“Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering, 2(2), 78-86”

“Vol. 2, No. 2; Apr – Jun (2023)”

“Quing: International Journal of Innovative

Research in Science and Engineering”
“Available at https://quingpublications.com/journals/ijirse”

“Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Software

Development”
Dr. A. Ramalingam
“Professor, Department of Master of Computer Applications, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Pondicherry, IND.”

J. Aasik Milan
“Student, Department of Master of Computer Applications, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Pondicherry, IND.”

M. Anbu Mani
“Student, Department of Master of Computer Applications, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Pondicherry, IND.”

ARTI CLE I N FO ABS TRACT

Received: 07-05-2023 In recent times, there has been a growing trend in software development
Received in revised form: towards the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine
13-06-2023 learning (ML). AI and ML technologies have gained significant traction
Accepted: 15-06-2023 across various industries, as businesses aim to enhance their offerings and
Available online: expand their product portfolios. However, the development of AI/ML
30-06-2023 systems presents unique engineering challenges distinct from traditional
software development. This study seeks to examine the application of
software engineering (SE) practices in the development of AI/ML systems
K eyw ords: and explore the challenges and practices that align with the requirements of
Artificial Intelligence; industry professionals.
Challenges;
Machine Learning;
Practices;
Software Engineering;
Software Development.

© 2023 Quing: IJIRSE, Published by Quing Publications. “This is an open access article under the CC-BY 4.0 license, which
allows use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.”

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54368/qijirse.2.2.0007

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Recent advancements in cloud computing, big data management, algorithms, and hardware
have opened up a range of possibilities for organizations, industries, and societies to leverage
artificial intelligence (AI) (Nascimento et al., 2020). This has led to the widespread adoption of AI,
particularly machine learning (ML) systems, by businesses worldwide, as they see them as valuable
propositions to enhance and expand their product offerings. The transition of AI/ML systems from
laboratory environments to commercial settings is gaining momentum, aiming to harness the vast
amount of available data. With the growing popularity of commercial AI/ML, a significant amount of


Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] (J. Aasik Milan)

ISSN: 2583-3871 “Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering”
79 “Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Software Development”

research has been conducted to understand the processes, practices, and challenges faced by
professionals in various industries.

2.0 MACHINE LEARNING IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Machine learning (ML) has the potential to revolutionize traditional software development
practices. By enabling systems to operate autonomously, ML can be utilized by developers for a range
of tasks such as code optimization, testing, and deployment. Automating certain phases of software
development can free up developers' time for more productive activities. Furthermore, the
integration of AI and ML can assist in generating code when provided with appropriate requirements
and inputs (Braiek and Khomh, 2020).
Figure 1
Machine Learning Architecture

3.0 ROLE OF AI IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Prominent Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) companies such as Netflix, Spotify, Amazon Prime,
YouTube, and others have extensively embraced the use of AI within their platforms to meet customer
demands and deliver satisfactory services to their users (Chakravarty, 2010). This trend reflects a
notable shift towards integrating AI into software development, indicating that AI indeed represents
the future of software development.

4.0 AI/ML SOFTWARE SYSTEM

A simplified explanation of artificial intelligence (AI) is the field of study focused on
replicating human cognitive abilities on a computer. In this context, AI refers to machines that imitate
human-like "cognitive" capabilities such as learning and problem-solving. AI systems comprise
modules that provide opportunities to facilitate various types of learning.
Figure 2
Machine Learning Pseudo-code

PREDICT ON NEW DATA

Apr – Jun’ 2023: Volume 2 Issue 2 “Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering”
Ramalingam et al., (2023) 80

5.0 SOFTWARE TESTING

Testing involves the process of verifying the behaviour of AI software or ML models to ensure
they perform as expected. The validation of module behaviour using ML, deep learning, recurrent
neural networks, and other techniques is emphasized in numerous primary research studies.
Traditional testing methods and approaches that focus on achieving comprehensive structural
coverage for exploring various software states are not effective for DL systems. The current
understanding of bug characteristics found in ML systems is limited, highlighting the necessity for
systematic and efficient bug detection and resolution methods. Testing challenges in the context of
AI/ML encompass bug identification, test case generation, data testing, debugging, and defining test
criteria (Nascimento et al., 2020; Bryson and Winfield, 2017; Fernandez et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2019).
For the purpose of developing and verifying AI and ML models, high-quality and varied test data is
essential. In order to evaluate the model's robustness and generalization skills, make sure your test
data includes a wide variety of scenarios, including edge cases and outliers. Software for AI and
machine learning needs specialized testing methods in addition to conventional functional and non-
functional testing. This involves evaluating performance across various hardware configurations,
testing against known adversarial attacks, and testing various input data distributions. Set up
assessment measures that are appropriate for your ML and AI models.
Figure 3
Software Testing

TEST TEST TEST DATA

PLANNING STRATEGY PREPARATION

MODEL
TRAINING AND
VALIDATION

MODEL
TEST TEST DESIGN
EVALUATION AND
REPORTING
TESTING

6.0 AI SOFTWARE QUALITY

Ensuring the performance, accuracy, and reliability of AI and ML software, as well as the
accompanying software components, is crucial. However, the absence of formal ethical requirements
in AI projects and developers' limited knowledge or awareness of ethics implementation necessitate
the use of practical approaches (Li and Li, 2011). The training of accurate and reliable AI models relies
heavily on high-quality data. Careful selection, cleaning, and preprocessing of data are vital to
mitigate noise, handle missing values, and address potential biases. Rigorous validation and
evaluation processes are necessary to assess the effectiveness of AI models. Metrics such as accuracy,
precision, recall, F1-score, mean average precision (MAP), or area under the receiver operating
characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) are recommended for evaluating model effectiveness. The particular
challenge and the required evaluation criteria influence the use of metrics. To create accurate and
impartial AI and ML models, high-quality and varied training data is necessary. Make that the data is
impartial, accurately labelled, and representative. Verify the data's correctness, consistency, and
completeness. To create accurate and impartial AI and ML models, high-quality and varied training
data is necessary. Make that the data is impartial, accurately labelled, and representative.
“Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering” Apr – Jun’ 2023: Volume 2 Issue 2
81 “Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Software Development”

7.0 HANDLING OF DATA

The performance and efficacy of AI models are directly impacted by the quality, availability,
and proper handling of data, making data management an essential component in the development
of AI and ML software. Establish procedures for gathering and acquiring the essential data after
determining the data requirements for your AI or ML project. This could entail data generation, data
acquisition, data purchase using APIs, or data scraping. Ensure the accuracy and dependability of the
data gathered. Preprocess data by handling missing values and performing operations including
cleaning, filtering, deduplication, and normalization. Implement that ensure the safeguards in place
to ensure the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of data (Cruzes and Dybå, 2011). To protect
sensitive information, use the proper access controls, encryption strategies, and anonymization
procedures. abide by data privacy laws. Maintain adequate security precautions by storing your data
in databases or data lakes in an organized manner (Gilpin et al., 2018). Particularly when working
with sensitive or personally identifiable information, take data governance and compliance
regulations into account. Your data handling infrastructure may need to be scaled as your AI or ML
solution develops. Systems for distributed processing and storage. To guarantee the accuracy and
usefulness of your data, periodically examine and update it. Through a variety of algorithms and
optimisation strategies, the model discovers patterns and correlations within the data.
Figure 4
Handling of Data

DATA DATA SPLITTING

DATA DATA EXPLORATION AND TRAIN-TEST
COLLECCTION PREPROCESSING AND ALAYSIS SPLIT

MODEL FEATURE
MODEL MODEL
TRAINING AND ENGINEERING
DEPLOYMENT TESTING
VALIDATION

8.0 MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Model development is a fundamental component of AI and machine learning software
development. It entails creating, training, assessing, and deploying machine learning models to solve
specific problems or complete specified tasks. The issue you're trying to address or the job you want
the model to do should be made very clear. Determine the problem's goals, demands, and restrictions.
This stage aids in selecting the best machine learning (ML) methods and model architecture for the
task. Give your AI or ML model a clear description of the issue you're trying to solve or the job you
want it to carry out. It may be fraud detection, sentiment analysis, picture categorization,
recommendation systems, or any other particular goal (Kim et al., 2019). To prepare the data for
training, clean and preprocess it. This could entail dealing with missing numbers, scaling or
normalizing numerical aspects, tokenizing language, or formatting data appropriately. Select the
model type that best fits your issue and data. There are many different machine learning (ML)
algorithms and models available, including ensemble approaches, support vector machines, decision
trees, and neural networks.
Apr – Jun’ 2023: Volume 2 Issue 2 “Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering”
Ramalingam et al., (2023) 82

9.0 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

In order to implement AI and ML projects in software development successfully, project
management is essential. To design models, one needs to have practical experience with tools,
libraries, and algorithms. That incorporate data collecting, preprocessing, labelling, storage, and
security into your data management procedures. Establish data governance standards and make sure
that privacy laws are followed. Create systems for team cooperation and data exchange. Encourage
clear and efficient communication among team members, clients, and stakeholders. To make sure
everyone is on the same page, schedule frequent meetings, status updates, and progress reports. To
encourage communication and information exchange, use collaborative tools and platforms. The
project's objectives, goals, and deliverable should be clearly stated. Recognize the issue description,
solution's parameters, and success standards. Identify the stakeholders and the intended audience.
Create a thorough project plan that involves specifying the tasks, deadlines, and dependencies for the
project. Make a plan for the tasks of data preparation, labelling, and annotation. Allocate the funds
and other resources required to support the AI/ML project, such as the computer environment and
software (Tian et al., 2018). Create effective validation and testing procedures to guarantee the
accuracy and dependability of the AI/ML system. Utilizing the proper assessment metrics and
approaches, carry out unit testing, integration testing, and model evaluation.

10.0 INFRASTRUCTURE
In order to handle the process of AI and ML, infrastructure is a process of hardware and
software development. The difficulties include finding, setting up, configuring, and maintaining the
infrastructure required for the creation and use of AI/ML systems. The infrastructure has such
process that are hardware, software, storage and framework, distributed computing, deployment,
inference, monitoring, and management of cloud services. "Despite having access to a wide range of
tools, data scientists sometimes struggle to find the appropriate ones because general tools are
ineffective for solving their particular challenges. They struggle to keep up with the latest
technologies since they also have other obligations and only infrequently work in data science” it was
sent by Kim et al., (2017). AI/ML models need a lot of computer power to be trained. To hasten the
training process, use infrastructure that allows dispersed training. Create the infrastructure needed
for data preparation jobs including feature engineering, cleaning, and transformation. Infrastructure
is required once models have been trained in order to serve predictions or conduct inferences on
fresh data to support continuous integration and deployment of AI/ML models, adopt solid DevOps
practise. Manage the versions of your model and code using version control tools. To assure
repeatability and simplify the deployment pipeline, automate the build, test, and deployment
procedures.

11.0 ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS

Several important factors need to be taken into account when determining the technical
requirements for artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in software development.
These specifications aid in ensuring that AI/ML systems are created and implemented efficiently and
that they satisfy the necessary performance, dependability, and scalability standards. Systems for AI
and machine learning must be performance and scale-able, especially when working with huge
datasets and intricate models. Designing effective algorithms and systems that can manage rising data
quantities and computing demands is part of the engineering needs. Systems for AI and ML rely
largely on reliable data. Mechanisms for efficient data collection, archiving, cleaning, and
“Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering” Apr – Jun’ 2023: Volume 2 Issue 2
83 “Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Software Development”

preprocessing should be part of the engineering process. Determining data gathering methods,
guaranteeing data accuracy, dealing with missing data, and implementing data management and
versioning procedures are all part of this process.
In order to input relevant characteristics into the AI/ML models, relevant features must be
extracted from the acquired data and transformed. The model's performance may be enhanced by
engineering additional features, performing data normalization, handling categorical data, and
identifying the suitable features. Based on the objectives of the issue, the data that is accessible, and
performance indicators, the engineering team must evaluate and choose the most suitable models.

12.0 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

A number of factors need to be taken into account while building the architecture for AI
(Artificial Intelligence) and ML (Machine Learning) in software development to ensure an effective
and efficient system. Create a reliable data pipeline to facilitate data collection, preparation, and
transformation. This pipeline should have components for feature extraction, data cleansing, storage,
and ingestion. Make sure your data collection, preparation, and transformation processes are reliable.
Mechanisms for data intake, storage, cleansing, and feature extraction should be part of this pipeline.
The gathering, preparation, and transformation of data may be accomplished by establishing a
reliable data pipeline. The data intake, storage, cleaning, and feature extraction components of this
pipeline should all be present. Components for consuming and storing data from diverse sources
should be included in the design. Modules for data cleansing, normalization, encoding categorical
variables, managing missing values, and producing pertinent features should be included in the
architecture.

13.0 MODEL DEPLOYMENT

A crucial phase of AI and ML software development is model deployment, during which
trained models are made accessible for usage in production settings. When moving trained models
from a testing environment to an operational one, there is a paucity of bench marking knowledge on
the migration and quantization procedures, including the effects on prediction accuracy and other
factors. Create a framework that is scalable and effective for putting trained models into use. In order
to enable applications to communicate with the models, this often entails developing APIs
(Application Programming Interfaces) or micro services. For deploying AI/ML models,
containerization methods like Docker are frequently employed. Containers isolate the model and its
dependencies, guaranteeing consistency in a variety of settings. They offer portability, enabling the
model to function without interruption on a variety of systems and infrastructures. AI/ML model
deployment as micro-services gives scalability and flexibility. Each model may be contained within a
distinct micro-service, allowing for autonomous scalability, deployment, and management.

14.0 INTEGRATION
Building new applications with AI/ML capability or integrating AI/ML capabilities into
already-existing software systems is the practise of integrating AI (Artificial Intelligence) and ML
(Machine Learning) into software development. For ML algorithms to learn well, the data must be
organized and tidy. To preprocess and clean up raw data, managing missing values, outliers, and other
data inconsistencies, AI and ML approaches can be used. Before training ML models, this integration
aids in confirming the quality of the data. Automation of feature engineering chores is possible using
Apr – Jun’ 2023: Volume 2 Issue 2 “Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering”
Ramalingam et al., (2023) 84

AI. The process of feature engineering is converting unstructured data into a form that ML systems
can use. By automating the extraction, selection, and production of pertinent features, developers
may speed up and streamline the development process.AI may help in the process of choosing the
best ML model for a particular issue.

14.1 How are SE Practices Modified to Address Technical Issues Unique to ML?
By adding extra approaches and concerns, software engineering (SE) practices are modified
to address the engineering problems unique to machine learning (ML). Iterative and exploratory
approaches are frequently used in ML projects to create requirements. The dynamic nature of ML
models and the requirement for data availability, quality, and relevance to particular use cases must
be taken into account by SE practices. To properly capture and fulfil requirements, close cooperation
between domain specialists and ML practitioners is essential. In order to investigate various models,
methods, and data formats, ML initiatives require prototype and experimenting. Rapid prototyping is
made possible by adapting SE practices, for as by using Jupyter notebooks or other interactive
development environments. Since ML significantly relies on data, data management becomes
essential. Strategies for data collection, storage, preprocessing, and labelling must be included in SE
practises. It involves maintaining data quality, dealing with missing values, effectively managing
enormous datasets, and taking data privacy and security concerns into account.ML models change
over time, therefore it's critical to manage model updates and related information.

14.2 What SE Practices are Mentioned in the Initial Studies?

Initial ML-related papers mention several software engineering (SE) techniques. These
studies emphasize the significance of modifying current SE practices and implementing fresh
practices to handle the particular difficulties presented by ML initiatives. Applying version control
tools, like Git, to ML code, data, and models to regulate changes, keep track of revisions, and promote
teamwork. Putting a focus on the need of reproducibility in ML efforts by archiving and sharing code,
data, and experiment setups to allow others to duplicate and verify findings. Using ML-specific testing
methods, such as cross-validation, holdout sets, and evaluation metrics to evaluate model
performance and validate findings. It is essential to accurately identify and analyse the needs for AI
and ML systems. This entails comprehending the issue at hand, locating the relevant parties, and
extracting both functional and non-functional needs unique to AI and ML components. In order to
reduce the risk of integration problems and enable quicker iterations, frequent integration of ML code
and automated deployment pipelines guarantee that changes are tested, integrated, and deployed
effectively. In order to align expectations and facilitate collaboration among stakeholders, this
requires creating cross-functional teams, promoting knowledge sharing, easing communication
between data scientists and software developers, and goals.

14.3 What Kind of Empirical Techniques are Employed?

Data is essential to the training and validation of AI and ML systems. Empirical techniques
entail gathering pertinent information from a variety of sources, such sensor readings, user
interactions, or pre-existing datasets. To find patterns, correlations, and insights, this data is then pre-
processed, cleansed, and analysed. Evaluation metrics for AI and ML systems are defined and
quantified using empirical methodologies. These measures, such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-
score, area under the curve (AUC), or mean squared error (MSE), evaluate the effectiveness and
“Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering” Apr – Jun’ 2023: Volume 2 Issue 2
85 “Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Software Development”

calibre of the created models. A research method is a methodology used to collect data, whereas a
research strategy is a more general phrase that may incorporate the employment of one or more
methodologies. Case studies entail in-depth analyses of actual AI and ML initiatives. They shed light
on the difficulties, procedures, and effects of using AI and ML in software development. Typically,
qualitative and quantitative data are gathered for case studies through observations, interviews, and
document analysis.

15.0 DISCUSSION
The field of software development has seen a substantial transformation thanks to AI
(Artificial Intelligence) and MI (Machine Intelligence). They have opened up new opportunities,
increased effectiveness, and allowed for the creation of intelligent systems. Different software
development jobs have been automated by AI and MI technologies, improving workflows and
increasing effectiveness. Intelligent algorithms may automate processes like code generation,
debugging, testing, and deployment, saving time and effort for humans. Software developers use
machine learning (ML) methods to train models that can identify patterns, categorise data, and make
predictions. Anomaly detection, recommendation systems, fraud detection, and picture or speech
recognition are just a few applications for machine learning.
15.1 Professionals Working on the Creation of AI/ML Systems must Overcome Challenges?
The field of AI and ML in software development presents a number of obstacles for experts
developing AI/ML systems. High-quality data are essential for the training and validation of AI/ML
models. The data that professionals have access to has to be accurate, pertinent, and indicative of the
issue domain. Data accessibility may be a problem as well, particularly in specialized or specialized
sectors where there may be little data accessible.

16.0 CONCLUSION
The industry has undergone a transformation as a result of the inclusion of artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in software development, as well as changes in how we
create and use software systems. Numerous advantages and developments have been brought about
by AI and ML technologies, including increased effectiveness, improved user experiences, and the
capacity to resolve challenging issues. In conclusion, by automating processes, delivering
personalised experiences, and allowing data-driven decision-making, AI and ML have completely
transformed the software development industry. Although there are many advantages to combining
AI and ML, it is important to manage the related ethical issues and make sure that these technologies
are developed and used responsibly. Advances in AI and ML will continue to influence the
development of software, creating new opportunities and spurring innovation.

REFERENCES
Braiek, H. B., & Khomh, F. (2020). On Testing Machine Learning Programs. Journal of Systems and
Software, 164, 110542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2020.110542
Bryson, J., & Winfield, A. (2017). Standardizing Ethical Design for Artificial Intelligence and
Autonomous Systems. Computer, 50(5), 116-119. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2017.154
Chakravarty, A. (2010). Stress testing an AI based web service: A case study. In proceedings of the
2010 Seventh International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, Las
Vegas, NV, USA, 1004-1008. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITNG.2010.149
Apr – Jun’ 2023: Volume 2 Issue 2 “Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering”
Ramalingam et al., (2023) 86

Cruzes, D. S., & Dybå, T. (2011). Recommended steps for thematic synthesis in software engineering.
In proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and
Measurement, Banff, AB, Canada, 275-284. https://doi.org/10.1109/esem.2011.36
Damasceno, L., Werneck, V. M. B., Schots, M. (2018). Metric-based evaluation of multiagent systems
models. In proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Software Engineering, 67-74.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3193954.3193960
Fernandez, A, Insfran, E, & Abrahão, S. (2011). Usability evaluation methods for the web: A systematic
mapping study. Information and Software Technology, 35(8), 789-817.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2011.02.007
Gilpin, L. H., Bau, D., Yuan, B. Z., Bajwa, A., Specter, M., & Kagal, L. (2018). Explaining explanations: An
overview of interpretability of machine learning. In proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Fifth
International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA), Turin, Italy.
https://doi.org/10.1109/DSAA.2018.00018
Karunamurthy, A., Kulunthan, K., Dhivya, P., Vickson, A. V. S., (2022). A Knowledge Discovery Based
System Predicting Modelling for Heart Disease with Machine Learning. Quing: International
Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering, 1(1), 14-22.
https://doi.org/10.54368/qijirse.1.1.0005
Karunamurthy, A., Yuvaraj, M., Shahithya, J., & Thenmozhi, V. (2023). Cloud Database: Empowering
Scalable and Flexible Data Management. Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research
in Science and Engineering, 2(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.54368/qijirse.2.1.0007
Kim, J., Feldt, R., & Yoo, S. (2019). Guiding Deep Learning System Testing Using Surprise Adequacy. In
proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering,
1039–1049. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2019.00108
Kim, M., Zimmermann, T., DeLine, R., & Begel, A. (2017). Data Scientists in Software Teams: State of
the Art and Challenges. In proceedings of the IEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1-17.
https://web.cs.ucla.edu/~miryung/Publications/tse2017-datascientists.pdf
Li, C., & Li, K. (2011). A Practical Framework for Agent-Based Hybrid Intelligent Systems. In
proceedings of the 2011 Seventh International Conference on Computational Intelligence and
Security, 199–203. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIS.2011.52
Nascimento, E., Nguyen-Duc, A., Sundbø, I., & Conte, T. (2020). Software engineering for artificial
intelligence and machine learning software: A systematic literature review. Available at
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2011.03751
Tian, Y., Pei, K., Jana, S., & Ray, B. (2018). DeepTest: Automated Testing of Deep-Neural-Network-
Driven Autonomous Cars. In proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software
Engineering, 303-314. https://doi.org/10.1145/3180155.3180220

“Quing: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering” Apr – Jun’ 2023: Volume 2 Issue 2