5 Neural Control and Coordination

• Functions of all organs or organ system of our body must be coordinated to maintain normal
physiology of our body.
• In human body the neural system and the endocrine system jointly coordinate and integrate
activities of all the organs so that they function in a synchronised fashion.
• Co-ordination is the process through which two or more organs interact & complement the
functions of one another. For example, when we do physical exercises, the energy demand is
increased for maintaining an increased muscular activity. The supply of oxygen is also increased.
The increased supply of oxygen necessitates an increase in the rate of respiration, heart beat,
increased blood flow via blood vessels.
• When physical exercise is stopped, the activities of lungs, heart and kidney gradually return to the
normal condition.
• The neural system provides an organised network of point-to-point connections for a quick
coordination.
The endocrine system provides chemical integration through hormones.
• Nervous system and endocrine system are called Integrative system of the body.
• Nervous system offers high speed services but nerve fibres do not innervate all cells of the body
and the cellular functions need to be continuously regulated, therefore a special kind of
coordination and integration at the level of cells is provided by hormones.

Neural System
• The neural system of all animals is composed of highly specialised cells called neurons which can
detect, receive and transmit different kinds of stimuli.
• The neural organisation is very simple in lower invertebrates. For example, in Hydra it is composed
of a network of neurons.
• The neural system is better organised in insects, where a brain is present along with a number of
ganglia and neural tissues.
• The vertebrates have a more developed neural system.
• Nervous Tissue: Nervous tissue originates from ectoderm and is specialized for receiving stimuli
(Excitability) and transmit messages (conductivity).

NEURAL TISSUE

Neuron Neuroglial cells

(Packaging, Protection, Support)
and nutrition to the neurons

Cyton Dendron Axon

(Cell–body) (Main function part)

Neural Control and Coordination 1

• Neuron is the structural and functional unit of nervous system. It generates and transmits nerve
impulses. It is the longest cell of the body.
Neuroglial cells: These are supporting cells which form a packing substance around the neurons.
These are of following types.
(i) Schwann Cells : Formation of Myelin sheath around axons in PNS.
(ii) Oligodendrocytes: Formation of Myelin sheath around axons in CNS.
(iii) Microglial Cells: Smallest neuroglial cells, provide protection to tissue of brain by phagocytosis.

skeletal

• The human neural system is divided into two parts - CNS and PNS
• The CNS includes the brain and the spinal cord and is the site of information processing and control.
• The PNS comprises of all the nerves of the body associated with the CNS (Cranial and spinal nerves).
the nerve fibres of the PNS are of two types: Afferent fibres and Efferent fibres
• The afferent nerve fibres transmit impulses from tissues/organs to the CNS and the efferent fibres
transmit regulatory impulses from the CNS to the concerned peripheral tissues/organs.
• The PNS is divided into two divisions:
(A) Somatic Neural System (SNS)
(B) Autonomic Neural System (ANS)
• The somatic neural system relays impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles while the autonomic
neural system transmits impulses from the CNS to the involuntary organs and smooth muscles of
the body.
• The autonomic neural system has two antagonistic units to regulate activities of visceral organs:-
sympathetic and parasympathetic system.
• Visceral nervous system is the part of PNS that contains the whole complex of nerves, fibres,
ganglia and plexuses by which impulses travel from the central nervous system to the viscera and
from the viscera to the central nervous system.

2 Neural Control and Coordination

Structure of a Neuron

• A nerve cell is made up of cell body & cell processes like dendron and axon:

Neural Control and Coordination 3

(A) Cell Body or Cyton or Soma or Perikaryon:
• It contains cytoplasm and large nucleus.
• Some other cell organelles like Nissl's granule and Neurofibril are also found in nerve cell.

• Endoplasmic reticulum & ribosome form granules like structure called as Nissl's granules.

• These are the centre of protein synthesis.

• Site of Nissl’s granule Cyton & dendron and colour-gray.

(B) Dendron:

• It is a small and highly branched cell process. It's fine branches are called dendrites. Some
receptor's are found on the dendrites, so dendron receive the stimuli & carry signals towards
the cyton (centripetal conduction).

(C) Axon (Nerve fibre) :

• Axon is the functional part of nerve cell, and term nerve fibre usually refer to Axon.

• It is a Long and cylindrical process with uniform diameter.

• Axon is covered by Axolemma.

• Cytoplasm of axon called axoplasm contains neurofibrils and mitochondria but no Nissl’s
granules.

• The terminal end of axon is Telodendria and button shape structure are called as Synaptic
knob, which possess synaptic vesicles containing chemicals called neurotransmitters.

• The axons transmit nerve impulse away from the cell body to a synapse or to a neuro-
muscular junction.

Myelinogenesis (Myelin Formation)

• Axon of some neurons are covered by a layer of phospholipids/sphingomyelin which is called

as medullary sheath or myelin sheath.

• Myelin sheath is discontinuous around the Axon. These interruptions where Axon is uncovered
by myelin sheath are called nodes of Ranvier.

• Myelin sheath acts as insulator and prevent's leakage of ions.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

• In the peripheral nerves, myelinogenesis begins with the deposition of myelin sheath in
concentric layer around the axon by schwann cells. Schwann cell encloses all nerve fibres in
PNS.

Central Nervous System (CNS):

• Neurilemma or schwann cells are not present in CNS, therefore myelinogenesis process occurs
with the help of oligodendrocytes.

4 Neural Control and Coordination

Types Of Neurons

(A) On the Basis of Structure

Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar

Diagram

Processes Single Two Many

Axon One One One

Dendron Absent One Many

Olfactory epithelium, Most of the neurons

Examples Embryonic neurons
Retina in our body

(C) On the Basis of Myelination

• Neurons in which myelin sheath is present, are called myelinated nerve fibres. In some neurons

where myelin sheath is absent, called as non-myelinated nerve fibres.

• Myelinated nerve fibres are found in spinal and cranial nerves. Unmyelinated nerve fibre
is enclosed by a Schwann cell that does not form a myelin sheath around the axon, and is
commonly found in autonomous and the somatic neural systems.

Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse

Excitable cells: Neurons are excitable cells because their membranes are in a polarized state due to

difference in ionic concentration across the membrane. Plasma membrane (Axolemma) contains

different types of ion channels. This axolemma is selectively permeable to different ions.

Neural Control and Coordination 5

1. Resting State/Polarised State/Polarisation:
• The fluid present outside the neuron (E.C.F.) contains high concentration of Na+ and Cl– ions
while the axoplasm inside the axon contains high concentration of K + and negatively charged
proteins, low concentration of Na+ and thus forms a concentration gradient.
• When a neuron is not conducting any impulse (No stimulus or resting), the axonal membrane is
comparatively more permeable to K+ ions and nearly impermeable to Na+ ions. The rate of
diffusion is determined by the permeability of the membrane to the ions. Therefore, there
would be greater loss of K+ ions from the axon than Na+ gain, This net loss of positive ions
makes outer surface of membrane positively charged.
• Similarly, the membrane is impermeable to negatively charged proteins present in the axoplasm,
so the inner surface of membrane becomes negatively charged. This membrane is said to be
polarised.
• These ionic concentration gradient across the resting membrane are maintained by the active
transport of ions by Na+ – K+ ATPase pump (carrier protein) which transports 3 Na+ outwards
for 2K+ into the cell.
• The potential difference across the membrane at rest is called “Resting membrane potential”
(RMP = –70 mV). The negative sign indicates that inner surface of membrane is more
negatively charged relative to the outside.
• Overall, mainly Active transport (Na–K–Pump) is responsible for polarised state and maintaining
resting potential (RMP) of neurons of our body.

6 Neural Control and Coordination

2. Excited State/Depolarisation:

• When a stimulus of optimum strength (Threshold stimulus) is applied on a resting neuron, a

new potential or signal is generated on dendron. When this signal reaches at axon on the
polarised neuron, the membrane at the site-A becomes freely permeable to Na+ ions due to
opening of Na+ channels. (VGC). It causes rapid influx of Na+ ions by diffusion.
• This leads to reversal of the polarity at that site i.e. The outer surface of the membrane becomes
negatively and inner side becomes positively charged.
• Due to rapid inflow of Na+ ions, the negative potential is first cancelled out and becomes “O”
(depolarised) but due to continue influx of Na+, the membrane potential “Over shoots” beyond
zero and upto +30 to +45 mV. This potential at site-A is called action potential (AP), which is
in fact termed as nerve impulse.
• At sites immediately ahead, the axon (Site B) membrane has a positive charge on the outer
surface and a negative charge on its inner surface. As a result, a current flow on the inner
surface from site A to site B. On the outer surface current flows from site-B to site-A to
complete the circuit of current flow. hence, the polarity at the site is reversed, and an action
potential is generated at site B. Thus, the impulse (AP) generated at site A arrives at site B. The
sequence is repeated along the length of the axon and consequently the impulse is conducted
in the form of electric current.
• A change of +10 mv in potential difference from RMP is sufficient to tigger opening of Na +
channel and generation of action potential. This is called threshold stimulus (i.e. –60 mV)
3. Repolarisation:
• The rise in the stimulus induced permeability to Na+ is extremely short lived. It is quickly followed
by a rise in permeability to K+ ions. Within a fraction of a second, K+ diffuses outside the
membrane and restores the resting potential of the membrane at the site of excitation and the
fibre becomes once more responsive to further stimulation.
• It means, after a fraction of second, the Na+ channels get closed and K+ channels (VGC) get
open. Therefore, K+ diffuses outside the membrane rapidly. This rapid efflux of K+ (positive ions)
makes inside of cell less positive or more negative and restores the resting potential of the
membrane at the site of excitation and potential difference drops from +30 mV (AP) to –70 mV
(RMP). This phenomenon is called repolarisation. The neuron is now prepared to receive another
stimulus and conduct it in the same manner.
• The time required for restoring resting potential or normal polarised state by an excited neuron
is called refractory period, because during this period, the neuron is incapable of receiving
another stimulus.

Neural Control and Coordination 7

 • The whole process of depolarisation and repolarisation is very fast. It takes only about 1 to 5
mili seconds.
+50

Membrane potential (mV)

+40
+30

Over shoot
+20

0
-20
Repolarisation
-40 Depolarisation

Threshold
-60

{
level -70
-80 Hyperpolarisation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
milli seconds

Figure : Action Potential generation

Saltatory Conduction

• This type of conduction occurs in myelinated fibres only.

• Leakage of ions takes place only in nodes of Ranvier.
• In this case, the action potential seems to be jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next node
and passes along the myelinated axon faster as compared to the conduction through series of small
local circuits in a non-myelinated axon, therefore it is called saltatory conduction.

Transmission of Impulse at Synapse

• It is the junctional region between two neurons where information is transferred from one neuron
to another.
• Telodendria of one neuron form synapse with dendron or dendrites of next neuron.
• Telodendria membrane is called pre synaptic membrane & membrane of dendron of other neuron
called as postsynaptic membrane, which may or may not be separated by a gap called synaptic
cleft.
• Synapse = Presynaptic knob + synaptic cleft + postsynaptic membrane
• A nerve impulse is transmitted from the neuron to another neuron through junction called synapse.
• There are two types of synapses, namely, electrical synapses and chemical synapses.

8 Neural Control and Coordination

(i) Electrical Synapses:
• The membranes of pre and post-synaptic neurons are in very close proximity.
• Electrical current can flow directly one neuron to the other across these synapses.
• Transmission of an impulse across electrical synapses is very similar to impulse conduction along
a single axon.
• Impulse transmission across an electrical synapse is always faster than that across a chemical
synapse. Electrical synapses are rare in our body.

(ii) Chemical Synapses :

• On the other hand chemical synapses are characterised by a synaptic cleft. At these synapse,
impulse transmission occurs with the help of a chemical, called neurotransmitter.
• Chemical synapses are common in our body and they maintain one way transmission of
impulses to our body.

• Mechanism: When the AP develops in presynaptic membrane. It becomes permeable for Ca ++, Ca++
enter presynaptic membrane & neurotransmitter vesicles burst due to the stimulation by Ca ++ and
they release neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft.
• Neurotransmitter reaches the postsynaptic membrane via synaptic cleft & binds to specific
receptors (Proteins). This binding open up ion channels, allowing the entry of ions which can
generate a new potential on post synaptic membrane.
• Some neurotransmitters like acetylcholine (Ach), when binds to their receptors, open up Na + ion
channels and causes depolarisation of post synaptic membrane. The new potential generated is
called Excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) which generates Action Potential on post synaptic
neuron.
• If inhibitory neuro transmitter (GABA) binds with post synaptic membrane than Cl– gated channels
get open and hyperpolarization of neuron occurs. Now the potential is called inhibitory
postsynaptic potential (IPSP) & further nerve conduction get blocked.

Neural Control and Coordination 9

Important Points:
• If myelin sheath is continuous there will be no nerve impulse conduction in nerve fibres.
• Simple diffusion channels are always open (In every state).
• Conduction of nerve impulse is unidirectional.
• Neurons follow all or none law. Magnitude of response (Action potential) and speed of conduction
of nerve impulse will always be same irrespective of strength of stimulus above threshold stimulus.
• Velocity of nerve impulse  Diameter of neuron.
Nuclei - term used for CNS (Brain and spinal cord)
• Collection of cytons
Ganglia - outside the CNS (term used for PNS)
Tract — CNS
• Collection of nerve fibre
Nerve — PNS

Concept Builder

1. Cranial and spinal nerve can be included in:

(1) Central nervous system (2) Autonomic nervous system
(3) Peripheral nervous system (4) Visceral nervous system

2. Rapid movement of Na+ ions from extracellular fluid to inside the nerve cell leads to:
(1) Polarisation (2) Depolarisation
(3) Repolarisation (4) All of these

3. If the receptors are removed from post-synaptic membrane, then :

(1) Synaptic transmission will be faster
(2) Chemical synaptic transmission will be slower
(3) Chemical synaptic transmission will not occur
(4) synaptic transmission will be not affected

4. For most excitable cells, the resting potential is:

(1) + 40 mV (2) –55 to 100 mV (3) + 60 mV (4) – 70 mV approx.

5. If the Na+ – K+ pump stops working then the:

(1) Na+ and K+ will be in excess in extracellular fluid
(2) Na+ will be in excess in extracellular fluid
(3) K+ will be in excess in intracellular fluid
(4) Na+ Concentration inside cell will increase.

6. Depolarisation occurs due to movement of Na+ ions through:

(1) Active process
(2) Passive process
(3) Both active and passive process
(4) first it is passive and then it becomes a active process

Concept Builder (Answer-Key)

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. 3 2 3 4 4 2

10 Neural Control and Coordination

Central Neural System
• It includes the brain and the spinal cord.
• These are formed from the neural-tube which develops from the ectoderm.
• Anterior part of neural tube develops into brain while caudal part of neural tube develops into
spinal cord.
• Brain's approximately 70-80% part develops in 2 year of age & complete development is achieved
in 6 years of age.

Neural Control and Coordination 11

Human Brain
• The brain is the central information processing organ of our body and acts as the 'Command and
control system'.
• It controls the voluntary movements, balance of the body, functioning of vital involuntary organs
(e.g. lungs, heart, kidney etc.), thermoregulation, hunger and thirst, circadian (24 hours) rhythms of
our body, activities of several endocrine glands and human behaviour.
• It is also site for processing of vision, hearing, speech, memory, intelligence, emotions and thoughts.

Brain Meninges:

• Brain is covered by three membranes of connective tissue termed as meninges or meninx.

(1) Duramater:
• This is the first and the outermost membrane which is thick, strong and elastic layer.
• It remain attached with the inner surface of the cranium.

(2) Arachnoid:
• It is middle, thin and delicate layer and found only in mammals. (Mammalian character)
• At several places it forms villi like foldings to absorb CSF called arachnoid villi.
• Space between duramater & arachnoid is called subdural space which is filled with serous fluid.

(3) Piamater:
• Inner most, thin and transparent membrane, which is firmly attached to the brain.
• Space between arachnoid & piamater is called subarachnoid space, which is filled with CSF.

Cerebrospinal-Fluid (CSF):

• This fluid is clear and alkaline in nature just like lymph.

• CSF is present in ventricles of brain, subarachnoid space of brain & spinal cord.
• C.S.F. is formed in choroid plexus found in the ventricles of the brain.
• It provide nutrition to brain cells and acts as shock absorbing medium for brain.
• It also provides buoyancy to the brain, so net weight of the brain is reduced.

12 Neural Control and Coordination

(A) Fore Brain:

• The fore brain consists of Cerebrum and Diencephalon (Mainly thalamus and hypothalamus).
(1) Cerebrum:
Cerebrum forms the major part of the brain which is most developed in human.
• Cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres, on the dorsal surface a longitudinal groove is
present between two cerebral hemispheres called as median fissure. Both the cerebral
hemispheres remain connected with each other by curved thick white nerve fibre called corpus
callosum found in only higher mammals.
• Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes-Anterior, Middle, Posterior and Lateral.
• Anterior lobe is also called frontal lobe (largest lobe) while middle lobe is called as parietal
lobe. Posterior lobe is called as occipital lobe and lateral lobe is Temporal lobe.
• The outer part of cerebral hemisphere is called Cerebral cortex and thrown into prominent
folds. These folds are found as ridges and grooves on dorsal surface of cerebral hemisphere.
Ridge are known as Gyri while grooves are called sulci. Gyri and sulci increase the surface area
of cerebrum and provide additional space for more neurons.
• The cerebral cortex referred to as the grey matter due to its greyish appearance. The neuron
cell bodies are concentrated here giving the colour. This thick layer of grey matter is also known
as sign of evolutionary advancement.
• The cerebral cortex contains three types of functional areas:
(i) Sensory Area: Analysis of sensory impulses (Touch, Pain, Temperature etc.)
(ii) Motor Area: Generation of motor impulses.
(iii) Association Area: These are large regions that are neither clearly sensory nor motor in function.
They are responsible for certain complex functions like:
• Intersensory Association: As you are aware that all sensory inputs like touch, sound, light,
smell are sent to brain. These different sensations require association and inter connection
with each other for their proper interpretation.
• Memory: Memory of past events is recorded by the association areas also with the different
lobes of the cerebrum. Memory is basically of two types: Short term memory and long term
memory.
• Communication: The ability of communication also controlled by the association areas of
cerebral cortex.
Function of Cerebrum: It is the most important part of brain because it controls and regulates
different part of brain. This is the centre of conscious senses, will power, voluntary movements,
knowledge, etc.

2. Diencephalon:
• It is small chamber like posterior part of fore brain which is surrounded by cerebrum. It consists
of 3 parts.
(i) Epithalamus (ii) Thalamus (iii) Hypothalamus
(i) Epithalamus: It form the roof of diencephalon (Along with corpus callosum). Pineal body is
attached with epithalamus & control biological clock.

Neural Control and Coordination 13

 (ii) Thalamus: It forms upper lateral wall of Diencephalon (80%). cerebrum wraps around the
thalamus. It acts as a relay centre. It receives sensory inputs from all part of body & these
impulses are send to the cerebral cortex. It is a major coordinating centre for sensory & motor
signalling.
(iii) Hypothalamus: It forms the Basal part of diencephalon. It lies at the base part of thalamus.
• The hypothalamus contains a number of centre which control body temperature, urge for
eating and drinking.
• It also contains several group of neurosecretory cells, which secrete hormone called
hypothalamic hormone.
Hypothalamus Controls:
(1) Thermoregulation (2) Hunger and thirst (3) Behaviour and emotion
(4) Endocrine control (5) Biological clock system (6) ANS control (Visceral organs)
Limbic System:
The inner part of cerebral hemispheres and a group of associated deep structures like amygdala,
hippocampus etc. form a complex structure called Limbic system. Along with the hypothalamus. It
is involved in the regulation of sexual behaviour, expression of emotional reactions (e.g. excitement,
pleasure, rage, fear) and motivation. It also influences olfaction and autonomic responses.

(B) Mid Brain:

• It is a small part of brain. The midbrain is located between Thalamus / Hypothalamus of the fore
brain and pons of the hind brain. A canal called Cerebral aqueduct/Aqueduct of Sylvius passes
through the midbrain.
• The dorsal position of the mid brain consists mainly of four round swellings (lobes) called corpora
quadrigemina.

Posterior Optic lobe/Colliculi/

Corpora quadrigemina

Cerebral aqueduct/
Aqueduct of sylvius

Crura cerebri/
Anterior Cerebral peduncle

Cut section of Mid-brain in Antero - Posterior axis

• The mid brain receives and integrates visual, tactile and auditory inputs.

(C) Hind Brain:

• The hind brain comprises cerebellum, pons and medulla (also called the medulla oblongata).
1. Cerebellum:
• It is made up of 3 lobe (2 large lateral lobe and 1 small middle lobe-vermis). Both lateral lobes
become enlarged and spherical in shape. so lateral lobe of cerebellum are also called as cerebellar
hemisphere. Cerebellum has very convoluted surface in order to provide the additional space for
many more neurons.

14 Neural Control and Coordination

• Outer part of cerebellum is made up of grey matter while inner part is of white matter. White
matter projects outside & forms a branched tree like structure known as Arbor Vitae / Tree of life.
Functions: It helps in maintaining body balance and posture. The cerebellum integrates information
received from the receptors for balancing which are located in - joints, muscles, tendons and
semicircular canals of internal ear.
• Coordination of voluntary muscle through involuntary regulation is done by cerebellum. (body
balancing)
• It is also related with fine and skillful voluntary movements.
• Consumption of alcohol in excess adversely affects the cerebellum, as a result the person is unable
to maintain the balance and so the walking is disturbed.

2. Pons:
• It is a small spherical projection, which is situated between the midbrain and medulla oblongata.
• It consists of longitudinal and transverse tracts of myelinated nerve fibres.
Function:- It regulates the breathing reaction through pneumotaxic centre.

3. Medulla Oblongata:
• Posterior part of hind brain and is tubular and cylindrical in shape. Medulla of brain is connected
to spinal cord.
• Mid brain, pons and medulla are situated in one axis and it is called as Brain stem.
Functions: It is the most important part of brain which controls the involuntary activities of internal
organs of the body e.g. cardiovascular reflex, respiration, metabolism, gastric secretion etc. As well
as this act as conduction path for all impulses between spinal cord and remaining portions of brain.
• It is also concerned with simple reflex action like sneezing, salivation, coughing, swallowing,
vomiting, yawning etc.

Neural Control and Coordination 15

 Concept Builder

1. Mark the area of cerebral cortex responsible for complex functions like intersensory association
memory and communication:
(1) Sensory area (2) Motor area (3) Association area (4) Both (1) & (2)

2. CSF is present in:

(1) Ventricles of brain (2) Spinal cord (central canal)
(3) Sub-arachnoid space (4) All of these

3. The largest and most developed part of human brain is:

(1) Medulla oblongata (2) Pons varoli
(3) Cerebrum (4) Mid brain

4. Which of the following is not the main parts of limbic system?

(1) Amygdala (2) Hippocampus
(3) Both (1) and (2) (4) Corpus callosum

5. Which part of brain regulates breathing and heart beat rate:

(1) Cerebrum (2) Cerebellum
(3) Medulla oblongata (4) Mid brain

6. Which of the following is not a function of Hypothalamus?

(1) Regulates thirst and hunger
(2) It sets the body temperature at 37°C
(3) It organises emotional and sexual behaviour
(4) It regulates planning and execution of creative ideas
Concept Builder (Answer-Key)
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. 3 4 3 4 3 4
Reflex Actions
• The entire process of response to a peripheral nervous stimulation, that occurs involuntarily i.e.
without conscious effort or thought and requires the involvement of a part of the central nervous
system is called a reflex action.
• Reflex actions are sudden, spontaneous, automatic, involuntary, mechanical responses produced
by stimulating specific receptors.
• Reflex actions are completed very quickly as compared to normal actions. They prevent body from
any adverse effect.
• It is form of animal behaviour in which the stimulation of a sensory organ (receptor) result in the
activity of some organ without the intervention of will.

Reflex Arc:
The nervous path used for a reflex action is called reflex arch. It includes a receptor, atleast one
afferent neuron, one efferent neuron and an effector organ.
• The afferent neuron receives signal from a sensory organ and transmits the impulse via a dorsal
nerve root into the CNS (Grey matter), where sensory impulses are converted into motor impulses.
• The efferent neuron then carries these motor impulses from CNS to the effector (muscles).
• These muscles get contracted and thus response (reflex action) get completed.
(iii) On the Basis of Synapse:

16 Neural Control and Coordination

 (A) Monosynaptic:
In this type of reflex arc, there is a direct synapse (relation) found between sensory and
motor neurons, no interneuron is involved E.g. – Stretch reflex / Knee-Jerk reflex

(B) Polysynaptic:
• In this type of reflex arc, there are one or more small neurons found in between the
sensory and motor neurons. These small neurons are called connector neuron or inter
neurons e.g. withdrawal reflex of foot.
• In such synapse, nerve impulse will have to travel through more than one synapse.

Concept Builder

1. Which of the following statement is not correct regarding epinephrine and nor-epinephrine?
(1) Both act like as neurotransmitter (2) Secreted by adrenal medulla
(3) They are antagonistic neurotransmitter (4) Both are catecholamines
2. Which of the following is not involved in all types of reflex actions?
(1) Receptor (2) Effector (3) Interneuron (4) Sensory neuron

Concept Builder (Answer-Key)

Que. 1 2
Ans. 3 3

Extra Points

1. Cerebrum is the centre of following:

(1) Intelligence (2) Emotion (3) Will - power (4) Memory
(5) Consciousness (6) Experience (7) Knowledge (8) Voluntary control
(9) Laughing and weeping (10) Defaecation and micturition.
2. Trigeminal nerve is also called "the dentists nerve" because the dentists desensitizes this nerve
with some anaesthetic before pulling out the troubling tooth.
3. Parkinson's disease: It occurs due to hyposecretion of dopamine which creates rigidity is muscle
leads to muscle tremors. It begin from progressive degeneration of neuron of basal nuclei
ultimately creates mask like face.
4. Alzheimer's disease: In this disease, the cerebral cortex is atrophied and ultimately the ventricle
enlarges. Symptoms consist loss of memory particularly recent memory due to hyposecretion
of acetylcholine. It's also called dimentia of old age.  amyloid, Protein also increases (Partial
loss of memory). Alzheimer disease is more common in "Down syndrome".

Neural Control and Coordination 17

 Exercise - I
8. 'Node of Ranvier' are found on ?
(A) Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
(1) Axon of Nonmyelinated neurons
1. Neuron with one axon and one dendrite (2) Axon of myelinated neurons only
found in : (3) Axon of myelinated neurons of PNS only
(1) Lens of eye (2) Cornea of eye (4) Dendron and Axon of neurons
(3) Retina of eye (4) Both (1) and (2)
9. Non Myelinated axons differ from
2. How many statement(s) is/are not correct myelinated in that they :
regarding “Nodes of Ranvier”? (1) Are more excitable
(a) It is a space between dendrites and (2) Lack nodes of Ranvier
axon (3) Are not capable of regeneration
(b) Neurilemma is discontinuous (4) Are not associated with Schwann cells
(c) Myelin sheath is discontinuous
10. Which statement is correct regarding
(d) Transmission of action potential taken
neuron?
place through node of Ranvier in a
(1) Neuron is composed of 4 parts
myelinated neuron.
containing cell body, dendrite, axon &
(1) Zero (2) One
telodendria
(3) Two (4) Three
(2) Nissel's granules are found in both cell
3. Nissl's bodies found in neurons are: body & axon.
(1) Made of DNA (3) Neuroglial cells are divided into a polar,
(2) Fragments of RER with ribosomes bipolar & multipolar
(3) Help in formation of neurofibrils (4) Dendrites transmit impulse toward the
(4) Masses of mitochondria cell body while axon transmit impulse
away from the cell-body.
4. Nissl granules occur in which part and
what is their function: 11. Which statement is correct about nerve
(1) Neurons and are sites of protein fibres?
synthesis (1) All nerve fibres of CNS are enclosed by
Schwann cells.
(2) Blood and help in nutrition and excretion
(2) Only myelinated nerve fibres of PNS
(3) Sarcoplasm and help in contraction
are enclosed by Schwann cells.
(4) Mucous cell and secrete mucous
(3) All nerve fibres of PNS are enclosed by
5. The Neurilemma or Schwann sheath is Schwann cells.
found around : (4) Only myelinated fibres of CNS are
(1) A non myelinated nerve fibres only enclosed by Schwann cells.
(2) Myelinated fibres only
12. The nerve cell can be distinguished from
(3) Both myelinated & non-myelinated
other cells of the body by the presence of :
nerve fibre
(1) Neuroplasm (2) Neurolemma
(4) All nerve fibres in CNS
(3) Mitochondria (4) Axon & Dendron
6. Which one of the following types of neurons 13. Which cell in our body may be more than
are most numerous in the body? a feet long ?
(1) Unipolar (2) Multipolar (1) Nerve cell (2) Muscle cell
(3) Bipolar (4) Pseudounipolar (3) Bone cell (4) Gland cell
7. Which cell-organellae absent in neurons? 14. Which cell stop dividing after birth ?
(1) Mitochondria (2) Ribosome (1) Epithelium (2) Neuron
(3) Centriole (4) Nucleus (3) Glial cells (4) Liver

18 Neural Control and Coordination

15. Which statement is true? 22. During recovery, a nerve fibre becomes:
(1) In PNS, only non-myelinated neuron (1) +vely charged on outside and –vely charged
are found. on inside
(2) In CNS, myelinated and non- (2) +vely charged on both outside and inside
myelinated neurons are found. (3) +vely charged on outside and +vely
(3) In PNS, myelinated and non- charged on inside
myelinated neurons are found. (4) –vely charged on both outside and inside
(4) Both (2) and (3)
23. Na+ – K+ pump :
16. Synaptic vesicles are found in : (A) Transports 3Na+ inwards & 2K+
(1) Presynaptic neuron outwards.
(2) Post synaptic neuron (B) Maintain ionic gradients by active
(3) Synaptic cleft transport.
(4) None of these (C) Works against a concentration
gradient.
17. Which of the following is true for How many of above statements are false?
Neurilemma? (1) Four (2) Three (3) Two (4) One
(1) Discontinuous at nodes of Ranvier
(2) Continuous at nodes of Ranvier and 24. During nerve impulse conduction, current
made by Schwann cells flows :
(3) Discontinuous at nodes of Ranvier and
made by Schwann cells
(4) Continuous at nodes of Ranvier and
made by oligodendrocytes
(1) From site A to site B on the inner
18. Nissl's granules are absent in :
surface
(1) Axon (2) Cyton
(2) From site B to site A on the outer
(3) Dendron (4) Schwann cells
surface
19. The axonal membrane is ____ to negatively (3) Anticlockwise manner
charged proteins present in the axoplasm : (4) All of the above
(1) Selectively permeable 25. Which of the following diagram illustrates
(2) Permeable
the distribution of Na+ and K+ ions in a
(3) Semipermeable
section of non-myelinated axon which is at
(4) Impermeable
resting potential?
20. In a myelinated neuron, two adjacent Na+ high Na+high
+ + + + + +
myelin sheaths are separated by gaps – – – – – –
called : (1) K+ high (2) +
K low
– – – – – –
(1) Nodes of Ranvier (2) Synaptic cleft + + + + + +
(3) Synaptic knob (4) Neural plate Na+ low Na+ low
– – –
+ + +
(B) Nerve Impulse Conduction
(3) K+ high (4) K+ low
21. When a neuron is not conducting any impulse – – –
i.e. resting, the axonal membrane is? + + +

(1) Comparatively more permeable to K+ 26. If myelin sheath is continue in myelinated

and nearly impermeable to Na+ nerve fibre than what will happens in
(2) Impermeable to negatively charged neuronal conduction :
proteins present in the axoplasm (1) Velocity is increased
(3) (1) & (2) Both (2) Conduction is slow
(3) Conduction is stopped
(4) More permeable to Na+ ions than K+
(4) No effect
ion

Neural Control and Coordination 19

27. Which statement is false regarding nerve 32. In the resting state of the neural
impulse ? membrane, diffusion due to concentration
(1) After applying a stimulus on polarised gradients, if allowed, would drive :
membrane, that site become freely
(1) K+ and Na+ out of the cell
permeable to Na+ and leads to rapid
(2) Na+ into the cell and K+ outside
out flux of Na+.
(3) Na+ out of the cell and K+ inside
(2) The rise in the stimulus induced
(4) K+ into the cell and Na+ outside
permeability to Na+ is extremely short
lived. 33. Repolarisation of Neuron is occured due to :
(3) After depolarization K+diffuses (1) Influx of Na+ (2) Influx of K+
outside the membrane and restores
(3) Efflux of Na+ (4) Efflux of K+
the resting potential.
(4) Ionic gradients across the resting 34. "Jumping of the action potential" at the
membrane are maintained by the Na+ nodes of Ranvier is known as :
– K+ ATPase pump. (1) Saltatory conduction
(2) Neuro transmission
28. Mark the incorrect option regarding
(3) Recovery phase
neurons of your body ?
(1) Axons transmit impulses away from (4) Active phase
the cell body to a synapse or to neuro- 35. Nerve impulses are initiated by nerve
muscular junction. fibers only when the membrane shall
(2) Only unmyelinated nerve fibres are
become more permeable to :
commonly found in cranial and spinal
(1) Adrenaline (2) Phosphorus
nerves.
(3) Sodium ions (4) Potassium ions
(3) Cell-body contains cytoplasm with
typical cell organelles and certain 36. Given below is the diagram representing
granular bodies called Nissl's granules. conduction of nerve impulse in myelinated
(4) Schwann cells synthesis myelin sheath neuron label the parts, with correct
by wrapping around the axons in option:
myelinated fibres.
29. Chemical transmission of nerve impulses
from one neuron to another at a synapse
is by :
(1) Cholesterol
(2) Acetylcholine
(3) Cholecystokinin (1) A - Axolemma, B - Site of polarisation
(4) ATP C - Wave, D - Axolemma
(2) A - Myelin sheath, B - Site of
30. Saltatory conduction occurs in :
Depolarisation, C - Action potential jumps
(1) Non-myelinated fibers only
from node to node, D - Axoplasm
(2) Myelinated fibers only
(3) A - Axoplasm, B - Repolarisation
(3) Both myelinated and non-myelinated
(4) None of them C - Ionic movement, D - Axon
(4) A - Myelin sheath, B - Hyperpolarisation,
31. The axoplasm inside the axon contains C - Action potential, D - Axoplasm
high concentration of ........ and ...... :
(1) K+ and Na+ 37. The functional connection between two
(2) K+ and Negatively charged proteins neurons is called :
(3) Na+ and Cl– (1) Synapse (2) Synapsis
(4) Both (1) and (3) (3) Chiasma (4) Chiasmata

20 Neural Control and Coordination

38. A short period during which a nerve is 45. Cerebellum is concerned with :
unable to conduct nerve impulse is called : (1) Co-ordination of muscular movement
(1) Synaptic delay (2) Memory
(2) Refractory period (3) vision
(3) Resting potential (4) Reflex action
(4) Critical period
46. Along with hypothalamus Limbic system
39. The main function of acetylcholine is to: regulates the following activities, except:
(1) Increase heart beat (a) Regulation of sexual behaviour
(2) Help in synaptic transmission of nerve (b) Expression of emotions
impulse (c) Olfaction and autonomic responses
(3) Help in conduction of nerve impulse (d) Integration of visual, tactile and
through axon auditory inputs
(4) Control reflex action (e) Regulation of motivation
40. Which of the following is dominant (1) (c) only (2) (d) only
intracellular negatively charged element? (3) (a) and (d) (4) (c) and (e)
(1) Potassium
47. Which part of the human brain controls
(2) Chloride
the breathing movements ?
(3) Cytoplasmic proteins
(1) Medulla oblongata
(4) Sulphate
(2) Cerebellum
41. During nerve impulse transmission (3) Diencephalon
permeability of a membrane is greater for : (4) Cerebrum
(1) Na+ due to opening of Na+ channels. 48. The box like bony structure which encloses
(2) K+ due to closing of Na+ channels. the brain is called :
(3) Equal for both Na+ and K+. (1) Cranium (2) Pericardium
(4) Na+ due to open channels. (3) Peritoneum (4) Periosteum

42. The one way or unidirectional transmission 49. Excitement, Pleasure, Rage, Fear &
of nerve impulsive in our body is Motivation are function of :
maintained by : (1) Amygdala (2) Thalamus
(1) Synapse (3) Hypothalamus (4) Hippocampus
(2) Myelin sheath
50. Which one of the following menix is
(3) Membrane polarity
present only in mammalian brain ?
(4) Interneurons
(1) Duramater (2) Arachnoid
43. Na+/K+ pump in a cell is an example of: (3) Piamater (4) None of them
(1) Osmotic movement 51. Limbic system or limbic lobe is formed by :
(2) Diffusion a. Hippocampus
(3) Passive transport
b. Amygdala
(4) Active transport
c. Hypothalamus
(C) Structure and Function of Brain d. Outer parts of cerebral hemispheres
44. Corpus callosum connects : e. Inner parts of cerebral hemispheres
(1) Two cerebral hemisphere (1) a, b and c
(2) Two optic lobes (2) a, b and d
(3) Two olfactory lobes (3) a, b and e
(4) Optic chiasma (4) a, b, c and e

Neural Control and Coordination 21

52. The function of cerebrospinal fluid 60. Which of the following forms the cerebro-
surroundings CNS is to : spinal fluid ?
(1) Protect the brain from external jerks (1) Choroid plexus
(2) Provide nourishment and O2 to the brain (2) Duramater
(3) Take away unwanted substance from (3) Arachnoid mater
the brain (4) Cerebrum and spinal cord
(4) All of the above
61. Which part of cerebrum convert short
53. Which of the following contains a number term memory into long term memory ?
of centres which control body (1) Limbic lobe
temperature, urge for eating and drinking ? (2) Temporal lobe
(1) Thalamus (3) Prefrontal cortex
(2) Medulla oblongata (4) Hippocampal lobe
(3) Hypothalamus
(4) Cerebrum 62. Hypothalamus does not control :
(1) Libido
54. Small, solid and four optic lobes or (2) Osmoregulation
colliculus called corpora quadrigemina are
(3) Creative thinking and consciousness
found in :
(4) Thermoregulation
(1) Mammals (2) Amphibians
(3) Aves (4) Reptiles 63. Voluntary activities of body are controlled
by :
55. Which of the following is not a part of hind
(1) Medulla (2) Cerebrum
brain?
(3) Crura cerebri (4) Cerebellum
(1) Medulla oblongata
(2) Thalamus 64. Respiratory centre is located in ?
(3) Cerebellum (1) Hypothalamus (2) Thalamus
(4) Pons (3) Cerebrum (4) Medulla

56. Which is correct about pons varolii? 65. Drinking of alcohol affects mostly :
(1) Situated between midbrain & Medulla (1) Cerebrum
Oblongata (2) Cerebellum
(2) Pons contains pneumotaxic centre (3) Medulla oblongata
(3) Inner grey, outer white matter (4) Thalamus
(4) All of the above
66. Most of the involuntary action are
57. The decoding and interpretation of visual controlled by :
information is carried out by which part of (1) Medulla oblongata
the brain ? (2) Cerebrum
(1) Frontal lobe (2) Parietal lobe (3) Cerebellum
(3) Temporal lobe (4) Occipital lobe (4) Thalamus
58. Tree like projections of white matter called 67. When the medulla oblongata (M.O.) is
Arbor vitae is a part of : damaged, then what happen ?
(1) Cerebrum (2) Cerebellum (1) Immediately die
(3) Midbrain (4) Forebrain (2) Die after few hrs
59. Cerebral hemispheres of mammals consist of (3) Live at 1 hrs & after it may die
(1) Outer grey matter and central white matter (4) No effect
(2) Outer white matter and central grey matter 68. Cerebral hemisphere is the centre of all
(3) Gray matter and white matter inter the following except one :
mingled (1) Taste (2) Smell
(4) Gray matter only (3) Balance (4) Thinking

22 Neural Control and Coordination

69. Which part of brain is supposed to be 76. Which of the following pair is mismatched?
damaged if in an accident, a person lost (1) Cerebrum - voluntary activities
control of water balance, hunger and body (2) Cerebellum - body balance
temp. ? (3) Medulla Oblongata - Pneumotaxic centre
(1) Cerebellum (4) Spinal cord - reflex action
(2) Hypothalamus
(3) Medula oblongata (D) Spinal Cord, PNS, and Reflex Action
(4) Corpora quadrigemina 77. Acquired reflex is :
70. Brain of human differs from that of frog in (1) first learned and then causes reflex
having: action
(1) Large olfactory lobe (2) unlearned, inborn reflex
(2) Small hypothalamus (3) controlled by spinal cord and brain
(3) Small cerebellum (4) monosynaptic reflex as only are
(4) Corpus callosum synapse is found
71. Hippocampal lobes are the parts of : 78. The form of animal behaviour in which
(1) Olfactory lobes stimulation of sensory organ result in the
(2) Cerebrum activity of some organ without the
(3) Cerebellum intervention of will is known as-
(4) Medulla Oblongata (1) Slow action
72. Posterior part of hindbrain which is also a (2) Reflex action
part of brain stem and controls all (3) Voluntary response
involuntary activities like cardiovascular (4) Planned response
reflexes, respiration, salivation reflex,
79. Which of the following is responsible for
vomiting and coughing reflex, metabolism
and gastric secretion. This part is : control of reflex actions ?
(1) Pons (1) Motor nerves
(2) Cerebrum (2) Sensory nerves
(3) Medulla oblongata (3) Central nervous system
(4) Cerebellum (4) Sympathetic nervous system

73. The inner parts of cerebral hemispheres 80. Which of the following is not true to reflex
and a group of associated deep structures actions?
like amygdala, hippocampus, etc; form a (1) Spontaneous
complex structure called : (2) Controlled by spinal cord only
(1) Reticular system (3) Automatic
(2) Corpora quadrigemina (4) Involuntary
(3) Limbic lobe/limbic system
(4) Arbor vitae 81. Which one of the following statements is
correct?
74. The cerebrum wraps around a structure (1) Neither hormones control neural activity
called thalamus, which is : nor the neuron control endocrine activity
(1) A major coordinating centre for (2) Endocrine glands regulate neural
sensory signal only
activity, but not vice versa
(2) A major centre for motor signalling
(3) Neurons regulate endocrine activity, but
(3) A major coordinating centre for
not vice versa
sensory and motor signalling
(4) Endocrine glands regulate neural activity,
(4) Not a nervous part of a brain
and nervous system regulates endocrine
75. Association areas in cerebral cortex are: glands.
(1) Sensory areas
(2) Motor areas 82. Which one of the following does not act as
(3) Responsible for intersensory associations, a neurotransmitter?
memory and communication (1) Norepinephrine (2) Cortisone
(4) None of the above is correct (3) Acetylcholine (4) Epinephrine

Neural Control and Coordination 23

83. Given below is a table comparing the 87. During the propagation of a nerve impulse,
effects of sympathetic and the action potential results from the
parasympathetic nervous system for four movement of:
feature (a-d). Which one feature is (1) K+ from intracellular fluid to extracellular
correctly matched? fluid
Para-
Sympathetic (2) Na+ from extracellular fluid to intracellular
sympathetic
Feature nervous fluid
nervous
system
system (3) K+ from extracellular fluid to intracellular
Salivary Stimulates Inhibits fluid
(1)
glands secretion secretion (4) Na+ from intracellular fluid to extracellular
Pupil of the fluid
(2) Dilates Constricts
eye
(3) Heart rate Decreases Increases 88. The nerve centres which control the body
Intestinal
temperature and the urge for eating are
(4) Increases Inhibits contained in:
peristalsis
(1) Cerebellum (2) Thalamus
84. During the transmission of nerve impulse (3) Hypothalamus (4) Pons
through a nerve fiber, the potential on the
89. A person entering an empty room suddenly
inner side of the plasma membrane has
finds a snake right in front on opening the
which type of electric charge?
door. Which one of the following is likely
(1) First positive, then negative and
to happen in his neurohormonal control
continue to be negative
system?
(2) First negative, then positive and
(1) Hypothalamus activates the
continue to be positive
parasympathetic division of brain
(3) First positive, then negative and again
(2) Sympathetic nervous system is
back to positive
activated releasing epinephrin and
(4) First negative, then positive and again
norepinephrine from adrenal cortex
back to negative
(3) Sympathetic nervous system is
85. Which one of the following pairs of activated releasing epinephrin and
structures distinguishes a nerve cell from norepinephrine from adrenal medulla
other types of cell? (4) Neurotransmitters diffuse rapidly
(1) Vacuoles and fibres across the cleft and transmit a nerve
(2) Flagellum and medullary sheath impulse.
(3) Nucleus and mitochondria
(4) Perikaryon and dendrites 90. Na+ – K+ pump is an example of:
(1) Passive transport
86. An action potential in the nerve fibres is (2) Active transport
produced when positive and negative (3) Transportation of ions along a
charges on the outside and the inside of concentration gradient
the axon membrane are reversed, because: (4) Osmosis
(1) More K+ enter the axon as compared
to sodium ions leaving it
(2) More Na+ enter the axon as compared
to K+ leaving it
(3) All K+ leaving the axon
(4) All Na+ enter the axon

24 Neural Control and Coordination

 Exercise - II
1. Identify the correct match from the 5. Identify the correct match from the
column-I, II & III: column I, II & III
Column-I Column-II Column-III
Column-I Column-II Column-III
(1) Dendron a. Myelinogenesis i Transduction
(1) Hypothalamus a. Brain of brain i Base of thalamus
(2) Cell body b. Receptor ii P.N.S. (2) Thalamus b. Part of hind ii Central information
(3) Myelinated c. Grey iii Information brain processing unit
Axon matter co-ordination (3) Cerebrum c. Involuntary iii Balance of body
(4) Schwann d. White iv Fast brain
cell matter conduction (4) Cerebellum d. Co-ordinating iv Wrapped by
centre for cerebrum
(1) 1-b-i, 2-c-iii, 3-d-ii, 4-a-iv
sensory &
(2) 1-b-i, 2-c-iii, 3-d-iv, 4-a-ii motor
(3) 1-a-i, 2-d-iv, 3-c-iii, 4-b-ii signalling
(4) 2-a-i, 1-d-iv, 3-c-ii, 4-b-iii (1) 1-b-i, 2-c-iii, 3-d-ii, 4-a-iv

2. Mark the incorrect statement regarding (2) 1-b-i, 2-c-iii, 3-d-iv, 4-a-ii
Knee jerk reflex?
(3) 1-a-i, 2-d-iv, 3-c-iii, 4-b-ii
(1) Occurs quickly and without involvement
of your conscious effort. (4) 1-c-i, 2-d-iv, 3-a-ii, 4-b-iii

(2) Regulated by spinal cord not by higher

centres of brain 6. Study the diagram of synapse:
(3) Muscle receptor → Afferent neuron →
Spinal cord → Efferent neuron →
Muscle contraction
(4) Interneuron also involved in generation
of motor impulse for the muscles.

3. Pick out the incorrect statement?

(1) Myelinated nerve fibres are found in
spinal and cranial nerve.
(2) Unmyelinated nerve fibre is enclosed I. Which alphabet indicate the location of
by a Schwann cell. the receptor molecules?
(3) In resting stage the axonal membrane
II. Which alphabet points to a synaptic
is comparatively more permeable to
potassium ion and nearly impermeable vesicles
to sodium ions.
III. Which alphabet points to neurotransmitter
(4) Axolemma is more permeable to
negatively charged protein present in IV. Which alphabet points to synaptic cleft
the axoplasm. I II III IV
4. During refractory period: (1) C A B D
(1) Nerve transmits impulse very slowly
(2) Nerve can not transmit impulse (2) B A C D
(3) Nerve transmits impulses very rapidly (3) C A D B
(4) None of the above
(4) C D A B

Neural Control and Coordination 25

7. Which of the following statements is false 11. Five events in the transmission of nerve
about the electrical synapse? impulse across the synapse are given
below:
I. At electrical synapses, the membranes
A. Opening of specific ion channels allows
of pre and post synaptic neurons are in the entry of ions in the post-synaptic
very close proximity. neuron.
II. Electrical current can flow directly B. Neurotransmitter binds to the receptor
on post synaptic membrane
from one neuron into the other across
C. Synaptic vesicle fuses with pre-
the synapses. synaptic membrane, neurotransmitter
III. Transmission of an impulse across releases into synaptic cleft.
electrical synapses is very similar to D. Depolarization of post-synaptic
membrane
impulse conduction along single axon.
E. Arrival of action potential at axon terminal.
IV. Electrical synapses pass electrical In which sequence to the events occur?
signal between cells with the use of (1) E → C → B → A → D
Ach (2) A → B → C → D → E
V. Electrical synapses are fast. (3) A → B → D → C → E
VI. Electrical synapses are rare in our (4) E → D → C → A → B
system. 12. Hypothalamus is situated on the:
(1) I and II (2) Only II (1) Upper lateral surface of diencephalon
(3) Only IV (4) Only V (2) Lower part of diencephalon
(3) Ventral side of optic lobes
8. Which of the following is not correctly (4) Dorsal side of optic lobes
matched?
13. Part of brain concerned with the muscular
(1) Temporal lobe - Olfaction movement is:
(2) Hypothalamus - Pituitary (1) Cerebellum
(2) Thalamus
(3) Cerebellum - Balance
(3) Hippocampus
(4) Medulla oblongata - Sexual desire
(4) Temporal lobe of cerebrum

9. In man the osmotic centres are situated in : 14. Which of the following statements is
incorrect about cortex of cerebrum?
(1) Cerebrum
(1) It consists of grey matter
(2) Hypothalamus
(2) It consists of white matter
(3) Pituitary gland (3) It shows prominent folds
(4) Medulla oblongata (4) It contains motor areas, sensory areas
and association areas.
10. Osmolarity and satiety centres are located
15. Hypothalamus does not control:
in?
(1) Thermoregulation
(1) Hypothalamus (2) Urge for eating and drinking
(2) Cerebrum (3) Produces hormones that regulate the
synthesis and secretion of pituitary
(3) Medulla oblongata
hormone
(4) Pons veroli (4) Creative thinking and consciousness

26 Neural Control and

Coordination
16. Which of the following statements or 21. Read the following statements:
structures is not correct about the (A) Nervous system provides an organised
midbrain? network of point to point connection.
(1) Located between the thalamus (B) The endocrine system provides chemical
/hypothalamus and pons integration through hormone.
(2) Has Arbor vitae (C) The neural organisation is very complex
(3) Has a canal (Cerebral aqueduct) in lower invertebrates.
(4) Its dorsal part consists of 4 lobes (D) Neuron can detect & receive stimuli but
(corpora quadrigemina) can't transmit.
17. Norepinephrine leads to increase in: How many of above statements are false?
(1) Blood pressure (1) Four (2) Three
(2) Secretion of saliva (3) Two (4) One
(3) Peristalsis in intestine
22. Which of the statement is false regarding
(4) Digestive juice secretion
synapse?
18. Different components of reflex arc are
(1) Synapse is formed by 2 membrane first
given below:
presynaptic membrane of synaptic knob &
I. Effector organ second post synaptic membrane of
II. Interneuron dendrite.
III. Motor neuron (2) Synaptic membrane is always
IV. Sensory neuron separated by a gap called synaptic cleft.
V. Sensory receptor (3) Electrical synapse in very similar to
Choose the correct order an action impulse conduction along a single axon.
potential follows after a sensory receptor (4) In chemical synapse, neurotransmitter
is stimulated- is released and either excitatory or
(1) V, IV, III, II, I (2) V, IV, II, III, I inhibitory potential is generated on
(3) V, III, IV, I, II (4) V, II, IV, III, I post synaptic membrane.
19. You are watching a horror movie and you 23. Which of the following statement is
notice your heart is beating fast and correct?
mouth is dry. It is due to activation of:
(A) The electrical potential difference across
(1) Somatic neural system the polarised plasma membrane is called
(2) Autonomic nervous system as action potential in resting stage.
(3) Sympathetic nervous system (B) Na+ ion is responsible for generating an
(4) Parasympathetic system action potential.
20. What is meant by a reflex arc in the (C) The action potential is also called nerve
nervous system? impulse
(1) An inherited behaviour pattern, that (1) A & B (2) B & C
functions through a certain neural (3) C & A (4) All
pathway
24. Which of the following are influenced by
(2) A functional unit consisting of a
limbic system?
receptor, neural pathway and an
(A) Emotional reaction (B) Sexual behaviour
effector
(C) Respiration (D) Olfaction
(3) Peripheral nerves, spinal cords and
(E) Body balance
brain
Choose the correct option:
(4) A homeostatic system of sensory
(1) A, B, C, D, E (2) A, B, D
nerves, synapses and motor nerves
(3) A, B, C, D (4) A, B, D, E

Neural Control and Coordination 27

25. Which of the following statement is not 28. Which part of brain controls intellectual
true for thalamus? ability?
(1) Covered by cerebellum (1) Frontal lobe (2) Parietal lobe
(2) Largest part of diencephalon (3) Temporal lobe (4) Occipital lobe
(3) Relay centre
(4) Major coordination centre for sensory 29. Which of the following part of your brain
and motor signals. generates sensation of cold when you
comes out from your home in winters?
26. Association areas of Cerebral hemisphere is?
(1) Cerebrum
(1) Large regions which are located in
(2) Olfactory lobe
cerebral cortex
(2) Large regions which are made up of (3) Cerebellum
white matter. (4) Medulla oblongata.
(3) Located in inner part of cerebral
hemisphere
(4) Small regions which are located in
cerebral cortex.

27. Adrenaline direct affect on:

(1) S.A. Node
(2) -cells of Langerhans
(3) Dorsal root of spinal cord
(4) Epithelial cells of stomach

28 Neural Control and

Coordination
 Exercise - III
1. Assertion (A): Associative area are 5. Assertion (A): Medulla oblongata causes
neither sensory nor motor. reflex actions like vomiting, Coughing
Reason (R): Associative area is a type of and sneezing.
memory bank where information’s get Reason (R): Medulla has many nerve cells
stored. which control autonomic reflexes.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

2. Assertion (A): Na+–K+ pump always 6. Assertion (A): Number of Neuron’s

remains open/active except depolarization. always remains constant due to lack of
Reason (R): Na+–K+ pump always try to centriole.
maintain. Resting stage or undisturbed Reason (R): Neuron shows axoplasmic
stage. growth in which length of axon or neuron
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is increases.
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
3. Assertion (A): Human’s brain having
highly folded structure in gray matter as 7. Assertion (A): Schwann cells are present
gyri & sulci. around myelinated & unmyelinated axon.
Reason (R): Gyri & sulci are also present Reason (R): Schwann cell has functions of
in cerebellum. myelinogenes in PNS & function as
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is packaging cell in autonomous neural
the correct explanation of the (A) system and somatic neural system.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
4. Assertion (A): Chemical synapse always
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
show unidirectional flow of nerve
impulse act as one way valve. 8. Assertion (A): Cerebellum is large, lobed
Reason (R): Chemical energy in the form and convoluted in active animals.
of neuro transmitter transmits from pre Reason (R): Cerebellum coordinates
synaptic membrane to post synaptic voluntary movements and helps in
membrane. maintenance of posture and equilibrium.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

Neural Control and Coordination 29

9. Assertion (A): Active transport results in 13. Assertion (A): Medulla oblongata is very
solute movement against a concentration important for survival
gradient. Reason (R): Medulla oblongata regulates
Reason (R): Active transport of Na+ and k+
all involuntary activities.
is energized by ATP.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
10. Assertion (A): A neurotransmitter crosses 14. Assertion (A): Cerebral hemisphere is
the synapse and attaches to receptors
second most developed part of the
on the post synaptic cell.
brain.
Reason (R): Depending on the
neurotransmitter, it may excite or inhibit Reason (R): Cerebrum is the largest part
the post synaptic cell. of the body.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
11. Assertion (A): Transmission of a nerve
impulse across a synapse is brought 15. Assertion (A): In humans surface of
about by a neurotransmitter. cerebellum is more thick & folded.
Reason (R): A neurotransmitter is Reason (R): This increases the surface
necessary to transmit a nerve impulse the surface area for intelligency.
across a synapse because there is a (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
small gap, the synaptic cleft, between the correct explanation of the (A)
the two neurons at the synapse.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
16. Assertion (A): Impulse transmission
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
across a chemical synapse is always
12. Assertion (A): Stimulus is interpreted by faster than that across electrical
the brain and not by sense organs. synapse.
Reason (R): Sense organs act as
Reason (R): Electrical synapses are rare
transducers, transforming the stimulus
in our body.
into impulse.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

30 Neural Control and Coordination

17. Assertion (A): Velocity of impulse in 21. Assertion (A): Threshold stimulus is
myelinated nerve fibre is more than non required for propagation of impulse
myelinated nerve fibre Reason (R): Threshold stimulus produce
Reason (R): Myelinated nerve fibre is action potential therefore conduction of
having Schwann cells covering but non impulse occur.
myelinated nerve fibre do not consist
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Schwann cells.
the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
22. Assertion (A): Speed of nerve impulse is
18. Assertion (A): A cerebellum is related faster on medullated nerve fibres, than
with skillful voluntary movement and nonmedullated nerve fibres.
involuntary activity like body balance, Reason (R): In medullated nerve fibres
equilibrium etc. nerve impulses are conducted in a
Reason (R): It is part of hind brain and it
saltatory manner.
is situated behind the pons.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

19. Assertion (A): Withdrawal reflex is 23. Assertion (A): Neuron is the longest cell
controlled by spinal cord. of human body.
Reason (R): Initially cerebrum is involved Reason (R): It contain dendrites and
and require alertness for perform this axon.
reflex. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false

20. Assertion (A): Amygdala body is a part of 24. Assertion (A): Nerve impulse conduction
limbic system. is one way conduction.
Reason (R): It controls the mood Reason (R): Neurotransmitters are only
especially anger and rage. present at axon terminals.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

Neural Control and Coordination 31

25. Assertion (A): In a myelinated nerve 29. Statement I: Myelin sheath is
fibre the impulse jumps from one node discontinuous around the axon.
of Ranvier to the other.
Statement II: Nodes of Ranvier are the
Reason (R): Exchange of ions takes place
only at node of Ranvier. interruptions where axon is uncovered
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is by Myelin sheath.
the correct explanation of the (A) Statement III: Myelin sheath acts as
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
insulator.
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false which of the following are correct for
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false the given statements?
26. Assertion (A): Minimum stimulus (1) Only I is correct
required to open Na+ VGC as the result (2) Only II is correct
of which depolarization occurs, is called
(3) Only II and III are correct
action potential.
Reason (R): Average value of RMP is +70 (4) All are correct.
mV.
30. Which of the following term is not
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) correctly matched with its feature?
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Efferent Neurons - carries signals
not the correct explanation of the (A) from CNS to the effector
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Axon terminal - Possess vesicles
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
containing neurotransmitter
27. Assertion (A): The imbalance in
concentration of Fe+2 Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+ (3) Limbic system - Along with the
and proteins generate action potential. hypothalamus, it is involved in the
Reason (R): To maintain the unequal regulation of sexual behaviour,
distribution of Na+ and K+ the neurons
expression of emotional reactions
use electrical energy.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is and motivation.
the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Association areas - present in Hind
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is brain
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 31. Select the incorrect statement w.r.t.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false types of synapse.
28. Assertion (A): The axonal membrane of (1) Flow of impulse occurs through
the neuron during resting stage is more
neurotransmitters in case of
permeable to sodium ions (Na+) and
nearly impermeable to potassium ions Electrical synapse.
(K+) (2) In case of chemical synapse, impulse
Reason (R): In resting state neurons transmission occurs slower.
does not conduct any impulse, so these
(3) Transmission of impulse occurs
don’t require ATP to remain in a resting
state. electrical synapse is very similar to
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is impulse conduction along a single
the correct explanation of the (A) axon.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) In case of chemical synapse, pre and
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false post neurons are separated by fluid
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false filled synaptic cleft.

32 Neural Control and Coordination

32. Consider the statements as True/ False 35. Match the column I with column II on
(I) The axoplasm contains high the basis of direction nerve impulse
concentration of K+ and negatively
charged proteins. transmission and choose the correct
(II) The axoplasm contains low option
concentrations of Na+
(III) The fluid outside the axon contains
low concentration of K+
(IV) The fluid outside the axon contains
a high concentration of Na+ and
negatively charged proteins
The correct option is
(1) I-True, II -False, III -False, IV -True
(2) I- True, II -True, III -False, IV-False
(3) I-True, II - True, III -True, IV -False
(4) I-False, II-True, III -False, IV-False.
33. Pick out the correct combination
(a) Unipolar neuron (I) In cerebral
cortex
(b) Bipolar neuron (II) In embryonic (1) 1 - d, 2 – a, 3 – b, 4 - c
Stage (2) 1 - a, 2 - c, 3 – b, 4 – d
(c) Multipolar neuron (III) In retina of eye (3) 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – c, 4 – d
(1) a-I, b–I, c-II (2) a-I, b-III, c–II
(3) a–I, b–I, c–II (4) a–II, b–III, c–I (4) 1 – c, 2 – b, 3 – d, 4 – c

34. In the diagram of the lateral view of the 36. Which of following is correct match
human brain, parts are indicated by
(1) Axon – transmits nerve impulse
alphabets. Choose the answer in which
these alphabets have been correctly towards cell body
matched with the part which they (2) Dendrites – project out of cell body
indicate. and contains Nissl’s granules
(3) Unipolar neuron – Cell body with 2
axon
(4) Bipolar neuron – Cell body with 1
axon and 2 or more dendrites

(1) A-Temporallobe 37. Match the column I and Column II

B- Parietal lobe
C- Cerebellum
D- Medulla oblongata
E- Frontal lobe
(2) A-Frontal lobe
B- Temporal lobe
C- Cerebrum
D- Medulla oblongata
E- Occipital lobe
(3) A-Temporal lobe
B- Parietal lobe
C- Cerebrum
D- Medulla oblongata
E- Frontal lobe
(4) A-Frontal lobe (1) 1 - c, 2 – a, 3 – d, 4 - b
B- Temporal lobe (2) 1 - a, 2 - d, 3 – b, 4 – c
C- Cerebellum (3) 1 – c, 2 – d, 3 – b, 4 – a
D- Medulla oblongata
E- Parietal lobe (4) 1 – b, 2 – a, 3 – c, 4 – d

Neural Control and Coordination 33

38. Find the incorrect statement w.r.t neural 41.
system in different organs.
(1) Hydra – Composed of a network of
neurons
(2) Insects – Better organized
(3) Invertebrates – More developed
neural system
(4) Vertebrates – more developed
neural system

(A) Nervous System and Nervous Tissue In the above given flow chart, choose the
option which show’s correct
39.
identification for A, B, C & D in given
below table:

In above given diagram, choose the right

option for A, B, C, D and E in given below
table:

42. The accompanied diagram shows the

structure of neuron. Identify A to E.

40.

B
D

Consider above given figure, and choose

the correct option for A, B, C and D in
given below table :

34 Neural Control and Coordination

43. Read the following statement: (C) Structure and Function of Brain
(A) Peripheral nervous system includes 46. Identify A, B, C and D in given diagram:
somatic nervous system & autonomic
nervous system.
(B) Central nervous system includes
brain & vertebral column.
(C) Afferent nerve fibre transmit
impulse from CNS to organ and vice
versa
How many of above statements is/are
false
(1) A & B (2) B & C (3) C & A (4) All

(B) Nerve Impulse Conduction

(1) A - Forebrain, B - Brainstem, C - Corpus
44. The figure below shows three steps (A,
B, C) of impulse conduction in an axon. callosum, D- Cerebral aqueduct
Identify the following correct option: (2) A - Forebrain, B - Brainstem, C - Cerebral
++++++++ ––––––––
(A) –––––––– (B) ++++++++ aqueduct, D - Corpus callosum
–––––––– ++++++++
++++++++ ––––––––
++++++++ (3) A - Brainstem, B - Forebrain, C - Corpus
(C) ––––––––
–––––––– callosum, D - Cerebral aqueduct
++++++++
(1) C-Repolarisation, opened Na+ VGC, (4) A - Brainstem, B - Forebrain, C - Cerebral
more Na+ influx aqueduct, D - Corpus luteum
(2) A-Polarisation, opened Na+ VGC,
47. Column 'I' list the parts of human brain
more Na+ outflux
and column 'II' lists the functions. Match
(3) B-Depolarisation, opened Na+ VGC,
Generation of action potential the two columns and identify the

(4) C-Hyper polarisation, opened K+ correct choice from those given:

VGC, More K+ influx Column-I Column-II
(A) Cerebrum (i) Controls the
45. Given below is a diagram showing
structures labelled as A, B, C, D, E and F Pituitary
in a chemical synapse: (B) Cerebellum (ii) Controls vision
and hearing
(C) Hypothalamus (iii) Controls the
Rate of heart
Beat
(D) Midbrain (iv) Seat of
Intelligence
Which among the above structures
would not be involved in impulse (v) Maintains body
transmission through an electrical posture
synapse? (1) A=v, B=iv, C=ii, D=i
(1) A
(2) A=iv, B=v, C=ii, D=i
(2) B
(3) Both A and B (3) A=v, B=iv, C=i, D=ii
(4) Both A and B involved (4) A=iv, B=v, C=i, D=ii

Neural Control and Coordination 35

 (D) Spinal Cord, Pns, and Reflex Action 49. The following diagrammatic representation
of reflex action shows knee jerk reflex.
48. Consider the followings:

(a) Occurs involuntarily and without

conscious efforts. In which of the following options all the
(b) At least one afferent and one fine labelled structures (A to E) are
efferent neuron required. correctly identified:
(c) Interneuron is not involved in
generation of motor impulse
(d) Polysynaptic reflex
(e) Regulated by spinal cord.
Which of the above statement are
correct for the reflex action shown in
the figure?
(1) (a) and (b)
(2) (a), (b), (c) and (e)
(3) (a), (b), (d) and (e)
(4) (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e)

36 Neural Control and Coordination

 Exercise – IV (Previous Year Questions)
NEET-UG-2013 6. Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative
1. A diagram showing axon terminal and disease, caused by deterioration of neurons.
synapse is given below. Identify It is due to deficiency of which
correctly at least two of A-D. neurotransmitter?
(1) Acetyl choline (2) Dopamine
(3) GABA (4) Nor epinephrine
NEET-2017
7. Myelin sheath is produced by:
(1) Astrocytes and Schwann Cells
(1) C-Neurotransmitter D-Ca++
(2) Oligodendrocytes and Osteoclasts
(2) A-Receptor, C-Synaptic vesicles
(3) Osteoclasts and Astrocytes
(3) B-Synaptic connection D-K+
(4) A-Neurotransmitter, B-Synaptic cleft (4) Schwann Cells and Oligodendrocytes

AIPMT-2014 8. Receptor sites for neurotransmitters are

present on:
2. How do parasympathetic neural signals (1) Pre-synaptic membrane
affect the working of the heart? (2) Tips of axons
(1) Reduce both heart rate and cardiac (3) Post-synaptic membrane
output (4) Membranes of synaptic vesicles
(2) Heart rate is increased without
affecting the cardiac output NEET-2018
(3) Both heart rate and cardiac output 9. Which of the following structures or
increase regions is incorrectly paired with its
(4) Heart rate decreases but cardiac function?
output increases. (1) Corpus callosum : band of fibres
connecting left and
3. Injury localized to the hypothalamus
would most likely disrupt: right cerebral

(1) Short - term memory hemispheres.

(2) Co-ordination during locomotion. (2) Medulla oblongata : controls respiration
(3) Executive functions, such as and cardiovascular
decision making reflexes.
(4) Regulation of body temperature. (3) Hypothalamus : production of
releasing hormones
AIPMT-2015
and regulation of
4. Which of the following regions of the temperature, hunger
brain is incorrectly paired with its and thirst.
function?
(4) Limbic system : consists of fibre
(1) Cerebellum-language comprehension
tracts that
(2) Corpus callosum-communication between
interconnect
the left and right cerebral cortices
different regions of
(3) Cerebrum-calculation and contemplation
(4) Medulla oblongata-homeostatic control brain; controls
movement.
AIIMS-2015
5. Mid brain has centre for reflex action of: 10. Nissl bodies are mainly composed of:
(1) Visual and tactile (1) Free ribosomes and RER
(2) Visual, tactile, and auditory (2) Proteins and lipids
(3) Auditory and tactile (3) Nucleic acids and SER
(4) Visual and auditory (4) DNA and RNA

Neural Control and Coordination 37

 [NEET-2019] [RE-NEET-2022]
11. Which part of the brain is responsible for 14. Identify the region of human brain which
thermoregulation? has pneumotaxic centre that alters
(1) Corpus callosum respiratory rate by reducing the duration
(2) Medulla oblongata of inspiration.
(3) Cerebrum (1) Medulla (2) Pons
(4) Hypothalamus (3) Thalamus (4) Cerebrum
15. Match List-I with List-II
[NEET-2019 (Odisha)]
List-I List-II
12. Which of the following statements is not
(a) Multipolar (i) Somatic neural
correct?
neuron system
(1) An action potential in an axon does
(b) Bipolar neuron (ii) Cerebral cortex
not move backward because the (c) Myelinated (iii) Retina of Eye
segment behind is in a refractory nerve fibre
phase (d) Unmyelinated (iv) Spinal nerves
(2) Depolarisation of hair cells of nerve fibre
cochlea results in the opening of the Choose the correct answer from the
mechanically gated potassium -ion options given below: -
channels. (1) (a)–(iii), (b)–(i), (c)–(iv), (d)–(ii)
(3) Rods are very sensitive and (2) (a)–(ii), (b)–(iv), (c)–(iii), (d)–(i)
contribute to daylight vision. (3) (a)–(ii), (b)–(iii), (c)–(i), (d)–(iv)
(4) In the knee-jerk reflex, stimulus is (4) (a)–(ii), (b)–(iii), (c)–(iv), (d)–(i)
the stretching of muscle and
[NEET-2023]
response is its contraction.
16. The parts of human brain that helps in
[NEET-2022]
regulation of sexual behaviour, expression
13. Select the incorrect statement regarding
of excitement, pleasure, rage, fear etc
synapses: - are.
(1) The membranes of presynaptic and (1) Limbic system & hypothalamus
postsynaptic neurons are in close (2) Corpora quadrigemina & hippocampus
proximity in an electrical synapse. (3) Brain stem & epithalamus
(2) Electrical current can flow directly (4) Corpus callosum and thalamus
from one neuron into the other from
[NEET-2023] MANIPUR
one neuron into the other across the
17. Brainstem of human brain consists of:
electrical synapses.
(1) Mid-brain, Pons and Medulla
(3) Chemical synapses use
Oblongata
neurotransmitters
(2) Forebrain, Cerebellum and Pons
(4) Impulse transmission across a chemical
(3) Thalamus, Hypothalamus and Corpora
synapse is always faster then that
quadrigemina
across an electrical synapse.
(4) Amygdala, Hippocampus and Corpus
Callosum

38 Neural Control and Coordination

 ANSWER KEY

Neural Control and Coordination

Exercise - I
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 2 4 3 4 1 2 4 1 2 1 4 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 1 4 4 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 3 2 1 2 2 3
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 4 3 1 2 4 4 2 1 1
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 1 4 3 2 4 2 1 1 3 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 2
Que. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Ans. 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 3 3 2

Exercise - II
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 4 4 2 4 1 3 4 2 1 1 2 1 2 4 2 1 2 3 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ans. 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

Exercise – III
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 4 4 2 3 2 3 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 1 1 2 1 1 4 4 3 4 4 1 3 4 4 1 2 1 3 3 1
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Ans. 1 2 2 3 3 1 4 2 2

Exercise – IV (Previous Year Questions)

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Ans. 2 1 4 1 2 2 4 3 4 1 4 3 4 2 4 1 1

Neural Control and Coordination 39