INTRODUCTION

At present, the online testing system stands out as the fastest-growing method for
administering exams, thanks to its efficiency and speed. This approach significantly reduces
the labor involved in test administration, making it a preferred choice for nearly all educational
institutions. By transitioning to online testing, institutions can minimize the time students
spend on exams, and organizations can easily track and assess student performance in
realtime. This system allows for rapid calculation of results and reduces reliance on paper,
aligning with contemporary needs for efficiency in education. Implementing an online testing
system using platforms such as PHP or Java offers substantial benefits for both learning and
administration. It streamlines the entire examination process—from test preparation and
administration to result generation—saving valuable time and effort for educational institutes.
Furthermore, it enables educators to effectively monitor and track student progress. The
online testing system proves particularly advantageous for Scholastic Institutes and Training
Centers, where it facilitates easy and efficient test administration and result compilation.
Traditionally, these processes were handled manually, requiring considerable time and
resources. The shift to online testing addresses these inefficiencies, offering a modern solution
to the challenges of exam management and result preparation.
TEST: Applicants log in using their hall ticket credentials, which includes an Exam ID and
password. The system allows candidates to take the test during a specified time window only.
APPLICANT: Candidates begin by registering with their personal details and logging in with
their email and password. They can update their personal information as needed. Candidates
can view exam notifications, obtain hall tickets with QR codes—each QR code contains specific
hall ticket information—attempt their exams, review previous question papers, and download
them if necessary. Finally, candidates can check their results. INVIGILATORS: Invigilators log in
using their assigned credentials username and password. They have the ability to add and
manage test questions. ADMINISTRATOR: The administrator logs in using valid credentials and
has comprehensive management capabilities. They can post exam notifications, add subject
matter experts, view the list of registered candidates, issue hall tickets, generate question
papers, and release examination results.
The system also provides candidates with easy access to historical exam papers, allowing for
more effective preparation. The integration of QR codebased hall tickets simplifies the login
procedure, offering a smooth and secure entry point for exam participants. By automating
manual tasks and reducing the time required for exam administration, the system not only
accelerates the examination process but also significantly decreases the workload for
educational institutions. Overall, it delivers a streamlined, secure, and user-friendly
examination experience, making it a valuable tool for modern educational settings.
The system checks the validity of the QR code, ensuring that it corresponds to a legitimate hall
ticket issued by the system. If the QR code is valid, the student is deemed authenticated and
eligible for entry. If the QR code is invalid, the system alerts the invigilator and denies entry to
the student. This mechanism prevents unauthorized access and the use of counterfeit hall
tickets.
ABSTRACT:
The “Hall Ticket Generation System with Integrated QR Code” is a robust and innovative
project developed using Java and MySQL to streamline and enhance the process of generating
and managing hall tickets for various examinations and events. This system aims to eliminate
traditional manual methods of hall ticket distribution by incorporating a dynamic QR code
feature, ensuring security, efficiency, and convenience for both administrators and
participants. The system leverages the power of Java programming language and the
versatility of MySQL database management to create a seamless and user-friendly experience.
Administrators can easily create, manage, and customize hall tickets for different examinations
through a centralized web-based interface. The integration of MySQL enables efficient storage
and retrieval of participant information, ensuring accurate and up-to-date data management.
One of the key highlights of this project is the integration of QR codes within the generated
hall tickets. Each participant receives a hall ticket with a unique QR code containing essential
information of the examination. This QR code can be easily scanned using web camera by the
Invigilator to check the authentication, allowing for hassle-free verification of participant
identities and Hall ticket validity. The system offers several advantages over traditional
methods. It eliminates the need for physical distribution and collection of hall tickets, reducing
administrative overhead and paper wastage. Additionally, the QR code feature enhances
security by preventing unauthorized access and counterfeiting, ensuring a smooth and secure
check-in process. Furthermore, the system provides participants with a digital alternative,
allowing them to access and store their hall tickets conveniently on their smartphones. This
digital approach reduces the risk of participants losing their physical tickets and provides a
more environmentally friendly solution. In conclusion, the “Hall Ticket Generation System with
Integrated QR Code” project showcases the integration of Java and MySQL to modernize the
process of hall ticket management. Through its innovative use of QR codes, the system
enhances security, efficiency, and participant experience. This project serves as a testament
to the power of technology in transforming traditional administrative processes into
streamlined, digital solutions

EXISTING SYSTEM :
• The existing system for hall ticket generation and distribution relies heavily on manual
and paper-based processes. These traditional methods have been widely used but are
often associated with inefficiencies and limitations. In the conventional approach,
administrators are tasked with manually creating and printing hall tickets for each
participant, which can be time-consuming and error-prone. The distribution of physical
hall tickets to participants also requires significant effort and resources.
• Administrators typically gather participant information through forms or databases,
which may not always be up-to-date or accurate. This can lead to errors in hall ticket
generation, such as misspelled names or incorrect details. Additionally, participants
 might face challenges in receiving their hall tickets, especially if they are located in
different regions or if the event/examination venue is distant.
• Furthermore, the absence of a secure identification mechanism can potentially lead to
unauthorized access or fraudulent entry. Traditional paper-based hall tickets lack
features that can efficiently prevent counterfeiting or unauthorized use.
• The manual nature of the existing system also contributes to environmental concerns
due to the excessive use of paper for ticket printing and distribution. Additionally, the
reliance on physical tickets poses the risk of loss or damage, causing inconvenience for
participants who need to replace their tickets.
• In terms of scalability, the manual approach might become increasingly cumbersome
and error-prone as the number of participants and events/examinations grows. It
becomes challenging for administrators to maintain accurate records, generate tickets
promptly, and ensure smooth distribution for large-scale events.
• Overall, while the existing system has been functional to a certain extent, it suffers
from several drawbacks including inefficiency, potential for errors, lack of security
features, and environmental concerns. The need for a more streamlined, accurate, and
secure solution is evident, which drives the development of the proposed “Hall Ticket
Generation System with Integrated QR Code” using Java and MySQL.

DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:

• Manual and Time-Consuming Process: The existing system relies heavily on

manual processes for hall ticket generation and distribution. Administrators need
to input participant information manually and generate individual hall tickets,
which is time-consuming and labor-intensive.
• Prone to Errors: Manual data entry increases the risk of errors such as misspelled
names, incorrect participant details, or typographical mistakes. Such errors can
lead to confusion, delays, and the need for corrections.
• Inefficient Data Management: The existing system lacks a centralized and
organized database for participant information. Administrators often manage data
using spreadsheets or paper records, making it difficult to maintain accurate and
up-to-date records.
• Physical Distribution Challenges: Distributing physical hall tickets to participants
can be challenging, especially for events with a large number of participants or
when participants are located in different regions. This can result in delays, lost
tickets, and increased administrative workload.
• Limited Security Measures: Traditional paper-based hall tickets lack advanced
security features, making them susceptible to counterfeiting and unauthorized
use. This compromises the integrity of the event/examination and can lead to
unauthorized access.
• Environmental Impact: The paper-intensive nature of the existing system
contributes to environmental concerns. The printing and distribution of physical
tickets contribute to paper wastage, harming the environment.
• Inconvenience for Participants: Participants often need to carry physical tickets
with them, increasing the risk of losing or damaging them. Replacing lost tickets
can be time-consuming and frustrating for participants
• Scalability Issues: As the number of participants and events/examinations
increases, the manual approach becomes less feasible. Handling a large volume
of data and generating numerous hall tickets manually can lead to errors and
inefficiencies.
• Inflexibility in Customization: Making changes or updates to hall tickets, such as
altering event details or adding new information, can be cumbersome in the
existing system, potentially causing delays and confusion.
• Absence of Real-time Verification: The lack of a real-time verification mechanism
for ticket validity can lead to delays and congestion during entry processes,
especially for events with a large number of participants.
• Limited Participant Experience: Participants might find the process of receiving
and managing physical hall tickets cumbersome and outdated, leading to a less
satisfactory overall experience.
• In light of these disadvantages, there is a clear need for a more modern, efficient,
and secure solution, which is addressed by the proposed “Hall Ticket Generation
System with Integrated QR Code” developed using Java and MySQL.

• The proposed “Hall Ticket Generation System with Integrated QR Code” is designed to
overcome the limitations of the existing system by introducing a modern, efficient, and
secure solution. This system is developed using Java and MySQL and comprises three
distinct entities: Students, Controller of Examination, and Invigilator. Each entity plays
a vital role in ensuring a streamlined and secure process for hall ticket generation and
verification.
• In the proposed system, the Students can register by providing essential details such
as Roll Number, name, photo, email id, contact number, address, and password. New
registrations require approval from the Controller of Examination before students can
log into the system, ensuring the prevention of unauthorized access. Once logged in,
students can request hall tickets by entering specific information including Year,
Department, Semester, and indicating their fees payment status. If the student has
paid the fees, they need to input the reference number of the payment details. After
entering all necessary details, students can submit a request for a hall ticket. The
Controller of Examination verifies the details and either approves or rejects the hall
ticket request. Upon approval, students can download their hall tickets, which are QR
code-based for added security and convenience.
• In the proposed system, the Controller of Examination holds administrative rights to
oversee and manage the system’s operations. The Controller can review student
details, including the last login date and time, ensuring transparency and security. They
 have the authority to add examination subjects, providing subject codes, subject
names, exam dates, start times, and end times. All subject details are updated onto
the hall ticket, ensuring accurate and up-to-date information. The Controller approves
or rejects hall ticket requests made by students after verifying the provided details.
• In the proposed system, the role of the invigilator is to ensure the authenticity of hall
tickets during examination verification. An integrated web camera is utilized to scan
the QR code displayed on the hall ticket. If the scanned QR code corresponds to a valid
QR code generated by the Controller of Examination, the student is considered
authenticated and eligible to participate. In case the scanned QR code does not match
a valid QR code from the system, the invigilator is alerted and can take appropriate
action.
• By combining these entities and functionalities, the proposed system offers a more
streamlined and secure process for hall ticket generation and verification. It
ensures that only eligible students with approved hall tickets gain access to the
event/examination venue, enhancing security, reducing administrative burdens,
and providing participants with a modern and convenient experience.

ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:

• Streamlined and Error-Free Processes: The automated nature of the system
significantly reduces manual intervention. This eliminates the likelihood of errors that
may occur during manual data entry and hall ticket generation, ensuring accurate and
error-free tickets.
• Advanced Security Measures: The integration of QR codes adds an additional layer of
security. These dynamic QR codes contain encrypted information, making it extremely
difficult for unauthorized individuals to forge or replicate hall tickets.
• Efficient User Management: The user registration and authentication process is
simplified and efficient. Students, administrators, and invigilators can quickly access
the system with their designated roles, streamlining the overall user experience.
• Real-time Verification: The QR code-based verification system operates in real-time,
swiftly validating the authenticity of hall tickets. This prevents any potential attempts
at using counterfeit tickets for unauthorized entry.
• Administrative Workload Reduction: Automated processes reduce the administrative
workload significantly. The need for manual verification, distribution, and
management of physical tickets is eliminated, allowing administrators to focus on
more strategic tasks.
• Convenient Hall Ticket Retrieval: Students can conveniently download their hall tickets
from the system using the QR code. This digital approach eliminates the risk of
misplacing or damaging physical tickets, offering enhanced convenience.
 • Enhanced Accuracy: The automated data entry and verification processes ensure the
accuracy of information presented on hall tickets. This minimizes the chances of
discrepancies and information errors.
• Transparent Monitoring: The Controller of Examination gains transparency into
student activities, logins, and hall ticket requests. This transparency enhances
accountability and facilitates effective management.
• Environmental Sustainability: The shift towards digital hall tickets aligns with
environmentally conscious practices. The reduction in paper consumption contributes
to a greener approach to examination/event management.
• Rapid Adaptation to Changes: The Controller can swiftly update examination/event
management.
• Rapid Adaptation to Changes: The Controller can swiftly update examination/event
details and subject information within the system. These changes are instantly
reflected on the hall tickets, avoiding confusion.
• Modern Participant Experience: Participants are provided with a contemporary
experience. They can access their hall tickets digitally and present QR codes for
verification, aligning with current technological trends.
• Efficient Examination/Event Entry: The QR code verification expedites entry
procedures, particularly for events with a high number of participants. This reduces
congestion and waiting times at the entry point.
• Secure Data Storage: The participant data and hall ticket details are stored
securely in a centralized MySQL database. This ensures data privacy and the
integrity of sensitive information.
• Scalability and Flexibility: The system is scalable, accommodating an increasing
number of participants, examinations, and events. This scalability doesn’t
compromise the efficiency of the processes.
• Cost Savings: The reduction in physical hall tickets, manual processes, and paper-
based documentation leads to tangible cost savings. Printing costs, administrative
efforts, and paper usage are significantly reduced.
In summation, the proposed system represents a comprehensive departure from
conventional hall ticket management. By harnessing modern technologies and
incorporating user-friendly features, the system offers enhanced accuracy, security,
efficiency, and convenience throughout the entire hall ticket lifecycle. It redefines the
participant experience and provides administrators with a powerful tool for efficient
examination/event management.

MODULES:

• Student Registration and Authentication Module

• Student Hall Ticket Request Module

• Controller of Examination Module

 • Invigilator QR Code Verification Modul

MODULES DESCSRIPTION:

Student Registration and Authentication Module:

• The “Student Registration and Authentication” module is a crucial component of

the “Hall Ticket Generation System with Integrated QR Code.” This module ensures
the secure onboarding of students into the system and provides them with
authenticated access to their respective profiles. It encompasses a series of steps
and functionalities that collectively streamline the registration process while
safeguarding the system’s integrity.

• Students initiate the registration process by accessing the registration page. They
are required to fill in essential personal information, including Roll Number, name,
photo, email id, contact number, address, and a chosen password. The system
enforces data validation rules to ensure accurate and complete information is
provided during registration.

• Once all required information is entered, students submit their registration details.
The system performs preliminary checks, including validation of email format and
uniqueness, to prevent duplicate accounts.

• Following registration, the student’s profile remains in a pending state until

approval by the Controller of Examination. This approval workflow is designed to
prevent unauthorized access and ensure that only legitimate students can access
the system.

• Approved students can then log in using their registered email id and chosen
password. The system employs secure authentication mechanisms to verify the
student’s identity and grant access to the appropriate functionalities

Student Hall Ticket Request Module

• The “Student Hall Ticket Request” module is a critical component of the “Hall
Ticket Generation System with Integrated QR Code.” This module empowers
students to request their hall tickets for upcoming examinations or events. It
streamlines the process of generating hall tickets, ensuring that accurate and up-
to-date information is used to create QR code-based tickets.

• After successful login, students can access the “Hall Ticket Request” section
within their profiles. They select the subjects for which they need hall tickets. This
involves choosing the Year, Department, and Semester.

• Students indicate their fees payment status for each selected subject. They
specify whether they have paid the fees for that particular subject or not. If
students have paid the fees, they input the reference number of their payment
details. This serves as a verification of payment.
 • Once all necessary information is provided, students submit their hall ticket
request. The system validates the information for accuracy and completeness
before accepting the request. The Controller of Examination is notified of the hall
ticket request. They can review the details to ensure accuracy before proceeding.

Controller of Examination Module:

• The “Controller of Examination” module is a pivotal administrative component

within the “Hall Ticket Generation System with Integrated QR Code.” This module
empowers the Controller of Examination with the tools and functionalities
necessary to oversee and manage the entire hall ticket generation process,
ensuring accuracy, security, and efficient administration.

• The Controller reviews pending student registrations to ensure legitimacy and

accuracy of the provided information. Approved students gain access to the
system, allowing them to proceed with hall ticket requests

• The Controller adds examination subjects to the system database, including

subject codes, names, dates, start times, and end times. This dynamic subject
management ensures that hall tickets accurately reflect the most current
examination/event information.

• The Controller accesses the pending hall ticket requests submitted by students.
The Controller verifies the information provided, including payment status, subject
selections, and payment references.

• Based on the verification, the Controller approves or rejects hall ticket requests. If
approved, the system proceeds to generate QR code-based hall tickets for the
subjects requested.

Invigilator QR Code Verification Module:

• The “Invigilator QR Code Verification” module is a vital component within the “Hall
Ticket Generation System with Integrated QR Code.” This module facilitates the
seamless and secure verification of student hall tickets during examination/event
entry. By employing QR code scanning technology, invigilators can ensure that only
authorized participants gain access to the venue, enhancing security and
efficiency.

• Invigilators are equipped with a web camera connected to the system, enabling
them to scan QR codes displayed on students’ hall tickets. When a student
presents their hall ticket, the invigilator uses the web camera to scan the QR code
printed on the ticket. The system performs real-time verification of the scanned QR
code against a database of valid QR codes generated by the Controller of
Examination.

• The system checks the validity of the QR code, ensuring that it corresponds to a
legitimate hall ticket issued by the system. If the QR code is valid, the student is
deemed authenticated and eligible for entry. If the QR code is invalid, the system
 alerts the invigilator and denies entry to the student. This mechanism prevents
unauthorized access and the use of counterfeit hall tickets.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• System : Pentium i3 Processor.

• Hard Disk : 500 GB.

• Monitor : 15’’ LED.

• Input Devices : Keyboard, Mouse.

• Ram : 4 GB.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Operating system : Windows 10/11.

• Coding Language : JAVA.

• Frontend : JSP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript.

• IDE Tool : Apache Netbeans IDE 16.

• Database : MYSQL.

• A QR code (quick-response code)[1] is a type of two-dimensional matrix

barcode, invented in 1994, by Japanese company Denso Wave for labelling
automobile parts.[2][3] It features black squares on a white background
with fiducial markers, readable by imaging devices like cameras, and
processed using Reed–Solomon error correction until the image can be
appropriately interpreted. The required data is then extracted from patterns that
are present in both the horizontal and the vertical components of the QR
image.[4]
• Whereas a barcode is a machine-readable optical image that contains
information specific to the labeled item, the QR code contains the data for a
locator, an identifier, and web-tracking. To store data efficiently, QR codes use
four standardized modes of encoding:
• (1) numeric,
• (2) alphanumeric,
• (3) byte or binary, and
• (4) kanji.[5]
• Compared to standard UPC barcodes, the QR labeling system was applied
beyond the automobile industry because of faster reading of the optical image
and greater data-storage capacity in applications such as product tracking, item
identification, time tracking, document management, and general marketing.
• The QR code system was invented in 1994, at the Denso Wave automotive
products company, in Japan.[6][7][8] The initial alternating-square design
presented by the team of researchers, headed by Masahiro Hara, was
influenced by the black counters and the white counters played on a Go
board;[9] the pattern of the position detection markers was determined by finding
the least-used sequence of alternating black-white areas on printed matter,
which was found to be (1:1:3:1:1).[10][6] The functional purpose of the QR code
system was to facilitate keeping track of the types and numbers of automobile
parts, by replacing individually-scanned bar-code labels on each box of auto
parts with a single label that contained the data of each label. The quadrangular
configuration of the QR code system consolidated the data of the various bar-
code labels with Kanji, Kana, and alphanumeric codes printed onto a single
label.[11][10][6]

Whereas a barcode is a machine-readable optical image that contains information

specific to the labeled item, the QR code contains the data for a locator, an
identifier, and web-tracking. To store data efficiently, QR codes use four
standardized modes of encoding:

As of 2024, QR codes are used in a much broader context, including both

commercial tracking applications and convenience-oriented applications aimed at
mobile phone users (termed mobile tagging). QR codes may be used to display
text to the user, to open a webpage on the user's device, to add a vCard contact
to the user's device, to open a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), to connect to a
wireless network, or to compose an email or text message. There are a great many
QR code generators available as software or as online tools that are either free or
require a paid subscription.[12] The QR code has become one of the most-used
types of two-dimensional code.[13]

During June 2011, 14 million American mobile users scanned a QR code or a

barcode. Some 58% of those users scanned a QR or barcode from their homes,
while 39% scanned from retail stores; 53% of the 14 million users were men
between the ages of 18 and 34.[14]

In 2022, 89 million people in the United States scanned a QR code using their
mobile devices, up by 26 percent compared to 2020. The majority of QR code
users used them to make payments or to access product and menu information.[15]

In September 2020, a survey found that 18.8 percent of consumers in the United
States and the United Kingdom strongly agreed that they had noticed an increase
in QR code use since the then-active COVID-19-related restrictions had begun
several months prior
ADOPTION
As of 2024, QR codes are used in a much broader context, including both commercial tracking
applications and convenience-oriented applications aimed at mobile phone users (termed
mobile tagging). QR codes may be used to display text to the user, to open a webpage on the
user's device, to add a vCard contact to the user's device, to open a Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI), to connect to a wireless network, or to compose an email or text message.
There are a great many QR code generators available as software or as online tools that are
either free or require a paid subscription.[12] The QR code has become one of the most-used
types of two-dimensional code.[13]
During June 2011, 14 million American mobile users scanned a QR code or a barcode. Some
58% of those users scanned a QR or barcode from their homes, while 39% scanned from retail
stores; 53% of the 14 million users were men between the ages of 18 and 34.[14]
In 2022, 89 million people in the United States scanned a QR code using their mobile devices,
up by 26 percent compared to 2020. The majority of QR code users used them to
make payments or to access product and menu information.[15]
In September 2020, a survey found that 18.8 percent of consumers in the United States and
the United Kingdom strongly agreed that they had noticed an increase in QR code use since
the then-active COVID-19-related restrictions had begun several months prior.[16]
Several standards cover the encoding of data as QR codes:[17]
• October 1997 – AIM (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility)
International[18]
• January 1999 – JIS X 0510
• June 2000 – ISO/IEC 18004:2000 Information technology – Automatic identification
and data capture techniques – Bar code symbology – QR code (now withdrawn)
Defines QR code models 1 and 2 symbols.
• 1 September 2006 – ISO/IEC 18004:2006 Information technology – Automatic
identification and data capture techniques – QR Code 2005 bar code symbology
specification (now withdrawn)[19]
Defines QR code 2005 symbols, an extension of QR code model 2. Does not specify
how to read QR code model 1 symbols, or require this for compliance.
• 1 February 2015 – ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information – Automatic identification and
data capture techniques – QR Code barcode symbology specification
Renames the QR Code 2005 symbol to QR Code and adds clarification to some
procedures and minor corrections.
 • May 2022 – ISO/IEC 23941:2022 Information technology – Automatic identification
and data capture techniques – Rectangular Micro QR Code (rMQR) bar code symbology
specification[20]
Defines the requirements for Micro QR Code.
At the application layer, there is some variation between most of the implementations.
Japan's NTT DoCoMo has established de facto standards for the encoding of URLs, contact
information, and several other data types.[21] The open-source "ZXing" project maintains a list
of QR code data types.[22]
Nowadays, in day to day life all are digitalized. In spite of this some of them were not till
digitalized. One of the best examples is exam hall plans; currently it is sticking on the boards.
Therefore, my motto is to provide an exam hall plan in a timely manner. So I planned to
digitalize this in terms of using QR code and an android studio. Using android studio coding is
developed for QR scanner. By using QR generator create the students information like register
number, this is more sufficient for this project. Then the information contained QR code is
going to be pasted on your ID card instead of Barcode. QR code which is pasted on your ID
card is scanned by an android application which is developed by an android studio. After
scanning it will display the exam hall plan of an individual and the information in the QR code
is time and date of the particular exam along with row and column number which defines the
seating arrangement of an individual. Even in the neck-off time we will know the exam hall
plan in anytime, anywhere. This reduces the timings of an individual and avoids threats and
this is the main advantage of my paper [1-4]. Hardware Module Android mobile phone is the
hardware module in my paper. So we need not to have an additional scanning device. Mobile
camera is acting like a scanner which helps to decode the data which is present in the QR code.
We can able to decode the QR code in any angle and afterwards the scanner is able to change
an angle of future purposes. Software Module The software used in my paper is: Android
studio. QR generator. Android studio Android studio is a software development, is the process
by which new applications are created for the Android Operating Systems. Applications are
usually developed in JAVA programming language using the Android Software Development
Kit (SDK), but other development environments also available. The SDK includes a
comprehensive set of development tools. These include a debugger, libraries, a handset
emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials. By using this software,
we can develop an application to scan the QR code which is pasted on your id card. After
scanned, the application shows the respective results. Level L (Low) Level M (Medium) Level
Q (Quartile) Level H (High) QR generator : : : : 7% of code words can be restored. 15% of code
words can be restored. 25% of code words can be restored. 30% of code words can be
restored. QR generator is used to generate the QR codes which are going to be pasted on your
id card. It is open source software and much user friendly. The Figure 1 shows after QR code
after generating by QR code generator. It is made up of black squares and white squares. Each
square is called as modules. Data present in QR code is represented in terms of Bytes. Three
corners are the heart of QR code. Unlike the older, one- dimensional barcodes that were
designed to be mechanically scanned by a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a 2-
dimensional digital image sensor and then digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The
processor locates the three distinctive squares at the corners of the QR code image, using a
smaller square (or multiple squares) near the fourth corner to normalize the image for size,
orientation, and angle of viewing. The small dots throughout the QR code are then converted
to binary numbers and validated with an error correcting algorithm. Above lists explains the
approximate error correction capability at each of the four levels.
DOI:
A DOI will help Author(s) easily locate a document from your citation. Think of it like a Social
Security number for the article you're citing — it will always refer to that article, and only that
one. While a web address (URL) might change, the DOI will never change.
Where can i find DOI:
o In IJSREM journal articles, the DOI will be printed with the article itself, usually on the
footer of the page
o If the DOI isn't included in the article, look it up on the website CrossRef.org (use the
"Search Metadata" option) to check for an assigned DOI.
Benefits:
o Allows for a quick and precise search.
o Article can always be located.
o Persistent link to its location on the Internet.
o Easier identification of published articles even if the metadata URL is changed.
o Aid in citation tracking, ensuring a researcher has accurate metrics on how and where
their research outputs are being reference.
o A Hall Ticket Generator with QR Code is a digital tool used by educational institutions,
exam organizers, and event coordinators to create and issue hall tickets or admission
cards for candidates. These hall tickets typically contain essential details such as the
candidate's name, roll number, exam center, date and time of the exam, and
instructions. The integration of a QR code (Quick Response code) enhances this by
allowing fast and secure access to candidate information and verifying authenticity.
o How It Works:
o Input Data: Admins or organizers input candidate details into a database, such as
name, roll number, exam location, and schedule.
o QR Code Generation: The generator automatically creates a unique QR code linked to
the candidate’s information in the database.
o Issuance: The hall ticket is generated in a printable format, with the QR code
embedded. Candidates can either receive this ticket digitally or in printed form.
o Verification: On the exam day, the QR code can be scanned at the entrance to verify
the candidate’s identity and admission, ensuring the ticket’s authenticity and reducing
the chance of fraud.
o Benefits:
o Efficiency: Saves time by automating ticket generation.
o Security: QR codes prevent duplication or forgery.
o Convenience: Easy to store and access digitally, reducing paper usage.
o This system streamlines the process, ensuring smoother operations during exams or
events.
o A Hall Ticket Generator with QR Code is a highly effective solution for educational
institutions, exam organizers, and event coordinators. Here’s a review based on key
features, benefits, and some considerations:
o Features:
o Automation: The generator automates the creation of hall tickets, significantly
reducing manual effort. Organizers can input candidate details once, and the system
generates tickets for all participants.
o QR Code Integration: Each hall ticket is embedded with a unique QR code that links
directly to the candidate’s database entry. This allows easy and quick verification.
o Customizable Templates: Most hall ticket generators offer customizable templates,
enabling users to include specific logos, exam details, and other necessary information.
o Data Security: QR codes add an extra layer of security. They make it nearly impossible
to forge or duplicate hall tickets, as they link to a centralized database where
verification is done instantly.
o Benefits:
o Enhanced Security: QR codes ensure that only valid, authorized candidates can enter
the exam hall or event.
o Efficiency: Reduces the chances of human error, speeds up the hall ticket creation
process, and minimizes delays on exam day.
o Easy Verification: During check-in, the QR code can be scanned to instantly retrieve
the candidate’s information and verify their eligibility.
o Environmentally Friendly: Reduces the need for paper-based tickets by allowing
candidates to use digital versions, making the process eco-friendly.
o Considerations:
o Technology Access: Candidates need to have access to a smartphone or a scanning
device to verify their QR codes.
o System Reliability: The generator relies on a stable system and database. Any technical
glitches could lead to problems in issuing or scanning hall tickets.
o Implementation Costs: While the generator streamlines the process, setting up the
necessary infrastructure might incur initial costs for software and hardware (QR code
scanners).
o Conclusion:
o Overall, a hall ticket generator with a QR code is an excellent tool that enhances
security, reduces administrative burden, and provides a seamless experience for both
candidates and organizers. However, its effectiveness depends on reliable technology
and broad access to digital tools for all candidates.
o -Hall Ticket Generator using QR Code
o

o Project Overview
o This project is a web-based Hall Ticket Generator that allows students to generate their
hall tickets using QR codes. It includes two user interfaces: one for the admin and
another for the students.
o

o - Admin Panel: The admin can add or delete students, manage courses, and more.
o - Student Portal: Students can log in, view a QR code, and scan it to see their hall ticket
with a print option.
o

o Technologies Used
o - Front-end: HTML, CSS, JavaScript
o - Back-end: PHP, MySQL (XAMPP)
o

o Setup Instructions
o 1. Import the Database:
o - Import the `exam_hall.sql` file into your MySQL database using phpMyAdmin in
XAMPP.
o

o 2. Run XAMPP Server:

o - Start the XAMPP server (Apache and MySQL).
o

o 3. Configure Project Files:

o - Save the project files in the `htdocs` folder of your XAMPP directory.
o - Open your browser and navigate to `http://localhost/{folder_name}` to access the
admin login page.
o

o 4. Admin Credentials:
o - Username: `[email protected]`
o - Password: `admin`
o

o 5. Student Login:
o - To access the student login page, change the URL from `login.php` to `student.php`.
o - Student Credentials: Same as the admin credentials.
o

o 6. View Hall Ticket Manually:

o - To view the hall ticket directly, type `student_panel.php` in the browser's search
path.
o

o Important Notes
o - Ensure your laptop and mobile phone are connected to the same WiFi network for
the QR code scanning to work.
o - Find your IP Address:
o - Open Command Prompt (`cmd`) and type `ipconfig`.
o - Locate your IPv4 Address.
o - Copy the IP address and paste it in `tim.php` to ensure the system points to the
correct server.

2.1 SYSTEM THAT IS PROPOSED:

The system is intended to automate the creation and administration of admission
tickets for events using QR codes. It streamlines ticket distribution, enhances security,
and provides convenient access for individuals and the occasion organizers.Allows
administrators to create and manage accounts for event organizers, staff members,
and participants.Implements authentication mechanisms to ensure secure access to
the system.Enables organizers to create new events, specifying details such as event
name, date, time, venue, and ticket types.Provides options for seating arrangements,
ticket pricing, and capacity management.Equips entry points with QR code scanners
or mobile devices capable of scanning QR codes.Validates tickets in real-time by
decrypting QR code data and verifying participant information against the
database.Generates reports on ticket sales, attendance data, ticket validation success
rates, and other relevant metrics.Provides insights to organizers for evaluating event
performance and planning future events.

2.2 SYSTEM THAT IS EXISTING:

The proposed “Hall Ticket Generation System with Integrated QR Code” is an event or
examination, the organizer generates unique hall tickets for each participant. These
hall tickets contain essential information such as the participant's name, registration
number, date, time, and venue of the event, along with a unique QR code. The QR
code embedded in the hall ticket contains all the necessary information in a machine-
readable format. This information is usually encrypted or encoded to prevent
tampering.The hall tickets, either printed or digital, are then distributed to the
participants. In the case of digital hall tickets, participants may receive them via email
or through a dedicated online portal.At the entry points of the event venue, organizers
set up QR code scanners. When participants arrive, they present their hall tickets, and
the QR code on the ticket is scanned using a smartphone or dedicated scanning device.
2.3 ADVANTAGE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM: ● The QR codes can store encrypted
information, making it challenging for unauthorized people to copy or tamper with hall
tickets. ● Implementing a QR code-based system can be cost-effective in the long run,
especially for large-scale events or examinations. ● To automate the existing system of
manually maintain the records of the hall ticket details. ● Participants benefit from a
smoother entry process, without the hassle of carrying physical tickets or waiting in
long queues.
4.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:
 This process involves gathering information required to generate hall tickets. It could
include student details, exam details, exam center information, etc.QR Code
Generation: This process takes the input data from the data entry process and
generates a unique QR code containing relevant information such as student ID, exam
details, and any other necessary data.Data Storage (Database).This is where all the
data required for generating hall tickets and QR codes is stored. It could be a database
system where student records, exam details, and other relevant information are
maintained.Once generated, the QR codes are stored in a suitable storage system,
either alongside the database or in a separate repository.Output Process (Hall Ticket
Printing/Email).This process involves producing the hall tickets for students or sending
them electronically via email. The hall tickets contain the QR code along with other
necessary details such as exam date, time, and venue.
USES
QR codes have become common in consumer advertising. Typically, a smartphone is used as
a QR code scanner, displaying the code and converting it to some useful form (such as a
standard URL for a website, thereby obviating the need for a user to type it into a Web
browser).
QR code has become a focus of advertising strategy, since it provides a way to access a brand's
website more quickly than by manually entering a URL. Beyond mere convenience to the
consumer, the importance of this capability is that it increases the conversion rate: the chance
that contact with the advertisement will convert to a sale. It coaxes interested prospects
further down the conversion funnel with little delay or effort, bringing the viewer to the
advertiser's website immediately, whereas a longer and more targeted sales pitch may lose
the viewer's interest.
Although initially used to track parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR codes are used over a much
wider range of applications. These include commercial tracking, warehouse stock control,
entertainment and transport ticketing, product and loyalty marketing, and in-store product
labeling. Examples of marketing include where a company's discounted and percent discount
can be captured using a QR code decoder that is a mobile app, or storing a company's
information such as address and related information alongside its alpha-numeric text data as
can be seen in telephone directory yellow pages.
They can also be used to store personal information for organizations. An example of this is
the Philippines National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) where NBI clearances now come with a
QR code. Many of these applications target mobile-phone users (via mobile tagging). Users
may receive text, add a vCard contact to their device, open a URL, or compose an e-mail or
text message after scanning QR codes. They can generate and print their own QR codes for
others to scan and use by visiting one of several pay or free QR code-generating sites or
apps. Google had an API, now deprecated, to generate QR codes, and apps for scanning QR
codes can be found on nearly all smartphone devices.
QR codes storing addresses and URLs may appear in magazines, on signs, on buses, on
business cards, or on almost any object about which users might want information. Users with
a camera phone equipped with the correct reader application can scan the image of the QR
code to display text and contact information, connect to a wireless network, or open a web
page in the phone's browser. This act of linking from physical world objects is
termed hardlinking or object hyperlinking. QR codes also may be linked to a location to track
where a code has been scanned. Either the application that scans the QR code retrieves the
geo information by using GPS and cell tower triangulation (aGPS) or the URL encoded in the
QR code itself is associated with a location. In 2008, a Japanese stonemason announced plans
to engrave QR codes on gravestones, allowing visitors to view information about the
deceased, and family members to keep track of visits.[28] Psychologist Richard Wiseman was
one of the first authors to include QR codes in a book, in Paranormality: Why We See What
Isn't There (2011). Microsoft Office and LibreOffice have a functionality to insert QR code into
documents.
QR codes have been incorporated into currency. In June 2011, The Royal Dutch
Mint (Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt) issued the world's first official coin with a QR code to
celebrate the centenary of its current building and premises. The coin can be scanned by a
smartphone and originally linked to a special website with content about the historical event
and design of the coin.[32] In 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a 100-naira banknote to
commemorate its centennial, the first banknote to incorporate a QR code in its design. When
scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a website that tells the
centenary story of Nigeria.[33]
In 2015, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a 100-rubles note to
commemorate the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[34] It contains a QR code
into its design, and when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a
website that details the historical and technical background of the commemorative note. In
2017, the Bank of Ghana issued a 5-cedis banknote to commemorate 60 years of central
banking in Ghana. It contains a QR code in its design which, when scanned with an internet-
enabled mobile device, goes to the official Bank of Ghana website.
Credit card functionality is under development. In September 2016, the Reserve Bank of
India (RBI) launched the eponymously named BharatQR, a common QR code jointly
developed by all the four major card payment companies – National Payments Corporation of
India that runs RuPay cards along with Mastercard, Visa, and American Express. It will also
have the capability of accepting payments on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
platform.[35][36]
Augmented reality
[edit]
QR codes are used in some augmented reality systems to determine the positions of objects
in 3-dimensional space.[11]
Mobile operating systems
[edit]
QR codes can be used on various mobile device operating systems. While initially requiring
the installation and use of third-party apps, both Android and iOS (since iOS 11 [37][38]) devices
can now natively scan QR codes, without requiring an external app to be used.[39] The camera
app can scan and display the kind of QR code along with the link. These devices support URL
redirection, which allows QR codes to send metadata to existing applications on the device.
Virtual stores
[edit]
QR codes have been used to establish "virtual stores", where a gallery of product information
and QR codes is presented to the customer, e.g. on a train station wall. The customers scan
the QR codes, and the products are delivered to their homes. This use started in South
Korea,[40] and Argentina,[41] but is currently expanding globally.[42] Walmart, Procter & Gamble
and Woolworths have already adopted the Virtual Store concept.[43]
QR code payment

Main article: QR code payment

QR codes can be used to store bank account information or credit card information, or they
can be specifically designed to work with particular payment provider applications. There are
several trial applications of QR code payments across the world.[44][45] In developing countries
including China,[46][47] India[48] QR code payment is a very popular and convenient method of
making payments. Since Alipay designed a QR code payment method in 2011,[49] mobile
payment has been quickly adopted in China. As of 2018, around 83% of all payments were
made via mobile payment.[50]
In November 2012, QR code payments were deployed on a larger scale in the Czech
Republic when an open format for payment information exchange – a Short Payment
Descriptor – was introduced and endorsed by the Czech Banking Association as the official
local solution for QR payments.[51][52] In 2013, the European Payment Council provided
guidelines for the EPC QR code enabling SCT initiation within the Eurozone.
In 2017, Singapore created a task force including government agencies such as the Monetary
Authority of Singapore and Infocomm Media Development Authority to spearhead a system
for e-payments using standardized QR code specifications. These specific dimensions are
specialized for Singapore.[53]
The e-payment system, Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR), essentially merges various
QR codes into one label that can be used by both parties in the payment system. This allows
for various banking apps to facilitate payments between multiple customers and a merchant
that displays a single QR code. The SGQR scheme is co-owned by MAS and IMDA.[54] A single
SDQR label contains e-payments and combines multiple payment options. People making
purchases can scan the code and see which payment options the merchant accepts.[54]
Website login
[edit]
QR codes can be used to log into websites: a QR code is shown on the login page on
a computer screen, and when a registered user scans it with a verified smartphone, they will
automatically be logged in. Authentication is performed by the smartphone, which contacts
the server. Google deployed such a login scheme in 2012.[55]
Mobile ticket
[edit]
There is a system whereby a QR code can be displayed on a device such as a smartphone and
used as an admission ticket.[56][57] Its use is common for J1 League and Nippon Professional
Baseball tickets in Japan.[58][59] In some cases, rights can be transferred via the Internet.
In Latvia, QR codes can be scanned in Riga public transport to validate Rīgas Satiksme e-
tickets.[60]
Restaurant ordering
[edit]
Restaurants can present a QR code near the front door or at the table allowing guests to view
an online menu, or even redirect them to an online ordering website or app, allowing them
to order and/or possibly pay for their meal without having to use a cashier or waiter. QR codes
can also link to daily or weekly specials that are not printed on the standardized menus,[61] and
enable the establishment to update the entire menu without needing to print copies. At table-
serve restaurants, QR codes enable guests to order and pay for their meals without a waiter
involved – the QR code contains the table number so servers know where to bring the
food.[62] This application has grown especially since the need for social distancing during
the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic prompted reduced contact between service staff and
customers.[62]
Joining a Wi-Fi network
[edit]
A QR code to automatically join a Wi-Fi network
By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not,
mobile device users can quickly scan and join networks without having to manually enter the
data.[63] A MeCard-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.[64]
• Common
format: WIFI:S:<SSID>;T:<WEP|WPA|nopass>;P:<PASSWORD>;H:<true|false|blank>;;
• Sample: WIFI:S:MySSID;T:WPA;P:MyPassW0rd;;
Funerary use
[edit]
QR code tile next to the grave of Wing Commander Adrian Warburton at Durnbach War
Cemetery in Gmund am Tegernsee, Germany. The code links to his Wikipedia entry.
A QR code can link to an obituary and can be placed on a headstone. In 2008, Ishinokoe in
Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan began to sell tombstones with QR codes produced by IT DeSign,
where the code leads to a virtual grave site of the deceased.[65][66][67] Other companies, such
as Wisconsin-based Interactive Headstones, have also begun implementing QR codes into
tombstones.[68] In 2014, the Jewish Cemetery of La Paz in Uruguay began implementing QR
codes for tombstones.[69]
Electronic authentication
[edit]
QR codes can be used to generate time-based one-time passwords for electronic
authentication.
Loyalty programs
[edit]
QR codes have been used by various retail outlets that have loyalty programs. Sometimes
these programs are accessed with an app that is loaded onto a phone and includes a process
triggered by a QR code scan. The QR codes for loyalty programs tend to be found printed on
the receipt for a purchase or on the products themselves. Users in these schemes collect
award points by scanning a code.
QR code

A QR code (quick-response code)[1] is a type of two-dimensional matrix barcode, invented in

1994, by Japanese company Denso Wave for labelling automobile parts. It features black
squares on a white background with fiducial markers, readable by imaging devices like
cameras, and processed using Reed–Solomon error correction until the image can be
appropriately interpreted. The required data is then extracted from patterns that are present
in both the horizontal and the vertical components of the QR image.[4]
Whereas a barcode is a machine-readable optical image that contains information specific to
the labeled item, the QR code contains the data for a locator, an identifier, and web-tracking.
To store data efficiently, QR codes use four standardized modes of encoding:
(1) numeric,
(2) alphanumeric,
(3) byte or binary, and
(4) kanji.[5]
Compared to standard UPC barcodes, the QR labeling system was applied beyond the
automobile industry because of faster reading of the optical image and greater data-storage
capacity in applications such as product tracking, item identification, time tracking, document
management, and general marketing.
History

The QR code system was invented in 1994, at the Denso Wave automotive products company,
in Japan.[6][7][8] The initial alternating-square design presented by the team of researchers,
headed by Masahiro Hara, was influenced by the black counters and the white counters
played on a Go board;[9] the pattern of the position detection markers was determined by
finding the least-used sequence of alternating black-white areas on printed matter, which was
found to be (1:1:3:1:1).[10][6] The functional purpose of the QR code system was to facilitate
keeping track of the types and numbers of automobile parts, by replacing individually-scanned
bar-code labels on each box of auto parts with a single label that contained the data of each
label. The quadrangular configuration of the QR code system consolidated the data of the
various bar-code labels with Kanji, Kana, and alphanumeric codes printed onto a single
label.[11][10][6]
Adoption

QR codes can be displayed on buildings, such as this one being painted in Cape Town.
As of 2024, QR codes are used in a much broader context, including both commercial tracking
applications and convenience-oriented applications aimed at mobile phone users (termed
mobile tagging). QR codes may be used to display text to the user, to open a webpage on the
user's device, to add a vCard contact to the user's device, to open a Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI), to connect to a wireless network, or to compose an email or text message.
There are a great many QR code generators available as software or as online tools that are
either free or require a paid subscription. The QR code has become one of the most-used
types of two-dimensional code.
During June 2011, 14 million American mobile users scanned a QR code or a barcode. Some
58% of those users scanned a QR or barcode from their homes, while 39% scanned from retail
stores; 53% of the 14 million users were men between the ages of 18 and 34.
In 2022, 89 million people in the United States scanned a QR code using their mobile devices,
up by 26 percent compared to 2020. The majority of QR code users used them to
make payments or to access product and menu information.
In September 2020, a survey found that 18.8 percent of consumers in the United States and
the United Kingdom strongly agreed that they had noticed an increase in QR code use since
the then-active COVID-19-related restrictions had begun several months prior.
Standards
Structure of a QR code (version 7), highlighting functional elements
Several standards cover the encoding of data as QR codes:
• October 1997 – AIM (Association for Automatic Identification and Mobility)
International
• January 1999 – JIS X 0510
• June 2000 – ISO/IEC 18004:2000 Information technology – Automatic identification
and data capture techniques – Bar code symbology – QR code (now withdrawn)
Defines QR code models 1 and 2 symbols.
• 1 September 2006 – ISO/IEC 18004:2006 Information technology – Automatic
identification and data capture techniques – QR Code 2005 bar code symbology
specification.
Defines QR code 2005 symbols, an extension of QR code model 2. Does not specify
how to read QR code model 1 symbols, or require this for compliance.
• 1 February 2015 – ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information – Automatic identification and
data capture techniques – QR Code barcode symbology specification
Renames the QR Code 2005 symbol to QR Code and adds clarification to some
procedures and minor corrections.
• May 2022 – ISO/IEC 23941:2022 Information technology – Automatic identification
and data capture techniques – Rectangular Micro QR Code (rMQR) bar code symbology
specification
Defines the requirements for Micro QR Code.
At the application layer, there is some variation between most of the implementations.
Japan's NTT DoCoMo has established de facto standards for the encoding of URLs, contact
information, and several other data types. The open-source "ZXing" project maintains a list of
QR code data types.
Uses

A QR code used on a large billboard in Japan, linking to the sagasou.mobi website

QR codes have become common in consumer advertising. Typically, a smartphone is used as
a QR code scanner, displaying the code and converting it to some useful form (such as a
standard URL for a website, thereby obviating the need for a user to type it into a Web
browser).
QR code has become a focus of advertising strategy, since it provides a way to access a brand's
website more quickly than by manually entering a URL. Beyond mere convenience to the
consumer, the importance of this capability is that it increases the conversion rate: the chance
that contact with the advertisement will convert to a sale. It coaxes interested prospects
further down the conversion funnel with little delay or effort, bringing the viewer to the
advertiser's website immediately, whereas a longer and more targeted sales pitch may lose
the viewer's interest.
Although initially used to track parts in vehicle manufacturing, QR codes are used over a much
wider range of applications. These include commercial tracking, warehouse stock control,
entertainment and transport ticketing, product and loyalty marketing, and in-store product
labeling. Examples of marketing include where a company's discounted and percent discount
can be captured using a QR code decoder that is a mobile app, or storing a company's
information such as address and related information alongside its alpha-numeric text data as
can be seen in telephone directory yellow pages.
They can also be used to store personal information for organizations. An example of this is
the Philippines National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) where NBI clearances now come with a
QR code. Many of these applications target mobile-phone users (via mobile tagging). Users
may receive text, add a vCard contact to their device, open a URL, or compose an e-mail or
text message after scanning QR codes. They can generate and print their own QR codes for
others to scan and use by visiting one of several pay or free QR code-generating sites or
apps. Google had an API, now deprecated, to generate QR codes, and apps for scanning QR
codes can be found on nearly all smartphone devices.
QR codes have been used and printed on train tickets in China since 2010.
QR codes storing addresses and URLs may appear in magazines, on signs, on buses, on
business cards, or on almost any object about which users might want information. Users with
a camera phone equipped with the correct reader application can scan the image of the QR
code to display text and contact information, connect to a wireless network, or open a web
page in the phone's browser. This act of linking from physical world objects is
termed hardlinking or object hyperlinking. QR codes also may be linked to a location to track
where a code has been scanned. Either the application that scans the QR code retrieves the
geo information by using GPS and cell tower triangulation (aGPS) or the URL encoded in the
QR code itself is associated with a location. In 2008, a Japanese stonemason announced plans
to engrave QR codes on gravestones, allowing visitors to view information about the
deceased, and family members to keep track of visits.[28] Psychologist Richard Wiseman was
one of the first authors to include QR codes in a book, in Paranormality: Why We See What
Isn't There (2011).[29][failed verification] Microsoft Office and LibreOffice have a functionality to
insert QR code into documents.
QR codes have been incorporated into currency. In June 2011, The Royal Dutch
Mint (Koninklijke Nederlandse Munt) issued the world's first official coin with a QR code to
celebrate the centenary of its current building and premises. The coin can be scanned by a
smartphone and originally linked to a special website with content about the historical event
and design of the coin. In 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a 100-naira banknote to
commemorate its centennial, the first banknote to incorporate a QR code in its design. When
scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a website that tells the
centenary story of Nigeria.
In 2015, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued a 100-rubles note to
commemorate the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[34] It contains a QR code
into its design, and when scanned with an internet-enabled mobile device, the code goes to a
website that details the historical and technical background of the commemorative note. In
2017, the Bank of Ghana issued a 5-cedis banknote to commemorate 60 years of central
banking in Ghana. It contains a QR code in its design which, when scanned with an internet-
enabled mobile device, goes to the official Bank of Ghana website.
Credit card functionality is under development. In September 2016, the Reserve Bank of
India (RBI) launched the eponymously named BharatQR, a common QR code jointly
developed by all the four major card payment companies – National Payments Corporation of
India that runs RuPay cards along with Mastercard, Visa, and American Express. It will also
have the capability of accepting payments on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
platform.[35][36]
Augmented reality

QR codes are used in some augmented reality systems to determine the positions of objects
in 3-dimensional space.[11]
Mobile operating systems.
QR codes can be used on various mobile device operating systems. While initially requiring
the installation and use of third-party apps, both Android and iOS (since iOS 11 ) devices can
now natively scan QR codes, without requiring an external app to be used. The camera app
can scan and display the kind of QR code along with the link. These devices support URL
redirection, which allows QR codes to send metadata to existing applications on the device.
Virtual stores

QR codes have been used to establish "virtual stores", where a gallery of product information
and QR codes is presented to the customer, e.g. on a train station wall. The customers scan
the QR codes, and the products are delivered to their homes. This use started in South
Korea, and Argentina, but is currently expanding globally. Walmart, Procter & Gamble and
Woolworths have already adopted the Virtual Store concept.
QR code payment
Main article: QR code payment
QR codes can be used to store bank account information or credit card information, or they
can be specifically designed to work with particular payment provider applications. There are
several trial applications of QR code payments across the world. In developing countries
including China, India] QR code payment is a very popular and convenient method of making
payments. Since Alipay designed a QR code payment method in 2011, mobile payment has
been quickly adopted in China. As of 2018, around 83% of all payments were made via mobile
payment.
In November 2012, QR code payments were deployed on a larger scale in the Czech
Republic when an open format for payment information exchange – a Short Payment
Descriptor – was introduced and endorsed by the Czech Banking Association as the official
local solution for QR payments. In 2013, the European Payment Council provided guidelines
for the EPC QR code enabling SCT initiation within the Eurozone.
In 2017, Singapore created a task force including government agencies such as the Monetary
Authority of Singapore and Infocomm Media Development Authority to spearhead a system
for e-payments using standardized QR code specifications. These specific dimensions are
specialized for Singapore.
The e-payment system, Singapore Quick Response Code (SGQR), essentially merges various
QR codes into one label that can be used by both parties in the payment system. This allows
for various banking apps to facilitate payments between multiple customers and a merchant
that displays a single QR code. The SGQR scheme is co-owned by MAS and IMDA. A single
SDQR label contains e-payments and combines multiple payment options. People making
purchases can scan the code and see which payment options the merchant accepts.
Website login
QR codes can be used to log into websites: a QR code is shown on the login page on
a computer screen, and when a registered user scans it with a verified smartphone, they will
automatically be logged in. Authentication is performed by the smartphone, which contacts
the server. Google deployed such a login scheme in 2012.
Mobile ticket
There is a system whereby a QR code can be displayed on a device such as a smartphone and
used as an admission ticket.[56][57] Its use is common for J1 League and Nippon Professional
Baseball tickets in Japan.[58][59] In some cases, rights can be transferred via the Internet.
In Latvia, QR codes can be scanned in Riga public transport to validate Rīgas Satiksme e-
tickets.
A sign with a QR code that links to a drinks menu
Restaurant ordering
Restaurants can present a QR code near the front door or at the table allowing guests to view
an online menu, or even redirect them to an online ordering website or app, allowing them
to order and/or possibly pay for their meal without having to use a cashier or waiter. QR codes
can also link to daily or weekly specials that are not printed on the standardized menus, and
enable the establishment to update the entire menu without needing to print copies. At table-
serve restaurants, QR codes enable guests to order and pay for their meals without a waiter
involved – the QR code contains the table number so servers know where to bring the
food. This application has grown especially since the need for social distancing during
the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic prompted reduced contact between service staff and
customers.
Joining a Wi-Fi network
A QR code to automatically join a Wi-Fi network
By specifying the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not,
mobile device users can quickly scan and join networks without having to manually enter the
data. A Me-card -like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.
• Common
format: WIFI:S:<SSID>;T:<WEP|WPA|nopass>;P:<PASSWORD>;H:<true|false|blank>;;
• Sample: WIFI:S:MySSID;T:WPA;P:MyPassW0rd;;
Funerary use
QR code tile next to the grave of Wing Commander Adrian Warburton at Durnbach War
Cemetery in Gmund am Tegernsee, Germany. The code links to his Wikipedia entry.
A QR code can link to an obituary and can be placed on a headstone. In 2008, Ishinokoe in
Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan began to sell tombstones with QR codes produced by IT DeSign,
where the code leads to a virtual grave site of the deceased. Other companies, such as
Wisconsin-based Interactive Headstones, have also begun implementing QR codes into
tombstones. In 2014, the Jewish Cemetery of La Paz in Uruguay began implementing QR
codes for tombstones.
Electronic authentication
QR codes can be used to generate time based one time password for scanning code.
Loyalty programs
QR codes have been used by various retail outlets that have loyalty program . Sometimes these
programs are accessed with an app that is loaded onto a phone and includes a process
triggered by a QR code scan. The QR codes for loyalty programs tend to be found printed on
the receipt for a purchase or on the products themselves. Users in these schemes collect
award points by scanning a code.
Counterfeit detection
Serialised QR codes have been used by brands and governments to let consumers, retailers
and distributors verify the authenticity of the products and help with detecting counterfeit
products, as part of a brand protection program. However, the security level of a regular QR
code is limited since QR codes printed on original products are easily reproduced on fake
products, even though the analysis of data generated as a result of QR code scanning can be
used to detect counterfeiting and illicit activity. A higher security level can be attained by
embedding a digital watermark or copy detection pattern into the image of the QR code. This
makes the QR code more secure against counterfeiting attempts; products that display a code
which is counterfeit, although valid as a QR code, can be detected by scanning the secure QR
code with the appropriate app.
The treaty regulating apostilies (documents bearing a seal of authenticity), has been updated
to allow the issuance of digital apostilles by countries; a digital apostille is a PDF document
with a Cryptograohic pandemic containing a QR code for a canonical URL of the original
document, allowing users to verify the apostille from a printed version of the document.
Product tracing

Further information:
Different studies have been conducted to assess the effectiveness of QR codes as a means of
conveying labelling information and their use as part of a food traceability system. In a field
experiment, it was found that when provided free access to a smartphone with a QR code
scanning app, 52.6% of participants would use it to access labelling information. A study made
in South Korea showed that consumers appreciate QR code used in food traceability system,
as they provide detailed information about food, as well as information that helps them in
their purchasing decision. If QR codes are serialised, consumers can access a web page
showing the supply chain for each ingredient, as well as information specific to each related
batch, including meat processors and manufacturers, which helps address the concerns they
have about the origin of their food.
COVID-19 pandemic

Two QR codes that link to German contact tracing app check-ins during the COVID-19
pandemic
After the COVID-19 Pandemic began spreading, QR codes began to be used as a "touchless"
system to display information, show menus, or provide updated consumer information,
especially in the hospitality industry. Restaurants replaced paper or laminated plastic menus
with QR code decals on the table, which opened an online version of the menu. This prevented
the need to dispose of single-use paper menus, or institute cleaning and sanitizing procedures
for permanent menus after each use. Local television stations have also begun to utilize codes
on local Newscast to allow viewers quicker access to stories or information involving the
pandemic, including testing and immunization scheduling websites, or for links within stories
mentioned in the newscasts overall.
In Australia, patrons were required to scan QR codes at shops, clubs, supermarkets, and other
service and retail establishments on entry to assist contact Tracing. Singapore, Taiwan, the
United Kingdom, and New Zeland used similar systems.
QR codes are also present on COVID-19 vaccination certificates in places such as Canada and
the EU where they can be scanned to verify the information on the certificate.

Maximum character storage capacity (40-L)

Character refers to individual values of the input mode (data type).

Max.
Input mode Bits/char. Possible characters, default encoding
characters

Numeric only 7,089 3 1⁄ 3 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

0–9, A–Z (upper-case only), space, $, %, *, +, -,

Alphanumeric 4,296 5 1⁄ 2
., /, :
 binary/byte 2,953 8

Kanji/Kana 1,817 13

Design

Unlike the older, one-dimensional barcodes that were designed to be mechanically scanned
by a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a two-dimensional digital image sensor and
then digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The processor locates the three distinctive
squares at the corners of the QR code image, using a smaller square (or multiple squares) near
the fourth corner to normalize the image for size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The small
dots throughout the QR code are then converted to binary numbers and validated with an
error-correcting algorithm.
Information capacity

The amount of data that can be represented by a QR code symbol depends on the data type
(mode, or input character set), version (1, ..., 40, indicating the overall dimensions of the
symbol, i.e. 4 × version number + 17 dots on each side), and error correction level. The
maximum storage capacities occur for version 40 and error correction level L (low), denoted
by 40-L:
. CONCLUSION :
In conclusion, the implementation of a hall ticket system based on QR code generation
represents a significant advancement in the realm of examination management, offering
numerous benefits in terms of security, efficiency, and user experience. By leveraging QR
codes, institutions can enhance security measures, streamline processes, and provide
students with convenient access to their hall tickets. However, it's essential to address
challenges such as technology dependency, accessibility concerns, and security risks. Looking
ahead, future enhancements such as mobile application integration, dynamic QR codes, and
biometric authentication hold promise for further improving the system's functionality and
effectiveness. With continuous innovation and strategic enhancements, QR code-based hall
ticket systems have the potential to revolutionize examination management practices,
ensuring a seamless and secure experience for students and administrators alike.
VII. SCOPE FOR FUTURE ENHANCEMENT :
In future we can develop this project in android application with extra features like online
examination system, student complaint system. Integrate the hall ticket generator with
existing student information there are numerous opportunities for enhancing a hall ticket
system based on QR code generation, ensuring its continued relevance and effectiveness in
meeting evolving needs. One avenue for improvement lies in the integration of advanced
authentication methods such as biometrics, bolstering security and further mitigating the risk
of unauthorized access. Additionally, the implementation of dynamic QR codes capable of
real-time updates can provide students with instant access to the most current information,
including any changes to exam schedules or venues. Furthermore, exploring the integration
of blockchain technology could offer unparalleled levels of security and integrity to the hall
ticketing process, safeguarding against tampering or fraud. Embracing mobile application
integration and personalized features can enhance user experience, allowing students .
Android studio is a software development, is the process by which new applications are
created for the Android Operating Systems. Applications are usually developed in JAVA
programming language using the Android Software Development Kit (SDK), but other
development environments also available. The SDK includes a comprehensive set of
development tools. These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU,
documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Level L (Low) Level M (Medium) Level Q (Quartile)
Level H (High) QR generator : 7% of code words can be restored. : 15% of code words can be
restored. : 25% of code words can be restored. : 30% of code words can be restored. QR
generator is used to generate the QR codes which are going to be pasted on your id card. It is
open source software and much user friendly. The Figure 1 shows after QR code after
generating by QR code generator. It is made up of black squares and white squares. Each
square is called as modules. Data present in QR code is represented in terms of Bytes. Three
corners are the heart of QR code. Unlike the older, one dimensional barcodes that were
designed to be mechanically scanned by a narrow beam of light, a QR code is detected by a 2-
dimensional digital image sensor and then digitally analyzed by a programmed processor. The
processor locates the three distinctive squares at the corners of the QR code image, using a
smaller square (or multiple squares) near the fourth corner to normalize the image for size,
orientation, and angle of viewing. The small dots throughout the QR code are then converted
to binary numbers and validated with an error-correcting algorithm. Above lists explains the
approximate error correction capability at each of the four levels. Work Flow T he QR code
instead of barcode is pasted on your ID card. The QR *Corresponding author: Subbu VV,
AP/ECE, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Bharananganam Pravithanam Road,
Kottayam, Palai, Choondacherry, Kerala, 686579, India, Tel: 04822-239722; E-mail:
[email protected] Received November 01, 2018; Accepted December 20, 2018;
Published December 31, 2018 Citation: Subbu VV (2018) Exam Hall Plan Monitoring System
Using QR Code. J Electr Electron Syst 7: 289. doi: 10.4172/2332-0796.1000289 Copyright: ©
2018 Subbu VV. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original author and system.
patterns of the code, and then by Hough transform applied on the edge points of the code, 4
edge lines and 4 vertices are calculated, at last the control point transform and spatial bilinear
interpolation arithmetic are conducted on the code image according to the 4 vertices
consisting a square. Using Hough transform, sobel operator to locate the bar code symbol,
and then uses space transformation to correct image distortion. However, the boundaries of
QR code are not continuous, large errors are made by using of Hough transform positioning.
Based on the constraints set by two-dimensional bar code image feature, and draws the
concept of convex hull in computational geometry into locating bar code through in case of
Data Matrix. This algorithm can locate two dimensional bar code effectively under the
distorted or tilted situation. Image-geometric correction T he image geometric distortion will
emerge because of the Shooting angle, image rotation and other issues. QR code geometric
distortion will bring great recognition errors and reduce the recognition rate. In general, the
QR code image distortion is linear distortion. As a result, QR codes can be used to correct for
the characteristics of being a square. Distortion correction algorithm is as follows. 1) Obtain
images of the four vertices of QR codes. Due to the rotation process the external noise
information has been ruled out, so we can scan QR code image line by line, from the eight
directions of the QR code region (up, down, left, right, upper left, lower left, upper right, lower
right) in a straight line to scan the QR code until two or more intersection between the line
and black lock. After the scan at eight directions, we will Figure out.
After recognition process, the QR code data is compared with the database. The database
contains date, time, block number, seating number of an individual. If the comparison were
matched it displays the results of an individual otherwise an error message will be displayed
by an application . Image binarization For more practical sense, image acquisition uses a
general chat camera and apply camera control program for image acquisition under the intake
image pattern. Images collected are converted to grayscale format by gray-scale processing. A
good binarization method takes a very important role in the entire bar code identification
system. Niblack method is the best method comparing a variety of local threshold algorithm.
But it is very difficult to set an appropriate window size on the way, has great influence on the
modules and also takes too much time. Tilt correction When the image is being scanned, the
position of QR code often occurs tilt and it needs rotating operation for correction.
Researchers have been done on this problem. Algorithm that hollows out internal points of
the bar code then gets the edge information and peaks and slope detection of bar code with
Hough transform over a known point. Look for position detection patterns before decoding by
using opening operation and closing operation in morphological image processing. However,
the recognition rate of these two methods is not high. A quick location method for the QR
code symbol using one-dimensional pattern match based on the specific mode of the position
detection.
get 16 points at least; the point appeared in both directions is the vertex. When these steps
are completed, there are three or more vertices. Based on the distance between vertices and
the center of position detection patterns, 3 shortest vertices can be obtained and there are
the vertexes. 2) Determine the fourth vertex. Algorithm that hollows out internal points of the
bar code, get the edge information, with over a known point Hough transform to detect the
fourth vertex of QR code. According to the known Relationship among the location of three
vertexes, we can determine the Orientation of the fourth vertex in the QR code (upper left,
lower left, upper right, lower right). Then the location of the adjacent two lines to the resulting
the fourth vertex can be known. Scanning along the center coordinates of position detection
patterns until the intersection between black line and the QR code module. The slope of the
two boundary lines can be calculated. Then the point at which these two straight lines
intersect is the fourth vertex. Image normalization T he QR code image which is almost on
regular can be obtained by geometric transformation. Then it needs to be normalized. The
research in proposed a method that the QR code is divided into models based on Sobel edge
detection and de blurred based on Fourier transform, and all bit stream. Secondly, divide
equally the QR image into n x n small grids according the version number, re-sample the center
of each grid as the sampling point and get the normalized QR code symbol. In this process,
since the computer step length is integer, the cumulative error must produce more or less. By
using of averaging method, some modules that are supposed to be within the grid shift,
leading to errors in QR codes dividing. T herefore, it is better to make a full-scale expansion to
the image before grid-dividing based on the principle of image scaling so that it minimize the
error which is generated when cutting image. While the new gray values generated in
amplifying procedure can be solved using bilinear interpolation. Thirdly, decode the standard
QR code symbol according the National Standard Method of Quick Response Code after image
re-sampling it.
In larger QR symbols, the message is broken up into several Reed–Solomon code blocks. The
block size is chosen so that no attempt is made at correcting more than 15 errors per block;
this limits the complexity of the decoding algorithm. The code blocks are then interleaved
together, making it less likely that localized damage to a QR symbol will overwhelm the
capacity of any single block.
The Version 1 QR symbol with level L error correction, for example, consists of a single error
correction block with a total of 26 codes bytes (made of 19 message bytes and seven error
correction bytes). It can correct up to 2 byte errors. Hence, this code is known as
a (26,19,2) error correction code over GF(28) .
Due to error correction, it is possible to create artistic QR codes with embellishments to make
them more readable or attractive to the human eye, and to incorporate colors, logos, and
other features into the QR code block; the embellishments are treated as errors, but the codes
still scan correctly.
It is also possible to design artistic QR codes without reducing the error correction capacity by
manipulating the underlying mathematical constructs. Image processing algorithms are also
used to reduce errors in QR-code.
Encoding
The format information records two things: the error correction level and the mask pattern
used for the symbol. Masking is used to break up patterns in the data area that might confuse
a scanner, such as large blank areas or misleading features that look like the locator marks.
The mask patterns are defined on a grid that is repeated as necessary to cover the whole
symbol. Modules corresponding to the dark areas of the mask are inverted. The 5-bit format
information is protected from errors with a BCH code and two complete copies are included
in each QR symbol. A (15,5) triple error-correcting BCH code over GF(24) is used, having the
generator polynomial.
iQR code is an alternative to existing square QR codes developed by Denso Wave. iQR codes
can be created in square or rectangular formations; this is intended for situations where a
longer and narrower rectangular shape is more suitable, such as on cylindrical objects. iQR
codes can fit the same amount of information in 30% less space. There are 61 versions of
square iQR codes, and 15 versions of rectangular codes. For squares, the minimum size is 9 × 9
modules; rectangles have a minimum of 19 × 5 modules. iQR codes add error correction level
S, which allows for 50% error correction. iQR Codes had not been given an ISO/IEC
specification as of 2015, and only proprietary Denso Wave products could create or read iQR
codes.
Researchers have proposed a new High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) Code, which
builds upon a QR code basis for preserving the QR robustness to distortions and uses colors
for increasing data density (as of 2014 it is still in the prototyping phase). The HCC2D code
specification is described in details in Querini et al. (2014), while techniques for color
classification of HCC2D code cells are described in detail in Querini and Italino (2014), which
is an extended version of Querini and Italiano (2013).
Introducing colors into QR codes requires addressing additional issues. In particular, during
QR code reading only the brightness information is taken into account, while HCC2D codes
have to cope with chromatic distortions during the decoding phase. In order to ensure
adaptation to chromatic distortions that arise in each scanned code, HCC2D codes make use
of an additional field: the Color Palette Pattern. This is because color cells of a Color Palette
Pattern are supposed to be distorted in the same way as color cells of the Encoding Region.
Replicated color palettes are used for training machine-learning classifiers.
AQR
Accesible QR is a type of QR code that combines a standard QR code with a dot-dash pattern
positioned around one corner of the code to provide product information for people who are
blind and partially sighted. The codes, announce product categories and product details such
as instructions, ingredients, safety warnings, and recycling information. The data is structured
for the needs of users who are blind or partially sighted and offers larger text or audio output.
It can read QR codes from a metre away, activating the smartphone's accessibility features like
VoiceOver to announce product details.
License:
The use of QR code technology is freely licensed as long as users follow the standards for QR
code documented with JIS or ISQ /IEC. Non-standardized codes may require special licensing.
Denso Wave owns a number of patents on QR code technology, but has chosen to exercise
them in a limited fashion. In order to promote widespread usage of the technology Denso
Wave chose to waive its rights to a key patent in its possession for standardized codes only. In
the US, the granted QR code patent is 5726435, and in Japan 2938338, both of which have
expired. The European patent office granted patent 0672994 to Denso Wave, which was then
validated into French , UK, and German patents, all of which expired in March 2015.
The text QR Code itself is of Denso Wave Incorporated. In UK, the trademark is registered as
E921775, the term QR Code, with a filing date of 3 September 1998. The UK version of the
trademark is based on the Kabushiki Kaisha Denso (DENSO CORPORATION) trademark, filed
as Trademark 000921775, the term QR Code, on 3 September 1998 and registered on 16
December 1999 with the European Union OHIM (Office for Harmonization in the Internal
Market). The U.S. Trademark for the term QR Code is Trademark 2435991 and was filed on 29
September 1998 with an amended registration date of 13 March 2001, assigned to Denso
Corporation. In South Korea, trademark application filed on 18 November 2011 was refused
at 20 March 2012, because the Korean property office viewed that the phrase
was genericzed among South Korean people to refer to matrix barcodes in general.
The only context in which common QR codes can carry executable data is the URL data type.
These URLs may host javascript code, which can be used to exploit vulnerabilities in
applications on the host system, such as the reader, the web browser, or the image viewer,
since a reader will typically send the data to the application associated with the data type used
by the QR code.
In the case of no software exploits, malicious QR codes combined with a permissive reader
can still put a computer's contents and user's privacy at risk. This practice is known as
"attagging", a Portmouea of "attack tagging". They are easily created and can be affixed over
legitimate QR codes. On a smartphone, the reader's permissions may allow use of the camera,
full Internet access, read/write contact data, GPS, read browser history, read/write local
storage, and global system changes.
Risks include linking to dangerous web sites with browser exploits, enabling the
microphone/camera/GPS, and then streaming those feeds to a remote server, analysis of
sensitive data (passwords, files, contacts, transactions), and sending email/SMS /IM messages
or packets for DDos as part of a botnet , corrupting privacy settings, stealing identity, and
even containing malicious logic themselves such as JavaScript or a virus. These actions could
occur in the background while the user is only seeing the reader opening a seemingly harmless
web page. In Russia, a malicious QR code caused phones that scanned it to send premium
texts at a fee of $6 each. QR codes have also been linked to scams in which stickers are placed
on parking meter and other devices, posing as quick payment options, as seen in Austin , san
Antinio and Boston , among other cities across the United States and Australia.
Whereas a barcode is a machine-readable optical image that contains information specific to
the labeled item, the QR code contains the data for a locator.
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