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EXPERIMENT NO.3

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Karthik Nadar
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13 views

EXPERIMENT NO.3

Uploaded by

Karthik Nadar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT No.

AIM: Design Static routing (OSPF) and dynamic routing (RIP) using packet tracer.

THEORY:

Static routing, is the process in which the system network administrator would manually configure
network routers with all the information necessary for successful packet forwarding. The
administrator constructs the routing table in every router by putting in the entries for every network
that could be a destination. Static routes to network destinations are unchangeable.

Manually configuring routes on your router can be both beneficial and disadvantageous. Static
routing has the following benefits:

● No extra processing and added resources as in the case of dynamic routing protocols
● No extra bandwidth requirement caused by the transmission of excessive packets for the
routing table update process
● Extra security by manually admitting or rejecting routing to certain networks

Disadvantages of static routing include the following:

● Network Administrators need to know the complete network topology very well in order
to configure routes correctly
● Topology changes need manual adjustment to all routers something which is very time
consuming

Getting Familiar with Static Routing

To manually insert a static route into the Cisco routers routing table the following command
syntax needs to be followed in global configuration mode:

Let’s take a look at each part of the static route command:

● IP route: Is the standard announcement of the static route command


● Destination network address: Is the IP address of the network to include in the routing
table
● Subnet mask: Is the mask of that network
● Next-hop address: Is the address of the next-hop router that will receive packets from
you and forward them to the destined network
● Output interface: Instead of next hop address you can declare the exit interface on your
router
● Administrative distance: Is used to apply a sort of prioritization (weigh factors) on static
routes, so that different routes to a given destination would follow a certain activation
pattern. The Administrative distance (AD) is just an integer from 0 to 255 where 0 indicates
a first priority route and 255 means that no traffic is allowed to pass through this route. By
default the AD of directly connected interfaces is 0 and for static routes it’s 1
● Permanent: With the permanent word, the router is forced to keep this route in its routing
table even if the interface leading to this network is shutdown. Under normal
circumstances, if this happens, static routes involved are automatically removed from the
routing table

In this experiment first we have designed static routing with 2 routers and then with
3 routers and 2 switches.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a standards-based, distance-vector, interior gateway


protocol (IGP) used by routers to exchange routing information. RIP uses hop count to determine
the best path between two locations. Hop count is the number of routers the packet must go
through till it reaches the destination network. The maximum allowable number of hops a packet
can traverse in an IP network implementing RIP is 15 hops.
It has a maximum allowable hop count of 15 by default, meaning that 16 is deemed unreachable.
RIP works well in small networks, but it's inefficient on large networks with slow WAN links or
on networks with a large number of routers installed.
In a RIP network, each router broadcasts its entire RIP table to its neighboring routers every 30
seconds. When a router receives a neighbor's RIP table, it uses the information provided to
update its own routing table and then sends the updated table to its neighbors.

Static routing:

1) With 2 routers: (connection between PC to router use copper cross over cable and
between routers use serial interface with clock sign)

Configurations of routers and PC’s:


PC0
Gateway: 10.0.0.1
IP Address: 10.0.0.2 Default Mask: 255.0.0.0
PC1
Gateway: 30.0.0.1
IP Address: 30.0.0.2 Default Mask: 255.0.0.0

Router0
Fastethernet0/0 IP Address: 10.0.0.1
Serial0/1/0 IP Address: 20.0.0.1
Clock rate: 64000

Router1
Fastethernet0/0 IP Address: 30.0.0.1
Serial0/1/0 IP Address : 20.0.0.2
Clock rate: 64000

Static routes for router0


Network address (of destination device) : 30.0.0.0
Default Mask : 255.0.0.0
Next Hop (Immediate destination neighbor IP Address): 20.0.0.2

Static routes for router1


Network address (of destination device) : 10.0.0.0
Default Mask : 255.0.0.0
Next Hop (Immediate destination neighbor IP Address): 20.0.0.1

2) With 3 routers and 2 switches: ( use copper straight through cable instead of copper
crossover cable for connection between switch and PC and switch to router)

Configurations of routers and PC’s:


PC0
Gateway: 10.0.0.1
IP Address: 10.0.0.2 Default Mask: 255.0.0.0
PC1
Gateway: 10.0.0.1
IP Address: 10.0.0.3 Default Mask: 255.0.0.0
PC2
Gateway: 50.0.0.1
IP Address: 50.0.0.2 Default Mask: 255.0.0.0

PC3
Gateway: 50.0.0.1
IP Address: 50.0.0.3 Default Mask: 255.0.0.0

Router0
Fastethernet0/0 IP Address: 10.0.0.1
Serial0/1/0 IP Address: 172.16.1.1
Clock rate: 64000

Router1
Serial0/1/0 IP Address : 172.16.1.2
Serial0/1/1 IP Address : 170.16.1.1
Clock rate: 64000

Router3
Fastethernet0/0 IP Address: 50.0.0.1
Serial0/1/0 IP Address: 170.16.1.2
Clock rate: 64000

Static routes for router0


Network address (of destination device) : 50.0.0.0
Default Mask : 255.0.0.0
Next Hop (Immediate destination neighbor IP Address): 172.16.1.2

Static routes for router1


Network address (of destination device) : 50.0.0.0
Default Mask : 255.0.0.0
Next Hop (Immediate destination neighbor IP Address): 170.16.1.2

Network address (of destination device) : 10.0.0.0


Default Mask : 255.0.0.0
Next Hop (Immediate destination neighbor IP Address): 172.16.1.1

Static routes for router3


Network address (of destination device) : 10.0.0.0
Default Mask : 255.0.0.0
Next Hop (Immediate destination neighbor IP Address): 170.16.1.1

Output of static routing with 2 routers:

• Ping Test: Successful bidirectional ping between PC0 (10.0.0.2) and PC1 (30.0.0.2) verifies
connectivity.
• Routing Table Verification: Ensure static routes are configured as specified in both routers.

Output of Static routing with 3 routers and 2 switches:

• Ping Test: Successful bidirectional pings between PCs on different networks:


o PC0 (10.0.0.2) ↔ PC3 (50.0.0.3)
o PC1 (10.0.0.3) ↔ PC2 (50.0.0.2)
• Routing Table Verification: Check all three routers for the configured static routes.

Dynamic routing

1) With 2 routers:

Configurations of routers and PC’s:


PC0
Gateway: 10.0.0.1
IP Address: 10.0.0.2 Default Mask: 255.0.0.0

PC1
Gateway: 176.16.1.1
IP Address: 176.16.1.2 Default Mask: 255.0.0.0

Router0
Fastethernet0/0 IP Address: 10.0.0.1
Serial0/1/0 IP Address: 20.0.0.1
Clock rate: 64000

Router1
Fastethernet0/0 IP Address: 176.16.1.1
Serial0/1/0 IP Address : 20.0.0.2
Clock rate: 64000

RIP routes for router0


Network address (for first link fastethernet0/0):10.0.0.0
Network address (for first link serial0/1/0):20.0.0.0

RIP routes for router0


Network address (for first link fastethernet0/0):20.0.0.0
Network address (for first link serial0/1/0):176.16.0.0

Output: Dynamic Routing Using RIP with 2 Routers

1. Ping Tests:
o From PC0 (10.0.0.2) to PC1 (176.16.1.2).
o From PC1 (176.16.1.2) to PC0 (10.0.0.2).
o Successful replies confirm that RIP is correctly configured and data can traverse both
routers.
2. Routing Table Entries:
o Router0:
▪ RIP-learned route for 176.16.0.0/8 via 20.0.0.2.
o Router1:
▪ RIP-learned route for 10.0.0.0/8 via 20.0.0.1.
3. Simulation Results:
o Use Packet Tracer's simulation mode to visualize the path taken by packets and verify
correct forwarding through Router0 and Router1.

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