PHYSICS CLASSES 2023-24 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR

Chapter – 13
Nuclei
Q.01 Define nucleus.
Ans. Nucleus is the central part of atom where almost entire mass
and whole positive charge of atom is Concentrated . It consist of
proton and Neutron.
Q.02 Write down the properties of Nucleus.
Ans. (i) Nucleus is the central part of atom where almost entire mass
and whole positive charge concentrated.
(ii) Density of every nucleus is same.
(iii) Inside nucleus a there is strong attractive force between
nucleons which is called strong nuclear force .
(iv) The charge on every nucleus is + Ze, where Z is number of
proton.
Q.03 Define proton.
Ans. Proton is the fundamental particle of every nucleus . The
number of proton inside nucleus gives atomic number.
The mass of proton is ‘ 1.672 × 10−27 Kg ’ charge on proton is “ +
1.6 × 10−19 C”
Q.04 Define Neutron .
Ans. Neutron is the fundamental particle of every nucleus except
hydrogen . It has no charge. Neutron cannot exist in free state .
Mass of Neutron is ‘ 1.674 × 10−27 Kg ’
Q.05 Define Isotope.
Ans. The atom of an element which have same number of proton but
different number of neutron are called Isotope .
1 2 3
Example :- Isotope of Hydrogen are 𝐻, 𝐻, 𝐻.
1 1 1

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Q.06 Define Isobar .
Ans. The atoms of different element which have same mass number
but different atomic number are called Isobar.
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒
Example :- 𝑪, 𝑵 are Isobars.
𝟔 𝟕
Q.07 Define Isotone .
Ans. Those nucleus which have same number of neutron but different
number of proton are called Isotone .
𝟑 𝟒
Example :- 𝑯, 𝑯𝒆 are Isobar.
𝟏 𝟐
Q.08 Define atomic mass unit.
1
Ans. Atomic mass unit is defined as the part of mass of 1 atom of
12

carbon 12 atom. It is denoted by amu or u.

1
1 amu = × (mass of 1 atom of C-12)
12

𝟏 𝒂𝒎𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 𝑲𝒈.

Q.09 What is Einstein mass energy equivalence relation ?
Ans. According to Einstein, Mass & energy are inter convertible. It
means that energy can be converted into mass and mass can be
converted into energy.

𝑬 = 𝒎𝒄𝟐
Here, m is mass and c is speed of light.
Q.10 Calculate the energy released by the conversion of 1 atomic
mass unit .
Ans. Given . M = 1 amu
M = 1.66 × 10−27 Kg
C = 3 × 108 m/s

𝑬 = 𝑴𝑪𝟐
𝑬 = (𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 )(𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 )𝟐

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𝑬 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 𝑱
𝟏𝟒.𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏
𝑬= 𝒆𝒗
𝟏.𝟔 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗

𝑬 = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒆𝒗
𝑬 = 𝟗𝟑𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒆𝒗
𝑬 = 𝟗𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝒆𝑽
Q.11 What is mass defect in nucleus .
Ans. The difference between sum of masses of neutron and proton
forming a nucleus and the rest of nucleus is called mass defect .
The cause of mass defect is binding energy of nucleus.
Mass defect = mass of protons + mass of neutrons – mass of nucleus

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 ∆𝒎 = 𝒁𝒎𝒑 + (𝑨 − 𝒁)𝒎𝒏 − 𝑴𝑵

Q.12 What is binding energy ?

Ans. Binding energy mass be defined as the Energy required to split
the nucleus into nucleons.
𝑩𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 [𝑬𝒃 ] = Mass defect × (𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)2

𝐸𝑏 = [𝑍𝑚𝑝 + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑚𝑛 − 𝑀𝑁 ] 𝐶 2

Q.13 What is Average Binding energy per nucleon ?

Ans. The average energy required to remove a nucleon from the
nucleus is called Average binding energy per nucleon. It is given
by total binding energy divided by mass number.
𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Binding energy per nucleon =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑬𝒃 [𝒁𝒎𝒑 +(𝑨−𝒁)𝒎𝒏 −𝑴𝑵 ]. 𝑪𝟐

=
𝑨 𝑨

Q.14 Calculate the Binding energy per nucleon 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟓𝟔

𝟐𝟔 Fe.

Solve - Given that, 𝑚𝑝 = 1.0078 𝑢

A = 56 𝒎𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟔 𝒖
Z = 26 𝑴𝑵 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟗
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∆𝑚 = 𝑍𝑚𝑝 − (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑚𝑛 − 𝑀𝑁

∆ 𝑚 = [26 × 1.0078 − (56 − 26)1.0086 − 55.9349]

∆ 𝑚 = [26.2028 + 30.2580 − 55.9349]
∆𝑚 = [0.5236]𝑢
𝐸𝑏 = 0.5259 × 931 𝑀𝑒𝑣
𝐸𝑏 = 491 𝑀𝑒𝑣
Binding energy per Nucleon
𝐸𝑏
=
𝐴
491
= 𝑀𝑒𝑉
56

= 𝟖. 𝟕𝟔 𝑴𝒆𝑽
Q.15 Write down the conclusion from Binding energy draw also
curve it –
Ans. The Curve Obtained by plotting the Binding energy per nucleon
as a function of mass number is called binding energy curve. It
tells about the stability of Nucleus .

Conclusion from binding energy curve energy curve –

(i) The Average binding energy per nucleon for most element is
around 8 mev.
(ii) Binding energy per nucleon for 56
26 𝐹𝑒 is maximum (8.8 Mev.)
it means that it is most stable
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(iii) Below mass number 20 these are peaks in curve
corresponding to those nuclei whose mass no. is multiple of 4 .
(iv) The potential energy per nucleon is positive for each nucleon
.
Q.16 What is Nuclear fission?
Ans. It is a process of splitting a heavy Nucleus into two lighter nuclei
of comparable masses with emission of large amount of energy .

𝟑𝟔𝑲𝒓 + 𝟎𝒏 + 200 Mev Energy

𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝟗𝟐𝑼 + 𝟏𝟎𝒏 𝟓𝟔𝑩𝒂 + 𝟖𝟗 𝟑 𝟏

Q.17 What is Nuclear fusion?

Ans. When two light nuclei combine together to form a heavy nuclear
then mass of nuclei formed is less than combining nuclei,
According to Einsteins mass energy relation, the loss in mass
gets converted into energy , this process is called nucleus fusion
𝟏
. 𝟐
𝟏𝑯 + 𝟏𝟎𝑯 𝟑
𝟐𝑯𝒆 + 𝟏𝟎𝒏 + 𝒏 + 3.27 Mev
𝟎
Q.18 Write down necessary condition for nucleus fusion .
Ans. Necessary condition for nuclear fission are as –
(i) There should be very high temperature so that lighter nuclei
can get sufficient amount of Kinetic energy
(ii) There should be very high pressure or density so that
frequency of collision of lighter nuclei Increases .
Q.19 Write down difference between nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion .
Ans.
No. Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion
1. In this process a heavy In this process two nuclei
nucleus splits into two combined together to form a
lighter nuclei . heavy nucleus .

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2. High temp. & pressure is High temp. & pressure is
not necessary . neassary .
3. Energy released is less than Energy released is more than
fusion. fission.
4. The stock of fissionable The fuel required for fussion
material is limited in is available in large.
nature .
5. It produces harmful The product of fission are
radioactive waste. harmless.

Q.20 What is Radio activity ?

Ans. Radio activity is the process due to which a heavy nucleus
disintegrates with the emission of Radiation without external
agent .
Q.21 Is free neutron istable?
Ans. No, free neutron gets decayed into proton electron and anti
neutrino.
𝒏 𝑷 + 𝒆− + 𝑽
Q.22 How 𝒆− is different from 𝜷 − Particle .
Ans. Normally electron comes out from orbit of an atom while 𝛽−
Particle is fast moving electron that’s comes out from nucleus .
Q.23 Why mass of 𝜷 − Particle is greater than mass of electron ?
Ans. 𝛽 − Particles are fast moving 𝑒 − its velocity is very high so by
theory of Relativity its mass increase.
𝒎𝟎
𝑴= 𝟐
√𝟏−𝒗
𝒄 𝟐

Where, m is moving mass , C is velocity of light 𝑚0 is rest mass

of 𝑒 − V is velocity of electron .

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Q.24 Why nuclear fusion is difficult to Carry out .
Ans. For nuclear fusion very high temp. (107 𝐾) is required such temp.
is not possible to generate by any furnace or force .
Thus Nuclear fusion cannot be initiated or carried out easily.
Q.25 Why neutron is used for bombarding for a nucleus.
Ans. Neutron is a neutral particle . It is neither attracted nor repelled
by nucleus so it can easily penetrate the nucleus .
Q.26 Find the number of proton , electron & neutron in Uranium
Solve – given , 235
92𝑈

Proton = 92 , electron = 92
Neutron = A-Z
= 235 – 92
= 143

Nucleus of radius → 𝑅 = 𝑅0 𝐴1/3

Q27 If the ratio of mass no. of two nucleus is 1:8 then find the
ratio of their radius .
1
𝑅1 1 1/3
Ans. 𝑅 = 𝑅0 𝐴 3 = ( )
𝑅2 8

𝑅= 𝑅0 𝐴1 1/3 𝑅1 1
= Ans.
𝑅= 𝑅0 𝐴2 1/3 𝑅2 2

𝑅1 𝐴 1/3
= ( 1)
𝑅2 𝐴2

Q.28 Find the radius of nucleus whose mass no. is 64 .

A = 64
𝑃0 = 1.2 × 10−15 𝑚
1
Ans. 𝑅 = 𝑅0 𝐴 3 R = 1.2 × (64)1/3 × 10−15

R = 1.2 × 4 × 10−5 𝑅 = 4.8 × 10−5 n

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Q.29 The Atomic mass of chlorine having different Isotopes is
35.45 atomic mass unit . one calculate the atomic mass of
another Isotopes while is percent 24.6 %.
𝐴.𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ×𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒+𝐴.𝑀. ×𝑃.𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Ans. Composite =
100
35.98 ×74.4+𝑀. × 24.6
35.45 = 100
3545 = 2712.892 + 𝑀 × 24.6
3545 − 2712.892 = 24.6 𝑀
832.108 = 24.6 𝑀
832.108 10
𝑀= ×
24.6 1000

𝑀 = 33.84
Q.30 What is nuclear force? Write its important characteristics?
Ans. Nuclear force is the strong force of attraction which hold
together neutron and proton in tiny nucleus of atom.
Properties / Characteristics of Nuclear force
(1) Nuclear force is independent of charge.
(2) It is a short range force.
(3) It is a non central force.
(4) It is strongest fundamental force in nature.
(5) When distance becomes less than 0.8 Fermi, nuclear force
becomes repulsive.
Q.31 What is alpha particle ? Write its properties.
Ans. Alpha particle is a positively charged particle that consist of two
protons and two neutrons bound together like helium nucleus.
Properties :-
(1) 𝛼 particle affect photographic plate.
(2) 𝛼 particle gets scatter through gold foil.

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(3) Because of large mass it has very less penetrating power.
Q.32 What is 𝜷 particle ? Write its properties?
Ans. 𝛽 particle is a fast moving electron that is emitted during
radioactive decay.
Properties :-
(1) 𝛽 particle can affect photographic plate.
(2) 𝛽 particle has less penetrating power than gamma rays.
(3) Charge to mass ratio of 𝛽 particle is 1.7 × 1011 𝑐/𝑘𝑔.
Q.33 What are Y – Ray? Write its properties?
Ans. Gamma ray are electromagnetic wave of very high frequency that
are emitted during radioactive decay.
Properties :-
(1) It has highest penetrating power.
(2) It has no charge.
(3) It travels with speed of light.
Q.34 What is radioactivity?
Ans. Radioactivity is the property due to which a heavy nuclease
disintegrates itself with emission of radiation without being force
by external agent.
Q.35 What is radioactive decay law? Derive formula for it.
Ans. According to radioactive law – The rate at which decay occurs in
radioactive sample is directly proportional to number of
radioactive nuclei present that has not decayed yet.
Let No = Total number of radioactive nuclei present at time 𝑡 = 0.
N = Total number of nuclei present at any time ′𝑡 ′ .
According to radioactive decay law
𝑑𝑁
− ∝𝑁
𝑑𝑡

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Negative sign shows that number of radioactive nuclei decreases
with time.
𝑑𝑁
− = 𝜆𝑁 where 𝜆 is called decay constant. (1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑁
= −𝜆𝑑𝑡 (2)
𝑁

When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜 and when 𝑡 = 𝑡, 𝑁 = 𝑁 so Integrating both

side.
𝑁 𝑑𝑁 𝑡
∫𝑁𝑜 = −𝜆 ∫0 𝑑𝑡
𝑁

[𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑁 ]𝑁 𝑁𝑜 = −𝜆[𝑡]𝑡0
𝑁−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑁𝑜
[𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ] = −𝜆𝑡
𝑁
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = −𝜆𝑡
𝑁0
𝑁
= 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
𝑁𝑜

𝑁 = 𝑁𝑜𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 (3)

Hence from above equation it is clear that decay is exponential
process. Initially it is fast later on it is slow Decay constant.
𝑵𝒐
From equation (3), we get 𝑵 =
𝒆𝝀𝒕
1 𝑁𝑜
If 𝑡 = then 𝑁 = = 0.368𝑁𝑜.
𝜆 𝑒

Q.36 Derive expression for average or mean life of radioactive

substance.
Ans. The mean (average) life period of the nuclei can be calculated by
adding the life periods of all the nuclei and then dividing it by
the total number of nuclei present in the beginning. Thus :
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑖
𝜏=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑖

Expression : Let us assume that at 𝑡 = 0, number of radioactive

nuclei is 𝑁0 . At any instant of time 𝑡, the number of radioactive
nuclei remaining is N.
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So, between time 𝑡 and 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡, number of nuclei disintegrated is
𝑑𝑁. Value of 𝑑𝑡 is very small. Let the life of each nuclei be 𝑡.
∴ Total life of 𝑑𝑁 nuclei = 𝑡𝑑𝑁
𝑁0
Total life of 𝑁0 nuclei = ∫0 𝑡𝑑𝑁
1 𝑁0
Average life 𝜏 = ∫0 𝑡𝑑𝑁
𝑁0

But 𝑁= 𝑁 −𝜆𝑡
0𝑒

𝑑𝑁 = −𝜆𝑁 −𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0𝑒

At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑁 = 𝑁0 and at 𝑡 = ∞, 𝑁 = 0
Substituting the value in equation (1), we get
1 0 ∞
𝜏=
𝑁0
∫∞ −𝜆𝑁0𝑒−𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝜆 ∫0 𝑡. 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 ∞ 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
𝜆 [𝑡 ] − 𝜆 ∫0 1. ( ) 𝑑𝑡
−𝜆 0 −𝜆
∞ ∞
[𝑡𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 ]0 + ∫0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞
[∞. 𝑒 −𝜆×∞ − 0 −𝑒 −𝜆×0 ] + ∫0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡
∞
∞ 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 1
0+ ∫0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =[
−𝜆 0
] = − [𝑒 −∞ − 𝑒 0 ]
𝜆
1 1
− [0 − 1] =
𝜆 𝜆
1
Hence, 𝜏=
𝜆

So, the mean life of a radioactive sample is reciprocal of decay

constant.
Q.37 Derive expression for Half-life of radioactive substance.
Ans. The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes half of
a given number of radioactive nuclei to decay.
The S.I. unit of 𝑇 is second (S).
Let us assume that at time 𝒕 = 𝟎, the number of radioactive
nuclei present us 𝑵𝟎 and after time 𝒕, the number of

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radioactive nucleus remaining is 𝑵, then according to law of
radioactive decay,
𝑵= 𝑵 −𝝀𝒕 (1)
𝟎𝒆

Where 𝜆 is decay constant.

If the half-life of radioactive sample is 𝑇, then at 𝑡 = 𝑇
𝑁0
𝑁=
2

Substituting in equation (1), we get

𝑁0
= 𝑁 −𝜆𝑇
2 0𝑒
1
Or 𝑒 −𝜆𝑇 =
2
1
Or 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ) = −𝜆𝑇
2

Or 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2 = 𝜆𝑇
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2
∴ 𝑇=
𝜆
2.303𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2
OR 𝑇=
𝜆
2.303 ×0.3010
OR 𝑇=
𝜆
0.6931
Or 𝑇= (2)
𝜆

Q.38 What is nuclear fission ? Give one example and state the
source of energy released in this process.
Ans. When a heavy nucleus is bombarded by a slow neutron. The
nucleus is split into two light nuclei nearly of the same size
along with emission of a large amount of energy.
235
Example : When a slow neutron strikes the 𝑈 nucleus, it gets
92
235
absorbed in it and the 𝑈 changes into a most unstable
92
236 144
isotope 𝑈. This nucleus splits into the two nuclei 𝐵𝑎 and
92 56

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89
𝐾𝑟 with the release of three neutrons and a tremendous
36
amount of energy.
235 1 236 144 89 1
𝑈+ 𝑛 𝑈 𝐵𝑎 + 𝐾𝑟 + 3 𝑛 + 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
92 0 92 56 36 0
(Uranium) (Neutron) (Unstable nucleus) (Barium) (Krypton) (3 neutrons)
Source of energy released :- In this process the sum of masses
of product nuclei and three emitted neutrons is less than the
sum of mass of parent nucleus and bombarding neutron. This
loss of mass converts into energy according to Einstein’s mass
energy equivalence relation ∆∆𝐸 = (∆𝑚)𝑐 2 , which is the released
energy in this process.
Q.39 What is nuclear fusion? Give one example and state the
source of energy released in this process.
Ans. Nuclear fusion :- When two or more very light nuclei are fused
at high temperature and high pressure to from a single nucleus,
then this process is called nuclear fusion. In this process a huge
amount of energy is released.
Example : When two nuclei of heavy hydrogen i.e., deuterons
are fused, then tritium nucleus is obtained.
2 2 3 1
𝐻 + 𝐻 𝐻 + 𝐻 + 4.0 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1 1 1 1
(Deuteron) (Deuteron) (Tritium) (Proton) (Energy)
The tritium nucleus so formed again fuses with a third deuteron
to form helium nucleus.
3 2 4 1
𝐻 + 𝐻 𝐻𝑒 + 𝑛 + 17.6 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1 1 2 0
(Tritium) (Deuteron) (Helium) (Neutron) (Energy)
Hence, three deuteron nuclei fuse to form a helium nucleus with
a release of 21.6 MeV energy.

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PHYSICS CLASSES 2023-24 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR
Source of energy released :- In this process, the mass of the
product nuclei is less than the sum of masses of the nuclei
which were fused. The lost mass is converted into energy
according to Einstein’s mass – energy equivalence relation ∆𝐸 =
(∆𝑚)𝑐 2 , which is released in this process.
Q.40 What is nuclear fusion ? Why is nuclear fusion possible only
at a very high temperature and very high pressure?
Ans. Nuclear fusion :- In practice, the nuclear fusion in a very
difficult process. Since the nuclei to be fused are positively
charged, they would repel on another strongly. Hence they must
be brought very close together not only by high pressure but also
high kinetic energies for this, a temperature of the order of 108 𝐾
is required on earth, they may be produced by exploding a
nuclear fission bomb.

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PHYSICS CLASSES 2023-24 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR

Q.41 Explain nuclear reactor with diagram.

Ans. The nuclear reactor is a device which produces an enormous
amount of energy by controlled chain reaction. Sample nuclear
reaction used in nuclear reactor.

Principle:
A nuclear reactor works on the principles of generating great
amounts of energy by achieving controlled chain reaction of
Uranium 238𝑈 enriched with 235𝑈 . This is made possible by:
1. Slowing down the fission neutrons to thermal neutrons using a
moderator. Thermal neutrons initiate the fission of 235𝑈 .
2. By using control rods of a material which can absorb neutrons.
This is important to control the rate of reaction and maintain it so
that the value of neutron multiplication factor K remains 1.

Working:
Fuel rods are filled with Uranium. These are placed in aluminum
cylinders. In between the fuel cylinders, the graphite moderator is
place. Control rods made up of Cadmium, Beryllium or Boron are
placed in the holes of the block of graphite.When neutrons
undergo fission, fast neutrons are released. On passing through
the surrounding graphite moderators, these fast neutrons lose
their energy and become thermal neutrons.
235𝑈 captures these thermal neutrons. Coolants such as water
are converted to steam through this heat energy. This steam is

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PHYSICS CLASSES 2023-24 By- ABHISHEK SAHU SIR
then used to rotate a steam turbine which drives a generator to
produce electricity.

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