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ACADEMIC AND
NON-ACADEMIC TEXT LOCATING MAIN
IDEAS
Academic texts are critical, objective
and specialized texts that are written The Main Idea is the central, or most
by professionals or experts in a important idea in a paragraph or
particular field. They are aimed at the passage. It sets the direction of the
academic community. Academic texts paragraph or passage.
are formal, based on facts and
evidence and always contain When the main idea of a paragraph is
citations. stated, it is most often found in the
first sentence of the paragraph.
Non-academic texts, on the other However, the main idea may be found
hand, are writings that are informal in any sentence of the paragraph.
and dedicated to a lay audience. They
are usually on general topics and use The main idea may be stated or it may
casual or colloquial language, and be implied.
may contain the writer’s personal
opinions. This is the summary of the
difference between academic text and
non-academic text. PRÉCIS/ABSTRACT/
SUMMARY
ACADEMIC TEXTS
- Case studies ABSTRACT
- Theses Is a self-contained, short, and
- Textbooks powerful statement that describes a
NON-ACADEMIC TEXTS larger work (such as dissertation or
- Fables research paper). The abstract
- Diaries concisely reports the aims and
- Myths outcomes of your research, so that
- Legends readers know exactly what your paper
- Pocketbooks is about.
BOTH A typical abstract should only be
- ESSAYS about 6 sentences long or 150 words
- NEWSPAPERS or less.

SUMMARY
is a shortened version of a text that
highlights its key points.
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In this format the summarized idea
comes after the citation. The author’s
PRECIS name is connected by an appropriate
is a brief summary of a reporting verb.
book, article, speech, or other text.
DATE HEADING FORMAT
A precis, or summary for non- The summarized idea comes after the
research academic text generally date when the material was
condenses information into 15-30% of published.
the original text.
Guidelines
Purpose: 1. Read at least twice until you
These texts aim to precisely condense fully understand its content.
a larger work to present only the key 2. Highlight the key ideas and
ideas. They tell the audience the gist phrases.
of what has been read, listened to or 3. Annotate text.
viewed. 4. State the author’s name, the
title of the passage and the
main idea at the beginning
THESIS STATEMENT sentence.
It is the focal point of an essay or a 5. Write the main idea of each
paper. paragraph using your own
words.
6. Refrain from adding
FORMAT IN SUMMARIZING comments about the text.
• IDEA HEADING FORMAT 7. Edit your draft by eliminating
• AUTHOR HEADING FORMAT redundant ideas and making
• DATE HEADING FORMAT sure it contains the
properties of a well-written
IDEA HEADING FORMAT text.
In this format the idea comes before 8. Write your summary in your
citation. own words; avoid copying in
verbatim from the article
Example: unless they’re direct
Benchmarking is a useful strategy that quotations.
has the potential to help public 9. Compare your output to the
officials improve the performance of original text to ensure
local services (Folz, 2004). accuracy.

AUTHOR HEADING FORMAT

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1. This paragraph is about Ahmad.
Example: 2. His parents insisted that he enter
the medical profession. He is a
successful doctor, but he is unhappy
and wishes he were a teacher.

Summary Final
Ahmad is a perfect example when his
parents steered him into the medical
field against his wishes. As a result, he
is successful doctor, but his unfulfilled
dream of becoming a teacher haunts
him.

WRITING A REACTION
PAPER/REVIEW/
CRITIQUE
These are specialized forms of writing
in which a reviewer or reader
evaluates any of the following:
• Scholarly work
• Work of art
• Designs
• Graphic designs

Usually range in length from 250-750

words. They are not simply summaries
but are critical assessments, analyses,
or evaluation of different works.

Critical approaches
You can critique material based on its
technical aspects, its approach to
gender, your reaction as the audience.

Formalism
Claims that literary works contain
intrinsic properties and treats each
work as a distinct work of art. In short,
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it posits that key to understanding a
text is through the text itself; the Every time you paraphrase, it’s
historical context, the author, or any important to cite the source. Also take
other external contexts are not care not to use wording that is too
necessary in interpreting the meaning. similar to the original. Otherwise, you
Feminist Criticism could be at risk of committing
Feminism focuses on how literature plagiarism.
presents women as subjects of socio-
political, psychological, and economic EXAMPLE:
oppression. It also reveals how “Like other marine animals living near
aspects of our culture are patriarchal. heavily populated coasts, horse
Ex. How our culture views men as conchs have lost considerable habitat
superior and women as inferior. to development and pollution,
Reader Response Criticism including favorite breeding grounds
Is concerned with the reviewer’s along mud flats and seagrass beds.
reaction as an audience of a work. Their Gulf habitat is also warming due
Marxist Criticism to climate change, which scientists
Is concerned with differences think further pressures the animals,
between economic classes and based on the negative effects extra
implications of a capitalist system, heat has on other big mollusks”
such as continuing conflicts between (Barnett, 2022).
the working class and the elite.
PARAPHRASED
I. INTRODUCTION (Around 5% Like other sea creatures inhabiting
of the paper) the vicinity of highly populated
II. Summary (Around 10% of the coasts, horse conchs have lost
paper) substantial territory to advancement
III. Review/Reaction/Critique and contamination, including
(75% of the paper) preferred breeding grounds along
IV. Conclusion (10% of the mud flats and seagrass beds. Their
paper) Gulf home is also heating up due
to global warming, which scientists
PARAPHRASING AND think further puts pressure
on the creatures, predicated
DIRECT QUOTATION upon the harmful effects
extra warmth has on
PARAPHRASING other large mollusks (Barnett, 2022).
means putting someone else’s ideas
into your own words. Paraphrasing a
source involves changing the wording
while preserving the original meaning. DIRECT QUOTATION
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A direct quotation is when you take depending on the citation style you
another person’s words and place are using. MLA style considers a quote
them in your own document. These that takes up more than four lines of
must always be placed inside your document to be a block quote.
quotation marks and given For Chicago, the length is two lines.
appropriate attribution (MLA, APA, For APA, the length for block quotes is
Chicago, etc). more than 40 words.

APA MANUAL OF STYLE Short Quotes:

APA (American Psychological ❏ Incorporate the quote into your
Association) is used by Education, own grammatical structure using
Psychology, and Sciences. signal phrases.
❏ Place quotation marks (“”) around
Author-date-page (Author, date, the quoted words.
page) ❏ Add attribution using the
appropriate citation style for your
MLA MANUAL OF STYLE document (MLA, APA, etc.) Ask your
MLA (Modern Language Association) professor for guidelines about which
style is used by the Humanities. style to use.

Author-page method (Author Page) Block Quotes:

❏ Make sure you need the entire
CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE quote before inserting a block quote
Chicago style is generally used by into your document. Ask yourself if
Business, History, and the Fine Arts. there are portions of the original that
could be removed without interfering
Author-date-page (Author date, page) with the meaning of the quote.
❏ Place a colon at the end of the
IEEE MANUAL OF STYLE signal phrase or sentence preceding
The Institute for Electrical and the quote.
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a ❏ Check the appropriate style guide
professional organization supporting for the rules regarding indentation
many branches of engineering, and spacing
computer science, and information
technology. APA BLOCK QUOATION SAMPLE:
Computer users often disagree about
How do I format a direct quotation which operating system is best:
correctly? Mac or PC. Oyler (2010) stated that
First, determine whether or not the one operating system is not better
quote should be formatted as a “short than the other, but that one may be
quote” or a “block quote.” This varies better suited for different purposes
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than the other. She explained by If there is in fact a qualitative
saying that difference between the fifteenth and
Macs are often the best option for sixteenth centuries, in the sense that
users who wish to work with video or the fifteenth had gradually to acquire
picture manipulation. Macs are also by labor the insight into effects which
very user friendly, which may benefit was at the free disposal of the
consumers who are new to sixteenth, the (classic) art of the
computers. PCs, however, run Cinquecento and the (baroque) art of
Microsoft Office Suite the best. the Seicento are equal in point of
Therefore, students might find that a value. The word classic here denotes
PC is their best option because it can no judgment of value, for baroque has
run Microsoft Word and PowerPoint its classicism too (115).
the smoothest (p. 48).

MLA BLOCK QUOATION SAMPLE: CONCEPT PAPER

Her gift for the written word and her
poetic nature speaks for itself in this
passage from her autobiographical CONCEPT PAPER
work, I Know Why the Caged Bird It provides an overview of the project,
Sings: and helps the funding agencies
I have tried often to search behind the eliminate proposals that are likely to
sophistication of years for the be disapproved. Since a concept paper
enchantment I so easily found in those is preliminary document for a
gifts. The essence escapes but its aura proposal, it shows a preview of the
remains. To be allowed, no, invited, improvements that the proponent
into the private lives of strangers, and would like to have implemented.
to share their joys and fears, was a
chance to exchange the Southern It can be useful in addressing social
bitter wormwood for a cup of mead issues especially since they aim to
with Beowulf or a hot cup of tea and show solutions to tangible issues
milk with Oliver Twist. When I said which plague society.
aloud, “It is a far far better thing that I
do, than I have ever done …” tears of A concept paper usually ranges from
love filled my eyes at my selflessness. 500 to 2000 words and is usually
(Angelou 196) divided by into parts.

CHICAGO BLOCK QUOATION SAMPLE: Before writing your concept paper,

Wölfflin describes the general you have to learn how to explain your
representational forms of the concept first.
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries:
Three ways in explaining a concept
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1. Definition are taken from a literary or academic
2. Explication work and then interpreted and
3. Clarification explained in a detailed way.

1. Definition 3. Clarification
Is the method of identifying a given Is a method of explanation in which
term and making its meaning clearer. points are organized from general
Its main purpose is to clarify and abstract idea to specific and concrete
explains concepts, ideas, and issues by examples.
answering the question, “what does it
mean?” Types of concept paper
1. Concept paper for a Project
Definition can be presented in three 2. Concept Paper for Academic
ways: Research
1. Informal
2. Formal Parts of a concept paper for a project
3. Extended 1. Cover page
2. Introduction
Informal 3. Rationale or background
Is done through a parenthetical or 4. Project description
brief explanation. 5. Project needs and cost
Ex. Tocopherol (Vitamin E) is naturally
found in vegetable oil, fish and nuts. Parts of a concept paper FOR
Formal ACADEMIC RESEARCH
Explains a term by incorporating the 1. Title page
term to be defined (species) the 2. Background of the study
general category of the term (genus), 3. Preliminary Literature Review
and the quality that make the term 4. Statement of the
different from other terms in the Problem/Objectives
same category (differentia) 5. Abridge Methodology
Ex. Vitamin E is a light yellow fat- 6. Timeline
soluble vitamin that acts as an anti- 7. References
oxidant.
Extended COVER/TITLE PAGE
Is a detailed way of defining a term • State the name of the
and is usually composed of at least proponents and their
one paragraph. affiliations.
• State the addresses, contact
2. Explication numbers, and email
Is the method of explanation in which addresses of the proponents.
sentences, verses, quotes, or passages • State the date of submission
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• State how success of
INTRODUCTION outcomes will be evaluated.
• State the information about
the funding agency to show PROJECT NEEDS AND COST
that you understand its • Outline the main budget;
mission. include the item description
• State the mission of the and amount.
agency that the proponents • Explain or justify how the
represent and align it to the budget will be used.
funding agency’s mission. • List the personnel or
Also, state the year the equipment needed for the
proponents’ agency was project.
established, its major
accomplishments, and other Guidelines in writing a concept paper
details that demonstrate its 1. Cost and methodology
capability to undertake the should be reasonable.
proposed project. 2. The budget, methodology,
• Provide reasons why the and timeline should be
funding agency should clearly aligned.
support the project. 3. Use no more than five pages
(single-spaced) excluding the
RATIONALE OR BACKGROUND cover page.
• State the gap to be 4. Adjust your language to the
addressed by the project. intended readers.
• State the problems to be 5. Be sure that the basic format
solved. details, such as page
• State the project’s numbers, are incorporated.
significance.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
• State the goals and objective
of the project. EVALUATING
• Present the methodology
(sometimes termed as action SOURCES
plan, project activities, or
approach) CRITERIA IN EVALUATING SOURCES
• Present the timeline  RELEVANCE
expressed in months and  AUTHORITY
year.  CURRENCY
• State the benefits or  CONTENTS
anticipated outcomes.  LOCATION OF SOURCES
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CHECK THE AUTHOR’S
RELEVANCE OF THE SOURCE TO THE QUALIFICATIONS: WHICH OF THE
RESEARCH TOPIC FOLLOWING TEXT WOULD YOU USE
 HOW WELL DOES THE FOR A RESEARCH REGARDING THE
SOURCE SUPPORT YOUR HOLOCAUST?
TOPIC? a. Dark Shadows of The Past: A
 YOU CAN CHECK THE TITLE, comparative Study on the
TABLE OF CONTENTS, Holocaust and the Death
SUMMARY/ABSTRACT, March: Authored by Mao
INTRODUCTION, OR Guevarra, Ph.D. in History.
HEADINGS OF THE TEXT TO b. Analyzing Nazism and
HAVE A SENSE OF ITS Extremist Supremacy,
CONTENT authored by Adolf Mussolini,
RMD
CHECK FOR RELEVANCE: WHICH OF
THE SOURCES WOULD YOU PICK IF CURRENCY/DATE OF PUBLICATION
YOU ARE DOING A RESEARCH ON THE  WHAT IS THE DATE OF
LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND? PUBLICATION?
a. An introduction to Theories on  In most fields, the data from
Economics the older publications may no
b. How to invest and get rich longer be valid. As much as
c. 105 Habits of highly effective possible, the date of
businessmen publication should be at most
five years earlier.

AUTHORITY/AUTHOR’S
QUALIFICATIONS
 IS THE AUTHOR’S NAME
IDENTIFIED? CHECK FOR CURRENCY: WHICH
 IS THE AUTHOR’S MATERIAL WOULD YOU USE FOR A
BACKGROUND, EDUCATION, RESEARCH ON ELECTROMAGNETISM?
OR TRAINING RELATED TO a. Notes on Recent Researches in
THE TOPIC? Electricity and Magnetism, 1853
 IS HE/SHE A PROFESSOR IN A b. Basics of Electromagnetism, 2018
REPUTABLE UNIVERSITY? c. The foundation of Studies in
 WHAT ARE HIS/HER Electromagnestism, 2009
PUBLICATIONS? d. Fundamentals of Physics, 2013
 IS THE CONTACT
INFORMATION OF THE CONTENTS/ACCURACY OF
AUTHOR AVAILABLE? INFORMATION
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 DOES THE AUTHOR HAVE A  When evaluating sources, it is
LOT OF CITATIONS IN HIS OR important to consider each of
HER TEXT AND/ OR these criteria in order to
BIBLIOGRAPHY OR WORKS determine the reliability and
CITED SECTION? relevance of the information
 IS THE INFORMATION presented. A source that is
INACCURATE? highly relevant to the
 IS THE INFORMATION research study, presents
OBVIOUSLY BIASED OR accurate and reliable
PREJUDICED? information, is authored by
an expert in the field and
CHECK FOR ACCURACY: WHICH OF published in a reputable
THESE SOURCES WOULD YOU USE outlet, is current and up-to-
FOR A RESEARCH ON MARXISM? date, and produced in a
a. The Dark Side of Marxism, location that supports its
Hen Sy credibility is more likely to be
b. Karl Marx and Fundamentals a trustworthy source.
of Marxism, Fred Angle However, it is also important
c. Effects of Marxism in an to remain critical of sources
Industrialized World, Rick and consider multiple
Carlos perspectives in order to
develop a well-rounded
LOCATION OF SOURCES understanding of the topic at
 WHERE IS THE SOURCE hand.
PUBLISHED? IS IT PUBLISHED
DIGITALLY OR PRINT?
 IS IT A BOOK, AN ACADEMIC
JOURNAL, OR A REPUTABLE Citing sources 7TH
NEWS SOURCE SUCH AS
WWW.NYTIMES.COM OR Edition (Streefkerk,
WWW. ECONOMIST.COM? 2022)
 DOEST IT PROVIDE
COMPLETE PUBLICATION Purpose for citing sources
INFORMATION SUCH AS  To give credit to the original
AUTHOR (S)/EDITOR (S), author of a work
TITLE, DATE OF  To promote scholarly writing
PUBLICATION AND  To help your target audience
PUBLISHER? identify your original source
 WHAT IS THE URL OF THE
WEBSITE? STYLE GUIDES
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 The Publication Manual of
the American Psychological The in-text citation can be placed in
Association (APA) parentheses or naturally integrated
 The Modern Language into a sentence.
Association Style Guide
(MLA) • Parenthetical: There is a correlation
 Institute of Electrical and between social media usage and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE) anxiety symptoms in teenagers
 American Medical (Parker, 2019).
Association Manual of Style •Narrative: Parker (2019) found a
(AMA) correlation between social media
usage and anxiety symptoms in
STYLE GUIDE DISCIPLINE teenagers.
APA- Psychology, Education, Hotel
and Restaurant management, The publication year appears directly
Business, Economics and other Social after the author’s name when using
Sciences the narrative format. The
MLA- Literature, Art and Humanities parenthetical citation can be placed
IEEE- Engineering within or at the end of a sentence, just
AMA- Medicine, Health Sciences and before the period.
other Natural Sciences
APA IN-TEXT CITATION WITH
FORMS OF CITATION MULTIPLE AUTHORS
1.IN-TEXT CITATION - If a work has two authors,
2.REFERENCE CITATION separate their names with an
ampersand (&) in a
parenthetical citation or
“and” in a narrative citation.
IN-TEXT CITATION If there are three or more
- Is an acknowledgement authors, only include the first
youinclude in your text author’s last name followed
whenever you quote or by “et al.”, meaning “and
paraphrase a source. others”.
- Requires the writer to cite - Group authors known by
the details of the reference their abbreviations (e.g.,
used in a certain part of CDC) are written in full the
his/her essay. first time and are abbreviated
In-text Citation Format in subsequent citations.
- AUTHOR’S LAST NAME,
- YEAR OF PUBLICATION,
- PAGE # (IF NECESSARY)
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- If you want to refer to a source that
you have found in another source, you
should always try to access the
original or primary source.
- However, if you cannot find the
original source, you should cite it
NO AUTHOR OR DATE through the secondary source that led
you to it, using the phrase “as cited
in”.

• Parker, 1978, as cited in

Bloom et al., 2017)

NO PAGE NUMBER (alternative If the publication date of the primary

locators) source is unknown, include only the
• (Johnson, 2019, Chapter 3) year of publication of the secondary
• (McCombes, 2016, para. 4) source.
• (Davis, 2016, Slide 15) • Porter (as cited in Johnson,
• (Flores, 2020, Table 5) 2017) states that…

Note that Bible citations always use Citing PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

chapter and verse numbers, even Personal communications, such as
when page numbers are available: phone calls, emails, and interviews,
(English Standard Version Bible, 2001, are not included in the reference list
Josh. 2:7) because readers can’t access them.
The in-text citation is also formatted
slightly differently.
MULTIPLE SOURCES IN ONE Include the initials and last name of
PARENTHESIS the person you communicated with,
- If a statement is supported by the words “personal communication,”
multiple sources, the in-text citations and the exact date in parentheses.
can be combined in one parenthesis. • Sales are declining in the
Order the sources alphabetically, and second quarter (P. G. Brown,
separate them with a semicolon. personal communication,
• Several studies have June 13, 2019).
replicated these results
(Brown, 2009; Porter, 2004; Example Paragraph with In-text
Smith, 2015, 2017). Citations
Body image issues have been widely
Citing indirect sources (“as cited in”) associated with social media usage,
particularly in young women (Perloff,
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2014). The relation between media 1. Author: who is responsible
depictions and body image concerns is for creating the work?
well-established; a meta-analysis by 2. Date: when was the work
Grabe et al. (2008) concluded that published?
exposure to mass media is linked to 3. Title: what is the work
body image dissatisfaction among called?
women. Several empirical studies
have focused on Facebook usage in APA Reference
adolescent girls (Meier & Gray, 2014;
Tiggermann & Slater, 2013), while a
systematic review by Holland and
Timmerman (2016) established a APA Reference (Website)
relationship between social Sreefkerk, R. (2022). How to Create or
networking and body image for both Generate APA Reference Entries (7th
women and men. edition). Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-
REFERENCES style/reference-entry/
Refers to the complete bibliographic
entries of all references used by the
writer. This appears in the reference
list found at the last part of the
paper.

7th Edition of How to Create or

Generate APA Reference Entries
(STREEFKERK, 2022)
APA reference entries provide
detailed information about a source. APA Reference (Book)
They’re listed on the reference page Streefkerk, R. B. (2022). How to
at the end of your paper and Create or Generate APA Reference
correspond to APA in-text citations in Entries (7th edition). The Ranch.
the body text. Masbate City

The Four Components of an APA

Reference
Although the reference format differs
depending on the type of source (e.g.,
a book, webpage, or video), they’re
built from the same four
components: APA Reference (Video)
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POSITION PAPER
Presents the writer's stand or
viewpoint on a particular issue.
Writing a position paper entails
outlining arguments and proposing
the course of action; by doing so, you
are already taking part in a larger
debate (Barrot & Sipacio, 2016,
p.186).

A position paper presents an arguable

opinion about an issue. The goal of a
position paper is to convince the
audience that your opinion is valid
and worth listening to. Ideas that you
are considering need to be carefully
examined in choosing a topic,
developing your argument, and
organizing your paper (Witing a
Position Paper, Slide 1).

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF A POSITION

PAPER?
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion