Class 11 Important Formulas Straight Lines Every first degree equation in x, y represents a straight line al tangent ofthe angle that a non-vertical line makes with the postive tigonomet ere he as antcleckwise senses called the slope or gradient ofthe The slopemofanon-vertical line passing through the points x}, y;) and (x2, y2)is given by ty) __ Difference of ordinates mx, ~ Difference of abscissae 4, Slope of a horizontal line is zero and slope of a vertical ine is undefined. An acute angle @ between the lines having slopes m, and m, is given by tn 0 = [4-721 asim 2 0 | my f 6. Two lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal. Two lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their slopes is —1 8. Three points P,Q and are collinear if and only if Slope of PQ = Slope of QR 9. Ifa straight line cuts x-axis at A and the y-axis at B, then OA and OB are known as the intercepts ofthe line on x-axis and y-axis respectively. ‘The equation of a line parallel to x-axis ata distance a from itis y = aor y = - aaccordingas it is above or below x-axis, 11, The equation ofa line parallel to y-axis ata distance from it isx =bor x is on the right or on left side of y-axis. y=0. 13. The equation of axis is x =0. ~baccording as it 12, The equation of x-axis 14. The equation of a line with slope and making an intercept c on y-axis is y =mx + c ‘The equation of a line with slope m and passing through the origin is y = mx. 16, ‘The equation of the line which passes through the point (x, y;) and has slope mis Y-y1 = m(x—%) ‘The equation of the line passing through the points (x), y;) and (xz, 49) is18. ‘The equation of the line making intercepts aandb on xand y-axis respectively is * + ¥ =1 ». The equation ofthe straight line upon which the length ofthe perpendicular from the origin is p and the angle between this perpendicular and positive x-axis is a is given By xcos a +ysin a =p. ‘The equation of the straight line passing through (x1, y;) and making an angle 0 with the positive direction of a-axis is <4 9“ +, whererithe distance ofthe point(s) theline fom the point, 9h The coordinates of any point on the line at a distance r from the point (x1, y,) are \y PC Gcarent gee The slope of the line av + by +c = Ois a _ Coefficient of x & ~~ Coefficient of y = Three lines Ly =a xt by ye, =0, Ly say x+by y+ 6p =Oand, Ls a3 x405 y +c3=0 \current, if ab a) a] =o », these lines are concurrent iff there exist scalars 2, 2p, h3 such that rly+2g by tAgly = 0 equation of a line parallel to the line ax + by +¢=0 is ax +by +2=0, where his a stant vation of aline perpendicular to the line ax +by +c = Oisix —ay + constant. perpendicular distance (d) of a line ax + by + c = 0 from a point(x,, yi) is given by O, where | | 4 = (mito +e ya? +0? | distance (4) between the parallel lines ax +Ly + cy = Oand ax + by + ¢y = Ois given “1 yrs equations of the lines passing through (1, y,) and making an angle a with the line ++ care given by mene yy T=mtan a *~*?