Block Diagram

• Block Diagram : Pictorial representation of the

cause and effect
Input R Out put C
relationship between Block
the input and output
of a physical system. Each block represents a
control element. The function shown in the
block is the ratio of Laplace transform of output
signal from the block to the Laplace transform
of input signal of the block. This ratio is
known as transfer function of the element.
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 Block Diagram
• Introduction: In control system design , the
control elements of different physical form
have the same mathematical models. Hence it
is convenient to represent the control
elements in blocks which represent the
transfer function of the control elements. The
control systems are developed by combining
the blocks from which overall transfer
function of the system can be determined.
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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Transfer Function (TF): The transfer function for a linear
element , component or system can be defined as the
ratio of Laplace transform of the output to that of the
input with the assumption that all initial conditions are
zero.
• 1. Write the appropriate equation which defines the
behavior of the element.
• 2.Write the Laplace transform of this equation assuming
initial conditions to be zero.
• 3. Form the ratio of output C(s) and input R(s) as
𝐶(𝑠)
• = G(s) where G(s) is the transfer function of the
𝑅(𝑠)
element.

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 Block Diagram
• Types of Blocks :
• 1. Proportional Block :
ei L x

T1
eo
i

Potentiometer
o

T2

Gear Train
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 Block Diagram
Gear Train Potentiometer
• 𝑖 𝑇1 = 𝑜 𝑇2 • K=
𝑥
𝐿
𝑜 𝑇1
• = =K 𝑥
𝑖 𝑇2 • 𝑒𝑜 =
𝐿
𝑒𝑖
• Taking Laplace, • Taking Laplace,
• 𝑜 𝑠 = K 𝑖 𝑠 𝑥
• 𝐸𝑜 (s) = 𝐸𝑖 (s)
𝐿

𝑖 𝑠 𝑜 𝑠
• 𝐸𝑜 (s) = 𝐾 𝐸𝑖 (s)
K 𝐸𝑖 (s) 𝐸𝑜 (s)
K

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 Block Diagram
• The transfer function of these elements is simply
a constant (K) which indicates the proportionality
between the output and the input.
• In a potentiometer, the voltage ei is applied
across the resistant winding L units long. The
displacement of the wiper, the input, is denoted
by x. The output voltage eo is measured relative
to the reference (ground ) indicated. The
potentiometer is a displacement transducer , i.e.,
a device which provides output voltage
proportional to an input displacement.

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 Block Diagram
• 2. Time Constant Block :

C
C
y  J
T
k
Mass Damper System
x

Spring Damper System

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 Block Diagram
• Spring Damper System • Inertia - Damper System
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
• C + k(y- x)= 0 • J +C=T
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

•
𝑑𝑦
C + ky = kx • Js(s)+ C(s) = T(s)
𝑑𝑡
𝐽𝑠(s) 𝑇(𝑠)
•
𝐶 𝑑𝑦
+y=x; =
𝐶
 • + (s) =
𝐶 𝐶
𝑘 𝑑𝑡 𝑘
𝑇(𝑠)
•
𝑑𝑦
 +y=x • s(s) + (s) =
𝐶
𝑑𝑡
1
• sY(s) + Y(s)= X(s) • (s + 1) (s) = T(s)
𝐶
• (s + 1) Y(s) = X(s) (𝑠) 1/𝐶
• TF = = =
𝑌(𝑠) 1 𝑇(𝑠) (s + 1)
• TF = =
𝑋(𝑠) (s + 1) (s)
T(s) 1/𝐶
X(s) 1 Y(s)
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(s + 1)
 Block Diagram
• The equation represent the block for first order
differential equation with all parameters present.
Since the block contains time constant  , it is
called time constant block.
• Time constant
• Unit of C N-s/m (for linear motion )
• Unit of C N- m- s / radian (for rotational motion)
• Unit of k N/m
• Unit of J Kg-m2, or (N-s2/m)-m2.
• Unit of  is seconds. (C/k or J/C)

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 Block Diagram
• 3. Integrating Block : q
y
• Integrating block
A
represents an element
for which the constant
Hydraulic Cylinder
input produces a constant time rate of
change of output. Such a device is said to be
an integrating element and the block is known
as an integrating block.

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 Block Diagram
• In the hydraulic cylinder shown in the figure, the rate of
fluid flow q is the input and the displacement of the piston
rod y is the output. Let A be the area of the piston.
𝑑𝑦 𝑌(𝑠) 1/𝐴
• q=A ; Q(s) = AsY(s); = ;
𝑑𝑡 𝑄(𝑠) 𝑠
1 𝑄(𝑠)
• Y(s) = . Q(s) 1/𝐴 Y(s)
𝐴 𝑠 𝑠
• Taking inverse Laplace,
1
• y(t) = 𝑞𝑑𝑡; The integration of the input gives the output.
𝐴 𝑑𝑦
A constant rate of flow (q) causes constant velocity of
𝑑𝑡
the piston rod i.e., the time rate of change of displacement
y.

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 Block Diagram
• 4. Quadratic Block : The element representing
x
the quadratic block is defined by a
second order differential equation for
k
which the characteristic equation is
quadratic.
X(s) 1 Y(s)
y
m 𝑠2 2𝑠
+ +1
𝑛 2 𝑛
C

Spring mass
damper system
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 Block Diagram
• 5. Time Delay Block ( Td): Pure time delay systems
will begin to respond to the input after a certain time
Td. Such delay may occur in mechanical , pneumatic
and hydraulic transmission. Systems with computer
control have delays because it takes time for
computer to execute numerical solutions.
Metering Point

b(t) v Valve
y(t)
d

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 Block Diagram
• The above figure shows the setup for
measuring the concentration of mix of
solution A and B. The measuring point is at a
distance d from the valve.
• Let y(t) = Concentration at the time of mixing.
• b(t) = Concentration at the time of
measurement.
• v = Velocity of fluid.

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 Block Diagram

v Steel Plate
b(t) y(t)

d
Thickness Measuring Gauge

• Let y(t) = Thickness at the time of leaving roller.

• b(t) = Thickness at the time of measurement.
• v = Velocity of strip movement.
• d =Distance between roller and measuring unit.
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 Block Diagram
𝑑
• Time delay Td =
𝑣
• b(t) = y (t- Td )
Y(s) B(s)
• Taking Laplace, 𝑒 −𝑇𝑑𝑠

• B(s) = 𝑒 −𝑇𝑑𝑠 Y(s)

𝐵(𝑠)
• TF = = 𝑒 −𝑇𝑑𝑠
𝑌(𝑠)
−𝑇𝑑𝑠 𝑇𝑑 2 𝑠 2 1
• 𝑒 = 1 - 𝑇 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑠 - … or 𝑇𝑑2 𝑠2
2 1 + 𝑇𝑑𝑠 + 𝑠 +
2
−𝑇𝑑𝑠 1−𝑇𝑑𝑠/2
• 𝑒 = (Phade’s Approximation)
1+𝑇𝑑𝑠/2

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Block Diagram: Canonical Form
R(s) E(s) C(s)
+ G(s)
-
B(s)

H(s)

• C(s) = E(s)G(s); B(s) = C(s)H(s)

• E(s) = R(s) – B(s); C(s) = [R(s)-C (s)H(s)]G (s);

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• C(s)(1 + G(s) H(s)) = G (s) R(s)
C(𝑠) G(s)
• Closed Loop TF = =
𝑅(𝑠) 1 + G(s)H(s)
• Error Ratio: C(s) = E (s)G(s)
• E(s) = R(s) – B(s); B(s) = C (s)H(s)
• B(s) = E(s)G(s)H(s)
• E(s) = R(s) – E(s)G(s)H(s);
• E(s)[1+G(s)H(s)] = R(s)
E(s) 1
• Error Ratio ; =
R(s) [1+G(s)H(s)]
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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Open Loop Transfer Function:
R(s) E(s) C(s)
+ G(s)

B(s)
H(s)

• C(s) = E(s)G(s); B(s) = C (s)H(s); E(s)= R(s)

B(s)
• B(s) = R(s) G (s) H(s); = G (s) H(s);
R(s)
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑇𝐹
• Closed loop TF =
1±𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑇𝐹

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Block Diagram :
Td(s)
1 2
R(s) E(s) C(s)
G1(s) +
+ G2(s)
-

B(s) =C(s)H(s)

H(s)

• Determination of system transfer function

• 1. Ignoring the disturbance Td(s)
• CR(s) = E(s)G1(s)G2(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• B(s) = CR (s)H(s)
• E(s) = R(s) – B(s)
• CR(s) = (R(s)-CR (s)H(s))G1(s)G2(s)
• CR(s)(1 + G1(s)G2(s)H(s)) = G1(s)G2(s)R(s)
CR(𝑠)
G1(s)G2(s)
• TF = =
𝑅(𝑠) 1 + G1(s)G2(s)H(s)
G1(s)G2(s)
• CR(s) = R(s)
1 + G1(s)G2(s)H(s)
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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 2. Ignoring R(s)
2
Td(s) Cd(s)
G2(s)
+
+

Bd(s)

G1(s) - H(s)

• Cd(s) = G2(s)(Td(s)+Bd(s))
• Bd(s) = - Cd(s) G1(s)H(s) ( while removing summing point 1,
transfer the sign (-) of feedback to the previous element H(s).
• Cd(s) = G2(s)[Td(s)-Cd(s) G1(s)H(s)]

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Cd(s)[1+G1(s) G2(s)H(s)] = G2(s)Td(s)
Cd(s) G2(s)
• =
Td(s) 1+G1(s) G2(s)H(s)
G2(s)Td(s)
• Cd(s) =
1+G1(s) G2(s)H(s)
• C(s) = CR(s) + Cd(s)
G1(s)G2(s)R(s)+G2(s)Td(s)
• C(s) =
1+G1(s) G2(s)H(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 1. Reducing Blocks in Cascade
R (s)
C (s)
G1(s) G2(s)

Original Block Diagram C(s) = G1(s) G2(s)R(s)

R (s) C (s)
G1(s) G2(s)

Modified Block Diagram C(s) = G1(s) G2(s)R(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 2. Reducing Blocks in Parallel

G1(s)
R (s)
+ C (s)
+
G2(s)

Original Block Diagram C(s) = G1(s)R(s)+ G2(s)R(s)

R (s) C (s)
G1(s) + G2(s)

Modified Block Diagram C(s) = (G1(s)+ G2(s))R(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 3. Moving Summing Point Behind A Block
R(s) C(s)
+ G(s)
±
X(s)
Original Block Diagram C(s)=(R(s)±𝑋(𝑠))𝐺(𝑠)
R(s) C(s)
G(s) +
±

X(s)
G(s)

Modified Block Diagram C(s)= R(s)G(s) ± 𝑋(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

• 4: Shifting Summing Point Ahead Of A Block :

Original Block : C(s) = X(s)G(s) + Y(s)
X(s) C(s) X(s) C(s)
G(s) + G(s)
+
Y(s) 𝑌(𝑠)
G(s)
Y(s) 1
G(s)

Modified Block : C(s) = X(s)G(s) + Y(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 5. Shifting a Takeoff point ahead of a block:
R(s) C(s)
G(s)

C(s)

Original Block C(s) = R(s)G(s)

R(s) C(s)
G(s)
C(s)
G(s)

Modified Block C(s) = R(s)G(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 6. Shifting a Takeoff point behind a block
R(s) C(s)
G(s)

R(s)

Original Block C(s) = R(s)G(s)

R(s) C(s)
G(s)

R(s)
1
𝐺(𝑠)
𝑅(𝑠)
Modified Block R(s) = 𝐺(𝑠)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 7. Eliminating feed back loop:
R(s) C(s)
+ G(s)
-

H(s)

𝐺 𝑠 𝑅(𝑠)
Original Block C(s) =
1+𝐺 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠)

R(s) 𝐺(𝑠) C(s)

1 + 𝐺 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠)
𝐺 𝑠 𝑅(𝑠)
Modified Block C(s) = 1+𝐺 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 8. Reducing To Unity Feed Back System:
R(s) C(s)
+ G(s)
-

H(s)
𝐺 𝑠 𝑅(𝑠)
Original Block C(s) = 1+𝐺 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠)

R(s) 1 C(s)
𝐻(𝑠) + G(s)H(s)
-
𝐺 𝑠 𝑅(𝑠)
Modified Block C(s) = 1+𝐺 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Shifting of summing point has no affect on TF as long as there
are no blocks between the summing point.
• 9. Interchanging Of Summing Points
Z(s)

+
R(s) + 2 C(s)
G(s) 1
+
Y(s)
Original Block: C(s) = R(s)G(s) + Y(s) + Z(s)
Z(s)

R(s) +
+ 2 C(s)
G(s) 1
Y(s) +

Modified Block: C(s) = R(s)G(s) + Y(s) + Z(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 10. Moving the Takeoff point ahead of summing point:
R(s) C(s)
+
± C(s)
X(s)

Original Block C(s) = R(s) ±𝑋(𝑠)

R(s) C(s)
+
±
Modified Block C(s) = R(s) ±𝑋(𝑠)
± X(s)

C(s)
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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 11. Moving the Takeoff point behind of summing point:
R(s) C(s)
+
R(s) ± C(s)
X(s)

Original Block C(s) = R(s) ±𝑋(𝑠)

R(s) C(s)
+
±
X(s)
∓ Modified Block R(s) = C(s) ∓𝑋(𝑠)
R(s)
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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Determine the Transfer Function of the Block Diagram by reducing
the block
H1(S)

R(s) C(s)
++ +
G1(S) G2(S)
- 1 2

H2(S)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Interchange the takeoff points

H1(S)

R(s) + C(s)
+ G1(S) + G2(S)
- 1 2

H2(S)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Eliminate Feedback H2(s)

H1(S)

R(s) C(s)
++ G2(S)
G1(S)
1 + G2(S)𝐻2(𝑠) 2

H1(S)

R(s) + G1(S) G2(S) C(s)

+
1 + G2(S)𝐻2(𝑠) 2
• Combine the blocks of forward path

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
Eliminate Feedback H1(s)

R(s) G1(S) G2(S)

1 + G2(S)𝐻2(𝑠) C(s)
G (S) G2(S)H1(s)
1− 1
1 + G2(S)𝐻2(𝑠)

R(s) 𝐺1 𝑠 𝐺2(𝑠)
C(s)
1 + G2(S)𝐻2(𝑠) − 𝐺1 𝑠 𝐺2(𝑠𝐻1(𝑠)

Combine the blocks of forward path

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 2.Determine the Transfer Function of the Block Diagram by reducing
the block
(5s+2)

R(s) C(s)
++ + 1
10 (2𝑠+1)
- 1 2

1
( )
𝑠+2

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

(5s+2)

R(s) + C(s)
+ 1
+ 10 (2𝑠+1)
- 1 2

1
(𝑠+2)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

(5s+2)

R(s) 1
++ ( 2𝑠 + 1 ) C(s)
10
1 1
1 + ( 2𝑠 + 1 )( 𝑠 + 2 ) 2

(5s+2)

R(s) + 10(s+2) 2 C(s)

+
2𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

R(s) 10(s+2)
2𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 3 C(s)
10(s+2) (5s+2)
1−
(2𝑠 2 +5𝑠 + 3)

R(s) 10𝑠 + 20 C(s)

− 48𝑠2 − 115𝑠 − 37

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 2.Determine the transfer function of the system shown below
R(s) -B1(s)
R(s) 1 b C(s)
+ + G(s) ++
- a -
B1(s) 2 B2(s) 3

H(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Shift the takeoff point b, ahead of block G(s)
1
R(s) b C(s)
+ + G(s) ++
- a -
B1(s) 2 B2(s) 3

G(s)
H(s)

G(s)

• G(s) is included in the feedback path.

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Shift the takeoff point b, ahead of summing point 2.
1
R(s) b C(s)
+ + G(s) ++
- a -
2 B2(s) 3
B1(s)

G(s) +-
H(s)
4

• H(s) is subtracted in the feedback path connecting to G(s).

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Rearrange the block by separating two feedback paths.
1
R(s) b C(s)
+ + G(s) ++
- a -
2 3

H(s)

G(s) +- H(s)
4

• Separate loop is included with another H(s) block.

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Shift the summing point 4 ahead of block G(s).
1
R(s) b C(s)
+ + G(s) ++
- a -
2 3
G(s)
H(s)

+ H(s)
- G(s)
4

• Additional Block G(s) is included.

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Combine the blocks in feedback path.
1
R(s) b C(s)
+ + G(s) ++
- a -
2 3
G(s)
H(s)

+
- G(s)H(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Combine the blocks in feedback path.
1 4
R(s) C(s)
+ +-
a b
+ G(s) ++
+ -
2 3
G(s)
H(s)

G(s)H(s)

Rearrange the position of summing point 4. Change the sign of

feedback signal in the summing point 1.

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Shift the summing point 2 behind block G(s)
1 4
R(s) a + C(s)
+ +- b G(s) +
+ +-
2 3
G(s)
G(s) H(s)
G(s)H(s)

• Include G(s) in the feedback Path.

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Interchange summing points 2 and 3.
1 4
R(s) a C(s)
+ +- b G(s) + +-
+ +
3 2
G(s)
G(s) H(s)
G(s)H(s)

• Change the number and sign at the summing points.

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Combine the blocks in feedback path
1 4
R(s) a C(s)
+ +- b G(s) + +-
+ +
3 2
G(s)
G(s)H(s)

G(s)H(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Eliminate feedback and simplify the block
1
R(s) 1 1 C(s)
+ G(s)+1
+ 1 + 𝐺(𝑠) 1 + 𝐺(𝑠)𝐻(𝑠))

G(s)H(s)

C(s)
R(s) 1
+ 1 + 𝐺(𝑠)𝐻(𝑠))
+

G(s)H(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

R(s) C(s)
1

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 Signal flow graph
• Signal flow graphs are the graphical
representation of control systems involving
nodes and arrows. Each node represent some
signal and arrows indicate the direction of flow of
signals. The transfer function is shown on the
arrow. A node also represent a summing point or
takeoff point or start and end point of the
diagram. The arrows may be straight or curved.
The arrows simply indicate the path of signal flow
between nodes with transfer function with sign
being marked with it. If no block lies between
the nodes, the transfer function is taken as 1.
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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• Block Diagram:
R(s) E(s) C(s)
+ G(s)
-
B(s)

H(s)

• Signal Flow Graph:

R(s) 1 E(s) G(s) C(s)

- H(s)

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
• 2.Determine the transfer function of the system shown below
R(s) -B1(s)
R(s) 1 b C(s)
+ + G(s) ++
- a -
B1(s) 2 B2(s) 3

H(s)

• SFG: E1(s)
1
C(s)
1 2 1 3 G(s) 4 1 5 1 6 1 7
0 1 1

R(s) E2(s)
-H(s)
-1
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 Signal flow graph
• Mason’s Gain Formula:
𝑛
𝐶(𝑠) 𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 ∆𝑖
• The transfer function TF = =
𝑅(𝑠)
∆
• Where n = Number of forward path
• 𝑃𝑖 = Path gain of ith forward path.
∆ = 1 − ( 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑠)
+( gain product of all possible combinations of two non touching loops) –
( gain product of all possible combinations of three non touching loops ) +
( gain product of all possible combinations of four non touching loops ) + …
∆𝑖 = Value of ∆ for loop not touching ith forward path.
In the SFG shown n = 2.
Path 1 = Path 0 -1 -2 -3 -4-5 -6 – 7 : P1 = G(s)
Path 2 = Path 0 – 1- 2- 5 -6 – 7 : P2 = 1.
∆ = 1 − (-G(s) – G(s)H(s)) =1+ G(s) + G(s)H(s)

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 Signal flow graph
• ∆1 = 1
• ∆2 =1 + G(s)H(s)
𝑃1 ∆1 +𝑃2 ∆2 𝐺 𝑠 .1+1.(1+𝐺 𝑠 𝐻 𝑠 ) 1+𝐺 𝑠 +𝐺 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠)
• TF = = = =1
∆ 1+𝐺 𝑠 +𝐺 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠) 1+𝐺 𝑠 +𝐺 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠)

•THANK YOU
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 Block Diagram Manipulation
H2

R C
+ - G3 G4
G1 + G2 +
- -

H1

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
H2 / G4

R C
+ - G3 G4
G1 + G2 +
- -

H1

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
H2 / G4

R G3 G4 C
+ -
G1 + G2 1 + G3 G4 𝐻1
-

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
H2 / G4

R G2 G3 G4 C
+ -
G1 + 1 + G3 G4 𝐻1
-

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

R G2 G3 G 4 C
+ G1
- 1 + G3 G4 𝐻1 + G2 G3 𝐻2

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

R G1 G2 G3 G4 C
+
- 1 + G3 G4 𝐻1 + G2 G3 𝐻2

H3

R G1 G2 G3 G4 C
1 + +G3 G4 𝐻1 + G2 G3 𝐻2 + G1 G2 G3 G4 𝐻3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
G3

R(s) G1 C(s)
+ + G4
+- - G2 + -
3
H1

H2

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
G3

R(s) G1 C(s)
+ + G4
+- - G2 + -
3
H1

H2

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
G3

R(s) G1 + C(s)
+- + G2 + G4
- -

H1

H2

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
G3

R(s) G1 + C(s)
+- G2 + G4
+- -

H1

G2 H2

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation
G3

R(s) G1 + C(s)
+- G2 +- G4
+ -

H1

G2 H2

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

R(s) G1 𝐺2 + G3 G4 C(s)
+- -
1 + G4 𝐻1

G2 H2

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

G4 C(s)
1 + G4 𝐻1
R(s) G1 𝐺2 + G3
+- G4 G2 H2
1+1+ G4 𝐻1

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

C(s)
R(s) (G1 𝐺2 + G3 ) G4
+- 1+G 4 𝐻1 +G4 G2 H2

H3

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 Block Diagram Manipulation

R(s) 𝐺1 𝐺2 𝐺4 +𝐺3 𝐺4 C(s)

1 + 𝐺4 𝐻1 + G4 𝐺2 𝐻2
(𝐺1 𝐺2 𝐺4 +𝐺3 𝐺4 )𝐻3
1+1+ 𝐺4 𝐻1 + G4 𝐺2 𝐻2

R(s)
C(s)
𝐺1 𝐺2 𝐺4 +𝐺3 𝐺4
1 + 𝐺4 𝐻1 + G4 𝐺2 𝐻2 + 𝐺1 𝐺2 𝐺4 𝐻3 + 𝐺3 𝐺4 𝐻3

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 Questions
• 1.Define the terms, Block Diagram, Reference
Signal, Controlled Signal , Transfer function,
Take off point and Summing Point.
• 2. Distinguish between closed loop and open
loop transfer functions.
• 3. Reduce the block diagram and determine
the transfer function.
• 4. What is meant by SFG.
• 5. Explain Mason’s Gain Formula.
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