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6 views

maths.pdf

maths notes

Uploaded by

manku12271227
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here’s a concise version of Class 12 Mathematics notes covering key topics:

1. Relations and Functions


Types of Relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive, equivalence.
Functions: One-one, onto, bijective.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Principal value branch, domain, and range.
2. Algebra
Matrices
Matrix Types: Square, diagonal, scalar, identity.
Operations: Addition, multiplication, transpose.
Determinant:

𝐴
∣

∣
=
0
∣A∣=0 (singular),

𝐴
∣

∣
≠
0
∣A∣

=0 (non-singular).
Determinants
Properties: Row/column operations don't change the determinant's value.

𝐴
Adjoint and Inverse:

−
1
=
Adj

𝐴
(

𝐴
∣

∣
A
−1
=
∣A∣
Adj(A)

.
3. Calculus
Continuity and Differentiability
Rules: Sum, product, quotient, chain rule.

𝑦
Logarithmic Differentiation:

𝑓
=

𝑥
(

)
ln
⁡
y=f(x)ln.

𝑑
Parametric Form:

𝑦
𝑑
𝑥

𝑑
=

𝑑
/

𝑡
𝑑
𝑥

𝑑
/

𝑡
dx
dy

=
dx/dt
dy/dt

.
Applications of Derivatives
Maxima/Minima: Critical points, second derivative test.
Rate of Change: Related rates problems.
Integrals
Standard Formulas:

𝑥
∫

𝑛
𝑑
𝑥

𝑥
=

𝑛
+

𝑛
1

+
1

𝐶
+

∫x
n
dx=
n+1
x
n+1

+C.

𝑒
∫

𝑥
𝑑
𝑥
𝑒
=

𝐶
+

∫e
x
dx=e
x
+C,
∫

𝑥
1

𝑑
𝑥
=
ln
⁡

𝑥
∣

𝐶
+

∫
x
1

dx=ln∣x∣+C.
Definite Integrals: Evaluation using limits, properties.
Differential Equations
Order and Degree: Highest derivative and its power.
Solutions: Variable separation, homogeneous equations.
4. Vectors and 3D Geometry
Vectors

𝐴
Dot Product:

𝐵
⋅

⃗
=

𝐴
∣

⃗
∣

𝐵
∣

⃗
∣
cos

𝜃
⁡

A
⋅
B
=∣
A
∣∣
B
∣cosθ.

𝐴
Cross Product:

𝐵
×

⃗
=

𝐴
∣

⃗
∣

𝐵
∣

⃗
∣
sin

𝜃
⁡

𝑛
^
A
×
B
=∣
A
∣∣
B
∣sinθ
n
^
.
Applications: Angle between vectors, projection.
3D Geometry
Line Equation:

𝑟
Vector form:

𝑎
=

𝜆
+

𝑏
⃗
r
=
a
+λ
b
.

𝑥
Cartesian form:

𝑥
−

𝑎
1

𝑦
=
𝑦
−

𝑏
1

𝑧
=

𝑧
−

𝑐
1

a
x−x
1

=
b
y−y
1

=
c
z−z
1

.
Plane Equation:

𝑎
General:

𝑏
+

𝑐
+

𝑑
+

=
0
ax+by+cz+d=0.
5. Linear Programming

𝑍
Objective Function: Maximize/minimize

𝑎
=

𝑏
+

𝑦
Z=ax+by.
Constraints: Linear inequalities.
Solution: Feasible region, corner point method.
6. Probability
𝑃
Bayes’ Theorem:

𝐴
(

𝐵
∣

𝑃
=

𝐵
(

𝐴
∣

𝑃
)

𝐴
(

𝑃
)

𝐵
(

)
P(A∣B)=
P(B)
P(B∣A)P(A)

.
Random Variables: Mean, variance, standard deviation.
Probability Distribution: Binomial, Poisson.

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