Updated 05/10/2022

The Library & Learning Commons

CITATION @ Laurier: Chicago and You
(Used in History and Economics Classes)

Much of the following is adapted from information provided at OWL @ Purdue

owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

The 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style is the source from which all citation rules come. You
are to use the NB Chicago Method, which includes footnotes for all as well as a Bibliography.

Footnotes
When writing your paper, you will use evidence to support your argument. A footnote provides your
reader with information about where you found that evidence.

Let’s use a quotation about citation. As the Manual says, “the notes and bibliography (NB) system is
preferred by many working in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. In this system,
sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript)
number in the text. Sources are also listed in a separate bibliography.”1 The preceding citation is for a
website with no author. At the end of this document, we’ll list examples for different kinds of sources.

With Microsoft Office, you would use

References and then Insert a Footnote.
Using Google Docs, hold Ctrl-Alt-F to insert
a Footnote, or go to Insert.

The first note for each source includes all information about the source.

If you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively,
the second or third notes use the word “Ibid.” an abbreviated form of the Latin “ibidem,” which means
“in the same place.” When you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding
note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s) if present. 2

After the first full citation, you can use a shortened version for subsequent uses of that source. 3
Footnote #4 is an example of this. You need the Author of the source (if you have it), the title of the
source and page number, if appropriate.4 Remember to look at the examples on Page 3 to 4 for what a
footnote would look like for different sources.

1
“Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide, 17th Edition,” The University of Chicago, last modified 2017,
http://chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html.
2
Ibid.
3
“Web Sources,” OWL @ Purdue, last modified 2017,
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/05/.
4
“Chicago-Style Citation Guide, 17th Edition.”
The Bibliography
At the end of your assignment, a list of all sources cited within your paper is required. This list of
resources is titled “Bibliography”.

Expectations:

• Entries are to be listed in alphabetical order according to the first word in each entry.
• Leave two blank lines between “Bibliography” and your first entry.
• Leave one blank line between remaining entries.
• If you have multiple sources with the same author(s), use 3 dashes --- in place of the name for
subsequent entries.
• Use “and,” not an ampersand, “&,”
for multi-author entries.
o For two to three authors,
write out all names.
o For four to ten authors, write
out all names in the
bibliography but only the
first author’s name plus “et
al.” in notes and
parenthetical citations.
o When a source has no
identifiable author, cite it by
its title, both on the
references page and in
shortened form (up to four
keywords from that title) in
parenthetical citations
throughout the text.
o Do not use access dates
unless publication dates are
unavailable.
o If you cannot ascertain the
publication date of
a printed work, use the
abbreviation “n.d.”5

It is very important to remember that your

Bibliography is a map for your reader. Each entry must correspond to a footnote found within your
essay. If they don’t match, it means it is incredibly difficult to gauge the academic integrity of your
paper. On Page Five of this document, you will see an example of a Bibliography that provides you with
the parameters for each entry. Notice that it is in alpha order not listed by order of appearance.

5
“General Format,” OWL @ Purdue, 2017, Accessed February 2, 2018,
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/.
 Are All Footnotes the Same?
For pretty much every medium, there is a corresponding format of entry. Your responsibility is to use
the most appropriate form of citation when formatting.

Book written by one author.

The scales of justice are “wearing a blindfold to show that the court will hear stories objectively.” 6

Book written by two or three authors.

You could yourself in “university classrooms across Canada”, where “professors are teaching their
students nonsense.”7

Web Page with Known Author and Publication Date

In fact, sometimes we don’t see a heroic ending, like in 2017 when “the Jose Bautista era ended on a
sour note, as the longtime slugger delivered sub-replacement numbers in his final season in Toronto.”8

Web Page with Unknown Author and Unknown Publication Date

Tutorials on the law of demand teach students from an early point in their academic career, that
sometimes Economics is more complicated than we’d like to admit.9

Films
The Wachowskis, while writing the Matrix10, probably didn’t think that this action-packed Sci-Fi film
would be studied so closely in Philosophy classrooms. By the way, if you’ll notice, in the Bibliography;
the word “the” is ignored when determining alphabetical order.

Tweets
Trudeau said that he would be “working with all levels of government to build better communities
for Canadians across the country.”11

Articles obtained from Online Databases

6
Anita Arvast, What Killed Jane Creba: Rap, Race and the Invention of a Gang War, (Toronto: Dundurn,
2016), 121.
7
Darrell Bricker and John Ibbitson, The Big Shift (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2013), 1.
8
Mark Polishuk, “How Teams Have Addressed Their Weakest Positions of 2017,” MLBTradeRumors.com,
last modified December 30, 2017, https://mlbtraderumors.com/2017/12/how-teams-have-addressed-their-
weakest-positions-of-2017.html.
9
“Supply, Demand, and Market Equilibrium. Microeconomics.” Khan Academy. Accessed February 5,
2018. https://khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/supply-demand-
equilibrium/modal/v/law-of-demand.
10
The Matrix, directed by The Wachowski Brothers (1999; Burbank, CA, Warner Bros., 2010), BluRay.
11
Justin Trudeau (@JustinTrudeau), “We’re working with all levels of government to build better
communities for Canadians across the country…,” Twitter, February 1, 2018,
https://twitter.com/JustinTrudeau/status/959220464617861120.
“Once a ball is in play, the pitcher has little control over the outcome. A ground ball that an all-star may
have fielded might get past an average player for a hit.”12

Photograph via Website

Citing an image is a little trickier. If found online, you are responsible for finding out as much
information as you possibly can about that image, such as the photographer, date, etc., which can be
hard to locate. In that case, you’re really looking at using a blank online form13 To be honest, consult
with the guide on Easybib as a handy “How To”.

Encyclopedia Article

If you find something in an encyclopedia that is useful, there is a way to cite it. We do caution though,
that generally you should not use information from encyclopediae in Academic writing. Sources such as
Wikipedia and others are generally useful only when you know very little about a subject. After
undertaking research, better and more in-depth resources should come. As we assume you’re using
online encyclopaediae, the way to site is below.14 You also have to include s.v. in your citation, which
means “sub verbo.” Including the s.v. shows your reader that this entry comes from an encyclopedia.

All the Other Forms of Research

This was not designed to be an exhaustive list of every research source at your disposal. There are points
where you might come across information that you’d like to use for your essay that don’t fall under
these neat and tidy headings. When, not if, that happens to you, consult with the following sources.

OWL @ Purdue
It’s where we go when we’re not sure how to site something. Filled with great detail on Chicago, MLA
and APA, this should be your main destination.

The Laurier Library & Learning Commons Website

This document and other research resources can be found on our website, which is open all day; every
day.

Also, you can always as a Teacher-Librarian for help with citation and your research. Remember that
reviewing citations is a time-intensive activity; so don’t ask for help at the very last minute, unless you
want to be disappointed.

12
Cameron Johnson and Jacob Pomrenke, “Baseball for the Mathematically Curious,” Popular Mechanics
193, no.3: 14 Advanced Placement Source, EBSCOhost (Accessed February 6, 2018).
13
SlideA.jpg, Digital image. Sir Wilfrid Laurier Collegiate Institute Home Page, Accessed February 6, 2018,
http://sirwilfridlaurierci.ca/about/laurier-s-biography.
14
“Josiah Henson,” in The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, last modified January 23, 2008,
https:/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/josiah-henson/.
 Bibliography

Avast, Anita. What Killed Jane Creba: Rap,Race and the Invention of a Gang War. Toronto: Dundurn,
2016.

Bricker, Darrell and John Ibbitson. The Big Shift. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2013.

“Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide, 17th Edition.” The University of Chicago. Last modified 2017.
http://chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html.

“General Format.” OWL @ Purdue. last modified 2017.

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/02/.

Johnson, Cameron and Jacob Pomrenke. 2016. “Baseball for the Mathematically Curious.” Popular
Mechanics 193, no. 3: 14. Advanced Placement Source, EBSCOhost (accessed February 6, 2018).

“Josiah Henson.” In The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Last modified January 23, 2008,
https:/thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/josiah-henson/.

The Matrix. BluRay. Directed by The Wachowski Brothers. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros., 1999.

Polishuk, Mark. “How Teams Have Addressed Their Weakest Positions of 2017.” MLBTradeRumors.com.
Last modified December 30, 2017. https://mlbtraderumors.com/2017/12/how-teams-have-
addressed-their-weakest-positions-of-2017.html.

SlideA.jpg. Digital image. Sir Wilfrid Laurier Collegiate Institute Home Page. Accessed February 6, 2018.
http://sirwilfridlaurierci.ca/about/laurier-s-biography.

“Supply, Demand, and Market Equilibrium. Microeconomics.” Khan Academy. Accessed February 5,
2018. https://khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/supply-demand-
equilibrium/modal/v/law-of-demand.

Trudeau, Justin (@JustinTrudeau). “We’re working with all levels of government to build better
communities for Canadians across the country…,” Twitter, February 1, 2018.
https://twitter.com/JustinTrudeau/status/959220464617861120.

“Web Sources.” OWL @ Purdue. last modified 2017,

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/05/.