Syllabus

PRACTICE WORK

1 PRACTICE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE:

Name of the Equipment Equipment/Glassware to be used
1 Demonstration and Calibration of Air Personal Sampler.
Sampling Equipment. High x Volume Sampler.
Instantaneous Gas Detector. Midget
Impinger Tubes. Rotameter. Wet Gas
Brow Meter.
Spectrophotometer. Automatic
absorption spectrophotometer.
Gas Liquid Chromatograph.
Phase Contrast Microscope.
2 Sampling and Estimation of Gases in
Work Environment by Calorimetry:
A Oxides of Nitrogen Personal Sampler. All Glass Bubbler.
Rotameter.
Spectrophotometer.
Gas Detection tubes. Demonstration.
B Sulphur Dioxide -do-
C Ammonia -do-
D Chlorine -do-
3 Sampling and estimation of Solvent Low flow Personal Sampler.
vapors in work environment. Rotameter.
Benzene sampling by activated Activated Charcoal Tubes.
Charcoal & Analysis by Gas Liquid Gas Liquid Chromatograph Aspirator
Chromatograph. CS2 Sampling by Bottle.
Asphiratory Bottle Analysis by All Glass Impinger Tubes.
Colorimetric Method.
4 Sampling and estimating of Dust by Personal Sampler. All Glass Impinger
Gravimetric Method. tubes. Rotameter. Mercury Analyzer.
5 Sampling and estimating of Dust by Personal Sampler. Rotameter Bottle
Gravimetric Method. Holders. Electronic Balance.
6 Personal Protective Equipment. Respiratory and Non-Respiratory.
Demonstration of testing facilities.
2 PRACTICE WORK FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEATLH:
2.1 Lung Function Test on Medspirator.
2.2 Ear Testing on Audiometer & Demonstration of various models on Audiometer.
Bakery Audiometer, BA03, Arphi.
2.3 Study of Notifiable Diseases by use of models.
2.4 Study of various models of lungs (Sections of lungs).
2.5 Demonstration of medical laboratory equipment such as tetamus vision tester,
blood analyzer, electrocardiography etc.
2.6 Explanation on the charts of Industrial Noise, Notifiable diseases, Physical Health
Hazards, Chemical Health Hazards, Industrial Dermatitis, Prevention and Control.

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 2.7 Explanation of various notifiable occupational diseases with photographic models.
2.8 Explanation on the charts of control of noise in industry, noise levels in some
industries and permissible level of exposure to noise in industry.

3 PRACTICE WORK FOR PHYSIOLOGY:

1. Evaluation of Environmental Stress Thermal Kit Containing.
(Heat) i). Sling Psychrometer.
ii). Kata Thermometer (of different
range).
iii). Globe Thermometr (OC to OC).
iv). Stop-watch.
v). Air Velo-Charts, Psychometric Chart.
vi). ET / CET Chart
2. Physical Fitness Test (PFT Test) i). Step Test Stool (HT 46 CM).
ii). Metronome.
iii). Stop Watches-2 Nos.
3. Respiratory Physiology for evaluation i). Spirometer, Peak Flow Meter.
of Pulmonary Function Impairment.
(PFI)
4. Anthropometry – Practical i). Anthropometer.
Measurements of a few body ii). Calipers.
dimensions, its treatment & iii). Skin Fold Caliper.
application. iv). Weighing Machine.

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 Section :1

PRACTICE WORK FOR INDUSTRIAL

HYGIENE

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 Demonstration and Calibration of Air Sampling Equipment.

1. Personal Sampler.

• Goal of Personal Sampling: Collect an air sample representative of a worker’s Breathing

Zone
• Conducted over the entire work shift
• Collects air around the worker’s face Doesn’t get in the way of doing the job
• Provides a reliable flow rate & volume
• Personal Air Sampling Pumps
• Personal Pump High Flow
• Flow rates from 1 to 5 LPM
• Examples: Lead, Asbestos, Dust
• Accessories: Filters, Cyclones, Impingers
• Personal Pump Low Flow
• Flow Rates from 20 to 300cc/min
• Examples: Hydrocarbon Solvents (Benzene) Chlorinated Solvents (Methylene Chloride) &
Alcohols
• Accessories: Sorbent Tubes (Charcoal Tubes)

2. High Volume Sampler.

Air sample of SPM (suspended particulate matter) is collected on the filter using by High Volume Air
Sampler. The sampling rate is usually 1m3/min. The sampler is shown on the right. The PUFP (poly
urethane form plug) is attached in the backward of the filter to collect semi-volatile compounds
such as complexes of PCBs and Dioxins. These compounds contains the various congener and
isomers, and show the wide range of physical properties (for example vapor pressure).The sample is
extracted by apparatus. The extract is cleaned up with sulfuric acid treatment, column cleanup etc.
and then concentrated to less than 1.0ml for the determination using by HR(High Resolution)/HR
(High Resolution) GC/MS.

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 3. Instantaneous Gas Detector. Midget Impinger Tubes. Rotameter. Wet Gas Brow Meter.

Mechanically strong even at high temperatures

Temperature resistant up to 500 F (260 C)

• Also suitable for cryogenic applications

Chemically resistant to all common solvents

Ultra-low levels of metallic and organic

extractables Steralizable
• Autoclave, e-beam, ethylene oxide, or
gamma radiation Low gas permeability
Large 60-ml capacity
Impinger in a single holder :
Sample Pump
Unbreakable impingers are an ideal alternative to glass impingers. PFA impingers are not only safe to
use, but are inert to virtually all chemicals and perform well in high-temperature and cryogenic
applications. SKC offers Savillex PFA impingers with two different port configurations to meet your
applications. The transfer caps and ferrule nuts provide a leak-tight seal.

Savillex PFA Impinger with Savillex PFA Impinger with

Vertical and Side Ports Two Vertical Ports

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4. Spectrophotometer. Automatic absorption spectrophotometer.

Absorption Spectroscopic methods of analysis rank among the most widespread and
powerful tools for quantitative analysis. The use of a spectrophotometer to determine the
extent of absorption of various wavelengths of visible light by a given solution is
commonly known as colorimetry. This method is used to determine concentrations of
various chemicals which can give colours
Theory :Absorption Spectroscopic methods of analysis are based upon the fact that compounds
ABSORB light radiation of a specific wavelength. In the analysis, the amount of light radiation
absorbed by a sample is measured.
General Measurement Procedures :As explained above, the Beer-Lambert Law forms the basis of
the measurement procedure. The amount of light radiation absorbed by a compound is directly
related to the concentration of the compound.
The general measurement procedure consists of 5 steps:
1. Prepare samples to make coloured compound
2. Make series of standard solutions of known concentrations and treat them in the same manner
as the sample for making coloured compounds
3. Set spectrophotometer to of maximum light absorption
4. Measure light absorbance of standards
5. Plot standard curve: Absorbance vs. Concentration, as shown in Figure
Once the standard plot is made, it is simple to find the concentration of an unknown
sample: Measure the absorption of the unknown, and from the standard plot, read the related
concentration

5. Gas Liquid Chromatograph.

Gas-liquid chromatography (often just called gas chromatography) is a powerful tool in analysis. It
has all sorts of variations in the way it is done - if you want full details, a Google search on gas
chromatography will give you scary amounts of information if you need it! This page just looks in a
simple introductory way at how it can be carried out.

All forms of chromatography involve a stationary phase and a mobile phase. In all the other forms of
chromatography you will meet at this level, the mobile phase is a liquid. In gas-liquid

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chromatography, the mobile phase is a gas such as helium and the stationary phase is a high boiling
point liquid absorbed onto a solid.

How fast a particular compound travels through the machine will depend on how much of its time is
spent moving with the gas as opposed to being attached to the liquid in some way.

A flow scheme for gas-liquid chromatography

Injection of the sample :Very small quantities of the sample that you are trying to analyse are
injected into the machine using a small syringe. The syringe needle passes through a thick rubber disc
(known as a septum) which reseals itself again when the syringe is pulled out.

How the column works :The packing material :There are two main types of column in gas-liquid
chromatography. One of these is a long thin tube packed with the stationary phase; the other is even
thinner and has the stationary phase bonded to its inner surface.

The column temperature :The temperature of the column can be varied from about 50°C to 250°C. It
is cooler than the injector oven, so that some components of the mixture may condense at the
beginning of the column.

How separation works on the column

One of three things might happen to a particular molecule in the mixture injected into the column:

• It may condense on the stationary phase.

• It may dissolve in the liquid on the surface of the stationary phase.
• It may remain in the gas phase.

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 Retention time

The time taken for a particular compound to travel through the column to the detector is known as
its retention time. This time is measured from the time at which the sample is injected to the point at
which the display shows a maximum peak height for that compound.

The detector

There are several different types of detector in use. The flame ionisation detector described below is
commonly used and is easier to describe and explain than the alternatives.

2. Sampling and Estimation of Gases in Work Environment by Calorimetry

A. Oxides of Nitrogen :NITRIC OXIDE and NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Ref: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition, 8/15/94

NO MW: 30.01 ,NO2 46.01

PROPERTIES: NO: gas; BP 151.7,°C; vapor density(air=1) 1.0,NO2: gas; MP 11.2°C; BP 21 °C;vapor density
(air=1) 2.83
OSHA : 25 ppm NO; C 1 ppm NO 2,NIOSH: 25 ppm NO; 1 ppm STEL NO 2 ,ACGIH: 25 ppm NO; 3 ppm
TWA, 5 ppm STEL NO 2 ,(1 ppm NO = 1.227 mg/m 3 @ NTP),(1 ppm NO2 = 1.882 mg/m3 @ NTP)
SAMPLING
SAMPLER: SORBENT TUBES,(oxidizer + 2 triethanolamine-treated molecular sieve)
FLOW RATE: NO: 0.025 L/min NO2: 0.025 - 0.2 L/min
VOL-MIN: 1.5 L -MAX: 6 L
SHIPMENT: routine
SAMPLE STABILITY: stable at least 7 days @ 25 °C BLANKS: 3 to 6 field blanks and 10 media blanks per

MEASUREMENT : TECHNIQUE: VISIBLE ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

ANALYTE: nitrite ion, NO2
EXTRACTION SOLUTION: absorbing solution, 50 mL
WAVELENGTH: 540 nm
CALIBRATION: standard solutions of NO 2 RANGE: 3 to 18 μg NO2 per sample
ESTIMATED LOD: 1 μg NO2 per sample PRECISION (Sr): NO: 0.061 ; NO 2: 0.026

ACCURACY RANGE STUDIED: NO: 11-48 ppm ; NO 2: 2-12 ppm (1.5-L samples) (3-L samples)
BIAS: NO: 4.1% ; NO2: -2%
OVERALL PRECISION (Sˆ rT): NO:0.083 ; NO2:0.063
ACCURACY: NO: ± 20.4%; NO2: ± 14.6%

APPLICABILITY: The working range for NO is 1 to 50 ppm (1.3 to 61 mg/m 3) for a 1.5-L air sample. The
working range for NO 2 is 0.5 to 25 ppm (1 to 47 mg/m 3) for a 3-L air sample. The lower sampling rate
for NO is to allow collection of oxidized NO on the back sorbent section. At the lower rate, both NO and
NO 2 may be determined simultaneously.

INTERFERENCES: Any compound that reacts with the colorimetric reagents will interfere.

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REAGENTS:
1. Triethanolamine, TEA, reagent grade.
2. n-Butanol, reagent grade.
3. Phosphoric acid, H 3PO4, conc.,reagent grade.
4. N-(1-napthyl) ethylenediaminedihydrochloride, NEDA.
5. Sodium nitrite, NaNO 2.
6. Absorbing solution: Dissolve 15.0 g triethanolamine in ca. 500 mL deionized water, add 0.5 mL n-
butanol, and dilute to 1 L.
7. H2O2 solution, 0.02% (v/v): Dilute 0.2 mL of 30% H2O2 to 250 mL with deionized water.
8. Sulfanilamide solution: Dissolve 10 g sulfanilamide in 400 mL deionized water, add 25 mL conc. H
3PO4, and dilute to 500 mL.
9. NEDA solution: Dissolve 0.5 g N-(1-napthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride in 500 mL deionized
water.
10. Calibration stock solution, 100 NO 2 μg/ mL: Dissolve 0.1500 g NaNO 2 in 1 L deionized water.

EQUIPMENT:
1. Sampler: Three glass tubes, 7-mm OD, flamesealed ends with plastic caps, with glass wool retainers:
Tube A: 400 mg TEA-coated molecular sieve (type 13x, 30-40 mesh)
Tube B: 800 mg oxidizer (chromate) to convert NO to NO 2.
Tube C: Same as Tube A.
Connect the tubes in series with flexible tubing. Position Tube C closest to the inlet of the
sampling pump. Tubes are commercially available (SKC-226-40, or equivalent).
2. Personal sampling pump, 0.025 to 0.2 L/min, with flexible connecting tubing.
3. Spectrophotometer, UV-visible (540 nm), with cuvettes, 1-cm silica cuvettes.
4. Beakers, borosilicate, 100-mL.
5. Volumetric flasks, 50-mL and other convenient sizes.
6. Pipets, 1-, 5-, 10-mL and other convenient sizes.
7. Stopwatch.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS: Concentrated acid is corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. Handle
it only in a hood.
SAMPLING:
1. Calibrate the sampling pump with a representative sampler in line.
2. Immediately before sampling, break ends of sampler and attach to pump.
NOTE: Nitrogen dioxide collects on the first tube (Tube A), and is thereby separated from nitric
oxide, which is oxidized by Tube B and then is collected on Tube C (adjacent to the sampling pump.)
3. Sample at an accurately known flow rate of 0.025 L/min ± 5%.
NOTE: If nitric oxide is not to be determined, a flow rate of up to 0.2 L/min may be used.
4. Cap the sampler and pack securely for shipment. Submit adequate numbers of field blanks and
media blanks to the laboratory.
SAMPLE PREPARATION:
5. Transfer the sorbent from Tube A and Tube C to separate 50-mL volumetric flasks. Discard glass
wool plugs and oxidizer (Tube B).
6. Add absorbing solution to sample in 50-mL volumetric and bring to the mark.
7. Stopper flask and shake vigorously for 30 sec. Allow solids to settle.
8. Pipet 10 mL of extracted sample into a 50-mL volumetric flask.
NOTE: Start reagent blanks at this step.
9. Add 1.0 mL hydrogen peroxide solution, 10.0 mL sulfanilamide solution, and 1.4 mL NEDA solution.

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Mix thoroughly after each addition.
1. 10. Allow 10 min for complete color development.
CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTROL:
11. Calibrate daily with at least six working standards to cover the range of 1 to 18 μg nitrite ion per 10-
mL sample. a. Analyze the working standards together with blanks and samples (steps 8 through 10 and
steps 12 through 14).
b. Prepare a calibration graph [absorbance vs. μg NO 2 per sample].
MEASUREMENT:
12. Set wavelength on the spectrophotometer to 540 nm.
13. Set to zero with reagent blank.
14. Transfer some of the sample solution from step 10 to a cuvette and record the absorbance.
CALCULATIONS:
15. From the calibration graph, determine the mass of NO 2 in each Tube A, W A (μg), and in the
corresponding average blank, B A (μg). Similarly, determine the mass of NO 2 in each Tube C, W c
(μg), and average blank, B c (μg).
16. Calculate the concentration, C NO2 (mg/m3) of NO2 in the volume of air sampled, V (L), applying the
conversion factor 0.63:
NOTE: The conversion factor 0.63 represents the number of moles of nitrite ion produced by 1
mole
of nitrogen dioxide gas. For NO or NO 2, gas concentrations above 10 ppm, use 0.5 as the
conversion factor .
17. Calculate the concentration, C NO (mg/m3), of NO in the air volume sampled, V (L), applying the
factor 0.652 (MW NO/MW NO 2 )and the conversion factor 0.63:
EVALUATION OF METHOD: Method S321, Nitric Oxide, was evaluated over the range of 11.1 to 47.7
ppm (13.8 to 58.5 mg/m 3) for 1.5-L samples, collected from dynamically generated test atmospheres
[1,8]. The test concentration was verified with a direct reading instrument, Energetic Sciences Enolyzer.
The 1.2 g oxidizer section was found adequate for a 60-min sampling time. NO samples had a mean
recovery of 99.5% after 7 days storage at ambient temperature.
Method S320, Nitrogen Dioxide, was evaluated over the range 3.0 - 11.6 ppm (5.8 to 21.6 mg/m 3) using
3.9-L samples [2,7]. When an atmosphere at 84% RH containing 11.59 ppm NO 2 was sampled at 0.064
L/min, 1.0% breakthrough occurred after 60 min and 2.4% breakthrough occurred after 180 min.
Quantitative recovery was obtained for samples containing 47 μg NO 2 which were stored for 12 days at
ambient conditions.

CNO3 = WA-BA/0.63V mg/m3

B.Sulphur Dioxide

Ref: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition, 8/15/94

SO2 MW: 64.06 ,OSHA : 5 ppm , NIOSH: 2 ppm; STEL 5 ppm; Group I Pesticide ,ACGIH: 2 ppm; STEL 5
ppm ,(1 ppm = 2.62 mg/m 3 @ NTP)

PROPERTIES: gas; vapor density 2.26 (air = 1); BP 10 °C; MP 72.7 °C; nonflammable

SAMPLER: FILTER + TREATED FILTER ,(cellulose + Na2CO3; preceded by 0.8-μm cellulose ester
membrane)

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FLOW RATE: 0.5 to 1.5 L/min ,VOL-MIN: 4 L @ 5 ppm -MAX: 200 L
SHIPMENT: routine
FIELD BLANKS: 2 to 10 field blanks per set
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE: ION CHROMATOGRAPHY
ANALYTE: sulfite and sulfate ions
EXTRACTION: 10 mL 1.75 mM NaHCO3/2.0 mM Na2CO3
INJECTION LOOP VOLUME: 50 μL
ELUENT: 1.75 mM NaHCO3/2.0 mM Na2CO3, 2 to 3 mL/min
COLUMNS: Ion Pac AS4A separator, Ion Pac AG4A guard; micromembrane suppressor [2]
CONDUCTIVITY SETTING: 10 μS full scale
CALIBRATION: standard solutions of SO 3 2and SO4 2in eluent
RANGE: 11 to 200 μg SO2 per sample
ESTIMATED LOD: 3 μg SO2 per sample
APPLICABILITY: The working range is 0.2 to 8 ppm (0.5 to 20 mg/m 3) for a 100-L air sample. The method
is applicable to STEL
samples. SO2 is collected on the back (treated) filter. Sulfuric acid, sulfate salts, and sulfite salts are
collected on the front filter and may be quantitated as total particulate sulfate.

REAGENTS:
1. Water, deionized, filtered, specific conductance £10 μS/cm.
2. Fixative solution. Dissolve 25 g Na 2CO3 in deionized water. Add 20 mL glycerol and dilute with
deionized water to 1 L.
3. Eluent: 1.75 mM NaHCO3/2.0 mM Na2CO3. Dissolve 0.588 g NaHCO 3 and 0.848 g Na 2CO3 in 4 L
filtered deionized water.
4. Calibration stock solutions, 1 mg/mL (as the anion). Prepare in duplicate. a. Sulfite: dissolve 0.1575 g
Na2SO3 in water. Add 2 mL glycerol. Dilute to 100 mL. Prepare fresh daily. b. Sulfate: dissolve 0.1479 g
Na2SO4 in deionized water. Dilute to 100 mL. Stable several weeks.

EQUIPMENT:
1. Sampler: two 37-mm diameter cassette filter holders (connected in series by a M-M Luer adapter,
e.g., Millipore XX1102503, or a short piece of plastic tubing) containing:
a. (Front cassette) cellulose ester membrane filter, 0.8-μm pore size, supported by a backup pad.
b. (Back cassette) cellulose filter (Whatman 40 or equivalent) which has been saturated with fixative
solution and dried 20 to 30 min at 100 °C, supported by a porous plastic support pad.
2. Personal sampling pump, 0.5 to 1.5 L/min, with flexible connecting tubing.
3. Vials, glass, 20-mL, screw-cap, such as scintillation vials.
4. Ion chromatograph, HPIC-AS4A anion separator and HPIC-AG4A guard, anion micromembrane
suppressor, conductivity detector, and strip chart recorder. (Optional: integrator.)
5. Syringes, 10-mL, polyethylene, with luer tip.
6. Filters, in-line, luer-tip holder with membrane filter, 13- or 25-mm, 0.45-μm pore size.
7. Micropipets, 50- to 1000-μL, with disposable tips.
8. Volumetric flasks, 50- and 100-mL.
9. Pipet, 10-mL.
10. Polyethylene bottles, 250-mL.

SAMPLING:
1. Calibrate each personal sampling pump with a representative sampler in line.
2. Remove end caps of sampler immediately before sampling. Attach sampler to personal

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sampling pump with flexible tubing.
3. Sample at an accurately known flow rate between 0.5 and 1.5 L/min for a total sample size
of 40 to 200 L. Do not exceed a total particulate loading of 2 mg on the front filter.
4. Seal the sampler and pack securely for shipment.
NOTE: If determination of sulfuric acid is required, transfer the front (membrane) filter to a clean vial
within 4 h to avoid low recovery of sulfate. Handle the filter with tweezers to avoid
contamination.

SAMPLE PREPARATION:
5. Put the two filters from the sampler into separate, clean vials. Discard the backup pads. Add 10.0
mL eluent to each vial and let stand, with occasional vigorous shaking, for 30 min.
NOTE: The SO2 collected on the treated (back) filter is present as sulfite, which oxidizes in air
slowly (over several weeks) to sulfate. The contributions of sulfite and sulfate found on the
back filter must be summed, with appropriate stoichiometric factors applied, to give the SO 2
concentration (step 11).
6. Pour each sample into a syringe fitted with an in-line filter.
CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTROL:
7. Calibrate daily with at least six working standards.
a. Add known aliquots of sulfate calibration stock solution to eluent in 50-mL volumetric
flasks and dilute to the mark to produce solutions containing 1 to 20 μg/mL SO 4
b. Prepare sulfite standards in the same manner over the same range.
c. Store working standards in tightly-capped polyethylene bottles. Prepare fresh working
standards daily.
d. Analyze working standards with samples and blanks (steps 8 through 10).
Prepare a calibration graph for each anion [peak height (mm or μS) vs. μg sulfite or sulfate].

MEASUREMENT:

8. Set ion chromatograph to conditions given on page 6004-1, according to manufacturer's instructions.

9. Inject sample aliquot. For manual operation, inject 2 mL of sample from syringe to ensure complete
rinse of sample loop.

10. Measure peak heights of sulfite and sulfate peaks.

NOTE: If peak height exceeds linear calibration range, dilute with eluent, reanalyze, and apply the
appropriate dilution factor in calculations.
CALCULATIONS:
11. Determine the mass, μg, of sulfate equivalent found on the front (W f) and back (W b) filters and in
the corresponding average media blanks (B f and Bb).
NOTE: The sulfate equivalent is the sum of the sulfate peak, μg, and 1.200 times the sulfite peak,
μg, on the chromatogram (1.200 = MW SO 42/MW SO3 2):μgsulfate equivalent = μgsulfate +
1.200 μgsulfite.
12. Calculate the concentration, C SO2, of sulfur dioxide, applying the factor 0.667 (MW SO 2/MW
SO42):
13. Calculate the concentration, C SO4, of particulate sulfate (including sulfuric acid) in the air volume
sampled, V (L):

C SO2 = Wb-Bb/V x 0.667 mg/m3 , C SO4 = Wb –Bfx mg/m3

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AMMONIA

Ref: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition, 8/15/94

NH3 MW: 17.03 CAS: 7664-41-7

OSHA : 50 ppm NIOSH: 25 ppm; STEL 35 ppm; ACGIH: 25 ppm; STEL 35 ppm (1 ppm = 0.697 mg/m 3 @
NTP)
PROPERTIES: gas; MP -77.7 °C; BP -33.4 °C; explosive range 16 to 25% v/v in air; vapor density 0.6 (air =
1)

SAMPLING
SAMPLER: SOLID SORBENT TUBE (sulfuric acid-treated silica gel) A 0.8-micron MCE prefilter may be used
to remove particulate interferences.
FLOW RATE: 0.1 to 0.2 L/min
VOL-MIN: 0.1 L @ 50 ppm -MAX: 96 L
SHIPMENT: routine

SAMPLE
STABILITY: not determined ,BLANKS: 2 to 10 field blanks per set

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE: VISIBLE ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

ANALYTE: indophenol blue
EXTRACTION: 20 mL deionized water
COLOR DEVELOPMENT: EDTA antiprecipitant, phenolate coupling agent, nitroprusside intensifier,
hypochlorite.
WAVELENGTH: 630 or 660 nm
CALIBRATION: standard solutions of ammonium chloride in deionized water
RANGE: 1.5 to 20 μg per sample
ESTIMATED LOD: 0.5 μg per sample
PRECISION (Sr): not determined
APPLICABILITY: The working range is 0.2 to 400 ppm (0.15 to 300 mg/m 3) for a 10-L air sample. This
method is applicable to STEL measurements.

REAGENTS:
1. Water, distilled and deionized. Special precaution must be taken to ensure that distilled water is free
of ammonia, by passing it through an ion exchange column comprised of a mixture of both strongly
acidic cation and strongly basic anion exchange resins. Regenerate the ion exchange column
according to the instructions of the manufacturer.
NOTE: All solutions must be made using ammonia-free water.
2. Sulfuric acid, conc., reagent grade.
3. Phenol.
4. Sodium hydroxide, reagent grade.
5. Brij-35.
6. Ammonium chloride.
7. Chloroform.
8. Sulfuric acid 5 N. Air scrubber solution (AAII). Carefully add 140 mL of concentrated sulfuric

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acid to approximately 500 mL of ammonia-free distilled water. Cool to room temperature and
dilute to 1 L with ammonia-free water.
9. Sodium phenolate. In a 1-liter flask, dissolve 83 g phenol (or 80 mL 90% liquid phenol) in
500 mL distilled water. In small increments,cautiously add with agitation, 32 g NaOH (96 g 50% NaOH for
TRAACS). Periodically cool flask under water faucet. When cool, dilute to
1 L with distilled water. Filter if necessary. Store in amber glass bottle. For AAII add 0.5
mL Brij-35.
10. Sodium hypochlorite solution: Dilute one volume of a bleach solution containing 5.25%
NaOCl (such as "Clorox") with an equal volume of deionized water. Available chlorine level should
approximate 2 to 3%.
11. Disodium ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (EDTA) (5%): Dissolve 50 g EDTA (disodium salt) and six
pellets NaOH in 1 L of deionized water. (For TRAACS, dissolve 41 g EDTA, 1 g 50% NaOH, and 3-6 mL Brij-
35.)
12. Sodium nitroprusside (0.05% Na 2Fe(CN)5NO · 2H2O): Dissolve 0.5 g sodium nitroprusside
in 1 L deionized water (or 1.1 g for TRAACS).NOTE: Sodium nitroprusside solution is lightsensitive.
Store in and use from a brown bottle.
13. Calibration stock solution (100 mg NH 3/L):Dissolve 0.3144 g anhydrous ammonium
chloride, NH 4Cl, dried at 105 °C, in deionizedwater, and dilute to 1 L. Add 1 mL chloroformas a
preservative.

EQUIPMENT:
1. Sampler:
a. Prefilter (to remove particulate interferences): 37-mm cellulose ester membrane filter (0.8-μm pore
size) supported by stainless steel screen in two piece cassette filter holder.
b. Sulfuric acid-treated silica gel sampling tubes. Glass tube with both ends unsealed and fire-polished,
6.0 cm long with a 6-mm O.D. and a 4-mm I.D. containing two sections of 20/40 mesh
sulfuric acid-treated silica gel (200 mg front/100 mg back) separated by a 2-mm portion of glass wool.
Plugs of silylated glass wool are placed at the ends of the tube. The pressure drop across the tube must
be <13 inches of water at a flow rate of 0.2 L/min (see APPENDIX). The glass tubes should be rinsed and
dried with acetone before packing. The tubes are capped with plastic caps. Tubes are
commercially available.
2. Personal sampling pump calibrated, 0.1 to 0.2 L/min, with flexible tubing.
3. Technicon AutoAnalyzer Unit (AAII) (or TRAACS 800 equivalent) consisting of an autosampler, and
analytical cartridge (AAII), proportioning pump, colorimeter equipped with 15-mm, 30-mm, or 50-mm
tubular flow cell and 630- to 660-nm filters, a data collection system, and recorder.
4. pH Meter and pH electrode.
5. Plastic vials, 80-mL or 50-mL.
6. Polyethylene centrifuge tubes.
7. Magnetic stirrer and stirring bars.
8. Pipets: delivery type of convenient sizes.
9. Volumetric flasks: 1-L and 50-mL and other convenient sizes for preparing standard solutions.
10. Stopwatch.
11. Manometer.

SAMPLING:
1. Calibrate each personal sampling pump with a representative sampler in line.
2. Sample at an accurately known flow rate between 0.1 and 0.2 liter/minute for a total sample size
of 0.1 to 96 L.

14
3. Cap the sampling tubes with plastic (not rubber) caps immediately after sampling.
4. Pack securely for shipment.

SAMPLE PREPARATION:
5. Remove the plastic caps. Transfer the front and back sections of sulfuric acid-treated silica gel
to separate 80-mL vials. Discard glass wool plugs. Analyze the two sections separately.
NOTE: Firm tapping of the tube may be necessary to effect complete transfer of the sulfuric
acid-treated silica gel.
6. Add 20 mL of ammonia-free deionized water to each vial. Cap and shake vigorously.
Desorption is complete in 45 minutes. Adjust the pH of each sample to 5.0 to 6.5 with sodium
hydroxide.
NOTE: Analyses should be completed within one day after the ammonia is desorbed.

CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTROL:

7. Calibrate daily with at least six working standards over the range 0.05 to 1 μg/mL. Using the
stock solution, prepare standards such as the following in 100-mL volumetric flasks (prepare
fresh daily):
a. Add known amounts of calibration stock solution to deionized water in 100-mL volumetric
flasks and dilute to the mark. Prepare fresh daily.
b. Analyze working standards together with samples and blanks (steps 9 through 12).
c. The instrument automatically generates calibration graph (peak height versus concentration).
Sample concentrations will be printed out directly from this graph.
8. Analyze three quality control blind spikes and three analyst spikes to ensure that the calibrating
graph is in control.

MEASUREMENT:
9. For a working range of 0.05 to 1.0 μg NH 3/mL, set up the manifold as shown in Figure 1 for
AAII and as shown in Figure 2 for TRAACS. Higher concentrations may be accommodated by
sample dilution.
10. Allow both the colorimeter and the recorder to warm up for 30 minutes. Obtain a stable
baseline with all reagents, feeding deionized water through the sample line.
11. For normal conditions use a 30 or 40/hour 2:1 cam with a common wash for the AAII. For the
TRAACS use a sampling rate between 90 and 120/hour with a 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1 sample/wash
ratio.
12. Arrange ammonia standards in sampler in order of decreasing concentration of nitrogen.
Complete loading of sampler tray with unknown samples. Begin analysis.

CALCULATIONS:
13. Read NH3 concentration (μg/mL) found in sample front (W f) and back (W b) sorbent sections
directly from the instrument printout.
14. Calculate the concentration (C) of NH 3 in the volume, V (L), of air sampled from the sample
solution concentrations, W f and Wb (μg/mL), multiplied by the appropriate solution volumes, V f
and Vb (mL):

C= WfVf+WbVb/V mg/m3

15
CHLORINE

Ref: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), Fourth Edition, 8/15/94

SAMPLING
SAMPLER: PREFILTER + FILTER (PTFE, 0.5-μm + silver membrane, 25-mm, 0.45-μm)
FLOW RATE: 0.3 to 1 L/min
VOL-MIN: 8 L @ 0.1 ppm -MAX: 360 L
SHIPMENT: routine, protect from light
SAMPLE STABILITY: ³30 days at 25 °C [1]

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE: ION CHROMATOGRAPHY, CONDUCTIVITY

ANALYTE: bromide ion (Br)
EXTRACTION: 3 mL 6 mM Na2S203, 10 min
INJECTION VOLUME: 50 μL
COLUMN: Dionex HPIC-AG4A guard, HPIC-AS4A separator, MFC-1 precolumn, AMMS anion uppressor
DETECTOR SETTING: 10 μS full scale
ELUENT: 0.25 mM NaHCO3/4 Mm Na2CO3/0.78 mM p-cyanophenol, 2 mL/min
CALIBRATION: standard solutions of Cl in deionized water
RANGE: 5 to 150 μg
ESTIMATED LOD: 1.6 μg

REAGENTS:
1. Sodium thiosulfate, reagent grade.
2. Water, deionized.
3. Extraction solution: 6 m M Na2S2O3. Dissolve 0.474 g Na 2S2O3 in 500 mL deionized water.
4. Eluent: 0.25 mM NaHCO3/4 mM Na2CO3/0.78 mM p-cyanophenol. Dissolve 0.041 g NaHCO 3, 0.848 g
Na 2CO3 and 0.186 g p-cyanophenol in 2 L filtered deionized water.
5. Suppressor regenerant, 0.025 N H2SO4. Dilute 2.8 mL conc. H 2SO4 to 4 L with deionized water.*
6. Calibration stock solutions, 1 mg/mL (as anion). (1) Dissolve 0.149 g KBr in 100 mL deionized water
(2) Dissolve 0.21 g KCl in 100 mL deionized water.

EQUIPMENT:
1. Sampler: Silver membrane filter,* 25-mm, 0.45-μm, (Costar/Nuclepore, Poretics, or equivalent) with
porous plastic support pad (Costar/Nuclepore); prefilter, PTFE with PTFE support, 0.5-μm (Gelman
Zefluor, SKC, or equivalent), or polyester, 0.4-μm (Costar/Nuclepore) with porous plastic support pad;
three-piece, 25-mm carbon-filled polypropylene cassette (opaque) with 50-mm extension
(Costar/Nuclepore or Gelman)).
a. In the outlet piece of cassette, place porous plastic support pad and cleaned silver filter. Insert 50-mm
extension (cowl) securely.
b. At the inlet (top) of the extension, place porous plastic support pad and prefilter. Insert inlet cassette
piece securely.
c. Seal each connection with shrinkable bands or tape.
2. Personal sampling pump, 0.3 to 1 L/min, with flexible connecting tubing.
3. Ion chromatograph with Dionex MFC-1, HPICAG4A, HPIC-AS4A columns, AMMS anion
micromembrane suppressor, conductivity detector and integrator (page 6011-1).
4. Bottles, 30-mL, wide mouth with screw caps, amber or opaque polyethylene.
5. Micropipettes, with disposable tips.

16
6. Volumetric flasks, 10- and 100-mL.
7. Repipet reagent dispensers, 0 to 10-mL.
8. Syringes, 10-mL, polyethylene, luer-tip.
9. Forceps.
SAMPLING:
1. Calibrate each personal sampling pump with a representative sampler in line.
2. Attach sampler to personal sampling pump with flexible tubing.
3. Sample at an accurately known flow rate between 0.3 and 1 L/min for a total sample size of 8 to
360 L for bromine or 2 to 90 L for chlorine.Seal ends of sampler with plugs. Pack securely for shipping.

SAMPLE PREPARATION:
NOTE: Silver halides are photosensitive. Protect from light during transfer and desorption.
5. Under very dim or red light, open cassette and transfer the silver filter with forceps to amber
bottle. Add 3 mL 6 m M Na2S2O3 and cap.
NOTE: Prefilter may be analyzed for particulate halides, or discarded.
6. Allow samples to stand a minimum of 10 min with occasional swirling.
NOTE: Once desorbed, samples are no longer photosensitive.
7. Uncap the sample bottles and add 7 mL deionized water for a total solution volume of 10 mL.
8. Pour sample into 10-mL plastic syringe for manual injection or into autosampler vials.

CALIBRATION AND QUALITY CONTROL:

9. Calibrate daily with at least six working standards covering the range of 0.2 to 15 μg bromide
and/or 0.05 to 5 μg chloride per mL of sample.
a. Add known aliquots of calibration stock solution to deionized water in 10-mL volumetric
flasks and dilute to the mark with deionized water.
b. Prepare fresh working standards biweekly.
c. Analyze working standards together with samples and blanks (steps 11 through 13).
d. Prepare a calibration graph (peak height vs. μg of anion per sample).
10. Analyze three quality control spikes, three analyst spikes and media blanks to ensure that
calibration graph is in control.

MEASUREMENT:
11. Set ion chromatograph according to manufacturer's instructions and to conditions given on page
6011-1.
NOTE: Excessive amounts of Ag + and Ag(S 2O3)2
3- deteriorate column preformance.
Use a metal free column (MFC-1) prior to the chromatographic columns and recondition the
column every 100 to 150 analyses (See APPENDIX B).
12. Inject 50-μL sample aliquot manually or with autosampler. For manual operation, inject 2 to 3
mL of sample from syringe to ensure complete rinse of the sample loop.
13. Measure peak height. If sample peak height exceeds linear calibration range, dilute with
deionized water, reanalyze, and apply the appropriate dilution factor in the calculations.
CALCULATIONS:
14. From the calibration graph, determine the mass of Cl- in each sample, W (μg), and in the
average blank, B (μg).
15. Calculate the concentration, C (mg/m 3), of Cl2 in the air volume sampled, V (L):

C= W-B/V mg/m3

17
 3
Sampling and estimation of Solvent vapors in work environment.

a. Benzene sampling by activated Charcoal & Analysis by Gas Liquid Chromatograph.

b. CS2 Sampling by Asphiratory Bottle Analysis by Colorimetric Method.

Ref: OSHA Sampling & Analytical Methods

Matrix: Air and bulk material samples

Target concentration: 1 ppm (3.2 mg/m3) air samples
0.1% by volume bulk material samples
Procedure: Air samples are collected on activated charcoal, desorbed
with carbon disulfide, and analyzed by gas hromatography.
Bulk samples are analyzed by liquid chromatography.
Detection limits: Air Samples - 0.04 ppm
Bulk Samples - 0.01% by volume
Recommended air volume
and sampling rate: 10 L at 0.2 L/min
Standard error of estimate
at the target concentration: 5.4%

Coefficient of variation
for bulk samples: 1.7%

Status: Evaluated method. This method has been subjected to the

established evaluation procedures of the Organic Methods
Evaluation Branch.

a. Air samples have been analyzed at the OSHA laboratory according to the procedure validated by
NIOSH. The method involves collection of benzene vapor on charcoal, desorption with carbon
disulfide (CS2), and analysis by gas chromatography (GC). Since this method was validated over
the range of 13 to 51.8 ppm and the emergency temporary standard is 1 ppm, it was necessary
to evaluate the method at this lower level.
b. The OSHA lab has normally determined the benzene content of bulks by GC analysis. Frequently
interferences from aliphatics were a major problem in the analysis, thus the detection limit was
on the order of 0.5% by volume. This problem of interferences is eliminated by high
performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis using a UV detector as described in this
method. The benzene is analyzed at a wavelength (i.e., 254 nm) where aliphatics will not
interfere since most have a UV cut-off less than 200 nm. Thus, the detection limit in bulk
samples is lowered to 0.01% by volume.
c. "Acute benzene exposure causes central nervous system depression; chronic exposure results in
depression of the hematopoietic system and is said to be associated with an increased incidence
of leukemia.

18
 d. Human exposure to very high concentrations, approximately 20,000 ppm, was fatal in 5 to 10
min. Brief exposure to concentrations in excess of 3000 ppm is irritating to the eyes and
respiratory tract; continued exposure may cause euphoria, nausea, a staggering gait, and coma.
Inhalation of lower concentrations (250 to 500 ppm) produces vertigo, drowsiness, headache,
and nausea.

Physical properties

molecular weight: 78.11

boiling point: 80.1°C
vapor pressure: 75.1 mm Hg at 20°C
color: clear, colorless
odor: aromatic
flash point: -11.1°C (closed cup)
specific gravity: 0.8794 (20/4°C)
explosive limits: lower 1.4% (by volume in air)
upper 8.0%
vapor density: 2.70 (relative to air)
common names: Benzol; cyclohexatriene; phene; phenyl hydride;
pyrobenzol. Note: Benzin, petroleum benzin and benzine
are not benzene. However, they may contain varying
amounts of benzene.
CAS no.: 000071432
structural formula:

Sampling technique

• Immediately before sampling, break open the ends of the charcoal tube. All tubes should be
from the same lot.
• Connect the charcoal tube to the sampling pump with flexible tubing. The short section of the
charcoal tube is used as a backup and should be positioned nearer the sampling pump.
• The tube should be placed in a vertical position during sampling to minimize channeling.
• Air being sampled should not pass through any hose or tubing before entering the charcoal
tube.
• Seal the charcoal tube with plastic caps immediately after sampling.
• With each batch of samples, submit at least one blank tube from the same lot used for samples.
This tube should be subjected to exactly the same handling as the samples (break, seal,
transport) except that no air is drawn through it.
• Transport the samples (and corresponding paperwork) to the lab for analysis.

Recommended air volume and sampling rate

• The recommended air volume is 10 L.

19
 • The recommended sampling rate is 0.2 L/min.

Analytical procedure

• Apparatus
• General
• An electronic integrator or some other suitable method of measuring peak areas.
• Microliter syringes, 10-µL or other convenient sizes for preparing standards, 1-µL for GC sample
injections and 10-µL for LC injections.
• Volumetric flasks, 5-mL and other convenient sizes for preparing standards and making
dilutions.

Air samples

• Gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector.

• A GC column capable of separating CS2, benzene, an internal standard, and any interferences.
The column used for validation studies was a 10 ft × 1/8 in. stainless steel, 20% SP2100, 0.1%
CW1500 on 80/100 Supelcoport. Since benzene is frequently found in petroleum distillate type
compounds, it is advisable to use a more polar column such as TCEP, SP1000, Penta, etc., that
will allow the aliphatic compounds to elute quickly, usually before benzene. On some samples, it
may be impossible to achieve proper separations using conventional packed columns. In these
cases it is advisable to use a capillary column to achieve better separations.
• Two-milliliter vials with Teflon-lined caps.
• Pipets for dispensing CS2. The Glenco 1-mL dispenser is adequate and convenient.

Bulk samples

• Liquid chromatograph equipped with a UV detector.

• An LC column that will separate benzene from other components in the bulk sample being
analyzed. The column used for validation studies was a Waters FBondapack C18, 30 cm × 3.9 mm.
• A clarification kit to remove any particulates in the bulk if necessary.
• A micro-distillation apparatus to distill any samples if necessary.

Reagents

• General
• Benzene, reagent grade.
• Air samples
• Chromatographic grade carbon disulfide (CS2) which has been treated for the removal of trace
amounts of benzene. (Sections 4.9. and 4.10.)
• An internal standard, such as p-cymene, reagent grade.
• Desorbing reagent, 0.05 µL internal standard/mL CS2.
• Purified GC grade helium, hydrogen, and air.

Bulk samples

20
 • LC grade water, methyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol.
• Standard preparation

Air samples

• The benzene is diluted with desorbing reagent to prepare standards in the working range. A
solution of 36.5 nL of benzene per 1 mL of desorbing reagent is equivalent to 1.00 ppm benzene
in air for a 10-L air sample desorbed with 1 mL of desorbing reagent.

Bulk samples

• Benzene is diluted with isopropyl alcohol to prepare standards in the working range.
• Sample preparation

Any compound having the same general retention time of benzene (or the internal standard in air
sample analysis) is an interference. Possible interferences are listed on the sample data sheets.
Parameters should be chosen to circumvent any interferences. For air samples, if a bulk is submitted
with the sample set, analyze the bulk first so a suitable column and conditions can be chosen to
select a proper internal standard before the air samples are desorbed. If interferences are a problem
at 254 nm for bulk samples, an alternate wavelength may be chosen to possibly circumvent the
problem.

Retention time data on a single column is not considered proof of chemical identity. Samples over the
PEL should be confirmed by GC/MS or other suitable means, such as GC/IR, absorbance ratioing, etc.

Calculations

Since the integrator is programmed to report results in ppm (at 25°C and 760 mm Hg) for a 10-L air
sample (corrected for desorption efficiency), the following formula is used:

A
ppm benzene =
(0.1) (B)
where A = ppm on report
B = air volume (L)

21
22
4. Sampling and estimating of Dust by Gravimetric Method.

Personal sampler

All Glass Impinger tubes

23
Mercury Analyser

24
 5. Personal Protective Equipment

a. Respiratory and Non-Respiratory.

b. Demonstration of testing facilities.

Respiratory PPE chart :

25
Non –Respiratory PPE chart

Stick the chart

Performance Test Reports of Respiratory Personal Protective Equipment :

The samples received from manufacturers/user industries are tested in the laboratory as per
the guidelines and standards specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards, as per the details
given below

Type of PPE BIS Standard and related Tests

CANISTER TYPE (Gas Mask) IS:8523 – 1977(Reaffirmed in February, 1991)
(1) Front or Back Mounted Performance Tests :
(2) Chin Type (1) Breathing Resistance :
(3) Escape Type (i) Inhalation Resistance and
(ii) Exhalation Resistance
(2) Life and efficiency of sorbents against the
specific gas/vapour :

(i) With Equilibration and

(ii) Without Equilibration
(3) Valve leakage test and
(4) Face Piece fitness test
CARTRIDGE TYPE IS : 8522-1977(Reaffirmed in February, 1991)
Similar tests as mentioned above

DUST RESPIRATOR IS : 9473 – 1980 (Reaffirmed in February, 1991)

(1) Breathing Resistance
(i) Inhalation Resistance and
(ii) Exhalation Resistance
(2) Efficiency of the filter against silica dust
(3) Valve leakage test

26
 (4) Pressure tightness test and
(5) Coal dust tightness test
(face piece fitness test

2. Performance Test Reports of Non-Respiratory Personal Protective Equipment

The samples received from manufacturers/user industries are tested in the laboratory as per
the guidelines and standards specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards, as per the details
given below :

Type of PPE Test details with IS No.

SAFETY HELMETS IS : 2925-1984
1. Clearance above the head
2. Shock Absorption Resistance
3. Penetration Resistance
4. Flammability Resistance
5. Water Absorption
6. Heat Resistance
7. Sterilization
8. Resistance to corrosion of Metal Parts
EYE PROTECTORS IS : 5983-1980
Safety Goggles IS:7524-1979 (Part I)
Safety Spectacles Non Optical Tests
1. Stability at Elevated Temperature
2. Robustness
3. Resistance to corrosion of metal parts
4. Disinfection
5. Proof against Chemical splashes
IS : 7524 – 1979 (Part – II)
Optical Tests
1. Spherical, Cylindrical & Prismatic Powers
2. Visible Transmittance
Welding Helmet IS : 1179-1967 / IS:5983-1980

27
& Hand Shields 1. Resistance to corrosion of Metal parts
2. Disinfection
3. Flammability
Filters IS : 1179 – 1967 / IS : 5983 – 1980
(UV, IR Daylight & Filter Cover) 1. Stability at elevated Temperature
2. Spherical, Cylindrical & Prismatic Powers
3. Robustness
4. Transmittance for UV, VIS & IR
Visors IS : 9973-1981 / IS : 5983 – 1980
1. Impact Resistance
2. Penetration Resistance
3. Flammability
4. Spherical, Cylindrical & Prismatic Powers
5. Visible Transmittance
Face Shields IS : 8521-1997 (Part I)
With Plastic Visors IS : 8521-1994 (Part II)
1. Visual and Dimensional Examination
2. Impact Resistance
3. Penetration Resistance
4. Visible Transmittance
5. Flammability
6. Disinfection
SAFETY HAND GLOVES IS : 4770-1991 / IS: 13774 – 1993
a) Natural / Synthetic 1. Size and Dimension
Rubber / PVC 2. Thickness
3. Tensile Strength
4. Elongation at Break
5. Tear Strength
6. Tension Set
7. Tensile Stress at 200% Elongation
8. Moisture Absorption
9. Tensile Strength after Ageing

28
 10. Elongation at Break after Ageing
b) Rubber/PVC IS : 4501 – 1981 / IS : 5915-1970
Coated Fabric 1. Weight
2. Proofing Content
3. Accelerated Ageing
4. Breaking Strength
5. Resistance to cold
6. Resistance to Acid & Alkali

(c) Leather, Cotton & Canvas IS : 2573-1986

IS : 6994-1973 (PART 1)
1. Size and Dimension
2. Thickness
3. Double hole stitch tear strength
4. Extractable Chromate content
5. Chromium Content
6. pH of aqueous extract
7. Mass
8. Breaking strength
SAFETY CLOTHING IS : 6110 – 1983
Rubber / PVC Coated Fabric IS : 3322-1987 (Part 1)
IS : 4501 – 1981 / IS: 5915-1970
1. Weight
2. Proofing Content
3. Breaking strength
4. Accelerated Ageing
5. Resistance to cold
6. Resistance to Acid & Alkali
7. Reaction with aqueous extract
SAFETY SHOES IS : 5852-1996 / IS : 11226 – 1993
IS : 1989 (Part 1) – 1986
IS : 14544 – 1988 / IS : 5557 – 1999

29
 IS : 3976 – 1995
1. Mass
2. Impact Test for Steel Toe Cap
a) Leather Sole IS : 5914 – 1970
1. Apparent Density
2. Water Absorption
3. Total Ash
4. pH Value of Aqueous Extract
b) Rubber / PVC Sole & Heels IS : 11226-1993 / IS : 13469 – 1992
IS : 13695 – 1993 / IS : 12240 – 1988
1. Ross Flexing Test
2. Relative Density
3. Hardness
4. Electrical Resistivity (Anti Static)
5. Oil Resistance
6. Chemical Resistance
7. Tensile Strength
8. Elongation at Break
c) Polyurethane (PU) Sole IS : 13893 – 1994
1. Relative Density
2. Hardness
3. Tensile Strength
4. Elongation at break
5. Ageing Test
d) Chrome Upper Leather IS : 2961 – 1973 / IS : 5677 – 1986
IS : 5914-1970
1. Tensile Strength
2. Elongation at break
3. Water Absorption
4. Stitch Tear Strength
5. Tongue Tear Resistance
6. Heat Resistance

30
 7. Chromium Content
RUBBER / PVC IS : 12254-1993 / IS : 13695 – 1993
KNEE BOOTS IS : 13469 – 1992 / IS : 12240 – 1998
(GUM BOOTS) IS : 5557 – 1999 / IS : 3738 – 1998
Sole, Heels & Upper 1. Size, Dimension
2. Impact Test
3. Thickness
4. Ross Flexing
5. Hardness
6. Volatility
7. Relative Density
8. Tensile Strength
9. Tensile Stress at 100% Elongation
10. Ageing Test
11. Oil Resistance
12. Chemical Resistance
SAFETY EAR MUFF , EAR PLUG IS : 91 67- Attenuation Test
SAFETY BELT & FULL BODY NARNESS IS: 3521
1. Static Test
2. Dynamic Test

31
 Section :2

PRACTICE WORK
FOR
OCCUPATIONAL
HEATLH

32
Lung Function Test on Medspirator.

Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT) is a complete evaluation of the respiratory system including patient
history, physical examinations, chest x-ray examinations, arterial blood gas analysis, and tests of
pulmonary function. The primary purpose of pulmonary function testing is to identify the severity of
pulmonary impairment. Pulmonary function testing has diagnostic and therapeutic roles and helps
clinicians answer some general questions about patients with lung disease. PFTs are normally performed
by a respiratory therapist.
TLC Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.
Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing
TV (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in
gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)
RV Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the
ERV
end-expiratory position
Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-
IRV
inspiratory level
IC Inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV
Inspiratory vital capacity: the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of
IVC
maximum expiration
VC Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation.
Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing
VT (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in
gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)
FRC Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position
RV/TLC% Residual volume expressed as percent of TLC
VA Alveolar gas volume
VL Actual volume of the lung including the volume of the conducting airway.
Forced vital capacity: the determination of the vital capacity from a maximally forced
FVC
expiratory effort
Forced expiratory volume (time): a generic term indicating the volume of air exhaled
FEVt
under forced conditions in the first t seconds
FEV1 Volume that has been exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration
Forced expiratory flow related to some portion of the FVC curve; modifiers refer to
FEFx
amount of FVC already exhaled
FEFmax The maximum instantaneous flow achieved during a FVC maneuver
Forced inspiratory flow: (Specific measurement of the forced inspiratory curve is
denoted by nomenclature analogous to that for the forced expiratory curve. For
FIF
example, maximum inspiratory flow is denoted FIFmax. Unless otherwise specified,
volume qualifiers indicate the volume inspired from RV at the point of measurement.)
Peak expiratory flow: The highest forced expiratory flow measured with a peak flow
PEF
meter
MVV Maximal voluntary ventilation: volume of air expired in a specified period during

33
 repetitive maximal effort

Ear Testing on Audiometer & Demonstration of various models on Audiometer.

Audiometry is used in a number of different circumstances including:

• To evaluate possible hearing loss in anyone who has noticed a persistent hearing problem in one
or both ears or has had difficulty understanding words in conversation.
• When determining the type and amount of hearing loss (conductive, sensorineural, or both).

In pure tone audiometry, hearing is measured at frequencies varying from low pitches (250 Hz) to high
pitches (8000 Hz). This is just a part of the entire human auditory range, which extends between 20 and
20,000 hz. Neverthless, most audiometers are designed so that they cannot go as low or high as most
good stero systems. The audiometer that we use in my practice is shown above.

The core method of pure tone audiometry is to present a series of tones in one ear, close to threshold
(the loudness that the person can just barely detect), and keep dropping the intensity in 10 db steps
until the person stops responding - -raising their hand or pushing a button. Then the person testing the
hearing goes back up in 5 db steps until the person starts responding again. This is conventionally done
at 6 octaves - -250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000.

34
Study of Notifiable Diseases by use of models.

List of notifiable diseases

1. Lead poisoning including poisoning by any preparation or compound of lead or their

sequelae.
2. Lead tetra-ethyl poisoning.
3. Phosphorous poisoning or its sequelae.
4. Mercury poisoning or its sequelae.
5. Manganese poisoning or its sequelae.
6. Arsenic poisoning or its sequelae.
7. Poisoning by nitrous fumes.
8. Carbon bisulphide poisoning.
9. Benzene poisoning, including poisoning by any of its homologues, their nitro or amido
derivatives or its sequelae.
10. Chrome ulceration or its sequelae.
11. Anthrax.
12. Silicosis.
13. Poisoning by halogens or halogen derivatives of the hydrocarbons, of the aliphatic series.
14. Pathological manifestation due to : -
a. radium or other radioactive substances.
b. X-rays.
15. Primary epitheliomatous cancer of the skin.
.... 16. Toxic anaemia.
17. Toxic jaundice due to poisonous substances.
18. Oil acne or dermatitis due to mineral oils and compounds containing mineral oil base.
19. Byssionosis.
20. Asbestosis.
21. Occupational or contact dermatitis caused by direct contract with chemical and paints. These
are of types, that is, primary irritants and allergic sensitizers.
22. Noise induced hearing loss (exposure to high noise levels).
23. Beryllium poisoning.
24. Carbon monoxide.
25. Coal miners' pnoumoconiosis.
26. Phosgene poisoning.
27. Occupational cancer.
28. Isocyanates poisoning.
29. Toxic nephritis.

35
Label
it

36
Study of various models of lungs (Sections of lungs).

37
Demonstration of medical laboratory equipment
a. Tetamus vision tester

The Titmus i200 Vision Tester features high quality membrane swithces which are ergonomically located
at the side of the instrument. An excellent instrument to administer aviation medical eye exams to fullfil
FAA requirements, it provides exceptional service to industry, medicine and school health. A special
slide package is available to facilitate preschool vision testing featuring Visual

Importance of Vision Screening

- To detect conditions that may result in blindness
- Eyes transfer 90% of all information to brain
- Impaired vision can cause learning, emotional and behavioral problems in children

Features & Benefits :- Fluorescent Light Source ,mproves slide illumination, replicates actual daylight
conditions and provides true color testing , Light will give years of extended service (10000 hours)
,Membrane Panel indicates when to replace light

Reasons to a vision screener :

• vision changes with age
• do you know if a person is suited for a job
• drivers - test for depth, color, Federal std
• computer users - are they being affected
• random pick 10 people: @ 3-4 will fail
• people don’t get their eyes checked yearly
- If you are screening for vision, but only using a wall chart -
• This only checks for acuity, what about other functions:
• color: obvious reasons

38
 • depth: try pouring water in a glass with one eye closed
• muscle balance: possible visual fatigue
• fusion: detect double vision

Visual Acuity
• Sharpness of the vision at different distances
• Most Common Vision Defect
• Near Sightedness is called ‘myopia’ (One cannot see distant objects sharply)
• Far Sightedness is called ‘hyperopia’ (One cannot see near objects sharply)

Visual Acuity Test (Adults) :- Using Letters

Binocular vision :
• Coordinated use of both eyes i.e. ability of the two eyes to work together to form a fused
image in the brain from two separate images.
• Defect Causes ‘Double Image’ (Diplopia)
Stereo Depth Perception
• Ability to perceive depth in 3D space i.e. ability of eyes to judge distances and relationship
of objects in space
• Defect causes misjudgment of distances and depths
Color Perception
• Ability of eyes to judge colors correctly
• Defect causes confusion in identifying different colors
• Difficulty to decipher color coded material
• Genetic and Acquired deficiency
Muscle Balance or Phoria
• Misalignment of Eye in Horizontal Plane - Lateral Phoria
• Misalignment of Eye in Vertical Plane - Vertical Phoria
• Strabismus , Visual Fatigue
Peripheral Vision
• The ability to perceive objects outside of the direct line of vision or the part of vision that
occurs outside the very center of gaze
• Also referred as Visual Field Defect
• Eye can detect motion at a wide angle, colors at a narrow angle, and detailed shapes at a
surprisingly narrow angle

Ensure fixation using any slide inside instrument

• Horizontal only, 55 / 70 / 85 / Nasal
• Total angle tested / eye = Max. of (55, 70 or 85) + Nasal (45)
• Maximum angle we can test = 85 + 45 = 130 degrees

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Blood Analyzer:-

Specifications
Testing Items: WBC, LY#, MO#,GR#, LY%, MO%, GR%, HGB, RBC, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW-CV,
RDW-SD, PLT, PCT, ,MPV, PDW,

Electrocardiography :- (ECG, EKG)

graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart as reflected by changes in electrical
potential at the skin surface. It is the first diagnostic test done when cardiovascular disease is suspected.

Purposes of the Procedure

Clinical usefulness: evaluation of conditions that interfere with the normal electrophysiological function
such as:
disturbance of rhythm, disorders of cardiac muscle, enlargement of chambers of the heart ,
presence of myocardial infarction , electrolyte imbalance

Preparation of the Patient : Inform the client that the procedure is painless. He will not experience
electrocution or shock. Instruct client to lie still while the ECG is being done.

Procedure

ECG is obtained by placing leads on various parts of the body and recording the electrical impulse as
tracing on a strip of paper or on the screen of the oscilloscope.

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Industrial Noise :

Comparative Examples of Noise Sources, Decibels ,& Their Effects

Decibel
Noise Source Decibel Effect
Level
Jet take-off (at 25 meters) 150 Eardrum rupture
Aircraft carrier deck 140
Military jet aircraft take-off from aircraft carrier with afterburner at
130
50 ft (130 dB).
Painful. 32 times as loud
Thunderclap, chain saw. Oxygen torch (121 dB). 120
as 70 dB.
Average human pain
Steel mill, auto horn at 1 meter. 110 threshold. 16 times as
loud as 70 dB.
Jet take-off (at 305 meters), use of outboard motor, power lawn
mower, motorcycle, farm tractor, jackhammer, garbage truck. 8 times as loud as 70 dB.
Boeing 707 or DC-8 aircraft at one nautical mile (6080 ft) before 100 Serious damage possible
landing (106 dB); jet flyover at 1000 feet (103 dB); Bell J-2A in 8 hr exposure
helicopter at 100 ft (100 dB).
Boeing 737 or DC-9 aircraft at one nautical mile (6080 ft) before
4 times as loud as 70 dB.
landing (97 dB); power mower (96 dB); motorcycle at 25 ft (90 dB). 90
Likely damage 8 hr exp
Newspaper press (97 dB).

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 Decibel
Noise Source Decibel Effect
Level
Garbage disposal, dishwasher, average factory, freight train (at 15
meters). Car wash at 20 ft (89 dB); propeller plane flyover at 1000 ft 2 times as loud as 70 dB.
(88 dB); diesel truck 40 mph at 50 ft (84 dB); diesel train at 45 mph 80 Possible damage in 8 hr
at 100 ft (83 dB). Food blender (88 dB); milling machine (85 dB); exposure.
garbage disposal (80 dB).
Arbitrary base of
Passenger car at 65 mph at 25 ft (77 dB); freeway at 50 ft from
comparison. Upper 70s
pavement edge 10 a.m. (76 dB). Living room music (76 dB); radio or 70
are annoyingly loud to
TV-audio, vacuum cleaner (70 dB).
some people.
Conversation in restaurant, office, background music, Air Half as loud as 70 dB.
60
conditioning unit at 100 ft Fairly quiet
Quiet suburb, conversation at home. Large electrical transformers One-fourth as loud as 70
50
at 100 ft dB.
One-eighth as loud as 70
Library, bird calls (44 dB); lowest limit of urban ambient sound 40
dB.
One-sixteenth as loud as
Quiet rural area 30
70 dB. Very Quiet
Whisper, rustling leaves 20
Breathing 10 Barely audible

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Physical Health Hazards, Chemical Health Hazards, Industrial Dermatitis, Prevention and Control.

Prepare chart

43
 Section :3

PRACTICE WORK
FOR
PHYSIOLOGY

44
Evaluation of Environmental Stress (Heat)

Heat problems are associated with seasonal heat discomfort due to hot weather.

Causes of heat stress

Heat stress (presence of excess of heat) is likely to affect people during summer months which in the top
end of the Northern Territory are locally referred to as ‘the wet’ and also the seasons with discomforting
humidity levels before and after (‘build up’ periods).
The many workplace factors affecting heat stress include:
• air temperature;
• relative humidity;
• air movement in the workplace;
• radiant heat from the surroundings;
• clothing worn;
• activity being carried out;
• acclimatisation of the worker;
• state of health of the worker; and
• requirement for protective clothing/equipment to be used.

There is no single factor such as a ‘maximum allowable temperature’ which should be applied in a
workplace as a ‘cease work’ limit.

Effects of heat stress

Heat stress causes increased sweating, depleting the body’s fluid content and reducing heat tolerance.
This leads to work incapacity and inefficiency, and may increase the risk of accidents.
Other warning signs include tiredness, headache, nausea, loss of concentration, muscle cramps and
dizziness.

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Psychrometer :-

Weather observers can use a sling psychrometer to measure the amount of water vapor in
the air - that is, its humidity.

It consists of two glass thermometers containing a liquid, usually mercury. One thermometer
measures the air temperature while the other one measures the wet-bulb temperatures.
(After the wick is dipped in distilled water, a weather observer whirls the sling psychrometer
around, using the handle. As the instrument is whirled, water evaporates from the wick on
the wet-bulb thermometer and cools the thermometer. The wet-bulb thermometer cools to
the lowest value possible in a few minutes. This value is known as the wet-bulb temperature.
The drier the air the more the thermometer cools and hence, the lower the wet-bulb
temperature.

KATA THERMOMETER:-

This simple instrument allows accurate measurement of air velocities and the cooling power
of the air. Each thermometer has a stem with just two graduations corresponding to a drop of
3°C. The thermometer is heated and then allowed to cool, noting the cooling time. The air
velocity is calculated using a formula and a resulting heat loss per unit surface area can be
determined. The cooling thermometer is alcohol filled with a plain or silvered bulb. Silvered
bulb patterns are used to overcome heat radiation from surrounding surfaces.

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Globe thermometer

Measuring Radiant Temperature –Radiant temperature is usually measured with what it known
as a globe thermometer. This is simply a normal dry bulb thermometer encased in a 150mm
diameter matte-black copper sphere whose absorptivity approaches that of the skin. Hence MRT is
sometimes referred to as globe temperature (GT) as they are nearly equivalent.

Psychrometric Chart :-

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Physical Fitness Test (PFT Test) :Step Test Stool (HT 46 CM), Metronome.

The 3-Minute Step Test measures your aerobic (cardiovascular) fitness level based on how quickly
your heart rate returns to normal after exercise.

Equipment needed: Stopwatch or clock with a second hand; a friend to help you keep count; a 12-
inch bench, box, or step; a metronome

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Anthropometry :–

Practical Measurements of a few body dimensions, its treatment & application

49
Anthropometer:-

Anthropometric Measurement Devices:

• Large Anthropometer,
• Small Anthropometer,
• Chest-depth Caliper,
• Skinfold Caliper,
• Physician Scale,
• Ergonomic Chair*.

*:It is not a measuring instrument.

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clipers:-

Skinfold caliper:-

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