COMPLEX ANALYSIS AND

MATHEMATICAL TRANSFORMS
IS 3301 (C 23)

Department of Interdisciplinary Studies

Faculty of Engineering
University of Ruhuna
 CONTENT: Complex Analysis
• Differentiation of Complex Functions
• Introduction to Complex Numbers,
• Topological Properties of a Complex Plane,
• Complex Functions, Limits, and Continuity,
• Differentiating Functions of a Complex variable,
• Analytic Function,
• Cauchy-Riemann Equations, Harmonic Functions

• Conformal Mapping
• Introduction to Mapping and their properties,
• Conformal Mapping,

• Power Series, Taylor Series, and Laurent Series

• Introduction to Series and Sequences,
• Power Series, Taylor Series, Laurent Series

• Integration of Complex Functions

• Zeros and Singularities of Complex Functions,
• Evaluation of Complex Integrals by using Cauchy’s Integral
Theorem,
• Cauchy’s Integral Formula, and Cauchy’s Residue Theorem,
• Evaluation of Contour Integrals Using Residues

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 CONTENT: Mathematical Transforms
• Laplace Transform
• Introduction to Laplace Transform,
• Fourier Transform
• Laplace Transform Solution of Initial Value Problems, • Introduction to Fourier Transform,
• Properties of Laplace Transforms, • Inversion Fourier transform,
• Convolution Theorem • Properties of Fourier Transform,
• Laplace Transform of Periodic Functions,
• Real and Imaginary Parts of Fourier Transform,
• Laplace Transform Method for the solution of some Partial Differential
Equations, • Fourier Sine and Cosine Transform,
• Applications of Laplace Transforms • Applications

• Z-Transform
• Fourier Series
• Introduction to Z Transform,
• Introduction to Fourier Series,
• Fourier Series expansion of Odd and Even Functions, • Basic Theory of Z Transform,
• Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Functions, • Properties of Z Transform,
• Convergence of Fourier series, • Solution of Difference Equations using Z Transforms,
• Fourier Half-range series, • Application of Z Transform
• Fourier series for functions of the General period,
• Complex form of Fourier Series,
• Fourier Integrals,
• Applications of Fourier series

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers
• Classifying Numbers

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
Examples

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
Why do we need complex numbers?

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒂𝒍

𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 A basic problem in linear algebra is to find eigenvalues and
eigenvectors of a given matrix. Consider the following
In linear algebra and functional analysis, simple matrix
an eigenvalue is a scalar that describes
the amount of stretching or compressing
that a linear transformation performs on Its characteristic equation is λ2 + 1 = 0 and hence we need
a particular direction.
complex numbers for its eigenvalues.
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 Introduction to Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
Suppose that there is a number, which we shall represent by 𝑖 is called imaginary number, which
behaves with respect to addition and multiplication exactly as if it were a real number but which has
the special property that is
𝑖 2 = −1

A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real
numbers, and 𝑖 is a solution of the equation 𝑥 2 = −1, which is called an imaginary number because
there is no real number that satisfies this equation.
In set-builded notation, we can denote the set of complex numbers as:

ℂ = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 ∶ 𝒂, 𝒃 ∈ ℝ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊 = −𝟏

If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, then the real part of 𝑧 is 𝕽𝒆 𝒛 = 𝒂, while the imaginary part of 𝑧 is 𝑰𝒎 𝒛 = 𝒃.

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
Simple Properties for Equality of Ordered Pairs
Commutative Laws: a + b = b + a
a×b = b×a
Associative Laws: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
For any 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 in ℂ, the set of complex (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
numbers Distributive Law: a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c

• 𝑧1 = 𝑧1 ,
• 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 ⟹ 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 ,
• 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 and 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 ⟹ 𝑧1 = 𝑧3 . Equality of Complex Numbers
The associative, commutative laws for addition and Two complex numbers 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
multiplication, distributive laws etc., follow easily from are equal if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑.
the properties of the field of real numbers ℝ.
i.e. 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧2 ) and 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 = 𝐼𝑚(𝑧2 ).

Example
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑧2 = −3 + 8𝑖. If 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 then
01/10/2024 𝑥 = −3
IS3301 - Complex Analysis and Mathematical and 𝑦 = 8.
Transforms 8
 Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
Algebra of Complex Numbers
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 in ℂ,
Multiplication
Addition 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
= 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
= 𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑑)
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 4 + 5𝑖 (3 − 2𝑖)
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 4 + 5𝑖 + (3 − 2𝑖)
Division
𝑧1 (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑))
Subtraction = =
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑧2 (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑)(𝑐 − 𝑖𝑑)
= 𝑎 − 𝑐 + 𝑖(𝑏 − 𝑑) 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑
= 2 2
+ 𝑖( 2 2
)
𝑐 +𝑑 𝑐 +𝑑
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 4 + 5𝑖 − (3 − 2𝑖)
4 + 5𝑖
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒:
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3 − 2𝑖 9
 Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
Complex Conjugate
If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 in ℂ, the complex conjugate of 𝑧 is denoted by 𝑧ҧ and defined 𝑧ҧ = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏.
Further we have,

Remarks:
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 and 𝑧2 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 in ℂ,

Then
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧ഥ1 + 𝑧ഥ2

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧ഥ1 𝑧ഥ2

𝑧ഥ1 = 𝑧1

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 Examples
Rewrite the following in the algebraic form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖;
• 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟔 + 𝟓𝒊 − 𝟏
• 𝟑𝒊 + 𝟐 𝒊 − 𝟏
• 𝒊𝟐 + 𝒊𝟑
• 𝒊𝟓 + 𝒊 + 𝟏
𝒊
• 𝟏+𝟐𝒊
𝟏 𝟐
• −
𝟐−𝒊 𝟐+𝒊
• 𝒊𝟏𝟕

Compute real and imaginary part of 𝑧;

𝒊−𝟒
• 𝒛 = 𝟐𝒊−𝟑

Simplify
𝟏+𝒊 𝟑−𝒊
• − 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟏+𝒊
𝟏−𝒊

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
Modulus (or Absolute Value) and Argument of a Complex Number

If 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 in ℂ, the modulus of 𝑧 is denoted by 𝑧 and defined by 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .

Remarks:
𝑧 2 = 𝑧 𝑧ҧ
𝑧 −1 = 𝑧ҧ 𝑧 −2
for 𝑧 ≠ 0
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 Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
Argument of a Complex Number
• The argument of a complex number is the angle,
in radians, between the positive real axis in an Argand
diagram and the line segment between the origin and
the complex number, measured counterclockwise.
• The argument is denoted arg(𝑧),or Arg(𝑧).
• The argument 𝜃 of a complex number is, by convention,
given in the range −𝜋<𝜃≤𝜋.
• However, it can also discuss a complex number with an
argument greater than 𝜋 or less than −𝜋.

Principal Argument
The argument of a complex number within the range [−𝜋,𝜋] is
called the principal argument.
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Argument Vs Principal Argument

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Principal Argument

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Examples
• Find the argument of the complex number 4+3𝑖 in radians.

1 √3
• Given that 𝑍 = − + 𝑖,find the principal argument of 𝑍.
2 2
•

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Introduction to Complex Numbers…
Modulus (or Absolute Value) and Argument of a Complex Number

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Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
Modulus (or Absolute Value) and Argument of a Complex Number

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers…
• Modulus (or Absolute Value) and Argument of a Complex Number

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
Basic Identities and Inequalities
▪ 𝒛ത = 𝒛

▪ 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟏
▪ = ; 𝒛𝟐 ≠ 𝟎
𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟐

▪ 𝑹𝒆(𝒛) ≤ 𝒛 / 𝑰𝒎(𝒛) ≤ 𝒛

▪ Cosine Rule: 𝒛𝟏 +𝒛𝟐 𝟐 = 𝒛𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟐𝑹𝒆( 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 )

▪ Parallelogram Law: 𝒛𝟏 +𝒛𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒛𝟏 −𝒛𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟐( 𝒛𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝟐 )

▪ Triangle Inequality: 𝒛𝟏 +𝒛𝟐 ≤ 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐

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 Examples
Find the followings:
• 3 + 2𝑖
• 3 − 2𝑖
• −2
• 4𝑖

If 𝑧1 = 1 − 2𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 2 + 𝑖, find;
• 𝑧ഥ1 + 𝑧ഥ2
• 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
Geometric Interpretation

It is natural to associate the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 with a point in

the plane whose rectangular coordinates are 𝑥 and 𝑦.

Example: 𝑧 = −2 + 𝑖 is representing (−2 , 1).

The number 𝑧 can be thought of as the directed line segment, or vector

from the origin to the point (𝑥 , 𝑦).

To represent the number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 geometrically, the 𝑥𝑦 plane is called

the complex plane or the 𝑧 plane.

The 𝑥 axis is called the real axis and the 𝑦 axis is called the imaginary
axis.

When we represent ℂ in this manner, we call it an Argand Diagram.

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers ctd…
• The graphical representation of a complex numbers, addition of two complex numbers
and subtraction of two complex numbers are represented by argand diagrams below.

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 Examples
• Obtain Argand diagrams for the following complex numbers.

• 3 + 2𝑖

• 3 − 2𝑖

• −2

• 4𝑖

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers…
Polar Form of a Complex Number
The parameters 𝑧 and arg(𝑧) are in fact the equivalent of polar coordinates 𝑟 , 𝜃.

There is a simple connection between the Polar coordinate form and the Cartesian (or Rectangular) form of
(𝑎 , 𝑏).

Here, 𝑎 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑏 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Therefore,
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
Where,
𝑧 =𝑟= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

arg 𝑧 = 𝜃, the angle that 𝑂𝐴 makes with the Positive real axis is
𝑏
𝜃 = tan−1 (usually 𝜃 in radians).
𝑎

IS3301 -this
use the interval −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, then
If we01/10/2024 isAnalysis
Complex called the Principal
and Mathematical Transforms Argument. 25
 Introduction to Complex Numbers…
Polar Form of a Complex Number

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 , 𝜃1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 , 𝜃2 are two complex numbers in polar form.

Then,
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑟1 sin 𝜃1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑟2 sin 𝜃2

So 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑟1 sin 𝜃1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑟2 sin 𝜃2

= 𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2

= 𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 + 𝜃2

(using the formulae for angles:

sin 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2

cos 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 )
In polar notation,
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 , 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
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Examples

1. Write 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 in polar form.

3𝜋
(Ans. 𝑧 = 2 ,− in polar coordinates)
4

2. Write 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖√3 in polar form.

2𝜋
(Ans. 𝑧 = 2 , − in polar coordinates)
3

3. Write 𝑧 = −2𝑖 in polar form.

𝜋
(Ans. 𝑧 = 2 , − in polar coordinates)
2

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers…
Exponential Form of a Complex Number…

𝑒 𝑥 can be written as a series of powers of x:

The series expansions for the trigonometric functions sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥:
; 𝑥 is measured in radians.
or

In the series for 𝑒 𝑥 replace 𝑥 on both left and right hand sides by 𝑖𝜃 to give:

Then replacing 𝑖 2 by −1 gives:

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers
Exponential Form of a Complex Number…

When rearranging into real and imaginary parts gives:

Where;

𝒆𝒊𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Since in polar form 𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) and 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃, then the
exponential form of a complex number is:

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 Examples
1. Write 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖 in exponential form.
3𝜋
(Ans. 𝑧 = 2𝑒 −𝑖 4 )

2. Write 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖√3 in exponential form.

2𝜋
−𝑖
(Ans. 𝑧 = 2𝑒 3 )

3. Write 𝑧 = −2𝑖 in exponential form.

𝜋
−𝑖 2
(Ans. 𝑧 = 2𝑒 )

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers…
Hyperbolic and Trigonometric Functions
Remarks:

If z is any complex number then

or, equivalently, if we replace z

by iz

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 Introduction to Complex Numbers…

Powers and Roots

Integral powers of a nonzero complex numbers

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 are given by,
𝑛
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …

𝑖𝜃 𝑛 𝑛
𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃

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 Examples
Write in the algebraic form of the complex number;
• 𝑤 = 3 + 3𝑖 8
Write in the trigonometric form of the complex number;
•8
• 6i
𝜋 𝜋 7
• cos − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3
Compute the square roots of 𝑧 = −1 − 𝑖

Compute the cube roots of 𝑧 = 8𝑖

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Introduction to Complex Numbers…

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 Examples
• Find 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶 such that
a. 𝑧ҧ = 𝑖 𝑧 − 1
b. 𝑧 2 . 𝑧ҧ = 𝑧
c. 𝑧 + 3𝑖 = 3 𝑧

• Find 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶 such that 𝑧 2 ∈ 𝑅

• Find all complex numbers 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 which satisfy = 𝑧 = 2.

• Find all complex numbers 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 which satisfy 𝑧 + 1 = 𝑧 − 𝑖 .

• Find all complex numbers 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 which satisfy

a. 𝑧+1 =1
b. 𝑧 = 𝑧+1

• Find 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶 such that

a. 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 1 + 𝑖 + 𝑧𝑧ҧ = 0
b. 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 2 + 𝑖𝐼𝑚 𝑧ҧ 1 + 2𝑖 = −3
c. 𝐼𝑚 2 − 𝑖 𝑧 = 1
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 Functions of a Complex Variable
Point sets in the complex plane
Here we study some of the topological properties of the complex plane (geometric
properties of spaces), point sets in the complex plane.
Suppose that 𝑧0 ∈ ℂ, 𝑟, 𝑅 ∈ ℝ and 0 < 𝑟 < 𝑅.

Disc Annulus
The set {𝑧 ∈ ℂ ∶ 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 𝑅} represents The set {𝑧 ∈ ℂ ∶ 𝑟 < 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 𝑅 } represents
a disc, with center 𝑧0 and radius 𝑅. an annulus, with center 𝑧0 , inner radius 𝑟 and
outer radius 𝑅.

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 Functions of a Complex Variable…
Point sets in the complex plane…
Suppose that A, B ∈ ℝ and A < 𝐵.

Disc
The set {𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ∈ ℂ ∶ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 𝐴}
represents a half-plane.

Strip
The set {𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ∈ ℂ ∶ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 < 𝑥 < 𝐵}
represents a strip.

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 Functions of a Complex Variable…
Point sets in the complex plane…
Suppose that α, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ and 0 ≤ 𝛼 < 𝐵 < 2𝜋.
Sector
The set 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∈ ℂ ∶ 𝑟, 𝜃 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 < 𝜃 < 𝛽
represents a sector.

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 Functions of a Complex Variable…
Point sets in the complex plane…
𝜺 − 𝒏𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒛𝟎
Suppose that 𝑧0 ∈ ℂ and 𝜀 ∈ ℝ, with 𝜀 > 0.
By an 𝜺 − 𝒏𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒛𝟎 , we mean a disc of the form {𝑧 ∈ ℂ ∶ 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 𝜀}
with centre 𝒛𝟎 and radius 𝜀 > 0.

If z satisfies 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 𝜀, this point lies within (not on) a

circle of radius 𝜀 centered at the point 𝑧0 . The set is called a
neighborhood of 𝒛𝟎 , or an open disk.

Suppose that 𝑆 is a point set in ℂ. A point 𝑧0 ∈ 𝑆 is

said to be an interior point of 𝑆 if there exists an
𝛆 − 𝐧𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝒛𝟎 which is contained in 𝑆.
The set 𝑆 is said to be open if every point of 𝑆 is an
interior point of 𝑆.
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 Functions of a Complex Variable…
Point sets in the complex plane…
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐞𝐭
An open set 𝑆 is said to be connected if every two pints 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 ∈ 𝑆 can be joined by the
union of a finite number of line segments lying in 𝑆.

Domain
An open connected set is called a domain.

Remarks: an open connected set cannot be the

disjoint union of two non-empty open sets.

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 Functions of a Complex Variable…
Point sets in the complex plane…
𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭
If every neighborhood of z0 contains at least one point that is in a set S and at least one
point that is not in S, z0 is said to be a boundary point of S.

The boundary of S is the set of all boundary points.

Region
A region is a domain in the complex plane with all,
some or none of its boundary points. Since an
open connected set does not contain any
boundary points, it is a region.

A region containing all its boundary points is said to be closed.

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 Examples

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 Examples

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 Functions of a Complex Variable…
Point sets in the complex plane…
Bounded Set/ Finite Set
A region 𝑆 is said to be bounded or finite if there exists a real number 𝑀 such that 𝑧 ≤ 𝑀
for every 𝑧 ∈ 𝑆.

Compact
A region that is closed and bounded is said to be compact.

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