁

Section 1-1:
𝑀

𝑉 +↺ ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 2400 − 240𝑥 = 0
𝑥
𝑴 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓𝒎

Section 2-2:

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 48

Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

𝑀
5𝑚 ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 2400 − 240𝑥 + 120(𝑥 − 5) = 0
𝑉
𝑥 𝑴 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 for 𝟓𝒎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟓𝒎

Section 3-3:

𝑀 ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑀 + 2400 − 240𝑥 + 120(𝑥 − 5)

+ 120(𝑥 − 15) = 0
𝑥 𝑉=0
𝑴=𝟎 for 𝟏𝟓𝒎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝒎

Moment expressions for the primary beam under unit load 𝐶𝑦 = 1𝑘𝑁

Section 1-1:

𝑥 +↺ ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑚 − 10 + 𝑥 = 0

𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒙 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝒎

Section 2-2:

+↺ ∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑚 − 10 + 𝑥 − 1(𝑥 − 10) = 0
𝑉=0 𝑚
𝒎=𝟎 for 𝟏𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝒎

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

Moment expressions for the primary beam under unit load 𝐸𝑦 = 1𝑘𝑁

Section 1-1:

∑ 𝑀𝑥 = 0 → 𝑚 − 20 + 𝑥 = 0
𝑉 𝑚
𝒎 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝒙 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝟎𝒎
𝑥

Summary moment expressions:

Bending moments at portions of the beam

𝑥 −coordinate Deflection
Position

𝑚
Origin

Limits (m) 𝑀
𝑪𝒚 𝑬𝒚

AB A 0−5 240𝑥 − 2400 10 − 𝑥 20 − 𝑥

BC A 5 − 10 120𝑥 − 1800 10 − 𝑥 20 − 𝑥

CD A 10 − 15 120𝑥 − 1800 0 20 − 𝑥
DE A 15 − 20 0 0 20 − 𝑥

𝑀𝑚 5 (240𝑥−2400)(10−𝑥 ) 10 (120𝑥−1800)(10−𝑥 ) 15 (120𝑥−1800)(0)

∆𝐶0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
20 (0)(0) 82500
∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↓)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

𝑀𝑚 5 (240𝑥−2400)(20−𝑥) 10 (120𝑥−1800)(20−𝑥)
∆𝐸0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
15 (120𝑥−1800)(20−𝑥) 20 (0)(20−𝑥) 230000
∫10 𝑑𝑥 + ∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↓)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑚2 5 (10−𝑥 )2 10 (10−𝑥 )2 15 (0)2 20 (0)2 333.33

𝑓𝐶𝐶 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 + ∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑚𝐶 𝑚𝐸 5 (10−𝑥 )(20−𝑥) 10 (10−𝑥 )(20−𝑥) 15 (0)(20−𝑥)

𝑓𝐸𝐶 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 +
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
20 (0)(20−𝑥) 833.33
∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑚2 5 (𝑥−20)2 10 (𝑥−20)2 15 (𝑥−20)2 20 (𝑥−20)2 2666.67

𝑓𝐸𝐸 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫10 𝑑𝑥 + ∫15 𝑑𝑥 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

833.33
By applying Maxwell’s law, 𝑓𝐶𝐸 = 𝑓𝐸𝐶 = (↑)
𝐸𝐼

Step-6: Substitute the flexibility coefficients into the compatibility equations and solve for the
redundants.

∆𝐶0 + 𝑓𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝑦 + 𝑓𝐶𝐸 𝐸𝑦 = 0 → −82500 + 333.33𝐶𝑦 + 833.33𝐸𝑦 = 0

∆𝐸0 + 𝑓𝐸𝐶 𝐶𝑦 + 𝑓𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝑦 = 0 → −230000 + 833.33𝐶𝑦 + 2666.67𝐸𝑦 = 0

Solving simultaneously for 𝐶𝑦 and 𝐸𝑦 , we obtain

𝐶𝑦 = 145.714𝑘𝑁(↑) and 𝐸𝑦 = 40.714𝑘𝑁(↑)

Step-7: Apply the computed redundant forces or moments to the indeterminate beam and evaluate
other functions, such as bending moment, shearing force, and deflection, if desired, using
equilibrium conditions

→ + ∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → 𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎

↑ + ∑ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 → 𝐴𝑦 − 120𝑘𝑁 − 120𝑘𝑁 + 145.714𝑘𝑁 + 40.714𝑘𝑁 = 0

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Department of Civil Engineering Theory of Structures (CEng3203)

→ 𝑨𝒚 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝟐𝒌𝑵(↑)

↺ + ∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 → 𝑀𝐴 − 120 ∗ 5 − 120 ∗ 15 + 145.714 ∗ 10 + 40.714 ∗ 20 = 0

→ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟓𝟖𝒌𝑵𝒎(↺)

Step-8: Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam

Analysis of indeterminate structures by Method of Consistent Deformations Page 52