Loops

Execute Blocks of Code Multiple Times

Svetlin Nakov
Telerik Corporation
www.telerik.com
 Table of Contents
 What is a Loop?
 Loops in C#
 while loops
 do … while loops
 for loops
 foreach loops
 Nested loops
 What Is Loop?
 A loop is a control statement that allows
repeating execution of a block of statements
 May execute a code block fixed number of times
 May execute a code block while given condition
holds
 May execute a code block for each member of a
collection
 Loops that never end are called an infinite
loops
Using while(…) Loop
Repeating a Statement While
Given Condition Holds
 How To Use While Loop?
 The simplest and most frequently used loop

while (condition)
{
statements;
}

 The repeat condition

 Returns a boolean result of true or false

 Also called loop condition
While Loop – How It Works?

false
condition

true

statement
 While Loop – Example
int counter = 0;
while (counter < 10)
{
Console.WriteLine("Number : {0}", counter);
counter++;
}
while(…)
Examples
 Sum 1..N – Example
 Calculate and print the sum of the first N
natural numbers
Console.Write("n = ");
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int number = 1;
int sum = 1;
Console.Write("The sum 1");
while (number < n)
{
number++;
sum += number ;
Console.Write("+{0}", number);
}
Console.WriteLine(" = {0}", sum);
Calculating Sum 1..N
Live Demo
 Prime Number – Example
 Checking whether a number is prime or not

Console.Write("Enter a positive integer number: ");

uint number = uint.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
uint divider = 2;
uint maxDivider = (uint) Math.Sqrt(number);
bool prime = true;
while (prime && (divider <= maxDivider))
{
if (number % divider == 0)
{
prime = false;
}
divider++;
}
Console.WriteLine("Prime? {0}", prime);
Checking Whether a
Number Is Prime
Live Demo
 Using break Operator
 break operator exits the inner-most loop

static void Main()

{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
// Calculate n! = 1 * 2 * ... * n
int result = 1;
while (true)
{
if(n == 1)
break;
result *= n;
n--;
}
Console.WriteLine("n! = " + result);
}
Calculating Factorial
Live Demo
do { … }
while (…)
Loop
 Using Do-While Loop
 Another loop structure is:

do
{
statements;
}
while (condition);

 The block of statements is repeated

 While the boolean loop condition holds

 The loop is executed at least once
 Do-While Statement

statement
true

condition

false
do { … }
while (…)
Examples
 Factorial – Example
 Calculating N factorial

static void Main()

{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
int factorial = 1;

do
{
factorial *= n;
n--;
}
while (n > 0);

Console.WriteLine("n! = " + factorial);

}
 Factorial with BigInteger –
Example
 Calculating N factorial with BigInteger

using System.Numerics; Don't forget to add

static void Main() reference to
{ System.Numerics.dl
int n = 1000;
BigInteger factorial = 1; l.
do
{
factorial *= n;
n--;
}
while (n > 0);
Console.WriteLine("n! = " + factorial);
}
Factorial (do ... while)
Live Demo
 Product[N..M] – Example
 Calculating the product of all numbers in the
interval [n..m]:
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int m = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int number = n;
decimal product = 1;
do
{
product *= number;
number++;
}
while (number <= m);
Console.WriteLine("product[n..m] = " + product);
Product of the Numbers
in the Interval [n..m]
Live Demo
for Loops
 For Loops
 The typical for loop syntax is:

for (initialization; test; update)

{
statements;
}

 Consists of

 Initialization statement
 Boolean test expression
 Update statement
 Loop body block
 The Initialization Expression

for (int number = 0; ...; ...)

{
// Can use number here
}
// Cannot use number here

 Executed once, just before the loop is entered

 Like it is out of the loop, before it

 Usually used to declare a counter variable
 The Test Expression
for (int number = 0; number < 10; ...)
{
// Can use number here
}
// Cannot use number here

 Evaluated before each iteration of the loop

 If true, the loop body is executed

 If false, the loop body is skipped
 Used as a loop condition
 The Update Expression

for (int number = 0; number < 10; number++)

{
// Can use number here
}
// Cannot use number here

 Executed at each iteration after the body of

the loop is finished
 Usually used to update the counter
for Loop
Examples
 Simple for Loop – Example
 A simple for-loop to print the numbers 0…9:

for (int number = 0; number < 10; number++)

{
Console.Write(number + " ");
}

 A simple for-loop to calculate n!:

decimal factorial = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
factorial *= i;
}
 Complex for Loop – Example
 Complex for-loops could have several counter
variables:
for (int i=1, sum=1; i<=128; i=i*2, sum+=i)
{
Console.WriteLine("i={0}, sum={1}", i, sum);
}

 Result:
i=1, sum=1
i=2, sum=3
i=4, sum=7
i=8, sum=15
...
31
For Loops
Live Demo
 N^M – Example
 Calculating n to power m (denoted as n^m):

static void Main()

{
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int m = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
decimal result = 1;
for (int i=0; i<m; i++)
{
result *= n;
}
Console.WriteLine("n^m = " + result);
}
Calculating N^M
Live Demo
 Using continue Operator
 continue operator ends the iteration of the
inner-most loop
 Example: sum all odd numbers in [1, n]
that are not divisors of 7:
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i += 2)
{
if (i % 7 == 0)
{
continue;
}
sum += i;
}
Console.WriteLine("sum = {0}", sum);
Using continue Operator
Live Demo
foreach Loop
Iteration over a Collection
 For Loops
 The typical foreach loop syntax is:

foreach (Type element in collection)

{
statements;
}

 Iterates over all elements of a collection

 The element is the loop variable that takes

sequentially all collection values
 The collection can be list, array or other
group of elements of the same type
 foreach Loop – Example
 Example of foreach loop:

string[] days = new string[] {

"Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday",
"Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday" };
foreach (String day in days)
{
Console.WriteLine(day);
}

 The above loop iterates of the array of days

 The variable day takes all its values

foreach Loop
Live Demo
Nested Loops
Using Loops Inside a Loop
 What Is Nested Loop?
 A composition of loops is called a nested loop

 A loop inside another loop

 Example:

for (initialization; test; update)

{
for (initialization; test; update)
{
statements;
}
…
}
Nested Loops
Examples
 Triangle – Example
 Print the following triangle:

1
1 2
…
1 2 3 ... n
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
for(int row = 1; row <= n; row++)
{
for(int column = 1; column <= row; column++)
{
Console.Write("{0} ", column);
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
Triangle
Live Demo
 Primes[N, M] – Example
 Print all prime numbers in the interval [n, m]:
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int m = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
for (int number = n; number <= m; number++)
{
bool prime = true;
int divider = 2;
int maxDivider = Math.Sqrt(num);
while (divider <= maxDivider)
{
if (number % divider == 0)
{
prime = false;
break;
}
divider++;
}
if (prime)
{
Console.Write("{0} ", number);
}
}
Primes in Range [n, m]
Live Demo
 C# Jump Statements
 Jump statements are:
 break, continue, goto
 How continue woks?
 In while and do-while loops jumps to the
test expression
 In for loops jumps to the update expression
 To exit an inner loop use break
 To exit outer loops use goto with a label
 Avoid using goto! (it is considered harmful)
 C# Jump Statements – Example
int outerCounter = 0;
for (int outer = 0; outer < 10; outer++)
{
for (int inner = 0; inner < 10; inner++)
{
if (inner % 3 == 0)
continue;
if (outer == 7)
break;
Label if (inner + outer > 9)
goto breakOut;
}
outerCounter++;
}
breakOut:
Loops – More Examples
 Nested Loops – Examples
 Print all four digit numbers in format ABCD
such that A+B = C+D (known as happy numbers)

static void Main() Can you improve

{ this algorithm to
for (int a =1 ; a <= 9; a++) use 3 loops only?
for (int b = 0; b <= 9; b++)
for (int c = 0; c <= 9; c++)
for (int d = 0; d <= 9; d++)
if (a + b == c + d)
Console.WriteLine("{0}{1}{2}{3}",
a, b, c, d);
}
Happy Numbers
Live Demo
 Nested Loops – Examples
 Print all combinations from TOTO 6/49

static void Main() Warning:

{ execution of this
int i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6;
for (i1 = 1; i1 <= 44; i1++) code could take
for (i2 = i1 + 1; i2 <= 45; i2++) too long time.
for (i3 = i2 + 1; i3 <= 46; i3++)
for (i4 = i3 + 1; i4 <= 47; i4++)
for (i5 = i4 + 1; i5 <= 48; i5++)
for (i6 = i5 + 1; i6 <= 49; i6++)
Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2} {3} {4} {5}",
i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6);
}
TOTO 6/49
Live Demo
 Summary
 C# supports four types of loops:

 while
 do-while
 for loops
 foreach loops
 Nested loops can be used to implement more
complex logic
 The operators continue, break & goto can
control the loop execution
 Loops

Questions?

http://academy.telerik.com
 Exercises
1. Write a program that prints all the numbers from 1
to N.
2. Write a program that prints all the numbers from 1
to N, that are not divisible by 3 and 7 at the same
time.
3. Write a program that reads from the console a
sequence of N integer numbers and returns the
minimal and maximal of them.
4. Write a program that calculates N!/K! for given N
and K (1<N<K).
5. Write a program that calculates N!*K! / (K-N)! for
given N and K (1<N<K).
 Exercises (2)
1. Write a program that, for a given two integer
numbers N and X, calculates the sum
S = 1 + 1!/X + 2!/X2 + … + N!/XN
2. Write a program that reads a number N and
calculates the sum of the first N members of the
sequence of Fibonacci: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,
55, 89, 144, 233, 377, …
Each member of the Fibonacci sequence (except the
first two) is a sum of the previous two members.
4. Write a program that calculates the greatest
common divisor (GCD) of given two numbers. Use
the Euclidean algorithm (find it in Internet).
 Exercises (3)
1. In the combinatorial mathematics, the Catalan
numbers are calculated by the following formula:

Write a program to calculate the Nth Catalan

number by given N.
5. Write a program that prints all possible cards from a
standard deck of 52 cards (without jokers). The
cards should be printed with their English names.
Use nested for loops and switch-case.
 Exercises (4)
1. Write a program that reads from the console a
positive integer number N (N < 20) and outputs a
matrix like the following:
N = 3 N = 4

1 2 3 1 2 3 4
2 3 4 2 3 4 5
3 4 5 3 4 5 6
4 5 6 7

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 Exercises (5)
1. * Write a program that calculates for given N how
many trailing zeros present at the end of the
number N!. Examples:
N = 10  N! = 3628800  2
N = 20  N! = 2432902008176640000  4
Does your program work for N = 50 000?
Hint: The trailing zeros in N! are equal to the
number of its prime divisors of value 5. Think why!

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 Exercises (6)
1. * Write a program that reads a positive integer
number N (N < 20) from console and outputs in the
console the numbers 1 ... N numbers arranged as a
spiral.
Example for N = 4

1 2 3 4
12 13 14 5
11 16 15 6
10 9 8 7

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