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Notes_Magnetism

CBSE Class 10 Notes - Magnetism

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17 views

Notes_Magnetism

CBSE Class 10 Notes - Magnetism

Uploaded by

vini717
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Magnetic field
The region surrounding a magnet, in which the force of the magnet can be detected, is said to
have a magnetic field.

Notes:-
a) Magnetic field is a quantity that has both direction and magnitude.
b) The direction of the magnetic field at a point is taken to be the direction indicated by
the north pole of the compass needle placed at that point.

Magnetic Field line


A field line is the path along which a hypothetical, free North Pole would tend to move, in a
magnetic field.

Properties of magnetic field lines


 The magnetic field lines are closed curves.
 The direction of field lines is from North Pole to South Pole outside a magnet and from
South Pole to North Pole inside the magnet.
 The relative strength of the magnetic field is shown by the degree of closeness of the
field lines.
 No two field-lines are found to cross each other. If they did, at the point of intersection,
the magnetic field would have two directions, which is not possible.

Magnetic field around a current carrying straight conductor


Magnetic field around a current carrying straight conductor is represented by a set of
concentric circles around the conductor.

Magnetic field strength near the conductor is directly proportional to the current through the
conductor, and inversely proportional to the perpendicular distance from the conductor.

The direction of magnetic field is given by the Right Hand Thumb rule.

Right Hand Thumb rule


This rule is used to find the direction of magnetic field around a current carrying conductor. If
you hold the current carrying conductor in your right hand in such a way that your thumb is
stretched in the direction of current, the fingers encircling the conductor will give you the
direction of magnetic field.

Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Circular Loop


Magnetic field at the center of a current carrying circular loop appears as straight lines.
Magnetic field strength at the center of a current carrying circular loop is directly proportional
to the current through the conductor, and inversely proportional to the radius of the loop.
Solenoid
A coil of many circular turns of insulated conducting wire wrapped closely in the shape of a
cylinder is called a solenoid.

Notes:-
The field line pattern of a solenoid is similar to that of a bar magnet.

The field lines inside the solenoid are in the form of parallel straight lines. This indicates that
the magnetic field is uniform inside the solenoid.

Magnetic field strength inside a solenoid is directly proportional to the current through the
conductor and directly proportional to the number of turns per length.

Electromagnet
It is a device which creates a magnetic field, only when an electric current flows through it. It
mainly consists of a solenoid and a core made of a magnetic material like soft iron.

Fleming’s Left Hand rule


This rule is used to find the direction of force experienced by a current carrying conductor
placed in a magnetic field. If you hold your fore finger, middle finger and thumb in mutually
perpendicular directions, in such a way that forefinger shows the direction of magnetic field
and middle finger shows the direction of current, then the thumb will show the direction of
force.

Electric motor
An electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. The
principle behind the electric motor is that a force is experienced by a current carrying
conductor placed in a magnetic field.

Notes:
a) Function of brushes in a motor is to carry electric current from stationary part to moving
part of a motor. The maintain electric contact while permitting relative motion.
b) Commutator is a device that changes the direction of electric current periodically. In a
DC motor, split rings act as commutator, and changes the direction of current every half
cycle, and ensures continuous rotation in one direction.
c) The commercial motors use
(i) an electromagnet in place of permanent magnet
(ii) large number of turns of the conducting wire in the current carrying coil
(iii) a soft iron core on which the coil is wound.
(d) The soft iron core, on which the coil is wound, plus the coils, is called an armature. This
enhances the power of the motor.
Electromagnetic induction
The phenomenon by which, a current is produced in a coil placed in a region where the
magnetic field changes with time, is called electromagnetic induction.

Induced current
The current produced in a conductor due to electromagnetic induction is called induced current.

Fleming’s Right Hand rule


This rule is used to find the direction of current induced in a conductor moving in a magnetic
field. If you hold your fore finger, middle finger and thumb in mutually perpendicular directions,
in such a way that forefinger shows the direction of magnetic field and thumb shows the
direction of motion of the conductor, then the middle finger will show the direction of current.

Electric generator
It is a device used to convert mechanical energy into electric energy. It is based on the principle
of electromagnetic induction.

Earth Wire
Earth wire is a safety measure often used in electrical devices having metallic bodies. It
connects the metallic body of the device to a conducting metal rod or plate driven into earth,
nearby the building. This ensures that the metallic body of the device is always at ground (zero)
potential.

In case of an accidental leakage of potential to the metallic body, a heavy current will flow
through the earth wire, and the fuse melts off. Thus the device is disconnected from the power
line, and the user is saved from getting an electric shock.

Short circuit
When the live wire and neutral wire of a power line comes into a direct electrical contact, the
current in the line abruptly increases. This is known as short-circuiting.

Overloading
The situation in which an unduly high electric current flows through a circuit is known as
overloading.

Various reasons for overloading include,

a) Short-circuiting
b) Accidental hike in source voltage
c) Connecting too many appliances to a single socket.
d) A faulty device.

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