The Aga Khan Academy Hyderabad

November Examination 2024

Mark scheme for Paper 1 and 2
Grade: DP1 (HL) Max.Marks: 50
Sub: Digital society

1. Diggi the health service robot [Marks: 20]

Some hospitals have started using a service robot called Diggi to assist the nurses and
other staff with delivering tools and supplies to the places they are needed in hospitals.

Before Diggi can fully become part of the care team it must learn to navigate the
hospital and respond to the nurses’ needs. Using artificial intelligence (AI), Diggi maps
out a hospital through sensors and other machine-learning technology so that it can
ultimately navigate and work autonomously. Diggi can also learn to use its robotic arm
to open doors and operate elevator panels (see Figure 1).

The more Diggi is used, the more Diggi learns and adapts to the specific hospital
environment. Diggi was designed by Cave Robotics following an extensive
consultation exercise with potential users.

(a.i)
Identify two output devices that might be included on a service robot. [2]

Answers may include:

 Robotic arm.
 Wheels (to move).
 Screen / monitor.
 LED display (face).
 Speaker.
 Activator/motor system for storage container.
 Electronic lock on storage container.

Award [1] for identifying each output device which might be included on a service robot
up to [2].

(a.ii) Identify two types of sensors on a service robot which could be used to
navigate through a hospital’s corridors. [2]

Answers may include:

 Beacon/RFID reader / sensors for geo fences (or similar) based on scanning
locations in hospital.
 Colour sensor / Line following to follow a route on the floor / light sensor.
  QR code / Bar code reader – to read route information from the floor.
 Character recognition – could read the signs in the hospital to locate itself.
 LIDAR / Radar.
 Cameras / Character recognition (could read the signs in the hospital to locate
itself).
 Ultrasonic / proximity sensor.

Award [1] for identifying each sensor a service robot would use to help it to navigate
through a hospital’s corridors up to [2].

(a.iii) Identify two ways in which the developers of Diggi might make the robot
seem more human. [2]
Answers may include

 Facial features / expressions that can express various emotions.

 Could communicate with people via text to speech / human like voice.
 Could communicate in text via the display panel.
 Has a 'name' (Diggi).
 Has a head and torso – for example, human shape / two arms and legs.
 Human 'movement' – for example, can turn its head / can 'wave' with its arm /
walks on two legs.

Award [1] for identifying each way that the developers of Diggi might make the robot
seem more human like up to [2].

(b) Diggi’s design was based on data gathered by primary and secondary research.
Explain three methods of primary data collection that would provide information that
could enable Diggi to complete its tasks. [6]

Answers may include

 Focus groups.
 Would allow small groups of interested users/parties to provide information about
how earlier versions/prototypes of Diggi appear and/or function.

 Interviews.
 Would allow interested users/parties to provide detailed information about how
prototypes of Diggi appear and/or function.

 Observation.
 Would allow interested users/parties to see how Diggi functions.

 Survey / Questionnaire.
  Ask people what they need from a robot like Diggi

Award [1] for identifying the method of primary data collection used to inform the design
of Diggi and [1] for a development of why this primary data collection type is appropriate
up to [2] Marks as [2] + [2] + [2]

(c) Evaluate the opportunities and dilemmas associated with the use of service
robots, such as Diggi, in the healthcare sector. [8]
Answers may include

Opportunities:

 Does tedious tasks (such as fetching equipment) for the nurses.

 Allows nurses and doctors more time to spend treating patients as it does the
fetching and carrying (ethics, change).
 Can keep the patients schedules and files so that no-one is given the wrong
medication or medication at the wrong time (systems, ethics).
 Some evidence that robots can provide companionship and alleviate some of the
stress of loneliness (ethics, identity).
 Employment – shortage of nurse and support staff, nurse having to do support
staff jobs (ethics).
 Could deliver food or medicines to patients who are in isolation / have infectious
diseases.

Dilemmas:

 People might feel that their jobs are being taken by the robots / deskilling
(ethics, change).
 Robots can malfunction and might end up hurting someone (systems, ethics)
 Access to medical records may lead to privacy issues (ethics).
 Ethics of allowing robots to make decisions about patient care – who will be
responsible if something goes wrong (ethics, accountability).
 Deskilling of nurses – may lose the ability to correctly order supplies and this will
mean if the robot isn’t there they will be less effective (change, systems, ethics).
 Some people might feel uncomfortable having a robot in the room (systems).
This may relate to a person’s age/ culture (identity)
 Security and secureness of the robot if carrying drugs or acting as a terminal to
records (systems, ethics).
 If delivering medication – risk of hacking and tampering with medications
(systems, ethics).
 Could spread disease and infection while moving between patients if not
sanitised properly.
 Nurses (and other hospital staff) might have additional jobs to do as a result of
the robot needing to be instructed / maintained / restocked etc.
Keywords: robots, change, identity, systems, ethics, values, accountability, transparen
cy, trust

2) Impact of technology on communication

(a)Identify two ways in which technology is impacting the communication. [2]

Award [1 mark] each for identifying the positive impacts of technology on

communication up to maximum of [2] marks.
Answers may include:
 Enable 24/7 communication
 Automating communication
 Overcoming geographical barriers
 Enabling more effective and real-time collaboration
 Increasing transparency
 Decentralizing decision making

(b) Outline any two modern tools and technologies that are having a tremendous impact
on business communication processes in the modern era with one advantage of each.
[4]
Award [1 mark] for identifying a technological tool and [1 mark] for its positive
implications.

Accept the any other answer that has similar tool and its impact.

Answer may include:

Email
Impacts-The impact of Email would be – It is an important method of business
communications that is fast, cheap, accessible and easily replicated. Using email can
greatly benefit businesses as it provides efficient and effective ways to transmit all kinds
of electronic data.

Social Media
Impacts - speed of communication. Messages are getting delivered within split seconds.
Important notifications, instructions are also conveyed to multiple people within no time.
People with similar interests can come together to form groups for a purpose.

Video Conferencing Tools

Impacts – It enables more personal meetings; It saves time and money; It provides
users with convenience; you can take decisions faster; you can have 24/7 accessibility

Instant Messengers
Impacts - Instant messengers is a type of online chat that lets you send and receive
brief written messages in real time. Many offices and companies use instant messaging
for one-on-one conversations and group discussions.

VOIP
Impacts - VoIP allows you to make low-cost telephone calls using Internet to anywhere
in the world. It’s very quick in communication in comparison with Normal Telephones.
(Landlines).

3(a) Name a video conference tool that is widely used in virtual communication. Explain
with two reasons as how this tool helps sales professionals. [3]

Award [1 mark] for a name of the video conference tool that is mentioned; [2 marks] for
how this tool helps sales professionals.

Answer may include any one of the following tool and its utility to the sales
professionals.

Zoom; Microsoft Teams; Google meet; Skype

Accept any other tool that has similar features.

Zoom:
Easy to use. Also, one of the most effective tool for communication.
Its Free. Sales professionals can use it any time if they have Internet in their device.

Microsoft Teams:
Easy to use. In this, virtual collaboration is possible with screen sharing facility. It has
features like chat functionality and white board. In some countries, meeting plans are
payable.

Google meet:

It offers secure, straightforward video meeting software for sales people. Meeting can
be easily scheduled and joined. Events can be added to the Google calendar.

Skype:

It is a pioneer in video conferencing. Easy to use. Ideal for one-to-one conversations

with your contacts all over the world. Ideal for Sales professionals.

(C) Suggest a security measure that would be taken by sales professionals to protect
their official data. [3]

Award [1 mark] for writing one security measure. [2 marks] for its explanation.
Password protection
They use strong passwords; do not share with anyone; change the passwords regularly.
Regular Backups
They take weekly/regular backups; store in multiple locations; use of server space OR
use of cloud space.
Growth in the Business
Helping people with disabilities

Negative impacts:

Conversation has reduced (personal talks)

Reducing language skills (reading and writing)
Unknown calls from people causes disturbance in a work place
No fixed time to talk

(d) Award [1 mark] each for four positive impacts; [1 mark] each for three negative
impacts, followed by a Conclusion. . [8]

1. Increased Connectivity

 Positive Impact: Technology, particularly the internet and mobile communication

tools, has drastically increased the ability to communicate across the globe.
Social media platforms, email, instant messaging, and video conferencing have
made communication faster and more efficient, facilitating connections between
people, organizations, and communities. This has enabled real-time, global
interactions that were not possible in earlier times.
 Negative Impact: While technology enables global communication, it can lead to
a sense of disconnection or isolation as face-to-face interaction becomes less
common. People may feel overwhelmed by the constant flow of information or
feel disconnected from meaningful personal relationships.

2. Changes in Social Interaction

 Positive Impact: Digital communication tools, such as social media, allow

people to maintain relationships over long distances. These platforms can foster
communities of interest, support networks, and provide a sense of belonging for
individuals who might otherwise be marginalized. Technology also offers a
platform for diverse voices and democratizes information, giving individuals from
all backgrounds the opportunity to participate in public discourse.
 Negative Impact: Technology has also contributed to the rise of superficial
interactions. Social media platforms, for instance, are often criticized for
encouraging shallow forms of communication, with users focusing on likes,
shares, and brief comments rather than meaningful exchanges.
3. Influence on Language and Expression

 Positive Impact: Technology has enabled new forms of expression, such as

memes, emojis, GIFs, and hashtags, which allow individuals to convey emotions,
ideas, and cultural references in creative ways. Language itself is evolving with
the use of abbreviations, acronyms (e.g., "LOL," "BRB"), and new terms that
emerge from digital communication practices.
 Negative Impact: While language has become more flexible, some critics argue
that the rise of digital communication has led to the erosion of formal language
skills, particularly among younger generations.

4. Impact on Privacy and Security

 Positive Impact: Digital communication tools provide encryption and secure

messaging platforms that can protect privacy. For example, end-to-end
encryption in platforms like WhatsApp and Signal offers users a level of security
for personal conversations.
 Negative Impact: The rise of digital communication also comes with significant
risks to privacy. Personal data can be easily intercepted, tracked, or exploited by
corporations, governments, or malicious actors.

5. Impact on Business and Education

 Positive Impact: Technology has revolutionized communication in business and

education. In business, tools like Slack, Zoom, and Microsoft Teams have
transformed workplace communication, allowing for more flexible working
arrangements, reducing the need for face-to-face meetings, and promoting
collaboration across geographic boundaries. In education, digital tools like online
forums, video lectures, and learning management systems (LMS) have enabled
more interactive and accessible learning environments.
 Negative Impact: Over-reliance on digital communication tools in business and
education can lead to a decrease in personal engagement, reducing
opportunities for networking and informal exchanges.

Conclusion:

Overall, the impact of technology on communication is multifaceted and complex.

While digital tools have revolutionized the ways we connect, share information,
and express ourselves, they also present new challenges, including concerns
over privacy, misinformation, and the quality of interpersonal relationships.
 Section B [12 Marks]

1) Answers may include:

Agree with the claim

 Reduces the requirement for paper documentation (preventing loss)

(change, cost, security).
 Allows citizens to have their information on multiple devices (systems, spaces).
 Reduces the requirement for a citizen to authenticate themselves multiple times
(security, systems).
 Everything is in one place, so the same data can be used for multiple purposes
(system, cost, feasibility).
 Data may be easier to access (systems).

Disagree with the claim

 May exclude certain individuals or groups

(spaces, systems, ethics, values, digital divide).
 May lead to a citizen’s personal data being more easily shared / mined
(systems, security).
 Will rely on an internet connection (systems, equity).
 May not be cost effective, do the benefits outweigh the costs? (costs)
 May result in privacy concerns for individuals and/or citizens groups
(systems, security).
 May increase security concerns as data is centralized (systems, security).

Keywords: change, power, spaces, systems, ethics, values, data, privacy, anonymity, d
igital divide, trust, feasibility, equity, cost, security, innovation, trust.

2) Answers may include: [12]

Advantages of implementing the facial recognition system:

 May provide reassurance to students and parents about their safety while at
school (values).
 May provide useful information to the school that could be used to feedback into
possible teaching and learning strategies (values).
 May provide additional supporting evidence/data if there is a difference of
opinions (values).
 May reduce the need for teachers to have to register students at the start of
lessons or the beginning/end of each day, ie freeing up staff time (systems).
 May be able to create attendance/lateness reports if necessary (systems).
 May motivate students to work harder, participate frequently (values).
 Disadvantages of implementing the facial recognition system:

 May be seen as intrusive by students and teachers (ethics, values, surveillance).

 May be used as part of the management of teachers
(ethics, values, surveillance).
 May not pick up the nuances in student and teacher interaction, for example, the
context of the behaviour may be important, and this will not be recorded by the
facial recognition system (systems, algorithms)
 Can teachers and students “game” the system, so the teaching and learning
experience may be geared to satisfy the algorithms used in the facial recognition
software (values, surveillance).
 Cost of implementation – hardware, software.

Keywords: education, acceptability, cost, anonymity, surveillance, privacy, algorithms,

change, power, systems, values, ethics

Section C [18 Marks]

Answer all questions. Refer to the sources in the accompanying source booklet.
Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.

1. With reference to Source A, identify two systems or capabilities that may be

required for a vehicle to operate at level 3 or above. [2]

● Environmental detection capabilities - Level 3 Conditional Automation

● Geofencing - Level 4 High Automation
● ADAS - Level 2 Partial Automation (but can be extrapolated to be
necessary for higher levels also as each level builds on the previous)
● Human override capability required - Level 3&4 - conditional/High
Automation

2. With reference to Source B and one other real-world example you have researched, explain
why self-driving trucks might have trouble navigating different environments. [4]

Source B
● Trucks are larger than cars
● Can’t maneuver easily
● Braking takes longer
● Less room to avoid cars and people
● Placement of sensors, radars, cameras
○ Sensors blinded by sun
○ Trouble distinguishing between cars and large signs
○ Impaired by bad weather
 Real-world example
● Any specific real-world researched example related to self-driving.
examples:
○ Tesla AI Vision - detection of objects by neural nets is a
very complicated process which requires machine learning
on massive datasets
○ News reports of self-driving vehicles crashing because of faulty
algorithms / sensors
○ Videos showing self-driving vehicles struggling to make correct
decisions / detect pedestriands
/ signs etc

3.Compare what Source C and Source D reveal about the possible effects of self-
driving technologies on truck drivers. [4]

Source C
● Truck drivers may need to be trained to become “human safety
operators” - who pays? How long? Will truck drivers have preference?
● Human drivers may be removed - end goal - loss of jobs
● Different systems in different states could lead to job losses in certain
areas. Drivers may be forced to move state in order to stay employed
● IS it more dangerous for human safety operators to be driven by AI?
Potential of drivers loss of life due to faulty AI

Source D

● Transfer hub model means truckers will still be employed - only work
locally - means jobs retained but will there be more competition?
● Transfer hub model can mean truckers will work better hours - no long-
haul work only local

● uckers will only do the complicated parts of trucking - will this lead to a
more stressful work life as the simpler parts ıf their job are now
removed?
● 500,000 jobs could be lost - not all truckers
4.With reference to all the sources and your own knowledge, evaluate whether vehicle
automation represents change that is an evolution or a transformation. [8]

Source A
● 6 levels show a slow change over time - evolution
● Jump from level 2 to level 3 could be considered a transformation
● Not always necessary to go level to level. Could be possible to
jump from 2 to 4 or 5 for example. transformation

Source B
● Google only been testing since 2011 - short amount of time
in the large scheme of things - transformational
● Still working out problems with sensors, reliability, dealing with city spaces
- evolution

Source C
● Years of pressure only now approaching change - implies an
evolution - change is held back by regulation
● Testing with human safety operators shows a slow changeover process -
evolution
● Coast-to-coast tests have already been completed - when
introduced it could be evidence of a transformation in the
industry

Source D
● Working on different models, the “transfer hub” model being just one
implies there are many options moving forward. Also a lot of
discussion has gone into the idea. Evolution
● The fact that these are not actually being implemented yet implies that
implementation could end up being a transformative change when it
comes.
Own knowledge
● Understanding of transformation vs evolution is a bare minimum.
● Any other arguments as to why the change could be considered evolution
● / transformation