Multiple choice questions:

1. Photosynthesis equation:

2. Homologous chromosomes consist of sister chromatids, which

sometimes fail to separate properly, this is known as

A. Autosomes
B. Allosomes
C. Nondisjunction.
D. Telomere

3. They are a type of cell that can be directed to become a

specialized cell.

A. Cell differentiation.
B. Stem cell
C. Nondisjunction
D. Animal cell

4. Chromosomes have protective caps called.

A. Chromatids
B. Telomeres
C. Karyotype
D. Centromere

5. The process by which an unspecialized cell develops into a specialized

cell with a defined structure and function is called.

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 A. Stem cell
B. Cell differentiation
C. Nondisjunction
D. Fertilization

6. Segments of homologous chromosomes exchange during Prophase I in a

process known as

A. Crossing over
B. Cell differentiation
C. Nondisjunction
D. Fertilization

7. The process by which one haploid gamete combines with another.

A. Crossing over
B. Cell differentiation
C. Nondisjunction
D. Fertilization

8. Site for protein and lipid synthesis

A. Ribosomes
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi bodies
D. Nucleus

9. Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins

A. Ribosomes
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi bodies
D. Nucleus

10.The uncontrolled growth and division of cells, which is a failure in the

regulation of the cell cycle.

A. Nondisjunction
B. Telomere

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 C. Cancer
D. Carcinogen

11.The repeating unit of chromatin fibres, consisting of DNA coiled around

histones.

A. Chromosome
B. Chromatin
C. Nucleosomes
D. Chromatids

12.Cells go through a process of programmed cell death called.

A. Apoptosis
B. Telomere
C. Cancer
D. Carcinogen

13.A substance that is known to cause cancer.

A. Apoptosis
B. Telomere
C. Cancer
D. Carcinogen

14.Homologous chromosomes can be arranged in a micrograph called

according to size.

A. Karyotype
B. Apoptosis
C. Telomere
D. Cancer

15.The stacks of Thylakoids are called.

A. Stroma
B. Grana
C. Cristae

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 D. Chloroplast

16.Organisms obtain energy in a process called.

A. Photosynthesis
B. Cellular respiration
C. Cell division
D. Eating

17.Light absorbing-colored molecules are called.

A. Chloroplast
B. Pigment
C. Stroma
D. Grana

18.Which light of the visible spectrum chlorophylls absorbs.

A. Green
B. Violet blue
C. Indigo blue
D. Violet red

19.Which substance produces colors of carrot and sweet potato.

A. Chloroplast
B. Carotenoids
C. Mitochondria
D. Cell

20.ATP is produced in conjunction with electron transport by the process of

A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs cycle
C. Chemiosmosis
D. electron transport chain

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21.Acetyl CoA enters the mitochondrial matrix and combines with the 4C
compound to form.
A. Oxaloacetic acid
B. Citric acid
C. Acetic acid
D. Pyruvate

22.Proteins that help to regulate cell cycle.

A. Chromatin
B. Enzyme
C. Cyclin
D. Kinases

23.Captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy.

A. Chloroplast
B. Mitochondria
C. Nucleus
D. Vacuole

24.The light-independent reactions produce simple sugars that are then

made into complex carbohydrates such as :

A. Glucose
B. Carbohydrates
C. Starch
D. Energy

25.The light-independent reactions change light energy into the molecules

of

A. ATP
B. ATP and NADPH
C. ATP and NADH
D. NADH
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26.In photosynthesis, energy from light reaction to dark reaction is
transferred in the form of

A.Chlorophyll
B.ATP
C.ADP
D.RuBP

27.In photosystem I, the first electron acceptor is

A. Plastocyanin
B. Cytochrome
C. Ferredoxin
D. An iron-sulphur protein

28.In the leaves of C4 plants malic acid formation during carbon dioxide
fixation occurs in the cells of

A. Mesophyll
B. Epidermis
C. Phloem
D. None of these

29.Stroma in the chloroplasts of higher plants contains

A. Light-independent reaction enzymes

B. Ribosomes
C. Chlorophyll
D. Light-dependant reaction enzymes

30.CAM helps the plant in

A. Reproduction
B. Disease resistance
C. Secondary growth
D. Conserving water

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31.The meiotic division takes place

A. Meristematic cells
B. Conductive cells
C. Reproductive cells
D. Vegetative cells

32.Name the event wherein the paternal and maternal chromosomes change
their material with each other in cell division

A. Crossing over
B. Synapsis
C. Dyad forming
D. Bivalent forming

33.The reason for daughter cells to differ from parent cells and also each
other in meiosis is

A. Segregation and crossing over

B. Segregation and independent assortment
C. Segregation, crossing over, and independent assortment
D. Independent assortment and crossing over

34.Which organelle is large in plant cells but small or absent in animal

cells?

A. vacuole
B. chloroplast
C. centriole
D. nucleolus

35.Which organelle is called the "powerhouse of the cell"?

A. Ribosome
B. vesicle
C. Nucleus

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 D. Mitochondria

36.Which organelle is present in a paramecium protozoan but absent in the

cells of a strawberry plant?

A. Microtubule
B. Nucleus
C. Cytoskeleton
D. cilia
Match the following:

1. the relaxed form of DNA Gene Chromatin

2. A segment of DNA on a Chromosomes Gene
chromosome
3. condensed structures of DNA Chromatin Chromosome
4. Klinefelter syndrome 44 + X 44 + XXY
5. Down syndrome 44 + XXY Trisomy 21
6.Turner syndrome Trisomy 21 44 + X
7. Phase 1of photosynthesis Meiosis Light dependent
reactions
8. Phase 2 of photosynthesis Mitosis Light independent
reactions
9. haploid daughter cells Light dependent reactions Meiosis
10.diploid daughter cells Light independent reactions Mitosis

Q-3 Complete the folllowing

Cycle: Glycolysis
Location: Cytoplasm
Main Activity: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
High energy molecules made per glucose molecule: 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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Cycle: Krebs Cycle
Location: Mitochondrial matrix
Main Activity: Breakdown of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide
High energy molecules made per glucose molecule: 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2

Cycle: Electron Transport Chain

Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
Main Activity: Electrons and protons combine with oxygen to form water.
High energy molecules made per glucose molecule: 32 ATP

Cycle: Lactic Acid Fermentation

Location: Cytoplasm
Main Activity: Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid.
High energy molecules made per glucose molecule: Less ATP (2 ATP)

Q4. Answer the following questions:

1. Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction.
o Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent producing genetically
identical offspring (e.g., binary fission, budding).
o Sexual Reproduction: Involves two parents combining genetic
material, leading to genetically diverse offspring (e.g.,
fertilization).
2. Summarize the primary stages of the cell cycle.
o G1 Phase (Gap 1): Cell growth and normal functions; preparation
for DNA synthesis.
o S Phase (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs, resulting in two sets
of chromosomes.
o G2 Phase (Gap 2): Further growth and preparation for mitosis.
o M Phase (Mitosis): Division of the nucleus and cytoplasm into
two daughter cells.

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 3. Identify the role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell.
The nucleus serves as the control center, housing DNA and regulating
gene expression and cell division.
4. Summarize the role of the endoplasmic reticulum.
o Rough ER: Synthesizes and processes proteins.
o Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs.
5. Explain how the structure of DNA determines the structure of
proteins that carry out most of the work of cells.
DNA sequences code for amino acids, which determine the protein's
structure and function.
6. What are two types of chromosomes?
o Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes.
o Sex Chromosomes: Determine the organism's sex (e.g., X and Y).
7. Assess how meiosis contributes to genetic variation, while mitosis
does not.
Meiosis introduces variation through crossing over and independent
assortment, while mitosis produces identical daughter cells.
8. Which are the different types of chromosomal abnormalities?
o Aneuploidy: Abnormal number of chromosomes.
o Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation.
9. Summarize and draw Prophase 1 in meiosis 1.
o Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) and exchange
genetic material (crossing over).
o The nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers form.

5. Fill in the blanks:

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 1. The bacterium E. coli is a type of cell called a prokaryote.
2. Centromeres split during anaphase.
3. The central structure that defines the cell is called the cell membrane.
4. Chromosomes move to the center of the cell during metaphase.
5. Two new nuclei are formed, and a double membrane begins to form
between them during telophase.
6. The segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls the production of
protein is a gene.
7. The cell’s cytoplasm divides and separates into two new identical cells
during the cytokinesis phase of mitosis.
8. The cell grows and duplicates chromosomes during interphase.
9. The process by which one haploid gamete combines with another is
called fertilization.
10.Chromatin coils to form chromosomes during prophase.

5. Label the given diagram of mitochondria and Chloroplast

Mitochondria

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Down’s syndrome in a girl

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Turner’s Syndrome

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