BOND, DEVELOPMENT

LENGTHS AND SPLICES

P R I N CIP LE S OF R E I N F ORCED / PRE STR ESSED CON CR ET E
CE 4 1 1

E N GR. CH R I S TOPHER S . P A LADI O

 BOND, DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS AND SPLICES
• BOND STRESSES
• DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• HOOKS ANCHORAGE
• DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR COMPRESSION BARS
• CRITICAL SECTION FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• EFFECT OF COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT ON DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• EFFECT OF SHAPE OF MOMENT DIAGRAM ON DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• CUTTING OFF OR BENDING BARS
• BAR SPLICES IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS
• TENSION SPLICES
• COMPRESSION SPLICES
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BOND STRESSES
• the steel and the concrete should stick together, or bond, so that they will
act as a unit.
• If there’s no bonding between the two materials and if the bars are not
anchored at their ends, they will pull loose from the concrete. As a result,
the concrete beam will act as an unreinforced member and will be
subject to sudden collapse as soon as the concrete cracks.
• bond stresses are affected by the development of tension cracks in the
concrete.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BOND STRESSES
• Factors affecting bond:
✓ chemical adhesion between the two materials
✓ friction due to the natural roughness of the bars,
✓ bearing of the closely spaced rib-shaped deformations on the bar surfaces against the
concrete.

• Deformed bars were introduced so

that there would also be a
resistance due to the bearing of the
concrete on the lugs or ribs of the
bars as well as the so-called shear-
friction strength of the concrete
between the lugs.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BOND STRESSES
• TYPES OF BOND FAILURES

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
• DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS ℓ𝑑
• Extended length of bars back into
the support and out into the beam
to anchor them or develop their
strength to transfer bar stresses to
the concrete by bond between
the steel and the concrete before
the bars can be cut off.
• The minimum length of
embedment of bars that is
necessary to permit them to be
stressed to their yield point plus
some extra distance to ensure
member toughness.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
TENSION REINFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝒍𝒅

1 𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑡 ψ𝑒 ψ 𝑠 3 𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑡 ψ𝑒 ψ𝑠
𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑑 = 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 12"
1.1 λ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟 40 λ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑏

𝑓′𝑐 6.7 𝑓 ′ 𝑐
λ= When fct is specified λ=
1.8𝑓𝑐𝑡 𝑓𝑐𝑡

𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
≤ 2.5 ψ𝑡 ψ𝑒 ≤ 1.7 ≤ 2.5 ψ𝑡 ψ𝑒 ≤ 1.7
𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑏

𝐴𝑡𝑟 𝑓𝑦𝑡 40𝐴𝑡𝑟

𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 𝐾𝑡𝑟 =
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO
10𝑠𝑛 𝑠𝑛 ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
TENSION REINFORCEMENT
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝒍𝒅
• MODIFICATION FACTORS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
TENSION REINFORCEMENT NOMENCLATURES:
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝒍𝒅
ψ𝑡 - reinforcement location factor
ψ𝑒 - coating factor
ψ𝑠 - reinforcement size factor
𝑐𝑏 +𝐾𝑡𝑟
- confinement term
𝑑𝑏

𝑛 - number of bars or wires being developed

𝑠 - center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcing
𝐾𝑡𝑟 - transverse reinforcement index
𝐴𝑡𝑟 - total cross-sectional area of all transverse
reinforcement having the center-to-center spacing
and a yield strength
λ - lightweight aggregate concrete factor
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
TENSION REINFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝒍𝒅
• Location of Reinforcement ψ𝑡
• Top Bars – Horizontal bars that have a least 300 mm (12”) of fresh
concrete placed beneath them do not bond as well to concrete as do
bars placed nearer the bottom of the concrete.
• reinforcement that does not bond well to the concrete underneath
need to increase the development lengths
• Coating of Bars ψ𝑒
• Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars are frequently used today to protect the
steel from severe corrosive situations, such as where deicing chemicals
are used.
• When bar coatings are used, bonding is reduced and development
lengths must be increased.
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
TENSION REINFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝒍𝒅
• Sizes of Reinforcement ψ𝑠
• development lengths for smaller bars with their larger surface bonding
areas (in proportion to their cross-sectional areas) are less than those
required for larger-diameter bars.
• Lightweight Aggregates λ
• use of this aggregates (expanded clay or shale, slag, etc.) generally
results in lower-strength concretes. Such concretes have lower splitting
strengths, and so development lengths will have to be larger.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
TENSION REINFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝒍𝒅
• Spacing of Bars or Cover Dimensions, 𝑐𝑏
• Should the concrete cover or the clear spacing between the bars be
too small, the concrete may very well split
• smaller of the distance from the center of the tension bar or wire to the
nearest concrete surface, or one-half the center-to-center spacing of
the reinforcement.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
TENSION REINFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝒍𝒅

• Additional ACI Specification to determine the Development Length

25
• 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 𝑀𝑃𝑎 or 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 100 𝑝𝑠𝑖
3
𝑙𝑑 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
• may not be multiplied by as reduction factor at supports for
𝑑𝑏 𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
positive reinforcement, for the development of shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement, and is not also permitted in regions of high
seismic risk

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR DEFORMED BARS AND DEFORMED WIRES IN
TENSION

𝑐𝑏 +𝐾𝑡𝑟
For = 1.5
𝑑𝑏

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
TENSION REINFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝒍𝒅
• EXAMPLE 1:
Determine the development length required for the #8 or 25 mm 𝝓 uncoated bottom bars
shown using 𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 27.58 𝑀𝑃𝑎

(a) assume 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0 and

(b) use the computed value of 𝐾𝑡𝑟

Conversion factor:
1" = 25 𝑚𝑚

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

TENSION REINFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝒍𝒅

• EXAMPLE 2:
The #6 or 20 mm 𝝓 bottom bars shown are epoxy
coated. Assuming normal-weight concrete, 𝑓𝑦 =
413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 24.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎, determine required
development lengths
(a) Using the simplified equations of Table
425.4.2.4
(b) Using the full ACI Equation with the
calculated value of 𝐾𝑡𝑟 .
(c) with 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR TENSION REINFORCING

TENSION REINFORCEMENT DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, 𝒍𝒅
• EXAMPLE 3:
The required reinforcing steel area for the lightweight
concrete beam as shown is 1,858.061 𝑚𝑚2 . The #8 or 25 mm
𝝓 top bars shown are uncoated. Compute development
lengths if 𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 24.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎, determine
required development lengths
(a) Using the simplified equations of Table 425.4.2.4
(b) Using the full ACI Equation with the calculated
value of 𝐾𝑡𝑟 .
(c) with 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
BUNDLED BARS
1. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within transverse reinforcement. Bundled bars in
compression members shall be enclosed by transverse reinforcement at least
12 𝑚𝑚 ∅ in size.
2. Bars larger than 36 𝑚𝑚 ∅ shall not be bundled
3. Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall
terminate at different points with at least 40𝑑𝑏 stagger.
4. Lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice length required for
individual bars within the bundle, increased in accordance to (3)
5. Individual bar splices within a bundle shall not be overlap.
6. Entire bundles shall not be lap spliced.
7. When bundled bars are used, greater development lengths are needed because
there is not a “core” of concrete between the bars to provide resistance to slipping

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
BUNDLED BARS
8. The code states that splice and development lengths for bundled bars are to be
determined by first computing the lengths needed for the individual bars and then by
increasing those values by 20% for three-bar bundles and 33% for four-bar bundles.
9. A unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar with an area equivalent to that
of the bundle and a centroid coinciding with that of the bundle. The diameter of the
equivalent bar shall be used for db in
a) Spacing limitation
b) Cover requirements
c) Spacing and cover values in Table 425.4.2.2
d) Confinement term
e) Coating factor

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR BUNDLED BARS

BUNDLED BARS

• EXAMPLE 1:
Compute the development length
required for the uncoated bundled
bars shown, if 𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and
𝑓𝑐 ′ = 27.58 𝑀𝑃𝑎 with normal-weight
concrete. Assume 𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
HOOKS
• It is applied or used when sufficient space is not available to anchor
tension bars by running them straight for their required development
lengths.
• It is considered ineffective for compression bars for development length
purposes.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
STANDARD HOOK FOR DEVELOPMENT OF DEFORMED BARS IN TENSION

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
MINIMUM INSIDE BEND DIAMETERS AND STANDARD HOOK FOR STIRRUPS,
TIES AND HOOPS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
MINIMUM INSIDE BEND DIAMETERS AND STANDARD HOOK FOR STIRRUPS,
TIES AND HOOPS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
SEISMIC HOOKS
It is use to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops and crossties and shall:
• Have a minimum bend of 90 degrees for circular hoops and 135
degrees for all other hoops
• Engage longitudinal reinforcement and the extension shall project into
the interior of the stirrups or hoop.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
HOOKS

ψ𝑒 ψ𝑐 ψ𝑟 𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑒 ψ𝑐 ψ𝑟 𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑏 𝑙𝑑ℎ = 0.02 𝑑𝑏
4.17λ 𝑓𝑐′ λ 𝑓𝑐′

𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 150 𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 6"

𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏 𝑙𝑑ℎ ≥ 8𝑑𝑏

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS
(a)Cover
When hooks are made with 36 mm diameter (#11) or smaller bars and
have side cover values normal to the plane of the hooks no less than
1
65 mm 2 𝑖𝑛 and where the cover on the bar extensions beyond
2
90 hooks is not less than 50 mm (2”), multiply by 0.7.
𝑜

(b)Ties or stirrups
When 90𝑜 hooks made of 36 mm diameter (#11) or smaller bars are
enclosed either vertically or horizontally within ties or stirrup ties along their
full development length 𝑙𝑑ℎ , and the stirrups or ties are spaced no farther
apart than 3𝑑𝑏 (where 𝑑𝑏 is the diameter of the hooked bar), multiply by
0.8.
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS
c) When 180𝑜 hooks consisting of 36 mm diameter (#11) or smaller bars are
used and are enclosed within ties or stirrups placed perpendicular to the
bars being developed, and spaced no further than 3𝑑 apart along the
development length 𝑙𝑑ℎ of the hook, multiply by 0.8. If the 90𝑜 hook is
replaced with a 180𝑜 hook and ties or stirrups are perpendicular (not
parallel) to the longitudinal bar being developed, it applies to this case
as well.
d) Should anchorage or development length not be specially required for
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑓𝑦 of the bars, it is permissible to multiply 𝑙𝑑ℎ by .
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD HOOKS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
HOOKS

• EXAMPLE 1:
Determine the development or embedment
length required for the epoxy-coated bars of
the beam shown
(a) If the bars are straight, assuming
𝐾𝑡𝑟 = 0.
(b) If a 180𝑂 hook is used.
(c) If a 90𝑂 hook is used.
Use 𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 27.58 𝑀𝑃𝑎

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
COMPRESSION BARS
• Embedment lengths will be smaller than those required for tension bars
➢ no tensile cracks present to encourage slipping
➢ there is some bearing of the ends of the bars on concrete, which also helps develop the
load
Largest of:
0.24𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑟 0.02𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑟
𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 𝑑𝑏 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 𝑑𝑏
λ 𝑓𝑐′ λ 𝑓𝑐′

𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 0.043𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑟 𝑑𝑏 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 0.0003𝑓𝑦 ψ𝑟 𝑑𝑏

𝑙𝑑𝑐 ≥ 8"
𝑙𝑑𝑐 ≥ 200 𝑚𝑚
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
MODIFICATION FACTORS FOR DEFORMED BARS & WIRES IN COMPRESSION

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
COMPRESSION BARS
• EXAMPLE 1:
The forces in the column bars shown are
to be transferred into the footing with 28
mm dia. or #9 dowels. Determine the
development lengths needed for the
dowels
(a) down into the footing
(b) up into the column
If 𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑐′𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 34.47 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and
𝑓𝑐′𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 20.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎. The concrete in
both the column and the footing is normal
weight.
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
REDUCTION DUE TO EXCESS REINFORCEMENT
• Shall be permitted by use of
𝐴𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

• Development length shall not be less than the respective minimums

specified in Sections
• 425.4.2.1 (b) – "Bars & Wires in tension" 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎,
• 425.4.3.1 (b) - "Standard Hooks in Tension" 𝟖𝒅𝒃 ,
• 425.4.3.1 (c) -Standard Hooks in Tension" 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎,
• 425.4.6.1 (b) - "Welded Deformed Wire in Tension" 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎,
• 425.4.7.1 (b)- "Welded Plain Wire in Tension" 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎 and
• 425.4.9.1 (b) - "Bars and Wires in Compression" 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎.
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
REDUCTION DUE TO EXCESS REINFORCEMENT

• Prohibited for:
• At the face of a non-continuous support
• At other locations where anchorage or development for 𝑓𝑦 is required
• Where bars are required to be continuous
• For headed and mechanically anchored deformed reinforcement
• In seismic-force-resisting systems in structures assigned to Seismic Zone 4.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
CRITICAL SECTION

• Bars are stressed to their maximum value at points where maximum

moments occur. Thus, these points must be no closer in either direction to
the bar ends than the 𝑙𝑑 values computed.
• A point where there is a tension bar whose neighboring bars have just
been cut off or bent over to the other face of the beam
• The code requires that bars that are cut off or bent be extended a
distance beyond their theoretical flexure cutoff points by 𝑑 or 12𝑑𝑏 ,
whichever is greater.
• At the point where the other bars are bent or cut off must also be at least
a distance 𝑙𝑑 from their points of maximum stress (ACI 12.10.4)
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
EFFECT OF COMBINED SHEAR AND MOMENT
• produce premature failure due to overstress in the flexural reinforcing
• According to Professor Charles Erdei:
• Web reinforcing participates in resisting bending moment
• Presence of inclined cracks increases the force in the tensile reinforcing
at all points in the shear span except in the region of maximum
moment.
• The measurement of 𝑙𝑑 must be from the shifted moment diagram
rather than from the basic one.
• it is nevertheless desirable to stagger the cutoff points of bars (and it is
better to bend them than to cut them).
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

EFFECT OF SHAPE OF MOMENT DIAGRAM ON DEVELOPMENT

LENGTHS
• Considering a beam with uniformly distributed load

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
BAR CUTOFF AND BEND POINTS
Theoretical Bar lengths

𝑥1 2 2
2 =
𝑙 6
2

𝑥2 2 4
2 =
𝑙 6
2

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
BAR CUTOFF AND BEND POINTS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
BAR CUTOFF AND BEND POINTS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
BAR CUTOFF AND BEND POINTS

• When some of the tensile bars are cut off at a point in a beam, a sudden
increase in the tensile stress will occur in the remaining bars.
• For this increase to occur, there must be a rather large increase in strain in
the beam. Such a strain increase quite possibly may cause large tensile
cracks to develop in the concrete.
• If large cracks occur, there will be a reduced beam cross section left to
provide shear resistance and thus a greater possibility of shear failure.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
BAR CUTOFF AND BEND POINTS
TO MINIMIZE THE POSSIBILITY OF SHEAR FAILURE:
at least one of the following conditions must be met if bars are cut off in a tension
zone:
• 1. The shear at the cut off point must not exceed two-thirds of the design shear strength,
∅𝑉𝑛 , in the beam, including the strength of any shear reinforcing provided.
• 2. An area of shear reinforcing in excess of that required for shear and torsion must be
3
provided for a distance equal to 𝑑 from the cutoff point.
4

• 3. When 36 mm dia. or #11 or smaller bars are used, the continuing bars should provide
twice the area of steel required for flexure at the cutoff point, and the shear should not
exceed three-fourths of the permissible shear.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
BAR CUTOFF AND BEND POINTS
• EXAMPLE 1:
For the uniformly loaded simple beam as
shown, determine the theoretical points on
each end of the beam where two bars can be
cut off, and then determine the points where
two more bars can be cut off. 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 20.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Conversion factor:
3′ = 1.0 𝑚

1" = 25 𝑚𝑚
𝑘 𝐾𝑁
1 = 14.59
𝑓𝑡 𝑚
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
BAR CUTOFF AND BEND POINTS
• EXAMPLE 2:
The rectangular beam with four #8 bars has been
selected for the span and loading as shown in the
figure. Determine the cutoff point for two of the bars,
considering both the actual moment diagram and the
required development length. Use 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 27.58 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Conversion factor:

3′ = 1.0 𝑚 1" = 25 𝑚𝑚
1 𝑘𝑖𝑝 = 4.45 𝐾𝑁
𝑘 𝐾𝑁
1 = 14.59
𝑓𝑡 𝑚

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
SPLICING
• Splicing is the technique employed to effectively transfer force between
reinforcement bars.
• It includes joining and overlapping the bars, ensuring a connection that
maintains a minimum gap of at least two bar diameters between them.
• This process is crucial in reinforcing structures, providing continuity and
strength throughout the entire length of the bars.
• It aims to enhance structural integrity and prevent potential weaknesses
that may arise from discontinuities in the reinforcement.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
METHOD OF SPLICING

MECHANICAL SPLICE LAP SPLICE WELDED SPLICE

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
LAP SPLICE IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS
• most common method of splicing #11 or smaller bars
• may either be separated or placed in contact (preferred)

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
LAP SPLICE IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS

• not satisfactory:
• where they would cause congestion;
• where the laps would be very long, as they are for #9 to #11 Grade 60
bars;
• where #14 or #18 bars are used because the code does not permit
them to be lap spliced except in a few special situations; and
• where very long bar lengths would be left protruding from existing
concrete structures for purposes of future expansion.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
• WELDED SPLICES
• From the view of stress transfer, are the best
splices, but they may be expensive and may
cause metallurgical problems.
• The result of metallurgical problem may be
disastrous in high seismic zones.
• The ACI Code states that it must be
accomplished by welding the bars together so
that the connection will be able to develop at
least 125% of the specified yield strength of the
bars.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
• WELDED SPLICES
• It is considered desirable to butt the bars against each other, particularly
for #7 and larger bars.
• Splices not meeting this strength requirement can be used at points
where the bars are not stressed to their maximum tensile stresses.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
• MECHANICAL CONNECTORS
• Usually consist of some type of sleeve
splice, which fits over the ends of the bars
to be joined and into which a metallic
grout filler is placed to interlock the
grooves inside the sleeve with the bar
deformations.
• From the standpoint of stress transfer,
good mechanical connectors are next
best to welded splices.
• They have the disadvantage that some
slippage may occur in the connections;
as a result, there may be some concrete
cracks in the area of the splices.
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
• According to George F. Leyh:
1. Splicing of reinforcement can never reproduce exactly the same effect
as continuous reinforcing.
2. The goal of the splice provisions is to require a ductile situation where the
reinforcing will yield before the splices fail. Splice failures occur suddenly
without warning and with dangerous results.
3. Lap splices fail by splitting of the concrete along the bars. If some type of
closed reinforcing is wrapped around the main reinforcing (such as ties and
spirals), the chances of splitting are reduced and smaller splice lengths are
needed.
4. When stresses in reinforcement are reduced at splice locations, the
chances of splice failure are correspondingly reduced.
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
• Splices should be located away from points of maximum tensile stress.
• Not all of the bars should be spliced at the same locations, that is, the
splices should be staggered.
• Should two bars of different diameters be lap spliced, the lap length used
shall be the splice length required for the smaller bar or the development
length required for the larger bar, whichever is greater.
• The length of lap splices for bundled bars must be equal to the required
lap lengths for individual bars of the same size, but increased by 20% for
three-bar bundles and 33% for four-bar bundles.
• Individual splices within the bundles are not permitted to overlap each
other.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
TENSION LAP SPLICE
• Tension Lap Splice Class

• If bars of different size are lap splice, 𝑙𝑠𝑡 shall be the greater of 𝑙𝑑 of the
larger bar and 𝑙𝑠𝑡 of the smaller bar.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
TENSION WELDED LAP SPLICE

𝑙𝑠𝑡 = 𝑠 + 50 𝑚𝑚 where:
•𝑠 - spacing of cross wires
𝑙𝑠𝑡 = 1.5𝑙𝑑 • 𝑙𝑑 - calculated development length for
tension lap splice
𝑙𝑠𝑡 = 150 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
• If ≥ 2.0 over the length of the splice,
𝐴𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑙𝑠𝑡 = 1.5𝑙𝑑

𝑙𝑠𝑡 = 50 𝑚𝑚
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
• Compression bars may be spliced by lapping, by end bearing, and by
welding or mechanical devices.

COMPRESSION LAP SPLICE

• Lap splice length 𝑙𝑠𝑐 of 36 𝑚𝑚 ∅ or smaller deformed bars shall be:
• For 𝑓𝑦 ≤ 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑙𝑠𝑐 = 0.071𝑓𝑦 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚
• For 𝑓𝑦 > 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑙𝑠𝑐 = 0.13𝑓𝑦 − 24 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 300 𝑚𝑚
• For fc ′ < 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎, length of lap shall be increased by one-third.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
COMPRESSION LAP SPLICE
• Where bars of different size are lap spliced in compression, 𝑙𝑠𝑐 shall be the
greater of 𝑙𝑑𝑐 of larger bar calculated for the development length of
compression bars and 𝑙𝑠𝑐 of smaller bar calculated for compression lap
splice
• Compression lap splice of 40 𝑚𝑚 ∅ or 58 𝑚𝑚 ∅ bars to 36 𝑚𝑚 ∅ or smaller
bars shall be permitted and shall be in accordance with 𝑙𝑠𝑐 of compression
bars with different size.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
COMPRESSION END-BEARING SPLICE
• It is only permitted in members
containing closed stirrups, ties,
spirals or hoops
• Bar ends shall terminate in flat
surfaces within 1.5o of a right
angle to the axis of the bars and
shall be fitted within 3o of full
bearing after assembly.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
MECHANICAL AND WELDED SPLICE OF BARS IN TENSION AND COMPRESSION
• It shall develop at least 1.25𝑓𝑦 of the bar
• Welding of reinforcing bars shall conform to welding compliance
requirements stated in NSCP Section 426.6.4
• Splices in adjacent bars shall be staggered at least 750 mm

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES

• It shall develop at least 1.25𝑓𝑦 of the bar

• Welding of reinforcing bars shall conform to welding compliance
requirements stated in NSCP Section 426.6.4
• Splices in adjacent bars shall be staggered at least 750 mm

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

BOND, DEVELOPMENT
LENGTHS AND SPLICES

BAR SPLICES
• Example:
In the figure shown, 4 – 36 mm ∅
column bars from the floor below are
to be lap-spliced with 4-32 mm ∅
column bars from above, and the
splice is to be made just above a
construction joint at floor level. The
column, measuring 300 mm square in
cross-section, will be subject to
compression only for all load
combinations. Transverse
reinforcement consist of 4-12 mm ∅ ties
at 400 mm spacing. All vertical bars
may be assumed to be fully stressed.
Calculate the required splice length.
Use 𝑓𝑦 = 413.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 27.58 𝑀𝑃𝑎

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT