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Fluid Mechanics II

Lecture #2
Dr. Mahmoud Nady Abdelmoez
Mechanical Engineering Department
Course outline
• Ch #1 (Steady Incompressible Flows in Piping Systems )

• Ch #2 (Boundary Layer Theory)

• Ch #3 (Unsteady Flow in Conduits)

• Ch #4 (An Introduction to Hydrodynamics)

• Ch #5 (Flow About Submerged Bodies)


Course outline
• Ch #1
(Steady Incompressible Flows in Piping Sy
stems)
• Euler’s Equation of Motion
• Bernoulli’s Equation for Incompressible Fluids
• Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines
• Velocity Distribution and Its Significance
• laminar and Turbulent flows
• Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Circular Pipes
• Turbulent Flow – Smooth and Rough Pipes
• Conduits With Noncircular Cross Section
• Minor Losses
• Pipeline Problems – Single Pipes
• Incompressible Flow Through Multiple Pipes
Euler’s Equation of Motion
 Fs = m.as

𝑑𝑝 𝑉𝑑𝑉
+ + 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑑ℎ𝐿 = 0
𝛾 𝑔
Bernoulli’s Equation for Incompressible
Fluids

𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝐿
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
Velocity Distribution and Its Significance

𝜌 𝐴 3
• Total kinetic energy (J/s) = ‫𝐴𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬
2

• It is also usefully expressed in terms of mean


velocity V and total flowrate Q, using the
same form of the equation
• Total kinetic energy (J/s) = αQ γ V2/2g = γQ
(α V2/2g )
𝐴
1 ‫ 𝑣 ׬‬3 𝑑𝐴
𝛼= 2 𝐴
𝑉 ‫𝐴𝑑𝑣 ׬‬
Head Losses in Long, straight, and cylindrical
pipes
• Head loss varied (approximately) directly with velocity head
and pipe length, and inversely with pipe diameter.

• Darcy, Weisbach, and others proposed equations of the form;

• Friction factor, f , depended primarily on pipe roughness but


also on velocity and pipe diameter, more recently it was
observed that the friction factor depended on the viscosity of
the fluid flowing.
Head Losses in Long, straight, and cylindrical
pipes
• Darcy-Weisbach equation, is still the basic equation
for head loss caused by established pipe friction in
long, straight, uniform pipes.

• A basic relation between frictional stress, τo, and


friction factor, f ; this is
Laminar and turbulent flow
• Laminar flow, fluid moves in layers, or
laminas, one layer gliding smoothly over
an adjacent layer with only a molecular
interchange of momentum.

• Turbulent flow, however , has very erratic


motion of fluid particles, with a violent
transverse interchange of momentum.

• The characteristics of these regimes were


first demonstrated by Reynolds.
Laminar and turbulent flow
• Reynolds was able to generalize his
conclusions from his dye stream
experiments by the introduction of a
dimensionless term Re, called the
Reynolds number, which is defined by

Re = (ρ V d/μ) = V d/ν

• Flow will be laminar if Re < 2100 and


turbulent if Re > 4000.

• Critical Reynolds number is very much a


function of boundary geometry.
Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Circular
Pipes

• The transition length for the characteristic parabolic velocity distribution to


develop is a function of the Reynolds number. Langhaar developed the
theoretical formula
L 
= 0.058 Re
D
Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Circular
Pipes

• Calculate the entrance length before established flow in a pipe. The pipe
diameter is 5 cm, flow velocity is 1 m/s, water is flowing.
L
= 0.058 Re
D
Friction factor for laminar flow
• Since the velocity profile does
not change in the x-direction
(there is no acceleration of the
mass element), the summation of
forces on the free body must
equal zero.

2𝜋𝑟𝛿𝑥𝜏 = 0

• The shear stress is zero at the tube axis and


increases linearly with r to its maximum
value o at the wall of the tube
Friction factor for laminar flow

By integrating with respect to r


Friction factor for laminar flow
• The velocity of a real fluid is always
zero at a fixed boundary, hence u = 0
for r = ro . Then

• substitute we obtain

• The maximum velocity umax occurs at the axis and is


1 𝑑𝑝
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 =−
4𝜇 𝑑𝑥
Friction factor for laminar flow
• We will approach development of a head
loss equation by finding the flowrate Q
by integrating the velocity profile

• The average velocity, V, is given by


Friction factor for laminar flow

𝐿 𝑉2
𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔

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