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Fluid Mechanics II

Lecture #5
Dr. Mahmoud Nady Abdelmoez
Mechanical Engineering Department
Course outline
• Ch #1 (Steady Incompressible Flows in Piping Systems )

• Ch #2 (Boundary Layer Theory)

• Ch #3 (Unsteady Flow in Conduits)

• Ch #4 (An Introduction to Hydrodynamics)

• Ch #5 (Flow About Submerged Bodies)


Course outline
• Ch #1
(Steady Incompressible Flows in Piping Sy
stems)
• Euler’s Equation of Motion
• Bernoulli’s Equation for Incompressible Fluids
• Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines
• Velocity Distribution and Its Significance
• laminar and Turbulent flows
• Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Circular Pipes
• Turbulent Flow – Smooth and Rough Pipes
• Conduits With Noncircular Cross Section
• Minor Losses
• Pipeline Problems – Single Pipes
• Incompressible Flow Through Multiple Pipes
Incompressible Flow Through Multiple
Pipes - Pipes in series

Energy equation:

Continuity equation: V1D12 = V2 D22


Pipes in Parallel
• The conditions to be satisfied are

Q = Q1 +Q2 +Q3

• Two types of problems occur:


(i) with elevation of hydraulic grade line at A
and B known, to find the discharge Q ;
(ii) with Q known, to find the distribution of
flow and the head loss.
Pipes in Parallel
(i) with elevation of hydraulic grade line at A
and B known, to find the discharge Q ;
This type is the solution of simple pipe problems for
discharge, since the head loss is the drop in hydraulic
grade line. These discharges are added to determine the
total discharge.

(ii) with Q known, to find the distribution of


flow and the head loss.
This type of problem is more complex, as neither the head
loss nor the discharge for any pipes is known.
Pipes in Parallel
(ii) with Q known, to find the distribution of
flow and the head loss.
1-Assume a discharge, ,through pipe 1

2-Solve for using the assumed discharge

3-Using ,find ,

4-With the three discharges for a common head


loss, now assume that the given Q is split up
among the pipes in the same proportion as
Pipes in Parallel

Illustrative Problem

L1 = 900 m, D1 = 300 mm, ε1 = 0.3 mm, L2 = 600


m, D2 = 200 mm, ε2 = 0.03 mm, L3 = 1200 m, D3
= 400 mm, ε 3 = 0.24 mm,  = 1028 kg/m3, ν = 2.8
x 10-6 m2/s, PA = 560 kPa, ZA = 30 m, ZB = 24m.
For a total flow of 340 L/s, determine flow
through each pipe and the pressure at B.
Pipes in Parallel
Pipes in Parallel
Pipes in Parallel
Pipes in Parallel
Pipes in Parallel
Pipes in Parallel

To find pressure at B
Branching pipes

The continuity and energy equations require that:


Branching pipes – case #1
𝒁𝑨 = √

𝒁𝑩 = √
𝑸𝟐 =?

𝑸𝟏 = √
*Pipe characteristics are known 𝒁𝑪 =?
𝑸𝟑 =?

• Apply the energy equation between reservoir A and junction, get Ejunction
• Apply the energy equation between the junction and reservoir B, get head loss in
pipe 2 then flow rate Q2.
• Apply continuity equation at the junction, get flow rate Q3.
• Apply the energy equation between the junction and reservoir 3, get elevation Z3.
Branching pipes - case # 2
𝒁𝑨 = √

𝒁𝑩 =?
𝑸𝟐 = √

𝑸𝟏 =?
*Pipe characteristics are known 𝒁𝑪 = √
𝑸𝟑 =?

The quantities Q1 - Q3 and h1 + h3 are then known.


Branching pipes - case # 2
𝒁𝑨 = √

𝒁𝑩 =?
𝑸𝟐 = √

𝑸𝟏 =?
*Pipe characteristics are known 𝒁𝑪 = √
𝑸𝟑 =?

(a) By assuming successive distributions of the flows Q1 and Q3 satisfying the


first relation, until a distribution is found which also satisfies the head loss
relation.
Branching pipes - case # 2
𝒁𝑨 = √

𝒁𝑩 =?
𝑸𝟐 = √

𝑸𝟏 =?
*Pipe characteristics are known 𝒁𝑪 = √
𝑸𝟑 =?

(b) by assuming successive elevations of the piezometer level P, which is to say,


distributions of h1 and h3 satisfying the second relation above, until a level is
found which also satisfies the discharge relation.
Branching pipes - case # 3
𝒁𝑨 = √

𝒁𝑩 = √
𝑸𝟐 =?

𝑸𝟏 =?
*Pipe characteristics are known 𝒁𝑪 = √
𝑸𝟑 =?

• Assuming no flow in pipe 2; that is the piezometer level P is assumed at the


elevation of the surface of B.
• The head losses h1 and h3 then determine the flows Q1 and Q3.
Branching pipes - case # 3
𝒁𝑨 = √

𝒁𝑩 = √
𝑸𝟐 =?

𝑸𝟏 =?
*Pipe characteristics are known 𝒁𝑪 = √
𝑸𝟑 =?

• Depending on whether Q1 > Q3 or Q1 < Q3 , the condition of continuity is determined as


Q1 = Q2 + Q3 or Q1 + Q2 = Q3 .
• The piezometer level is moved up or down by trial until the resulting flow distribution
satisfies the continuity relation.
Branching pipes - case # 3

• In reaching the final adjusted level it is helpful to make a small plot for the case where Q1
= Q2 + Q3 .
• Two or three points, with one fairly close to the axis, determine a curve which intersects
the vertical axis at the equilibrium level of P, that is, for the condition Q1 –(Q2+Q3)= 0.
Branching pipes - case # 3
𝒁𝑨 = √

𝒁𝑩 = √
𝑸𝟐 =?

𝑸𝟏 =?
*Pipe characteristics are known 𝒁𝑪 = √
𝑸𝟑 =?

Find the discharges for water at 20C with the following pipe data and reservoir
elevations: L1 = 3000 m, D1 = 1 m, ε1 /D1 = 0.0002; L2 = 600 m, D2 = 0.45 m, ε2 /D2 =
0.002; L3 = 1000 m, D3 = 0.6 m, ε3 /D3 = 0.001 ; z1 = 30 m, z2 = 18 m, z3 = 9 m.
Branching pipes - case # 3
Find the discharges for water at 20C with the following pipe data and reservoir
elevations: L1 = 3000 m, D1 = 1 m, ε1 /D1 = 0.0002; L2 = 600 m, D2 = 0.45 m, ε2 /D2 =
0.002; L3 = 1000 m, D3 = 0.6 m, ε3 /D3 = 0.001 ; z1 = 30 m, z2 = 18 m, z3 = 9 m.
Branching pipes - case # 3
Find the discharges for water at 20C with the following pipe data and reservoir
elevations: L1 = 3000 m, D1 = 1 m, ε1 /D1 = 0.0002; L2 = 600 m, D2 = 0.45 m, ε2 /D2 =
0.002; L3 = 1000 m, D3 = 0.6 m, ε3 /D3 = 0.001 ; z1 = 30 m, z2 = 18 m, z3 = 9 m.
Branching pipes - case # 3
Find the discharges for water at 20C with the following pipe data and reservoir
elevations: L1 = 3000 m, D1 = 1 m, ε1 /D1 = 0.0002; L2 = 600 m, D2 = 0.45 m, ε2 /D2 =
0.002; L3 = 1000 m, D3 = 0.6 m, ε3 /D3 = 0.001 ; z1 = 30 m, z2 = 18 m, z3 = 9 m.

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