CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN IFUGAO

GENERAL PHYSICS 2
SECOND SEMESTER – FINALS A. Y. 2023-2024

LESSON 1: LIGHT AS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

Electromagnetic (EM) Waves
- discovered by James Maxwell
- do not require a medium to propagate
- generated by coupling of magnetic fields with electric field. The periodic changes take place in electric and magnetic
fields.
- occur when electric and magnetic fields fluctuate together which may lead to formation of the propagating waves.
Examples of EM Waves: Light waves, radio waves, microwave, thermal radiation, X ray, visible light, infrared, gamma
rays

Characteristics of a wave:
1. Wavelength (ƛ)
It is the distance between the two successive crests or troughs, or between two successive compressions or
rarefactions.
Unit: meter (m)
2. Frequency (f)
The number of waves produced in a given period of time (f = 1/T).
Expressed in Hertz (Hz) in honor of Heinrich Hertz.
3. Wave Speed (v)
It is how fast the wave is propagating or moving. The speed of a wave depends on the medium in which the
wave is travelling (v = ƛ/T)
Unit: meter per second (m/s)
Velocity of Waves
 The basic wave equation
v=ƛf where: v = speed of propagation, m/s
ƛ = wavelength, m
f = frequency, Hz
*Since light is an EM wave, it also has the characteristics of a wave (wavelength, frequency and speed).
*Its speed has a constant value of approximately 3 x 108 m/s.

Sample Problems
1. What is the frequency of green light that has a wavelength of 5.5 x 10-7 m?
Given: ƛ = 5.5 x 10 -7 m
v = 3 x 108 m/s, since it is a green LIGHT
Unknown: frequency
Formula: f = v/ ƛ
Solution:
f = (3 x 108 m/s)/ 5.5 x 10 -7 m
f = 5.5 x 1014 Hz

2. Find the speed of a red light in a vacuum if its wavelength is 7.5 x 10-7 m with a frequency of 4.0 x 1014 Hz.
Given: ƛ = 7.5 x 10-7 m
f = 4.0 x 1014 Hz
Unknown: speed
Formula: v = ƛf
Solution:
v = (7.5 x 10-7 m)(4.0 x 1014 Hz)
v = 3 x 108 m/s

Effects of Materials on Light

- Different materials respond differently when struck by light.
- Light maybe transmitted, absorbed or scattered as it strikes a material.
A. Opaque body/Materials
- Materials that absorb light waves that fall on them. Does not transmit light at all
- Examples: Bricks, wood, metal, stone, human body

B. Transparent body/materials
- Materials that transmit light waves and permit objects to be seen clearly through them.
- Allows light to pass through it. Glass and some plastics, clear water, air are examples.

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C. Translucent body/materials
- Materials that allows light to be transmitted through them but its rays are distorted during the passage.
- Scatters the light passing through it so that objects behind it are not clearly seen.
- Examples: Lampshades, wax papers, frosted glass

Properties of Light
A. REFLECTION OF LIGHT
- It is the bouncing back of light into the same medium after striking a surface.
 Incident Ray – the ray that strikes the surface
 Reflected Ray – the ray that rebounds from the surface
 Normal Line – a lone perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence
 Angle of Incidence (Ɵi) – the angle between the incident ray and the normal
 Angle of reflection (Ɵr) – the angle between the reflected ray and the normal

Law of Reflection
“The angle of incidence (Ɵi) is equal to the angle of reflection (Ɵ r). Furthermore, the incident ray, the reflected
ray, and the normal to the surface all lie on the same plane.”

Types of Reflection
1. Diffuse Reflection
- Allows us to see objects from any angle. It is the reflection from rough surfaces
- It is more common than regular reflection.

2. Regular or Specular Reflection

- It enables us to see an image on the surface. It is the reflection from smooth surfaces

B. REFRACTION OF LIGHT
- It is the bending of light as it travels from a transparent medium of one density to another medium of a
different density to another medium of a different density.
- When light passes from a substance with lower optical density into another with a higher optical density, it
slows down and bends towards the normal. The reverse is true when light passes from a substance with a
higher optical density into another with a lower optical density.
- Light travels fastest in vacuum (c= 2.998 x 10 8 m/s), a little bit fast in air, slow in water and slower still in glass.
Glass causes light to bend more than either air or water because glass refracts light more.
Index of refraction
- A measure of how much a ray of light bends when it enters a material.
- The higher the index of refraction of a medium, the more it bends light.
- Expressed as: n = c/v; where n is the index of refraction; c is the speed of light in a vacuum (constant speed of
light) and v is the speed of light in the material.

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Law of Refraction
a. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal lie in one plane
b. When a ray of light passes obliquely from an optical denser medium to less dense medium, it is refracted away from
the normal
o When a ray of light passes obliquely from an optically less dense medium to denser medium, it is refracted
toward the normal and vice versa.
o At perpendicular incidence, no bending of light ray occurs

Denser medium Less dense medium

Less dense medium Denser medium

c. Snell’s law, named after Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snell states that n1sin Ɵ1 = n2sin Ɵ2,
where n1 refers to the index of refraction of the first medium and n2 the index of refraction of the second medium Ɵ1 is
the angle between the normal line and the associated ray in medium 1, and Ɵ2 is the angle between the normal line and
the associated ray in medium 2.
SAMPLE PROBLEM. Light rays propagates obliquely from water to air. The incident light ray made an angle of 32 0 with
line normal. What is the measurement of the angle of refraction.
Total internal reflection is a phenomenon which happens when Ɵ1 is greater than the critical angle; the refracted ray
will not exist. Instead, all light is reflected.
Critical angle- the adjusted value of Ɵ1to make Ɵ2 becomes 90°. It is mathematically computed as:
−1 n2
Ɵc = sin ; which implies that total internal reflection can occur only if n1 > n2.
n1

Example 1:
a. Light travels in water with a speed of (3/4)c. Calculate the refractive index (index of refraction) of water.
Solution: Considering the equation for the absolute index of refraction, you have
c c 4
n= = = = 1.33
v (3 /4)c 3
b. Consider a glass block that is 0.6mm thick and has a refractive index of 1.55. How long will it take for a pulse of light to
pass through the block?
d c c
Solution: Recall the basic equation for speed which is v = ; n = can be transformed to v =
v v n
0.006 m
d
Then you have t=
v (
= 3 x 108
1.55 )
m/ s
≈ 3.1 x 10-11s

c. Suppose a layer of oil (refractive index is 1.45) floats on water (refractive index is 1.33). If a ray of light shines onto the
oil with an incidence angle of 40°, what is the angle formed between the ray and the surface of the water?

Solution:
At the interface between the air and the oil, you have: nair sin40° = noil sinƟoil
Considering the interface between the oil and the water, you have: noil sinƟoil= nwater sinƟwater
Equating the considered equation yields: nair sin40°= nwater sinƟwater
−1 n air sin 40 °
Then, you have: Ɵwater = sin ( ) = sin−1 ( 1 ) ¿ ¿ ¿ ≈ 28.9°
nwater

Example 2:
a. Diamond has a refractive index of 2.42. Compute the critical angle of light passing from the diamond to air.
Solution: By direct substitution to the formula for the critical angle, you have
−1 n2 −1 1
Ɵc = sin = sin ( ) ≈ 24.2°
n1 2 . 42

b. Compute the critical angle of light passing from glass (n=1.54) to water (n=1.33).
Solution: By direct substitution to the formula for the critical angle, you have
−1 n2 −1 1 . 33
Ɵc = sin = sin ( ) ≈ 59.7°
n1 1 . 54

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C. DISPERSION OF LIGHT
- It is the process by which light is separated into its colors due to differences in degrees of refraction
Prism
- When a narrow beam of white light enters a triangular glass block

Spectrum
- The beams splits into the different range of colors

Color Wavelength Frequency

(m) (Hz)
Red 6.2 x 10-7 4.8 x 1014
Orange 6.0 x 10-7 5.0 x 1014
Yellow 5.8 x 10-7 5.2 x 1014
Green 5.4 x 10-7 5.5 x 1014
Blue 4.8 x 10-7 6.3 x 1014
Violet 4.4 x 10-7 6.8 x 1014

D. DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT – the bending of waves around the edge or the corner of a barrier or an obstacle resulting to
the subsequent spreading of light waves into the region behind the obstacle. The obstacle may be a slit, wire, hole,
strands of hair, feathers, strings, straightedge or a razor blade.
a. When illuminated by a beam of monochromatic light from a point source, the obstacle will cast shadows that
are fuzzy at the edges. Upon close inspection, these shadows are bordered by alternating light and dark fringes.
These alternating fringes can be seen when one looks through two fingers barely touching each other. Light
casts a sharp shadow with some fuzziness at its edges when the opening is large compared with the wavelength.
b. Because of diffraction, it casts a fuzzier shadow when the opening is extremely narrow.

* The amount of diffraction depends on the width of the slit compared to the wavelength of light. When the slit
is considerably larger than the wavelength, very little diffraction occurs. On the other hand, the diffraction is substantial
when the width of the slit is comparable to the wavelength of light

DIFFRACTION GRATING – a piece of glass or plastic over which thousands of fine parallel lines, equally spaced and very
close to one another, had been scratched, usually with a diamond point.

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E. INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT – the meeting of waves
- 0beys the SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE which states that when two waves meet while travelling through a medium at
the same time, the result is a wave whose displacement is equal to the vector sum of the displacement of the two waves

Two kinds of Interference

a. Constructive interference – occurs when the crest of one wave meets the crest of another wave or the trough of one
wave meets the trough of another wave, therefore the energy from the two waves combines thus the amplitude will be
doubled.
b. Destructive interference – occurs when the crest of one wave meets with the trough of another wave, wave
amplitude is therefore, cancelled out, the wave has a zero amplitude.

*manifestations of interference of waves

- radio waves interfering with sound waves produced by an airplane, the colorful swirling rainbow on the soap
bubbles and in spilled oil from cars. on oil slicks, rainbow color displays in discs

F. POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
- Light waves whose vibrations are confined parallel planes
- Polarized light can be produced by transmission through certain crystals aligned in particular directions.
- It can also occur through absorption.

 Linearly Polarized waves- those that propagate along a single plane

 Non-polarized waves- generated either horizontally or vertically if the end of the string will be moved in a
random manner.
Polarizer- the first polarizing element during absorption
Analyzer- the second polarizing element during absorption

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Malus’ Law- states that for unpolarized light, the electric and magnetic field components of light waves oscillate in
random directions having more than one plane

* The intensity of the polarized light will become minimum when the polarization axis of the polarizer is
perpendicular with the emitted polarized light.

- given by the equation I = (I0)(cosƟ)2; where I is the intensity of the light that emerges from the combination of the
polarizing elements, I0 is the intensity of the light incident to the polarizer, and Ɵ is the angle formed between the
transmission axes of the polarizer and the analyzer. The unit for intensity is W/m2 (watt per square meter).

Example:
1. A non-polarized light with an intensity of 3.0 W/m 2 is incident on two polarizing elements whose transmission axes
form an angle of 60°. Compute the intensity of light emerging from the second film.
Solution: By direct substitution to Malus’s law, you have
I = (I0)(cosƟ)2
I = (3.0 W/m2)(cos 30)2 = 0.375 W/m2
*30° was used because it is the complementary angle of the given angle 60°.

LESSON 2: BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT IN OPTICAL DEVICES ( MIRROR )

Concept Notes
• Optical devices form images of objects based on the light rays that interact with them. Mirrors form images
using reflected rays, while lenses form images using refracted rays.
• Mirror- Mirrors are smooth reflecting surfaces, usually made up of polished metal or glass that has been coated
with some metallic substances. They can be flat or curved.

Two Types of Mirror

1. Plane Mirror
- a mirror with flat surface
- The image formed by a plane mirror is laterally inverted where the image is the right way up but the
right hand becomes the left hand
2. Spherical Mirror
- Its reflecting surface is taken from the surface of a sphere. It maybe concave or convex.
 Types of images formed

1. Virtual Image- it is the image seen that is upright and appears to be behind the mirror
Properties of Virtual Image
a. No light actually passes at the apparent location of the image. The apparent location of the image is found by
extending the reflected rays until they intersect. A virtual image is formed at the back of the mirror.
b. It cannot be focused on a screen
c. It is always upright
2. Real Images- Are those created when light rays’ actually’ converge, or meet at a point
Properties of a real Image
a. It is formed by the actual intersection of light rays after encountering a mirror. A real image is formed in front
of the mirror.
b. It can be projected on a screen
c. It is always inverted

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 Ray Diagram- Also called as ray tracing. It is used to identify the location, size, and nature of the image produced by
spherical mirrors.
Spherical Mirror Terminology
1. Center of Curvature – the center of the sphere where the mirror was taken. A letter C represents center of curvature.
2. Vertex V – the center of the mirror. Other authors call it the pole of the mirror
3. Radius of Curvature R – the radius of the sphere. It is the distance between C and V
4. Principal Axis/ Optical Axis – a straight line joining C and V
5. Aperture AB – refers to the width of the mirror
6. Principal Focus F – the point where the reflected rays meet as in the case of converging mirror or the point where the
reflected rays seem to come from behind a diverging mirror
7. Focal Length F – the distance from the pole to the principal focus. Since the principal focus is midway between C and
V, the focal length is one – half of the radius of curvature
 Ray Diagram: Construction Rules for Concave Mirror (Converging)
1. Draw a horizontal line to represent the principal axis and a short vertical line with curved ends to represent the mirror
2. Make the position of F and C on the principal axis. Remember that 2f = R
3. Draw the object, for example, an arrow, standing upright at the given position. The distance between the object and
the mirror is called the object distance
4. Draw rays with arrows to indicate directions from the tip of the object using the following:
a. A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected through the principal focus
b. A ray passing through the principal focus is reflected parallel to the principal axis
c. A ray passing through the center of the curvature is reflected back along its own path
5. Draw the image of the arrow with its tail on the principal axis. The distance between the image and the mirror is
called the image distance. Find out the nature of the image, whether the image is real or virtual, inverted or upright,
enlarged or reduced or the same size. (Use dashed lines for extending rays backwards to locate the virtual image behind
the mirror and to draw the virtual image).
 Construction Rules to Trace the Image Formed by A Convex Mirror (Diverging)
1. Draw a horizontal line to represent the principal axis and a short vertical line with curved ends to represent the
mirror. Mark the position of F and C on the principal axis. Remember that 2f = R
2. Draw the object, for example, an arrow standing upright at the given position. The distance between the object and
the mirror is the object distance.
3. Draw rays with arrows to indicate directions from the tip of the object using the following:
a. A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected so that it appears to come from the principal focus.
b. A ray directed toward the principal focus is reflected parallel to the principal axis
c. A ray directed toward the center of the curvature is reflected back along its own path

4. Draw the image of the arrow with its tail on the principal axis. The distance between the image and the mirror is the
image distance. Find out the nature of the image, whether the image is real or virtual, inverted or upright, enlarged or
reduced or the same size. (Use dashed lines for extending rays backwards to locate the virtual image behind the mirror
and to draw the virtual image).

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 1 1 2 1
 The mirror equation for both concave and convex spherical mirrors is given by: + = =
p q R f
q is the distance of the image from the mirror, p is the distance of the object from the mirror, R is the radius of the
curvature of the mirror, and f is the focal length of the mirror. When the object is in front of the mirror and the image is
real, the values of p and q are positive. R and f are both positive for a concave mirror, and both negative for a convex
mirror.
 The magnification of the image formed by spherical mirror is given by:

SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR MIRROR

The following sign conventions must be taken into consideration when using the mirror and magnification
equations.
Part of the Mirror Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
Radius of Curvature ( R ) + -
Focal length ( f ) + -
Image Distance ( q ) + or - -
Object Distance ( p ) + +
Image Height ( Hi ) + or - -
Object Height ( Ho ) + +
Magnification + or - +

The positive sign means that the part of the mirror is in front of the mirror, and the negative sign means that
the part is behind the mirror.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. An object is positioned 25 cm away from a concave mirror of radius 55 cm.
a.) What is the focal length of the mirror?
b.) Where is the image located and how far is it from the mirror?
c.) What are the characteristics of the image formed?
GIVEN: p = 25 cm REQUIRED f = ? q=?
R = 58 cm location of image char. Of image
a.) f = R/2 = 58 cm/2 = 29 cm
b.) step 1: derive an equation in solving for di
* study carefully how the equation is derived
1 = 1 + 1 therefore, the equation to be used in solving for di is:
f p q
1 ( fpq ) = 1 ( fpq ) + 1 ( fpq ) q = fp
f p q (p – f)
pq = fq + fp
pq – fq = fp substitute the given values for each quantity
q (p – f ) = fp q = ( 29 cm ) ( 25 cm ) = 725 cm2 = - 181.25 cm
(p – f ) (p – f ) 25 cm – 29 cm - 4 cm
* the negative sign before the value means that the
Image is located behind the concave mirror

c.) characteristics of image: image type is virtual, image orientation is upright and image location is behind the mirror.
To determine whether the image is larger, smaller or the same size as the object, compute for the M first.
M = [ di/do ] = [ −181.25 cm/25 cm ] = 7.25 ; since the M is greater than 1, the image of the object is 7.25 times larger
than the object ( Hi is greater than Ho )

Example 2. Where should you place an object in front of a concave mirror (r=180cm) to form a real image with half of its
dimensions?
Solution: Note that the magnification should be 1/2. Thus, you have

Then you have (mirror equation)   p= 270 cm

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The object must be placed 270 cm in front of the concave mirror.

LESSON 3. BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT IN OPTICAL DEVICES ( LENS )

Concept Notes
Lens is a curved piece of glass or some other transparent material that is used to refract light.
- They maybe concave (diverging) or convex (converging).
- It has two focal points, F and F, since it has two surfaces, and the center of the lens, C, between them.
The focal points are the same distance from the lens’ midpoint O. The distance between the lens midpoint and
its focal point is called focal length.
 Types of Spherical lens
1. Convex Lens
- It is thicker at the center than at the edges. It is a converging lens.
- They are used to correct farsightedness
2. Concave Lens
- Thinner at the center than at the edges. It is a diverging lens.
- They are used to correct nearsightedness
• Images formed by spherical lenses

Type of Lens Object location Image Size Image Orientation Image Type

Converging Outside the focal point Smaller Inverted Real

Object between focal point and lens Enlarged Erect Virtual
Diverging (not applicable) Smaller Erect Virtual

Ray diagrams for converging lens

1. From the tip of the object, draw a light ray parallel to the principal axis. As it passes through the lens, it will converge
through focal point F. (Ray 1)
2. From the tip of the object, draw a light ray passing through the center of the lens that extends to the other side of the
lens. (Ray 2)
3. From the tip of the object, draw a line passing through F and the lens. This line should be parallel to the principal axis.
(Ray 3)
4. The point where Rays 1,2,3 meet is the location of the image formed.
Ray diagrams for diverging lens
1. From the tip of the object, draw a light ray that diverges as it passes through the lens. This refracted ray is extended
through the focal point F at the same side as the object. (Ray 1)
2. From the tip of the object, draw a light ray passing through F. This ray is refracted. As the refracted ray is parallel to
the principal axis, this ray is extended on the same side as the object. (Ray 2)
3. From the tip of the object, draw a line passing through the center of the lens. (Ray 3)
4. The intersection point at the same side of the object is where the image is located.
Ray diagrams for diverging lens
1. From the tip of the object, draw a light ray that diverges as it passes through the lens. This refracted ray is extended
through the focal point F at the same side as the object. (Ray 1)
2. From the tip of the object, draw a light ray passing through F. This ray is refracted. As the refracted ray is parallel to
the principal axis, this ray is extended on the same side as the object. (Ray 2)
3. From the tip of the object, draw a line passing through the center of the lens. (Ray 3)
4. The intersection point at the same side of the object is where the image is located.

• For converging and diverging lenses, the object and image are related by the equation :

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In the equation, p is the distance between the object and the lens, q is the distance between the image and the lens, and
f is the focal length of the lens. The equation for magnification is same with mirrors.
• Lens Maker’s equation-governs lens manufacturers in manufacturing lenses of desired focal length. It is
expressed by:;

where n is the index of refraction of lens, and r1 and r2 are the radii of the curvature of the two lens surfaces. The
radii are positive for convex surfaces, while negative for concave.
Example:
A converging lens with a focal length of 20 cm is placed 37 cm in front of a screen. Where should an object be placed for
its image to be projected on the screen?
Solution: Note that the image distance, q, is +37 cm and the focal length of the lens is +20cm. using the lens equation,
you have  

Then you have   p = 43.53cm

APPLICATION OF IMAGE FORMATION

HUMAN EYE
- It is one of the most complicated optical systems
- It has an almost spherical shape about 2.5 cm in diameter.
Parts:
1. Pupil - the part of the eye that looks black. It is actually a hole formed by the iris and covered by the clear cornea in front.
2. Iris - it is a ring of muscle that controls the opening of the pupil and regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.
It gives the eye its color. In dim light, the iris contracts and the pupil gets bigger. This increases the amount of light that
enters the eye.
3. Cornea- is the transparent surface that protects the eye from dust. It also acts as lens, bending rays of light as they
enter the eye.
o Aqueous Humor – the liquid behind the cornea, with an index of refraction nearly the same as
water n = 1. o
o Lens of the eye – contains a fibrous, jelly like ciliary muscle which has an index of refraction of a
about 1.336
o Vitreous Humor – the liquid behind the lens with an index of refraction of 1.336
§ The cornea and lens together act as converging lens that refracts light as it enters the eye. The converging lens focuses
light to form a real, inverted image on the retina
4. Retina- The layer of cells lining the inside of the eyeball. It is made up of millions of tiny, light sensitive cells called rod
and cones
o Rod – contains pigment that distinguish among black, white and shades of gray. They react in small
amounts of light, allowing you to see in dim light so they are important for night vision
o Cones – contains pigment that detects colors of red light, green light and blue light. They only function in bright
light. This is why it is difficult to distinguish colors in dim light
Common Vision Defects / Problems
1. Myopia (Nearsightedness or short – sightedness)
- A myopic person can see near objects clearly but cannot focus distant objects. This is because the
eyeball is a bit too long, or the lens is thick even though the ciliary muscles are relaxed.
- It is corrected by using concave or diverging lenses. The correcting lens spreads the light rays before
they enter the eye so that the image is formed on the retina. It can also be corrected by surgery allowing it to
focus the images on the retina.
2. Hyperopia (Farsightedness or long – sightedness)
- A hyperopic person can only clearly see distant objects. Near objects appear blurred because the image
gets focused at the back of the retina. This is because the eyeball is a bit too short, or the lens is too thin
- It is corrected by using convex or converging lenses. The correcting lens makes the rays bend toward
each other a little before they enter the eye so that the image is formed in the retina
- As people grow older, their eye lenses become thicker, more rigid and less able to change shape. These
results in a lack of accommodation called presbyopia.
o Presbyopia – difficulty in focusing both near and far objects and this is corrected by using bifocal glasses
o Bifocal –means that the lenses are constructed so that they have two different focuses
 The part of the glasses for near vision is the low portion because the eye tends to look
down at close objects.
 The part of the glasses for distant viewing is the upper section of the glasses
3. Astigmatism
- This is caused by irregularities in the shape of the cornea, lens or the eyeball.
- An astigmatic person may see blurred horizontal lines instead of clear vertical lines or vice versa.
- A special lens that curves more in one direction than in another can correct this defect

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 •
•
• Lens power identifies the power required to correct a respective eye defect, which is measured in diopters
1
(m-1). It is computed as lens power =
f
Example:
Joey, a nearsighted person, cannot distinctly see objects that are beyond 80 cm from his eyes. What should be the
power of the corrective lenses so that he can see distant objects clearly?
Solution: The image formed must be on the same side of the lens as the distant object (virtual). Thus, you have q= 80
cm. Furthermore, it must be nearer to the lens than the object (diverging lens). As the object is at a great distance, p
must be very large enough to make practically zero. Then you have

  f = -80 cm

--
The lens power is: lens power = 1.25 diopters

• Depth of submersion refers to how deep a body is submerged or dipped in a body of fluid.
• Image formation in Microscopes Converging lenses of microscopes
1. Objective lens (with focal length f0)- makes the first magnification forming real, inverted, and magnified
2. Eyepiece lens (with focal length fe)- responsible for forming the final image that is virtual, erect or
upright, and magnified
• Magnification of microscopes magnification = ; where q0 is the distance from the

objective lens to the image that it forms that is usually close to 18 cm, is the distance of the virtual image formed viewed
by the eye, fe is the eyepiece lens, and f0 is the objective lens.
Example:
The objective lens and the eyepiece lens have focal lengths of +0.8cm and +2.5cm. The real image formed by the
objective lens is 16cm from it. Compute the total magnification if the eye is close to the eyepiece lens and views a virtual
image at a distance of 25cm.
Solution:
Considering q0 to be 16cm, magnification =

magnification = = = 209
• Image formation in Telescopes
Telescopes with an objective lens (or mirror) with focal length f0 and an eyepiece lens with focal length fe yields a
magnification computed as magnification =

Example:
What is the magnifying power of a telescope with an objective lens and eyepiece lens of focal lengths +60cm and +3cm,
respectively?
Solution:
By direct substitution to the formula for magnification, you have
magnification =

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