Lecture in EAPP

Quarter 1

WEEK 1

A manifesto is a written statement to publicly declare your intentions, motives, or beliefs. From the Latin manifestus — to
manifest, to clearly reveal, to make real.

Writing a manifesto can help you clarify what you believe and what type of contribution you want to make.

Traditionally, a manifesto is a written statement where you publicly declare your Intentions (what you intend to do),
Opinions (what you believe; your stance on a particular topic) and your Vision (what you dream about or wish to create).

Types of Evidence in Persuasive/Argument Papers

Support your position with evidence. Remember that your evidence must appeal to reason. The following are different
ways to support your argument:

 Facts
 Statistics
 Quotes
 Examples

1. Using facts is a powerful means of convincing. Facts can come from your reading, observation, or personal
experience. Facts cannot be disputed. This makes them a strong form of evidence.

2. Using statistics can provide excellent support for your argument. Arguments employing amounts and numbers are
concrete and therefore support claims because they use logic and facts. Be sure your statistics come from good sources,
which you will cite.

Examples of statistics as evidence in persuasive/argument papers:

• The current population of the Philippines is 112,982,752 as of November 3, 2022, based on Worldometer
elaboration of the latest United Nations data.
• According to World Health Organization, the rise of excessive online gaming is emerging in the Philippines, with
29.9 million gamers recorded.
3. Using quotations from leading experts or authorities in their fields will support your position—this is a logical appeal
and is accepted by other academics as a good way to back up your claims.

Example of quotation as evidence in persuasive/argument papers:

• Dr. Kenneth P. Moritsugu, U.S. Surgeon General, described long term problems associated with underage
drinking: “Research shows that young people who start drinking before the age of 15 are five times more likely to
have alcohol-related problems later in life.”

4. Using examples or anecdotes from your own experience can enhance your meaning and also engage the reader.
Personal examples make your ideas concrete. These real-life examples allow a reader to relate to the issues personally.

Example of examples or anecdotes as evidence in persuasive/argument papers:

• For many years, my best friend’s husband beat her—the police did nothing about it; therefore, we need better
laws so domestic abusers can be punished more stringently.
• After living in Iceland for a decade, I can honestly say that the people are kind and warm.
What is a Position Paper?
• This is an essay that presents a stand/position about an issue.
• The goal is to convince the audience that your position is valid and defensible.
• It ranges from simple to complex formats.
• It is an essential tool to solicit support for social change.
• These are published in academia, in politics, in law and other domains.
• It also presents one side of an arguable opinion about an issue.
• It is like a debate where arguments are presented by the writer.

Essential Parts of a Position Paper

 Issue
 Stand
 Claim (statements that support the stand)
 Thesis statement

Position Paper Vs. Other Academic Papers

STRUCTURE AND KINDS OF POSITION PAPERS

Processes Involved in Writing Position Paper

• choosing a topic
• taking a stand
• considering your audience
and determining your viewpoint
• developing argument organizing the paper

1) Choosing A Topic (Issue Criteria)

Establish the arguability of a topic that interests you

• Ensure that you will be able to present a strong argument
• Ask yourself the following questions:
 Is it a real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty?
 Can you identify at least two distinctive positions?
 Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions?
 Is the scope of the issue narrow enough to be manageable?
 2) Developing An Argument
• Ensure that your position is well-supported
• List the pro and con sides of the topic
• Examine your ability to support your counterclaims, along with a list of supporting evidence for both sides
Supporting evidence includes the following:

3. Considering Your Audience And Determining Your Viewpoint

Is your topic interesting?

• Can you manage the material within the specifications set by the instructor?
• Does your topic assert something specific, prove it, and where applicable, propose a plan of action?
• Do you have enough material or proof to support your opinion?

Structure of a position paper

Introduction
 The introduction should clearly identify the issue and state the author’s position. It should be written in a way that
catches the reader’s attention.
Body
 The body of the position paper may contain several paragraphs. Each paragraph should present an idea or main
concept that clarifies a portion of the position statement and is supported by evidence or facts. The body may
begin with some background information
Conclusion
 The conclusion should summarize the main concepts and ideas and reinforce, without repeating, the introduction
or body of the paper. It could include suggested courses of action and possible solutions.

Sample Forms of POSITION PAPER

Letter to the Editor

• Manifesto
• Persuasive essay
• Complex Position papers for academe, business, etc.
Week 3

What is a REPORT?
• systematic, well-organized presentation of information
• uses different approaches in data collection to answer a research problem
• A report is slightly different to an essay in the sense that it is a far more formal and professional way of conducting
an analysis of your topic.

Definition and Kinds of Reports

SURVEY REPORT

• based on a survey or opinion poll

• usually presents results of the author’s research
FIELD REPORT
• based on observation
• usually used in social sciences to link theory and application

LABORATORY REPORTS
• based on hypothesis testing or experiments
• usually done to document current phenomenon for future reference or comparison

ASSESSMENT REPORTS
• evaluate the positive and/or negative features of a person, place, plan, etc.
• include author’s opinion and/or recommendation

INFORMATIVE REPORTS
 present information about a meeting, progress made on a project, etc

PROPOSAL REPORTS
 present plans, decisions or suggestions concerning possible future courses of action for approval by one’s
superior at work, members of a committee, etc.

Types Of Instruments Used To Gather Data For A Report

1) SURVEY

• contains planned questions which are used to measure attitudes, perceptions and opinions
• contains responses directly related to each specific research questions
• can either be in the form of interview or a questionnaire

2) INTERVIEW

• an instrument that allows the researcher to qualitatively gather data.

• responses here are usually open-ended
3) QUESTIONNAIRE
• more quantifiable compared to interview
• listing of written questions to get specific information
• responses are usually dichotomous

4) OBSERVATION

 Allows the description of behavior in a naturalistic or laboratory setting

  Usually used to cross-validate the results of other instruments
 Most useful when answers to research questions require description of behavior

5) EXPIREMENT
A procedure undertaken scientifically and systematically to make a discovery and to test hypothesis

OBJECTIVES OF REPORTS

What is an Objective?

• are the steps you are going to take to answer your research questions, or a specific list of tasks needed
to accomplish the goals of the project
• emphasize how aims are to be accomplished
• must be highly focused and feasible
• address the more immediate project outcomes
• make accurate use of concepts
• must be sensible and precisely described
• should read as an 'individual' statement to convey your intentions

Be concise and brief.

 Be realistic about what you can accomplish.
 Contribute to addressing your aims.
 Be too vague, ambitious or broad in scope.
 Just repeat each other in different terms.
 Just be a list of things related to your research topic.

They are all S.M.A.R.T. +C

Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time-bound
Challenging

Structures/Parts of Reports
A successful report should consist of:
• A main body in which the relevant information is presented in detail under suitable subheadings

FORMAT
Reports are written in formal style (complex sentences, non-colloquial English, frequent use of passive, linking
words/phrases.)

Think of who the report is being written by and who the report is addressed to.

Give your report an appropriate subject title, then plan the information you will present. Think of suitable subheadings and
the information you will include.

GUIDELINES FOR REPORT WRITING

Quarter: 2

Lecture in EAPP

WEEK 4-8

A questionnaire is a structured series of questions designed to collect primary data from respondents. A well-designed
questionnaire motivates respondents to provide accurate and complete information which is very helpful in attaining the
survey’s objective. (QuickMBA.com, n.d.)

DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE

• Determine the research problem or the target information.

• Choose the type of questions and method of administration:

 Written Telephone Interview

 Email or web form Personal interview

Questionnaire Wording Basic

1. Write Short and Simple Questions

2. Avoid leading questions
3. Appropriately open-ended and closed-ended questions
4. Questions must be non-threatening and attempt to evoke the truth.
5. Question Clarity
 6. Don’t Use Double-Barrelled Questions
7. Clearly Define the Response Scale Dimension Or Continuum.
8. Minimize presuppositions

TYPES OF QUESTIONS AND THEIR USAGE

1. Open-Ended

Best Used for:

o Breaking the ice in an interview
o When respondent’s own words are important
o When the researcher does not know all the possible answers
Example:
What changes do you recommend for the school to do in order to help students perform better?
2. Closed-Ended
Best Used for:
o Collecting rank ordered data
o When all response choices are known
o When quantitative statistical tool results are desired
Example:
In which of the following do you live?
o A house
o An apartment
o A condo unit

Other forms closed-ended questions:

a. Likert-Scale
Best Used for:
Assessing a person’s opinion and feelings about something.

Please circle the way you feel about the following:

1 = Disagree 5 = Agree

b. Multiple Choice
Best Used for:
 When there are finite number of options
c. Rating Scales
Best Used for:
 Rate things in relation to other things.
Example:

d. Ranking Questions
Best Used for:
 Ordering answer choices by way of preference. This allows you too not only understand how respondents
feel about each answer option, but it also helps you understand each one’s relative popularity.

Rank the following subjects in order of preference – 1 being your favorite and 5 being your least favorite.
 SURVEY, EXPERIMENT AND OBSERVATION

1.) WHAT IS A SURVEY?

Doing a survey, the researcher must understand the right mode of inquiry for establishing an inference whether in a large
group of people or from a small number of people in a group.

The very aim of conducting a survey is to present and explain the actual experiences of a certain population. Conducting
survey are done in three (3) steps:

1) by email; 2) telephone; 3) personal interview.

Six steps in conducting an effective survey

Survey research means collecting information about a group of people by asking them questions and analyzing the
results. To conduct an effective survey, follow these six steps:

1. Determine who will participate in the survey

2. Decide the type of survey (mail, online, or in-person)

3. Design the survey questions and layout

4. Distribute the survey

5. Analyze the responses

6. Write up the results

Surveys are a flexible method of data collection that can be used in many different types of research.

An example of a survey is the open-ended questions. This is placed in a box form and will permit your respondents to
provide a unique answer. This kind of approach can provide the respondents the freedom to say what they feel about a
topic, which provides you with an exploratory data that may unleash important issues, opportunities, issues, or quotes

2.) WHAT IS AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH?

Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design. It includes a hypothesis, a variable
that can be manipulated by the researcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated and compared. Most
importantly, experimental research is completed in a controlled environment. The researcher collects data and results will
either support or reject the hypothesis

Data in experimental research must be able to be quantified or measured.

3.) OBSERVATION

May take place in natural settings and involve the researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes of what is happening. It
is argued that there are limits to the situations that can be observed in their 'natural' settings and that the presence of the
researcher may lead to problems with validity.

Strengths of observation
a. Can offer a flavor for what is happening
b. Can give an insight into the bigger picture
c. Can demonstrate sub-groups
d. Can be used to assist in the design of the rest of the research