Vivekananda Mission

High School
NAME: SANCHITA DENRIA
CLASS: XI
SECTION: E
ROLL NO: 17
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
Topic: Study of various factors on
which the internal resistance/EMF of
a cell depends.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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The success and final outcome of this project
required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people and I am extremely fortunate to
have got this all along the completion of my
project work. Whatever I have done is only due
to such guidance and assistance and I would
not forget to thank them.

I respect and thank our Principal Sir, for giving

me an opportunity to do this project work and
providing us all support and guidance which
made me complete the project on time. I
would like to express my gratitude towards
Mr. Santanu Mishra Sir for helping me in
conducting practicals for project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank all

my friends who supported me all the way and
my parents who helped me financially and
encouraged me throughout in the completion
of project.

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INDEX

Sl no. Topic Page no.

1. INTRODUCTION 05
06
 INTERNAL RESISTANCE
2. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS 07-15
07
 OBJECTIVE
07
 APPARATUS
 THEORY 07
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 08
 PROCEDURE 09-12
 RESULT & INFERENCES
13
 PRECAUTIONS
 SOURCES OF ERROR 14

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3. FLOWCHART 15

CONCLUSION
4. BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

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INTRODUCTION

There is a great need of batteries in our

daily use electronic appliances and the use
is increasing every day. Thus, the batteries
need to be made more powerful so that
their potential can be increased greatly.

Thus, this project report is based on

practical analysis for the factors affecting
the internal resistance of a cell.

When the internal resistance of the cell is

decreased we can increase the potential
difference across it, and hence make it
more reliable.

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INTERNAL RESISTANCE

Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by

the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.

Its S.I. unit is Ohm ()

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r),

connected to an external resistance (R) such that (1) is
the current flowing through the circuit,
E=V+Ir

INTERNAL RESISTANCE: r=(E-V)/r

PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
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OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.

APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two
one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance
box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a
setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.

THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions. The internal
resistance of a cell

 is directly proportional to the distance between the

electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
 decreases with increase in temperature of
electrolyte.
 is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.

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The internal resistance of a cell is given
by:

r = (E-V)/1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand
paper and make tight connections according to the
circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and
make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of
the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained.

To study variation of internal resistance with

distance of separation:
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat
so that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately
using a set square and measure the balancing length (1)
between the null point and the end P.

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8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K, and K2. At the
same time, take out a small resistance (1-5 W) fromthe
shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain
the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (12) from end P.
Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for
some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain
another set of observations.

To study variation of internal resistance

with area of electrodes:
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area
of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7
to 10. Record your readings.

To study variation of internal resistance

with concentration of electrolyte:
16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for
different observations.
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17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7
to 10. Record your readings

OBSERVATIONS

SNO Ammete Position of null Shunt

. r point resistance
Internal
reading
With Without R() resistanc
(A) R(l1) R e.
R()
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77

3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51

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Table for effect of separation between
electrodes:

Separati
on
S Balancin Balancin Internal r/d
between
no. g point g point resistance
electrode
l1(cm) l2(cm) .
s d(cm)
r()
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38

2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38

3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38

s.n Temperat L1 L2 Resistan Internal Tr

o ure ce resistanc
(cm (cm (K)
e.
TC ) ) R()
r()

1. 1.2 326 276. 0.456 0.38 301.

.6 9 44
2. 2.5 320. 219. 0.95 0.38 291.
7 1 96
3. 3.7 660. 350. 1.406 0.38 283.
5 9 87

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* The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is
equal to E = 0.98 Volt.

* The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional

to the separation between the electrodes.

* The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional

to the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.

* The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional

to the temperature of electrolytes.

* The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional

to the concentration of the electrolyte.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when
the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2
should, all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the
wires.

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4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust the
rheostat for this purpose

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-
section and material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.google.com

 www.documents.mx

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.docfoc.com

 www.slideshare.net

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