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A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY,
PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
REINWARDTIA
A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY,
PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

Vol. 13(4): 317 —389, December 20, 2012

Chief Editor
Kartini Kramadibrata (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)

Editors
Dedy Darnaedi (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)
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Marlina Ardiyani (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)
Eizi Suzuki (Kagoshima University, Japan)
Jun Wen (Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA)

Managing editor
Himmah Rustiami (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia)

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E-mail: [email protected]
 REINWARDTIA
Vol 13, No 4, pp: 317-330

MORPHOLOGY VS. TAXONOMY IN THE FAMILY PANDANACEAE: A

CASE STUDY IN THE JAVANESE SPECIES
Received October 30, 2011; accepted July 7, 2012

SRI ENDARTI RAHAYU

Biology Department, National University, Jl. Sawo Manila 61, Pejaten - Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia.
E-mail: endarti [email protected]

TATIK CHIKMAWATI
Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.
E-mail: tchikmawati@yahoo. com

KUSWATA KARTAWINATA
Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia; Botany
Department, Field Museum, Chicago, Illionis, USA.

ALEX HARTANA
Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.

ABSTRACT
RAHAYU, S. E., CHIKMAWATI, T., KARTAWINATA, K. & HARTANA, A. 2012. Morphology vs. taxonomy in
the family Pandanaceae: a case study in the Javanese species. Reinwardtia 13(4): 317-330. — Since a large number of
characters are now known for Freycinetia Gaudich. and Pandanus Parkinson species, it appears useful to consider their
use in identifying plants from Java. Fieldwork carried out for this study has provided stronger foundation for
understanding morphological variation within the species. This study was undertaken to have a better understanding on
the morphology of the family in order to make a better species delimitation. Characters of habit, stem, leaves, auricles,
bracts, peduncle and pedicel, inflorescence, staminate flowers (male), pistillate flowers (female), cephalia and berries
were found useful in delimitation and identification of Javanese Freycinetia, while characters of habit, stem, prop root,
marginal spine, leaves, bracts, inflorescentia, peduncle, staminate flowers (male), pistillate flowers (female), cephalia,
drupes were found to be useful for distinguishing among species of Javanese Pandanus.

Key words: Freycinetia, morphology, Pandanus, taxonomy, Java.

ABSTRAK
RAHAYU, S. E., CHIKMAWATI, T., KARTAWINATA, K. & HARTANA, A. 2012. Morfologi vs. taksonomi pada
family Pandanaceae: studi kasus jenis dari Jawa. Reinwardtia 13(4): 317-330. — Saat ini telah diketahui adanya
sejumlah karakter yang dimiliki oleh Freycinetia Gaudich. dan Pandanus Parkinson, karena itu akan sangat berguna
untuk mempertimbangkan manfaat karakter-karakter tersebut untuk identifikasi tumbuhan yang berasal dari Jawa.
Studi lapangan yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini memberikan dasar yang lebih kuat untuk dapat memahami variasi
morfologi yang terdapat di dalam spesies. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami dengan lebih baik tentang
morfologi di dalam suku sehingga dapat membuat batasan spesies yang lebih baik. Karakter-karakter seperti perawakan,
batang, daun, aurikel, braktea, gagang dan gantilan bunga, perbungaan, bunga jantan dan bunga betina, sefalia dan buah
berguna di dalam pembatasan dan identifikasi Freycinetia yang berasal dari Jawa, sedangkan karakter-karakter seperti
perawakan, batang, akar tunjang, duri pinggir daun, daun, braktea, perbungaan, gagang bunga, bunga jantan, bunga
betina dan buah terbukti berguna untuk pengenalan jenis-jenis Pandanus di Jawa.

Kata Kunci: Freycinetia, morfologi, Pandanus, taksonomi, Jawa.

INTRODUCTION by Stone (1972), no further exploration of the

pandan flora of the island has been made, thus the
The last attempt at a comprehensive treatment of pandan flora remains largely unknown.
Pandanaceae of Java was Backer and Bakhuizen Since a large number of characters are now
van den Brink (1968) in their "Flora of Java" in known for Freycinetia and Pandanus species, it
which they recognized seven species of Freycinetia appears useful to consider their use in identifying
Gaudich. and fifteen species of Pandanus plants from Java and to distangle the taxonomy of
Parkinson. Since a short visit to Hortus Bogorienses these species on the Island. The species are

317
318 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13

invariably classified by the feature of the staminate mainly on available herbarium specimens at the BO,
plant for several reasons (Kam, 1971; Stone, 1983). K and L and specimens obtained from field work in
As flowering is seasonal in most pandans, while different location in Java. In addition, five species
fruit development is a lengthy process, there is grown in Bogor Botanical Garden viz. Pandanus
much higher probability of finding pistillate trees kurzii Merr., P. labyrinthicus Kurz ex Miq., P.
with partly developed fruits, than there is of finding multifurcatus Fagerl., P. polycephalus Lam. and P.
staminate flowers at anthesis, because the staminate spinistigmaticus Fagerl. were also studied. The
flowers are very short-lived. Generally they bloom process of undertaking in this study followed the
and decay within 2 or 3 days. The fruit offers a methods described by Rifai (1976) and Vogel
greater number of useful diagnostic features. (1987).
Fieldwork carried out for this study has provided a Basic morphological characters such as habit,
stronger foundation for understanding stem, leaves, inflorescence, staminate flower,
morphological variation within the genus. pistillate flower, fruit and their details were used to
Characters of leaf shape, leaf apex, morphology describe and recognize taxa; all morphological data
of leaf auricles and type of pistillate inflorescence was used for producing the description of each
were found useful in delimitation and identification taxon, while the key to species was constructed
of Javanese Freycinetia, while characters of habit, from the diagnostic characters only.
surface of stem, presence or absence of prop root, The morphological species concept was applied
surface of prop root, leaf shape, leaf apex, armature as a framework to define taxa, in which distinction
of leaf margins and midrib, colour of leaf margin is based on perceived discontinuities in
and midrib teeth, distinctness or indistinctness of morphological variation (Davis & Heywood, 1963).
tertiary cross vein, present or absent of apical ven-
tral pleats, phalange shapes, position of infructes- RESULTS
cence, position of seed chamber and stigma shape
are proved useful for distinguishing among species Morphology of Javanese Freycinetia
of Javanese Pandanus. Habit
This study was undertaken to have a better All species of Freycinetia found in Java are
understanding of the morphology of the family in climber with different sizes. Three species of
order to make a better species delimitation, Freycinetia (F. imbricata Blume, F. javanica
particularly for species found in Java. Blume and F. scandens Gaudich.) are smaller to
medium climbers, while F. insignis Blume and F.
MATERIALS AND METHODS sumatrana Hemsl. are medium climbers, and the
smaller climber is found in F. angustifolia Blume.
A morphological study of Javanese species of The stems are found hanging on trees and are
Pandanaceae was conducted. This study was based highly branch, e.g. F. angustifolia and F. javanica

Fig. 1. Habit of Freycinetia spp.: A. F. javanica, scale bar = 1 5 cm. B. F. sumatrana, scale bar = 2 m.
2012] RAHAYU et al.: Morphology vs. taxonomy in the family Pandanaceae 319

(Fig. 1 A); while in F. imbricata the main stem basal part of F. insignis and F. scandens are
remain adherent to tree trunk, and in some cases denticulate, and basal part of F. sumatrana is
makes a complete cover which makes the trunk of dentate. The colour of the prickles may be wholly
the host tree invisible, e.g. F. insignis and F. straw coloured or with brown tips as in F.
sumatrana (Fig. 1 B). angustifolia. The laminar part can be chartaceous,
subcoriaceous to coriaceous.
Stem
Stems of Javanese Freycinetia vary in size,
nodes and colour. In terms of size, F. angustifolia, Auricles
F. imbricata, F. javanica and F. scandens are The auricle is an organ of flange-like extensions
classified as slender species, while F. funicularis, F. found on the leaf-sheath, and can be easily seen on
insignis and F. sumatrana are classified as robust the young leaf. Auricles are usually membranous
species. (Fig. 2 A), coriaceous (Fig. 2 B), transparent (Fig.
Variation is observed in stem shape. This study 2C), or fragile (2D). Auricles can be regarded as a
showed that F. angustifolia, F. imbricata, F. good identification character of Freycinetia in the
insignis, F. scandens, and F. sumatrana had terete field, because in herbarium specimen they are rarely
stems, whereas F. javanica had a subterete to terete seen in good condition. The shape, size, texture,
stem. nature of margin, nerves and colour of auricle varies
Variation is also observed in internode shape. between species. Freycinetia angustifolia possess
This study showed that F. angustifolia, F. the smallest auricle, while F. sumatrana possess the
imbricata, F. insignis, F. javanica, and F. biggest auricle. Colour of auricles also varies from
sumatrana had terete internodes, whereas F. pale green in F. insignis to brownish green -
scandens had a subterete to terete internode. The brownish yellow in F. javanica.
surface of the stem can be sulcate or sulcate to In Freycinetia, they vary from tapered or
canaliculate. The colour also varies from yellowish, rounded to the apex or adnate to the apex. The
greenish brown to reddish brown . F. angustifolia margin is entire or denticulate to spinulose at apex
had yellowish green stem, F. insignis had greyish (F. insignis), or armed almost to the base (F.
green stem, F. javanica had greenish brown, reddish imbricata). The lamina is usually membranous in F.
brown to dark reddish brown, whereas F. scandens javanica (Fig. 2 A) or coriaceous in F. insignis (Fig.
had yellowish green to green stem. 2 B), some of them fragmenting transversally in F.
sumatrana or fragmenting transversally, in F.
Leaves scandens, with 4 widely spaced nerved in F.
The leaves of Freycinetia are usually green to insignis or 1-2 septate in F. javanica.
dark green coloured on the upper surface, but paler
green on the lower surface. In Java F. angustifolia Bracts
possesses the smallest (10.5-64 * 0.3-1.7 cm) and Bracts are persistence or caducous, located on
most slender leaves, whereas F. sumatrana has the the peduncle. Bracts vary in shapes and sizes.
most robust leaves. The leaves arrangement in Bracts are usually ovate, cymbiform to lanceolate,
species of Freycinetia found in Java is alternate and with entire margin to slightly armed with prickles.
imbricate. Four species of Freycinetia (F. The sizes of bracts are concurrent with their habits.
angustifolia, F. funicularis, F. javanica and F. Slender species like F. angustifolia, F. imbricata
scandens) have alternate leaves, and the other three and F. javanica possess minute bracts, while robust
species (F. imbricata, F. insignis and F. sumatrana) species such as F. insignis and F. sumatrana also
have imbricate leaves. have robust bracts. Their apexes have various
Leaves are simple blade and usually linear- shapes, varying according to the species from acute
lanceolate in outline, but variation does exist in to acuminate in F. imbricata, acute to cuspidate in
some species. F. scandens has variation in leaf F. javanica, mucronate to aristate in F. angustifolia,
shape, from elliptic, oblanceolate to lanceolate. Leaf and aristate with aculeate prickles in F. sumatrana.
apex can be abruptly attenuate below the apex to
gradually attenuate toward the subulate apex, in F. Peduncle and pedicel
sumatrana it is long and tapering to a slender The peduncle usually is straight and short. The
subulate tip, whereas the lamina of F. javanica is peduncle may be slender or robust, densely or
gradually attenuate toward the base. The margin sparsely pubescent or rarely glabrous, only in F.
usually was armed in basal part, apical part and insignis does the peduncle have a bract scar.
upper midrib of its leaves with serrate prickles. The Usually the pedicel is longer than the peduncle. The
320 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13

Fig. 2. Auricles type of Freycinetia spp.: A. Membranous {F. javanica). B. Coriaceous (F. insignis). C. Transparent
(F. angustifolia). D. Fragmenting transversally (F. sumatrana). Auricles was shown with arrow. Scale bar =
2 cm.
pedicel shape usually is subterete, slender (F. different plants. Staminate inflorescences are
scandens), usually as thick as peduncle, or only invariably terminal on a normal leafy shoot, usually
somewhat stouter than the peduncle with 0.2-1.5 a raceme of spikes, each of the three or four spikes.
cm in diameter (F. insignis). The surface of pedicels The staminate material is poorly represented in
can be glabrous or covered with indumentum. F. herbaria and in collection, in this study we only
angutifolia, F. javanica and F. scandens had found two staminate inflorescence of F. angustifolia
glabrous pedicel, while F. imbricata and F. insignis and F. javanica. Both species had the same type of
had puberolous to hirsute pedicel. staminate inflorescence, i.e. a raceme of three or
four spikes.
Inflorescence Staminate inflorescences are more rarely seen
The inflorescence in most of Freycinetia found than pistillate inflorescences, because anthesis in
in Java are usually located on terminal part of the staminate inflorescence is short (one to three days),
stems (i.e. terminal inflorescence). Lateral often when it dries up (Stone, 1983). Similar to
inflorescence are less often seen. This study showed other genera of Pandanaceae, Freycinetia
that there is one species that possesses such a identification is therefore mainly based on the
feature, viz. F. funicularis. In lateral inflorescences, structure of female inflorescence and
not only a bract is present, but also prophyll, that is infructescence.
located in the upper part of bracts. In Freycinetia, the spikes (both male and
Freycinetia is mostly dioecious, which means female) tend to be closely adjacent and often
that male and female flowers are formed on ternate, so that the open ripe inflorescence seems to
2012] RAHAYU et al.: Morphology vs. taxonomy in the family Pandanaceae

be an umbel like in F. javanica (Fig. 3 A) or position of the stigma varies from horizontal to
pseudoumbel. In F. angustifolia, the inflorescence sunken in position.
is racemiform (Fig. 3 B), whereas in F. funicularis, Cephalia
the inflorescence is lateral (Fig. 3 C). Cephalium (plural: cephalia) is the complex fruit
in Pandanaceae. Some of the important
Staminate flowers (male) morphological characters in Freycinetia are found
F. angustifolia and F. javanica had the same in the cephalia. In the Javanese species of
type of staminate flower. The stamens are simple, Freycinetia, cephalia vary in shape, size and colour.
without branched filaments, and each terminate is in Four species (F. Funicularis, F. insignis, F.
a small rather short anther or sessile stamens. javanica, and F. sumatrana) have cylindric
cephalia. F. angustifolia have cylindric to
Pistillate flowers (female) oblanceolate cephalia, F. scandens have cylindric to
The pistil consists of multiovulate carpels with oblong cephalia, and F. imbricata have narrowly
carpels separated to the base or united. Each carpel elliptic to broadly oblong cephalia. The number of
is tipped by a stigma, and the stigma is sessile. The cephalia per inflorescence is usually two, three or
stigmas vary in number and shape, from 2 to 5 in four.
number, and from ovate (F. javanica), depressed
ovate-suborbicular (F. angustifolia, F. imbricata, Berries
and F. insignis), pentagonal-suborbicular (F. Berries are the simple fleshy fruit of Freycinetia.
scandens) or protude (F. funicularis) in shape. The In Freycinetia a cephalium consisted of an

Fig. 3. Inflorescence type of Freycinetia spp.: A. Umbel {F. javanica). B. Racemiform (F. angustifolia). C. Lateral (F.
funicularis). D. Remain stigma of F. imbricata. Scale bar for A, B and C = 1 cm; scale bar for D = 25 mm.
322 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13

Fig. 4. Berries type of Freycinetia spp.: A. Obconic (i7. angustifolia). B. Lageniform (i7. insignis). C. Subpyramidal
(I7, sumatrana). D. Pentagonal (i7. scandens), scale bar = 25 mm.

numerous berries. A berry contain many fused subpyramidal such as in F. sumatrana. Three
ovules, thus is a multiovulate fruit, while in species, viz. F. imbricata, F. insignis (Fig. 4 B) and
Pandanus the simple fruit is always uniovulate. In F. scandens are the species observed with various
these circumstances a cephalium can be regarded as shapes of berry from pentagonal to lageniform,
a complex fruit. The shape of berries varies from pentagonal, lageniform to oblong, and pentagonal,
obconic like in F. angustifolia (Fig. 4 A), obovate lageniform, ovate to oblong respectively. The apical
(F. funicularis), oblong (F. javanica) and part of a berry is usually harder and stiffer, while
the basal part is usually fleshy.

Fig. 5. Habit of Pandanus spp.: A. Shrub (P. amaryllifolius), scale bar = 10 cm. B. Tree (P. odoratissimus), scale bar =
l m.
2012] RAHAYU et al.: Morphology vs. taxonomy in the family Pandanaceae 323

Morphology of Javanese Pandanus amaryllifolius or short stems in P. kurzii. Erect stem

and unbranched are found in P. bantamensis, P.
Habit dubius and P. pseudolais, while P. polycephalus has
Unlike Freycinetia, which has a climbing habit, erect stem and branched. P. labyrinthicus, P.
the habit of Pandanus species found in Java varies multifurcatus, P. nitidus, P. odoratissimus and P.
from shrubs to trees. Shrub species are P. spinistigmaticus has spreading branches, whereas P.
amaryllifolius Roxb. (Fig. 5 A), P. kurzii Merr., P. faviger, P. tectorius var. littoralis and P. utilis had
nitidus (Miq.) Kurz. and P. polycephalus Lam. dichotomous branching. The surface of stem can be
Tree species include P. bantamensis Koord., P. smooth like P. kurzii, sulcate in P. amaryllifolius,
bidur Jungh., P. dubius Spreng, P. faviger Backer, abundant rootlet to thorny in P. bidur, P. dubius, P.
P. labyrinthicus Kurz. ex Miq., P. leram var. labyrinthicus, P. multifurcatus, P. nitidus, P.
andamanensium (Kurz.) Stone, P. multifurcatus odoratissimus, P. spinistigmaticus, and P. tectorius
Fagerl., P. odoratissimus L.f. (Fig. 5 B), P. var. littoralis or ringed by leaf scars in P.
pseudolais Warb., P. scabrifolius Martelli ex polycephalus and P. utilis. The colour of the stem
Koord., P. spinistigmaticus Fagerl., P. spurius Miq. also varies from grey to green or brownish.
cv. putat, P. tectorius Parkinson and P. utilis Bory.
Prop root
Stems A prop root is a root formed from the stem,
Stems of Javanese Pandanus vary in size, colour usually close to the ground which helps hold the
and branch. Slender stems are found in P.

Fig. 6. Prop root type of Pandanus spp.: A. Slender (P. spurius cv. putat). B. Stout (P. odoratissimus). C. No prop
root (P. kurzii). D. Muricate in longitudinal line (P. utilis). Scale bar for A = 75 cm. Scale bar for B, C and D =
5 cm.
324 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13

stem erect and anchor the plant. There are variations Some species have white spines as in P. tectorius
in prop root size number and surface. Prop roots can var. littoralis (Fig. 7 A), green prickles with brown
be small and few as in P. amaryllifolius, small and tipped (P. bantamensis, P. pseudolais, and P.
abundant as in P. labyrinthicus, P. odoratissimus scabrifolius) or yellowish green (P. dubius) or red
and P. tectorius var. samak, slender as in P. spurius prickles in P. utilis (Fig. 7 B).
cv. putat (Fig. 6 A), some arise from lateral
branches as in P. nitidus and P. spurius cv. putat, Leaves
long and stout as in P. bidur, P. dubius, P. faviger, The leaves of Pandanus are usually dark green
P. leram var. andamanensium, P. multifurcatus, P. coloured, glossy and glaucous on upper (adaxial)
odoratissimus (Fig. 6 B) and P. spinistigmaticus or surface, but paler green on the lower surface,
absent as in P. kurzii (Fig. 6 C). The surface of the whereas in P. tectorius cv. sanderi there are
prop root can be smooth as in P. scabrifolius, longitudinal white to pale yellow bands from across
muricate in the longitudinal line such as in P. utilis the width of the leaf midrib to leaf margin.
(Fig. 6 D), P. tectorius var. littoralis, P. pseudolais, Compared with the other members of Pandanaceae,
and P. nitidus or armed with prickles or spine in P. the size of the leaf in Pandanus is noticeably longer
spinistigmaticus, P. polycephalus and P. multifurca- and bigger. In Java P. amaryllifolius has the
tus. smallest and the most slender leaves, whereas P.
pseudolais possesses the longest leaves (299-574.5
Marginal Spine cm long). The leaf arrangement in all species of
Leaves usually set with prickles along its length Pandanus found in Java is spiral. The leaves are
or part of it. The prickles decrease in size nearing simple and usually ensiform to linear in shape.
the leaf apex (P. utilis, P. bantamensis, P. However variation in leaf shape does exist in some
pseudolais, P. tectorius var. littoralis, and P. species, such as ligulate as in P. labyrinthicus, P.
nitidus), always antrorse (ascending) but those near multifurcatus, P. odoratissimus and P. spurius cv.
leaf base sometimes retrorse, or absent. Their putat. The apical part can abruptly terminate in a
margin are usually prickly, occasionally entire (P. point to gradually long tapering to subulate apex.
spurius cv. putat), or prickly very near and at apex Caudate apices are observed only in one species, P.
only (P. amaryllifolius), or occasionally smaller at dubius. The margin can be entire as in P. spurius
leaf base, larger at midsection and decreasing in cv. putat or noticeably armed with spines
size nearing the leaf apex (P. bidur, P. dubius, P. throughout the length, except in P. amaryllifolius
odoratissimus, and P. scabrifolius). Twin lateral that possesses prickles only in the apical part of its
pleats are often well distinguished, smooth (P. leaves. The laminar part can be chartaceous, thin
bantamensis, P. nitidus, P. pseudolais, and P. coriaceous, coriaceous to thick coriaceous.
scabrifolius), or in some species prickly serrate or Longitudinal lines are more prominent abaxially,
absent (P. odoratissimus, P. spinistigmaticus, P. with tertiary cross veins on both surfaces. In P.
spurius cv. putat, and P. tectorius var. littoralis). amaryllifolius, P. bantamensis, P. bidur, P. dubius,

Fig. 7. Prickles type of Pandanus leaves: A. White prickles (P. tectorius var. littoralis). B. Red prickles (P. utilis).
Scale bar = 1 cm.
2012] RAHAYU et al.: Morphology vs. taxonomy in the family Pandanaceae 325

P. kurzii, P. pseudolais, and P. scabrifolius, tertiary Pistillate inflorescences may be represented by a

cross veins form a network of meshes, oblong or single cephalium (head) as in P. odoratissimus (Fig.
rhombic meshes, whereas in P. leram var. 8 C) or by a spike of several cephalia. In P. faviger,
andamanensium tertiary cross vein gives a tesselate the pistillate inflorescences are observed as a spike
appearance. The basal part of leaves of/1, kurzii, P. of three cephalia, whereas in P. polycephalus the
polycephalus and P. scabrifolius are whitish, pistillate inflorescence is a raceme of spikes (Fig. 8
reddish in P. utilis, or reddish brown in P. D).
bantamensis and P. pseudolais.
Peduncle
Bracts The peduncle is generally straight, stout and
Bracts cover inflorescences and are usually glabrous, but can be as in P. bantamensis, P.
formed by the three levels of trichiously arranged tectorius var. littoralis, and P. utilis, a bit curved at
bracts. The interior bract covers the inflorescence, the end; while in P. pseudolais it is curved at the
while the other two, the exterior and middle bracts, end. Their shape is usually 3-sided, whereas in P.
protect the interior bract and the inflorescence polycephalus it is obtusely trigonous. Their size is
inside. larger at the apex and decreases towards the base.
Bracts vary in shapes and sizes. Bracts are Their colour varies according to the species from
usually lanceolate in shape, with margins armed whitish green (P. bantamensis) to green (P. pseudo-
with prickles to spines. The sizes of bracts are lais and P. utilis).
concurrent with their habits. Robust species such as
P. bantamensis, P. pseudolais and P. scabrifolius Staminate flower (male)
have robust bracts, while slender species like P. The stamens are borne in small or large clusters
nitidus possess slender and minute bracts. The on short or long axes (P. labyrinthicus, P.
exterior bracts are leaf-like in form, except in P. odoratissimus, P. spurius cv. putat, P. tectorius var.
kurzii, where the exterior bracts are cymbiform in littoralis, and P. utilis). Most of the male flowers
shape. The inner bracts are shorter and lighter in are sessile (Fig. 9 A), whereas in P. utilis it is
colour. filantherous (Fig. 9 B).
The colour of bracts also varies. The colour of
exterior and interior bracts can be different. The Pistillate flower (female)
differences can be seen within the same bract. The Pistillate flowers consist of a single uniovulate
colour of the apical part, middle and basal parts may carpel with a single stigma or many. The stigma
not be uniform such as in P. odoratissimus, and in may be sessile as in P. bidur, P. dubius. P.
few species the colour of bracts are uniform such as odoratissimus, P. polycephalus, P. tectorius var.
in P'.polycephalus (white) and P, utilis (green). The littoralis, and P. utilis (Fig. 10 A) or borne on the
apex of bracts are observed abruptly acute in P. style in P. bantamensis, P. kurzii, P. nitidus, P.
utilis, gradually tapering to a subulate tip in P. pseudolais, and P. scabrifolius (Fig. 10 B). The
labyrinthicus, P. odoratissimus and P. tectorius. stigmas have various shapes, varying according to
the species from linear (P. kurzii) or rounded (P.
Inflorescences polycephalus), cordate, elliptic, lanceolate, lip-like
Pandanus are dioecious, which means that male (P. bidur) or forked (P. bantamensiis, and P. scabri-
and female flowers are produced on separate plants. folius). The position of stigmas are adaxial.
The inflorescence in all species of Pandanus in Java
is found on the apical part of the stem (i.e. terminal Cephalia
inflorescence). Staminate inflorescences are Some of the important morphological characters
fragrant and usually pendent, except in P. for species identification in Pandanus are in their
labyrinthicus,where the staminate inflorescence is cephalia (number, shape, etc.). In the Javanese
erect (Fig. 8 A). Staminate inflorescences also vary species of Pandanus, cephalia vary in shape, size
in size. In P. odoratissimus, the raceme bear 9-18 and colour. Five species (P. kurzii, P.
lateral racemes, the size of each spike is 21.3-33 cm odoratissimus, P. scabrifolius, P. tectorius var.
long, whereas in P. utilis, the raceme bear 20 lateral littoralis and P. utilis) have subglobose cephalia,
racemes, the size of each spike is 41-43 cm long while the other species such as in P. bantamensis,
(Fig. 8 B). Staminate inflorescences are more rarely P. nitidus, P. polycephalus and P. pseudolais
seen than that pistillate inflorescences, therefore possess ellipsoid to oblong cephalia. The number of
Pandanus identification is mainly based on the cephalia per infructescence is usually one, other
structure of female inflorescences and numbers such as three, five or six are also present
infructescence. but less common in Java.
326 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13

Fig. 8. Inflorescence type of Pandanus spp.: A. Staminate inflorescence erect (P. labyrinthicus). B. Long staminate
inflorencence (P. utilis). C. Pistillate inflorescence in spike (P. odoratissimus). D. Raceme of spikes (P.
polycephalus). Scale bar for A and B = 10 cm. Scale bar for C and D = 2 cm.

Fig. 9. Stamen types of Pandanus spp.: A. Sessile (P. tectorius var. littoralis). B. Filantherous (P. utilis), scale bar = 2
cm.
2012] RAHAYU et al.: Morphology vs. taxonomy in the family Pandanaceae 327

In Pandanus, a cephalium can consists of part of monocarpellate or pluricarpellate drupe is

numerous monocarpellate drupes or numerous usually harder, and the basal part is usually fibrous
pluricarpellate drupes or phalanges. Monocarpellate and fleshy.
drupes are composed of free, a single carpel while
pluricarpellate drupes (polydrupes) are carpels that DISCUSSION
are permanently fused into a compound structure.
Drupes are of great importance in Pandanus, The taxonomy of the Javanese species of
classification. The result of this study showed that Pandanaceae is presently in a unsatisfactory state.
seven species (P. bantamensis (Fig. 11 A and B), P. Since Flora of Java in 1986, a number of species
faviger, P. kurzii. P. nitidus, P. polycephalus, P. have been described which have never been
pseudolais and P. scabrifolius) have cephalium with compared. Some of their status is still more or less
numerous monocarpellate drupes, while the other in question.
species such as in P. bidur, P. dubius, P. leram var. Morphological data are regarded as the most
andamanensium, P. odoratissimus, P. tectorius var. appropriate and the most rapid mean for
littoralis and P. utilis (Fig. 11 C and D) have identification and for constructing map of diversity
cephalia with numerous pluricarpellate drupes. of plant (Davis & Heywood, 1963), and
Monocarpellate drupe varies in shape from conical, morphological characters have the great advantage
cuneate to oblanceolate, while pluricarpellate over other characters that we can see the plant
drupes vary from clavate, cuneate, obovate to variability easier.
oblong. Since a large number of characters is now
Monocarpellate drupes usually have one stigma known for Freycinetia and Pandanus species, it
while pluricarpellate drupes (polydrupes) have more appears useful to consider their use in identifying
than one stigma. Some species have sessile stigma, plants from Java, and the use of a large number of
while in other species the stigma is on the style. The characters may give more accurate identification.
surfaces of cephalium can be smooth, such as in P. Moreover, the current study clearly defines the
utilis or covered by flat scales like in P. kurzii (Fig. species status among the members of each genus
11 E), while the surface of the apical of through morphological observation of a good
pluricarpellate drupes of Pandanus usually have no number of specimen of each species.
cracks on centre apical sinuses, except in Pandanus Pandanus furcatus is the most heterogenous
tectorius var. littoralis, where there are cracks on and complex species in Pandanus. Backer and
the centre of apical sinuses on its the surface apical Bakhuizen van den Brink (1968) classified P.
of the pluricarpellate drupe (Fig. 1 IF). The apical bantamensis, P. oviger, P. pseudolais and P.

Fig. 10. Stigma type of Pandanus spp.: A. Sessile (P. utilis). B. On style (P. scabrifolius). Scale bar = 1 cm
 328 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13

Fig. 11. Cephalia type of Pandanus spp. A. Cephalia with numerous monocarpellate drupes (P.
bantamensis). B. Monocarpellate Drupe (P. bantamensis). C. Cephalia with numerous
pluricarpellate drupes (P. utilis). D. Pluricarpellate drupes (P. utilis). E. Cephalia with numerous
monocarpellate drupes covered by flat scales (P. kurzii). F. Pluricarpellate drupe with cracks on
the centre of apical sinuses (P. tectorius var. littoralis). Scale bar for A and C = 20 cm.; scale for
B, D, E and F = 1 cm.
2012] RAHAYU et al.: Morphology vs. taxonomy in the family Pandanaceae

scabrifolius as one species, P. furcatus, because of suggested by Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink
the presence of bifid styles. Stone (1972) on the (1968). If one compares the specimens of the tree
other hand, treated these plants as four different species, they would not fail to observe the
species based on cephalia characters as stated by discrimination between these taxa in leaf base
Kam (1971) that fruit offered great number of colour, peduncle shape, cephalia shape and style
useful diagnostic characters. In the current analysis, shape (Rahayu et al, 2011).
taxonomical status of the three of four species The newly information (character) we found in
mentioned above, viz. P. bantamensis, P. pseudolais this study for Freycinetia, i.e. stem shape, leafes
and P, scabrifolius. arrangement, and surface of pedicels, whereas for
This study agrees with Stone (1972) Pandanus, i.e. branching of stem, prop root size,
classification and observation of P. bantamensis, P. prop root surface and leaf marginal spine colour.
pseudolais and P. scabrifolius as three different Pandanaceae species in Java were classified by
species, and not as one species of P. furcatus as the feature of female for several reasons. First, the

Fig. 12. Summary of contrasting characters of Pandanus bantamensis, P. pseudolais & P. scabrifolius in
Java.

Character P. bantamensis P. pseudolais P. scabrifolius

Reddish brown Reddish brown Yellowish white

Leaf base colour

Bit curved at the end Curved at the end Straight

Cylindric-suboblong Oblong-ellipsoid Subglobose

Fruit shape

Bifurcate nearly halfway Bifurcate almost at the end

Style shape
330 REINWARDTIA [VOL.13

male flowers are very short lived, generally they from Ciwidey. This work was funded by The Directorate
bloom and decay within 2 or 3 days. As flowering is General of Higher Education of Indonesia through funda-
seasonal in most pandans, whole fruit development mental research grant number 109/SP2H/PP/DP2M/
III/2008.
is a lengthy process; there is much higher
probability of finding pistillate trees with probably
developed fruits, than there is finding staminate
REFERENCES
specimen with fresh flower at anthesis. The
duration of a staminate inflorescence is usually only BACKER, C. A. & BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK
one to three days, while the flowering season may Jr., R. C. 1968. Flora of Java 3. Noordhoff, Groning-
only be a week or two. In contrast, fruit en.
development may take several months. Second, the DAVIS, P. H. & HEYWOOD, V. H. 1963. Principles oj
staminate material is poorly represented in Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver & Boyd. Edinburgh.
herbarium and in collection, so corellated staminate KAM, Y. K. 1971. Comparative systematic foliar anato-
and pistillate materials proven by the collection to my of Malayan Pandanus. Bot. J. Linn. Soc, 64: 315-
represent the sexes of a single species are rare. 353
Thirdly, isolated staminate collection in themselves RAHAYU, S. E., HARTANA, A., CHIKMAWATI, T.
& KARTAWINATA, K. 2011. A taxonomic study of
are useful, but may be unidentifiable. However,
Pandanus furcatus and P. tectorius complexes
since the whole taxonomic system is based upon (Pandanaceae) in Java. In Wong, K.M., Leong-
characters of the pistillate plants, such species are Skornickova, J., Lee, S. & Low, Y.W. (Eds.).
often fascinating but frustating until the female are Proceedings of the 8th Flora Malesiana Symposium.
discovered. The fruits provide preservable Singapore, 23-27 August 2010. The Garden's
characters, readily observable and greater number Bulletin Singapore 63 (1&2): 63-70.
of useful features for identification. RIFAI, M. A. 1976. Sendi-Sendi Botani Sistematika.
Herbarium Bogoriense., LIPI. Bogor.
STONE, B. C. 1972. A review of Javanese Pandanaceae
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
with notes on plants cultivated in Hortus Bogoriensis.
Reinwardtia 8: 309-318.
The authors deeply thank the directors and curators of
STONE, B. C. 1983. A guide to collecting Pandanaceae
the following herbaria: BO, L and Kew. Prof. Dr. Mien
(Pandanus, Freycinetia and Sararanga). Ann. Mis-
A Rifai, Dr. Gillian Dean and the reviewers for providing
souri. Bot. Gard. 70: 137-145.
valuable suggestion. We wish to thank Dr. Rugayah from
Herbarium Bogoriense for allowing the first author to be VOGEL, E. F. DE. 1987. Guidelines for the preparations
involved in Herbarium Bogoriense fieldwork to Mt. of revisions. In Vogel EF De (Ed.) Manual of Her-
Simpang and Jampang Kulon, Sukabumi, and Prof. Dr. barium Taxonomy Theory and Practice. UNESCO.
Elizabeth A. Widjaja for giving Freycinetia specimen Jakarta. 76 pp.
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 REINWARDTIA
Vol. 13. No. 4. 2012
CONTENTS
Page

SRI ENDARTI RAHAYU, TATIK CHIKMAWATI, KUSWATA KARTAWINATA & ALEX HARTANA.
Morphology vs. taxonomy in the family Pandanaceae: a case study in the Javanese species 317

SRI RAHAYU. Hoya (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) diversity in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park,
West Java, Indonesia 331

DEBY ARIFIANI, ADI BASUKRIADI & TATIK CHIKMAWATI. Newly described species of Endiandra
(Lauraceae) from New Guinea 341

ALEX SUMADIJAYA. Six years experience on plant identification services: case study in Herbarium
Bogoriense 347

BAYU ADJIE, AGUNG KURNIAWAN, NORIO SAHASHI & YASUYUKI WATANO. Dicksonia
timorense (Diksoniaceae), a hemi-epiphytic new species of tree fern endemic on Timor Island, Indonesia ... 3 5 7

IAN M. TURNER. Nomenclatural notes relevant to the flora of Indonesia 363

WITA WARDANI, ARIEF HIDAYAT & DEDY DARNAEDI. The new pteridophyte classification and se-
quence employed in The Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) for Malesian ferns 367

DIAH SULISTIARTNI. The orchids genus Dilochia in Indonesia 379

DEDY DARNAEDI. Book review 389

Reinwardtia is a LIPI acredited Journal (258/AU 1/P2MBI/05/2010)

Herbarium Bogoriense
Botany Division
Research Center for Biology - LIPI
Cibinong, Indonesia

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