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106 NDA/NA Mathematics

2x 0 1 0 (a) A is a diagonal matrix.

47. If A = and A−1 = (NDA 2009 II)
x x −1 2 , then what is the (b) A is a null matrix.
value of x? (c) A is a unit matrix.
(NDA 2007 I)
1 1 (d) A is a triangular matrix.
(a) − (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
2 2 2 1
3 2
51. If 2X − , then X is equal to
3 2 7 4 = 0 −2
48. If A = A ( adj A) equal to?
1 4 , then what is 2 2 1 2
(NDA 2009 I) (a) (b)
0 10 10 0 7 4 7/ 2 2
(a) (b)
10 0 0 10 2 2
(c) (d) None of these
1 10 10 1 7/ 2 1
(c) (d)
10 1 1 10 52. If A is a square matrix, then A + AT is
2 −1 0 (a) non-singular matrix
49. If A is any 2 × 2 matrix such that 1 A= , (b) symmetric matrix
0 3 6 3 (c) skew-symmetric matrix
then what is A equal to? (NDA 2007 I) (d) unit matrix
−5 1 −5 −2 3 4
(a) (b) 53. If A = A ⋅( adj A) is equal to
−2 2 1 2 5 7 , then
−5 −2 5 2 (a) A (b) | A|
(c) (d) (c) | A| I (d) None of these
2 1 −2 −1
54. For two invertible matrices A and B of suitable
50. If a matrix A is symmetric as well as anti-symmetric, orders, the value of ( AB)−1 is
then which one of the following is correct? (a) ( BA)−1 (b) B −1 A−1 (c) A−1 B −1 (d) ( AB ′ )−1

Level II
x + y 2x + z 4 7 cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
1. If then the values of (a) (b)
x − y 2 z + w = 0 10 , sin 2 θ cos 2 θ sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
x , y, z, w are cos 2 θ sin 2 θ cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
(c) (d)
(a) 2, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 3, 1, 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
(c) 3, 3, 0, 1 (d) None of these
2−x 1 1
0 2 0 3a
2. If A = and kA = 6. If the matrix A= 1 3−x 0 is singular,
3 −4 2 b 24 , then the values of
−1 −3 −x
k, a, b are respectively
then what is the solution set S ? (NDA 2011 I)
(a) −6 , − 12, − 18 (b) −6, 4, 9
(a) S = {0, 2, 3} (b) S = {−1, 2, 3}
(c) −6 , − 4 , − 9 (d) −6, 12, 18
(c) S = {1, 2, 3} (d) S = {2, 3}
3. Assuming that the sum and product given below are
defined, which of the following is not true for 7. Consider the following statements in respect of
matrices? symmetric matrices A and B
I. A + B is symmetric.
(a) A + B = B + A
II. AB is symmetric.
(b) AB = AC does not imply B = C
III. AB + BA is symmetric.
(c) AB = O implies A = O or B = O
IV. AB − BA is symmetric.
(d) ( AB) ′ = B ′ A ′ Which of the statements given above are correct?
1 1 (a) I and II (b) I and III
4. If A = A100 is equal to (c) II and III (d) II and IV
1 1 , then
100 8. If A be a real skew-symmetric matrix of order n such
(a) 2 A (b) 299 A
that A2 + I = 0, I being the identity matrix of the
(c) 100 A (d) 299 A
same order as that of A, then what is the order of A?
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ (a) 3 (b) Odd
5. Inverse of the matrix is
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ (c) Prime number (d) None of these

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CHAPTERWISE PREVIOUS YEAR Report
QUESTIONS (ARIHANT NDA/NA)

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Page 5 :
ARIHANT PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) LIMITED, All
Rights Reserved, , © Publisher, No part of this
publication may be re-produced, stored in a retrieval
system or by any means,, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, scanning, web or otherwise
without the written, permission of the publisher.
Arihant has obtained all the information in this book
from the sources, believed to be reliable and true.
However, Arihant or its editors or authors or
illustrators don’t take, any responsibility for the
absolute accuracy of any information published and
the damage or loss, suffered thereupon., , All disputes
subject to Meerut (UP) jurisdiction only., ,
Administrative & Production Offices, Regd. Office,
‘Ramchhaya’ 4577/15, Agarwal Road, Darya Ganj,
New Delhi -110002, Tele: 011- 47630600,
43518550, , Head Office, Kalindi, TP Nagar, Meerut
(UP) - 250002, Tel: 0121-7156203, 7156204, , Sales
& Support Offices, Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru,
Bareilly, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati,, Hyderabad,
Jaipur, Jhansi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Nagpur & Pune., ,
ISBN, , 978-93-24196-20-0, , PO No : TXT-XX-
XXXXXXX-X-XX, Published by Arihant Publications
(India) Ltd., For further information about the books
published by Arihant, log on to,
www.arihantbooks.com or e-mail at
[email protected], Follow us on

Page 6 :
NDA/NA, National Defence Academy / Naval
Academy, , ABOUT THE EXAMINATION, Education is
the glorious route through which anyone can attain
the goal of success. And if education, has been
acquired through a renowned institution, it leads to
achieve glorious heights in career., National Defence
Academy (NDA) is one such institution which propels
the students in the arena of life, and contributes to a
very successful and fulfilled career. But to get
enrolled in this institution means, goal directed study
for passing in a competitive examination which is
conducted by Union Public, Service Commission
nationwide. For recruitment to Army, Navy and Air
Force wings of Indian Army,, there is prestigious
National Defence Academy Entrance Examination.
The examination is conducted, twice a year, and the
duration of training is three years., Though the
candidate may give his preference for a particular
wing of the Armed Forces, the final, selection depends
upon his performance and place in the merit list., ,
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS, (i) For Army wing
of National Defence Academy, Class XII pass of the
10+2 pattern of school, education or equivalent
examination conducted by a State Education Board or
a University., (ii) For Air Force and Naval wings of
National Defence Academy and for the 10+2
(Executive Branch), Course at the Naval Academy,
Class XII pass of the 10+2 pattern of school education
or equivalent, with Physics and Mathematics
conducted by a State Education Board or a
University., , SYLLABUS, Algebra Concept of a set,
operations on sets, Venn diagrams. De-Morgan laws.
Cartesian product,, relation, equivalence relation.
Representation of real numbers on a line. Complex
numbers – basic, properties, modulus, argument, cube
roots of unity. Binary system of numbers. Conversion
of a, number in decimal system to binary system and
vice-versa. Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic,
progressions. Quadratic equations with real
coefficients. Solution of linear inequations of two
variables, by graphs. Permutation and Combination.
Binomial theorem and its application., Logarithms and
their applications., Matrices and Determinants Types
of matrices, operations on matrices Determinant of a
matrix, basic, properties of determinant. Adjoint and
inverse of a square matrix, Applications – Solution of
a system of, linear equations in two or three
unknowns by Cramer's rule and by Matrix Method.,
Trigonometry Angles and their measures in degrees
and in radians. Trigonometrical ratios., Trigonometric
identities Sum and difference formulae. Multiple and
Sub-multiple angles. Inverse, trigonometric functions.
Applications – Height and distance, properties of
triangles.

Page 7 :
Analytical Geometry of Two and Three Dimensions
Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate system., Distance
formula. Equation of a line in various forms. Angle
between two lines. Distance of a point, from a line.
Equation of a circle in standard and in general form.
Standard forms of parabola, ellipse and, hyperbola.
Eccentricity and axis of a conic. Point in a three
dimensional space, distance between two, points.
Direction Cosines and direction ratios. Equation of a
plane and a line in various forms. Angle, between two
lines and angle between two planes. Equation of a
sphere., Differential Calculus Concept of a real valued
function – domain, range and graph of a function.,
Composite functions, one to one, onto and inverse
functions. Notion of limit, Standard limits –, examples.
Continuity of functions – examples, algebraic
operations on continuous functions. Derivative, of a
function at a point, geometrical and physical
interpretation of a derivative – applications.,
Derivatives of sum, product and quotient of functions,
derivative of a function with respect of another,
function, derivative of a composite function. Second
order derivatives. Increasing and decreasing,
functions. Application of derivatives in problems of
maxima and minima., Integral Calculus and
Differential Equations Integration as inverse of
differentiation, Integration by, substitution and by
parts, Standard integrals involving algebraic
expressions, trigonometric,, exponential and
hyperbolic functions. Evaluation of definite integrals –
determination of areas of plane, regions bounded by
curves – applications. Definition of order and degree
of a differential equation,, formation of a differential
equation by examples. General and particular solution
of a differential, equation, solution of first order and
first degree differential equations of various types –
examples., Application in problems of growth and
decay., Vector Algebra Vectors in two and three
dimensions, magnitude and direction of a vector. Unit
and, null vectors, addition of vectors, scalar
multiplication of vector, scalar product or dot product
of twovectors. Vector product and cross product of
two vectors. Applications-work done by a force and,
moment of a force and in geometrical problems.,
Statistics and Probability Statistics: Classification of
data, Frequency distribution, Cumulative, frequency
distribution – examples Graphical representation –
Histogram, Pie Chart, Frequency Polygon, – examples.
Measures of Central tendency – Mean, Median and
Mode. Variance and standard deviation, –
determination and comparison. Correlation and
regression., Probability Random experiment,
outcomes and associated sample space, events,
mutually exclusive, and exhaustive events, impossible
and certain events. Union and Intersection of events.,
Complementary, elementary and composite events.
Definition of probability – classical and statistical –,
examples. Elementary theorems on probability –
simple problems. Conditional probability, Bayes',
theorem – simple problems. Random variable as
function on a sample space. Binomial distribution,,
examples of random experiments giving rise to
Binomial distribution.

Page 8 :
CONTENTS, NDA / NA Solved Paper 2019 (II/I), , 1-
30, , NDA / NA Solved Paper 2018 (II/I), , 1-44, , NDA /
NA Solved Paper 2017 (II/I), , 1-44, , 1. Sets, Relations
and Functions, 2. Complex Numbers, , 1-19, 20-40, ,
16. Functions, , 297-316, , 17. Limits, Continuity, and
Differentiability, , 317-339, , 3. Quadratic Equations,
and Inequalities, , 41-63, , 18. Differentiation, , 340-
362, , 4. Sequence and Series, , 64-87, , 19. Application
of Derivative, , 363-388, , 5. Logarithms, , 88-97, , 20.
Indefinite Integration, , 389-411, , 21. Definite
Integration, , 412-429, , 6. Matrices, , 98-123, , 7.
Determinant, , 124-149, , 22. Area Bounded by
Region, , 430-445, , 8. Binomial Theorem, , 150-165, ,
23. Differential Equations, , 446-468, , 9.
Permutations and, Combinations, , 166-181, , 24.
Rectangular, Cartesian System, , 469-489, , 10.
Probability, , 182-202, , 25. The Straight Line, , 490-
512, , 11. Binary Numbers, , 203-212, , 26. The Circle, ,
513-535, , 12. Trigonometric Ratios, and Equations, ,
27. Conic Sections, , 536-567, , 213-246, , 28. Vector
Algebra, , 568-605, , 13. Properties of Triangles, , 247-
264, , 14. Height and Distance, , 265-280, , 29. Three
Dimensional, Geometry, , 606-635, , 15. Inverse
Trigonometric, Functions, , 30. Statistics, , 636-654, ,
281-296, , 31. Correlation and Regression, , 655-663

Page 10 :
NDA /NA, , National Defence Academy/Naval
Academy, , SOLVED PAPER 2019 (II), PAPER I :
Mathematics, 1., , If both p and q belong to the set, {1,
2, 3, 4 }, then how many equations, of the form, px 2 +
qx + 1 = 0 will have real roots?, (a) 12, (c) 7, , 3., , 2, Ê (d)
Equation px + qx + 1 = 0, has real, , subset of U., We
know that, A ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A,, So option (a) is not
correct., A ∩ ( A ∪ B) = A, so option (b) is correct., ( A ∩
B) ∪ C = ( A ∪ C ) ∩ ( B ∪ C ),, so option (c) is correct., and
( A ∪ B) ∩ C = ( A ∩ C ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ), so option (d) is
correct., , [Q for real roots of a quadratic equation, b 2
− 4ac ≥ 0], , What, is, the, value, 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − ...... +
101?, (a) 51, (c) 110, , 4., , of, , (b) 2, (d) 4, , Ê (a) Sum of
first n term of a series = n + 12, , a1 + a2 + a3 +
.........+ an = n + 12, Put n = 1, a1 = 1 + 12 = 13, Put n = 2,
a1 + a2 = 2 + 12 a1 + a2 = 14, 13 + a2 = 14 a2 =
1, Put n = 3, a1 + a2 + a3 = 3 + 12, 13 + 1 + a3 = 15,
a3 = 15 − 14 = 1, , Ê (a) Given series,, , 5., , k+1, 2, = k
2 + 4 − 4k + k + 1, = ( k − 2 )2 + 2 ×, , = k 2 − 3k + 5, 9 9,
= k 2 − 3k + − + 5, 4 4, 2, 3, 11, = k − +, , 2 , 4, 3,
2, 2, , α + β is minimum, if k − = 0, , 2 , 3, k=, ,
2, , If the sum of first n terms of a series, is (n + 12),
then what is its third, term?, (a) 1, (c) 3, , (b) 55, (d) 111,
= 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − ...... + 101, = (1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + 101),
− (2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 100), = (1 + 3 + 5 + .... 51 terms), − (2
+ 4 + 6 + ...... 50 terms), 51, =, [2 + ( 51 − 1) × 2 ], 2, 50,
−, [4 + ( 50 − 1) × 2 ], 2, [Q both series are AP and, n, S
n = [2 a + ( n − 1)d ], 2, 51, 50, =, × 102 −, × 102, 2, 2, =
2601 − 2550 = 51, , 2( k − 2 ), = k − 2,, 2, − ( k + 1), αβ =,
2, We know that, α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 − 2αβ, , Qα + β =,
, Ê (a) Let U be the set and A, B andC are the, , roots,
where p and q belong to the set, {1, 2, 3, 4}., ∴, q 2 − 4p
≥ 0, , 2., , 2 x 2 − 2( k − 2 ) x − ( k + 1) = 0, , (a) A ∪ ( A ∩ B)
= A ∪ B, (b) A ∩ ( A ∪ B) = A, (c) ( A ∩ B) ∪ C = ( A ∪ C ) ∩ (
B ∪ C ), (d) ( A ∪ B) ∩ C = ( A ∩ C ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ), , (b) 10, (d) 6,
, It, is, possible, if, value, of, ( p, q ) = (1, 2 ), (1, 3), (1, 4),
(2, 3), (2, 4), and ( 3, 4), Hence, the number of
equations are 6., , Ê (c) Let α, β be the roots of
equation., , If A , B and C are subsets of a given, set,
then which one of the following, relations is not
correct?, , What is the value of k for which the, sum of
the squares of the roots of, is, 2x 2 − 2(k − 2)x − (k + 1)
= 0, minimum?, (a) − 1, 3, (c), 2, , (b) 1, (d) 2, , 6., , If the
roots of the equation, a( b − c )x 2 + b(c − a )x + c( a − b
) = 0, , are equal, then which one of the, following is
correct?, (a) a, b and c are in AP, (b) a, b and c are in GP,
(c) a, b and c are in HP, (d) a, b and c do not follow any
regular, pattern, , Ê (c) The roots of the equation, , a( b
− c ) x 2 + b(c − a ) x + c( a − b ) = 0, , are equal., ∴b 2(c −
a )2 − 4a( b − c ). c( a − b ) = 0, [Q ax 2 + bx + c = 0 of
roots are real if, b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0, b 2(c 2 + a 2 − 2ca ) −
4ac ( ab − b 2, − ac + bc ) = 0

Page 11 :
2, , NDA/NA, b 2c 2 + a 2b 2 – 2 ab 2c − 4a 2bc, , 9., ,
+ 4ab 2c + 4a 2c 2 − 4abc 2 = 0, b 2c 2 + a 2b 2 + 2
ab 2c, − 4a 2bc − 4abc 2 + 4a 2c 2 = 0, b 2(c 2 + a 2 +
2 ac ) − 4abc ( a + c ), + 4a 2c 2 = 0, b (c + a ) − 4abc (
a + c ) + (2 ac ) = 0, 2, , 2, , 2, , [b(c + a ) − 2 ac ]2 = 0,
b (c + a ) − 2 ac = 0, 2 ac, b(c + a ) = 2 ac b =, c+ a, ,
7., , (a) 3, (c) 8, , (a) 48, (b) 40, (c) 28, (d) 20, , 2, 2, Ê (c)| x
− 3 x + 2| > x − 3 x + 2, , − ( x2 − 3 x + 2 ) > x2 − 3 x +
2, [if x 2 − 3 x + 2 < 0, and x 2 − 3 x + 2 > 0, not
possible], − 2( x 2 − 3 x + 2 ) > 0, , , , x2 − 2 x − x + 2 >
0, , , ( x − 2 )( x − 1) > 0, ∴ 1 < x < 2 is correct., , A
geometric progression (GP), consists of 200 terms. If
the sum of, odd terms of the GP is m, and the, sum of
even terms of the GP is n,, then what is its common
ratio?, (a) m / n, (c) m + ( n / m), , (b) n / m, (d) n + ( m / n),
2, , Ê (b) Let a, ar, ar ...... 200 terms be a, geometric
progression., Where, a is the first terms and r be the,
common ratio., GP of odd terms a, ar 2, ar 4 , ..... 100
terms., GP of even terms ar, ar 3, ar 5, …… 100, terms.,
∴Sum of odd terms of the GP = m, a{ r 200 − 1}, …(i), ,
=m, r−1, Sum of even terms of the GP = n, ar( r 200 −
1}, =n, , r −1, , …(ii), , Dividing of Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii),, 1 m,
n, =, r =, , r, n, m, n, Hence, the common ratio of the
GP is ., m, , Ê (d) The number of vertices of an octagon,
, points], 8!, 8×7, =, = 28, 2 ! 6!, 2, ∴ The number of
diagonals of an octagon, = Total number, of straight
line form by 8 points − number, of sides of octagon, =
28 − 8 = 20, =, , = 2 ! 3! 4! = 2, , 6, , 3! 4! 5!, , 0, , 24 = 2, ,
2, , 6, , 6 12, , 48, , 12. What are the values of x that
satisfy, 0 2, , 2x 2 1 + x 2 2 1 = 0 ?, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, (a) −2 ±
3, (b) −1 ± 3, (c) −1 ± 6, (d) −2 ± 6, , 2, −4 ± 24 −4 ± 2 6,
=, =, 2, 2, = −2 ± 6, , a, a, , b, , c, , x +b, c ?, b, x +c, (b) ( a +
b + c )2, (d) a + b + c − 2, , x+ a, , b, , a, , x+ b, , c, , a, , b, ,
x+c, , x+ a+ b+c, = x+ a+ b+c, x+ a+ b+c, , c, , b, , c, , x+ b,
, c, , b, , x+c, , [byC1 C1 + C 2 + C 3], 1, b, c, = ( x + a +
b + c) 1 x + b, c, 1, b, x+c, , 14., 0, , [by C 2 C 2 − 2C1,
C 3 C 3 − 3C 2], = 1( 96 − 72 ) − 0 + 0, [expression
w.r.t. first row], = 24, , the equation, x 0 2, 3x, , 16 − 4
(1) ( −2 ), , [ x + a + b + c common from C1] = 0, [Q x + a
+ b + c = 0], 1, , 6 24 120, , −4 ±, , Ê (a) Given, x + a + b +
c = 0, , (b) 12, (d) 36, 6, , x=, , (a) 0, (c) a 2 + b 2 + c 2, , 4!
?, 3! 4 ! 5!, , 2, , x2 + 4 x − 2 = 0, , value of, , 2! 3!, , 1, , ,
, x +a, , 3!, , 1! 2 ! 3 !, , 2 x2 + 8 x − 4 = 0, , 13. If x + a + b
+ c = 0, then what is the, , 11. What is the value of the
determinant, , Ê (c) Given determinant, , , , , , [Q 1
straight line form by 2, , (a) 0, (c) 24, , 3x 0 2, 1 + x2 2 1
= 0, 1 1, 0 1 1, , [expression w.r.t. first row], x + 4 x −
4 + 3 x + 2 x2 = 0, , =8, ∴The number of points in a
plane = 8, ∴ Total number of straight line form by 8,
points = 8C 2, , 1! 2!, , 0 2, , x(2 − 1) − 0 + 2(2 x − 2 ) +
3 x(2 − 1), − 0 + 2 ( x 2 − 0) = 0, , ∴The minimum
number of elements in, A∪B= 6, i.e, n( A ∪ B) = 6,
(because max n( A ∩ B) = 3, , If | x 2 − 3x + 2| > x 2 − 3x
+ 2, then, which one of the following is, correct?, , x2 −
3 x + 2 > 0, , 1, , Ê (b) n( A ) = 3, n( B) = 6, , an octagon?, ,
, , x, , 2x 2, , (b) 6, (d) 9, , So, a, b and c are is HP., , , ,
Ê (d) Given equation,, , 10. What is the number of
diagonals of, , (a) x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 2 (b) 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, (c) 1 < x < 2,
(d) x is any real value except 3 and 4, , 8., , If a set A
contains 3 elements and, another set B contains 6
elements,, then what is the minimum number, of
elements that ( A ∪ B ) can have?, , Solved Paper 2019
(II), , 1 −1 , If A = , , then the expression, −1 1 , A
3 − 2A 2 is, , (a) a null matrix, (c) equal to A, 1 −1 , Ê
(a) A = −1 1 , , , , (b) an identity matrix, (d) equal to
− A, , 1 −1 1 −1 , ∴ A2 = A ⋅ A = , ⋅ , , −1 1
−1 1 , 1 + 1 −1 − 1 2 −2 , = , = , , −1 − 1 1 +
1 −2 2 , 2 −2 1 −1 , and A 3 = A 2 ⋅ A = , . ,
, −2 2 −1 1 , 2 + 2 −2 − 2 4 −4 , = , = , ,
−2 − 2 2 + 2 −4 4

Page 12 :
NDA/NA, , 3, , Solved Paper 2019 (II), , Now,, , 4 −4 ,
A3 − 2 A2 = , −2, −4 4 , 4 −4 −4, = , + , −4
4 4, , 2, −2, , 4 , −4 , 4 − 4 −4 + 4 0, = ,
= , −4 + 4 4 − 4 0, , 17. What is the value of, , −2
, 2 , , i + 3 , , , 2 , , 15. Let m and n(m < n ) be
the roots of the, , (b) 30, (d) 35, , m + n = 16, mn = 39 …
(ii), , …(i), , We know that, n − m = ( m + n)2 − 4mn, (Q m
< n), = 256 − 156 = 100, …(iii), n − m = 10, Solving the
Eqs. (ii) and (iii), n = 13, m = 3, Four terms p, q , r and s
are inserted, between m and n to form an AP., ∴ AP is
3, p, q , r, s, 13, Here, a = 3, l = 13, n = 6, ∴, l = a + ( n −
1)d, 13 = 3 + ( 6 − 1)d, , d =2, ∴, p = a + d = 3 + 2 = 5,,
q = a + 2d = 3 + 4 = 7, r = a + 3 d = 3 + 6 = 9,, d = a + 4 d
= 3 + 8 = 11, Now, p + q + r + s = 5 + 7 + 9 + 11, = 32, ,
16. Under which one of the following, conditions will
the quadratic, equation, x 2 + mx + 2 = 0 always have
real, roots?, (a) 2 3 ≤ m2 < 8, , (b) 3 ≤ m2 < 4, , (c) m2 ≥
8, , (d) m2 ≤, , 3, , Ê (c) The quadratic equation, x 2 + mx
+ 2 = 0,, , have real roots., ∴, m2 − 4(1)(2 ) ≥ 0,
equation, , ax 2 + bx + c = 0, , have real roots if b − 4ac
≥ 0], 2, , , , m2 − 8 ≥ 0, , , , m2 ≥ 8, , and 40% play
football. If 10% of, students play both the games, then,
what per cent of students play, neither cricket nor
football?, , ?, , (a) 10%, , i + 3 , , 2 , , 2019, , i − 3 ,
+ , , 2 , , 3 1 , = , + i , 2 , 2, , 2019, , 2019, ,
3 1 , − , − i , 2 , 2, , π, π, = cos, + i sin , , 6, 6 ,
, 2019, , 2019, , 2019, , Ê (c)2 m and n be the roots of
the equation, x − 16 x + 39 = 0 ( m < n)., , [quadratic, , i
− 3 , + , , 2 , , Ê (c) , , equation x 2 − 16x + 39 = 0.
If four, terms p , q , r and s are inserted, between m
and n to form an AP, then, what is the value of p + q + r
+ s ?, , ∴, and, , 19. In a school, 50% students play
cricket, 2019, , (a) 1, (b) − 1, (c) 2 i, (d) − 2 i, , 0 , 0 , , =
a null matrix, , (a) 29, (c) 32, , 2019, , π, π, – cos, − i sin
, , 6, 6 , 2019 π, 2019 π, = cos, + i sin, 6, 6, 2019
π, 2019 π, − cos, + i sin, 6, 6, [De-moivre’s theorem,
(cos θ ± i sin θ)n = cos nθ ± i sin n θ], 2019 π, = 2 i sin,
6, 3π , , = 2 i sin 168 × 2 π +, , , 6 , 3π, = 2 i sin, 6,
[Q sin (2 nπ + θ) = sin θ, n is an integer], π, = 2 i sin = 2
i, 2, , 18. If α and β are the roots of, x 2 + x + 1 = 0,, 3, ,
∑ (α j, , then, , what, , is, , + β j ) equal to?, , j =0, , (a) 8,
(c) 4, , (b) 6, (d) 2, x2 + x + 1 = 0, , α + β = −1, αβ = 1, 3, ,
Now,, , ∑ (α, , j, , + β j ) = (α 0 + β 0 ), , j=0, 1, , + (α1 + β )
+ (α 2 + β 2 ) + (α 3 + β 3 ), = (1 + 1) + ( −1) + {α 2 + β 2 +
2αβ − 2αβ}, + (α + β ) (α + β − αβ ), 2, , 2, , = 2 − 1 + {(α
+ β )2 − 2αβ} + ( −1), {α 2 + β 2 + 2αβ − 3αβ}, = 1 + {(
−1)2 − 2(1)} − {(α + β )2 − 3(1)}, = 1 − 1 − {( −1)2 − 3}, =
− (1 − 3) = 2, , (d) 25%, , 20. If A = { x : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2} and B =
{y : y is, a prime number}, then what is, A ∩ B equal to?,
(a) φ, , (b) {1}, , (c) {2}, , (d) {1, 2}, , Ê (c) A = { x : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2}
= { 0, 1, 2}, B = { y : y is a prime number}, = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
..... }, ∴ A ∩ B = { 0, 1, 2} ∩ {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ......}, = {2}, and, ,
21. If x = 1 + i , then what is the value of, x 6 + x 4 + x 2
+ 1?, (a) 6i − 3, (c) −6i − 3, , (b) −6i + 3, (d) 6i + 3, , Ê (c)
Given, x = 1 + i, , 1, i , = 2 , +, , 2, 2 , π, π, = 2
cos, + i sin , , 4, 4 , Now, x 6 + x 4 + x 2 + 1, = x 4 ( x
2 + 1) + 1( x 2 + 1), , Ê (d) α and β are the roots of the
equation, ∴, and, , (b) 15% (c) 20%, , Ê (c) Students,
who play cricket = 50%, Students, who play football =
40%, Students who play both games = 10%, Students
who play only cricket, = 50 − 10 = 40%, Students who
play only football, = 40 − 10 = 30%, ∴Total students
who play any game, = 40 + 30 + 10 = 80%, ∴ Students
who play neither cricket nor, football = 100 − 80 =
20%, , = ( x 2 + 1) ( x 4 + 1), 2, , π, π, = ( 2 )2 cos + i
sin +, , 4, 4 , , 4, , π, π , 4 , ( 2 ) cos + i sin
+, , 4, 4 , , 2π , 2π, , , = 2 cos, + i sin, + 1 ,
, 4, 4 , , , , 1 , , , 1 , , , 4π, 4π , , , 4 cos, + i
sin, + 1 , , 4, 4 , , [Q (cos θ + i sinθ)n = cos nθ
+ i sin nθ], π, π, , , = 2 cos + i sin + 1, , , 2,
2 , [4(cos π + i sin π ) + 1], = [2( 0 + i ) + 1] [4( −1 + 0) +
1], = (2 i + 1) ( −4 + 1) = − 6i − 3

Page 13 :
4, , NDA/NA, , 22. What, 2+, , is, 1, , 2+, , the, , of, , x=, ,
(1 + 2 x + x 2 )5 + (1 + 4 y + 4 y 2 )5, = [(1 + x )2 ]5 + [(1
+ 2 y)2 ]5, , 1, 2 + ... ∞, , = (1 + x )10 + (1 + 2 y)10, ∴
Total number of terms in given, expansion., = (10 + 1)
+ (10 + 1) = 22, [Q total number of terms in expansion
of, (1 + x )n = n + 1], , (a) 2 − 1 (b) 2 + 1 (c) 3 (d) 4, 1, Ê (b)
Let, x = 2 +, 1, 2 +, 1, 2 +, 2 + ... ∞, 1, x=2 +, , x2 = 2
x + 1, x, , x2 − 2 x − 1 = 0, , , Ê (d) Given expansion,, ,
?, , 1, 2+, , value, , 2±, , 25. If the middle term in the
expansion, 2n, , 1 , , is 184756x 10 , then, of x 2 + ,
, x , what is the value of n?, , ( −2 )2 − 4(1) ( −1), , 2, 2
± 8 2 ±2 2, =, = 1± 2, 2, 2, = 2+1, (Q x > 2 ), , (a) 10, (c) 5,
, =, , term in the expansion of, Ê (a) The middle, 2n, x2
+ 1 , , , , x , 2n, = , + 1 th term [Q 2 n is even],
2, , = ( n + 1)th term., According to the question,,
Value of middle term = 184756 x10, , 23. If P (n, r ) =
2520 and C (n, r ) = 21,, then what is, C (n + 1, r + 1) ?,
(a) 7, (c) 28, , the, , value, , of, , (b) 14, (d) 56, , Ê (c) If P(
n, r ) = 2520 and C ( n, r ) = 21,, ∴, , n, , , and, , pr =
2520, n!, = 2520, ( n − r )!, , Cn ( x ), , [Q Tr, , C r = 21, n!,
= 21, r ! ( n − r )!, , , , n( n − 1) ( n − 2 ) ( n − 3)( n − 4), =
7 × 6× 5× 4× 3, ∴, n=7, Now, C ( n + 1, r + 1) = n + 1C r
+ 1, =, , 7 +1, , C 5 + 1 = 8C 6, , 8!, 8×7, =, 6 !2 !, 2, = 28,
=, , 24. How many terms are there in the, expansion of,
( 1 + 2x + x 2 ) 5 + ( 1 + 4y + 4y 2 ) 5 ?, (b) 20, (d) 22, , +1,
, n, , 1 = 184756 x10, , x , , = nC r x n − r a r in
expansion, of ( x + a )n], , …(ii), , From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get, 2520, = 21, r!, 2520, r! =, = 120, , 21, , r! = 5 !,
∴, r=5, Putting the value of r in Eq. (i),, n!, = 2520, ( n −
5)!, , (a) 12, (c) 21, , , , …(i), , 2 2n − n, , 2n, , n, , , , (b)
8, (d) 4, , , , , 2n, , 4 n − 2n − n, , C n( x ), , = 184756 x,
, 10, , C n( x ) = 184756 x10, , 2n, , n, , Comparing the
power of x both sides, n = 10, , 26., , 1 2 , , , 1 2 ,
If A = 2 3 and B = , , then, 2 1 , 3 4 , , , which
one of the following is, correct?, , (a) Both AB and BA
exist, (b) Neither AB nor BA exists, (c) AB exists but
BA does not exist, (d) AB does not exist but BA exists,
1 2 , 1 2 , , , Ê (c)We have, A = 2 3 and B = 2
1 , , , 3 4 , , , order of A = 3 × 2 and order of B =
2 × 2, Q Number of column of A = Number of, row of
B, ∴ AB exists., and number of column of B ≠ Number
of, raw of A, ∴BA does not exist., Hence, AB exists but
BA does not exist., , Solved Paper 2019 (II), , 27. If n !
has 17 zeros, then what is the, value of n?, (a) 95, (b)
85, (c) 80, (d) No such value of n exists, , Ê (b) We know
that each interval of 5!is one, zero., i.e. 5! has one
zero., 10! has two zeros., ∴85! has 17 zeros., Hence,
the value of n is 85., , 28. Let A ∪ B = { x |( x − a )( x − b )
> 0,, where a < b }. What are A and B equal, to?, , (a) A =
{ x| x >, (b) A = { x| x <, (c) A = { x| x <, (d) A = { x| x >, , a}
and B = { x| x >, a} and B = { x| x >, a} and B = { x| x <, a}
and B = { x| x <, , b}, b}, b}, b}, , Ê (c) Let A ∪ B = { x :( x −
a)( x − b ) > 0,, where a < b}., It is possible if x − a < 0
and x − b < 0, or x < a and x < b, ∴ A = { x : x < a} and B =
{ x : x < b}, , 29. If the constant term in the expansion,
10, , k , , of x − 2 is 405, then what can, , x , be
the values of k?, (a) ±2, (c) ±5, , (b) ±3, (d) ±9, , Ê (b) Let (
r + 1)th term in the expansion of, 10, , x − k is
constant., , , , x2 , ∴, , Tr, , +1, , [Q Tr, , −k, = 10C r ( x
)10 − r 2 , x , +1, , r, , = nC r x n − r a r in
expansion, of ( x + a )n], 10 − r, , 405 = 10C r ( x ), , 2, ,
− 2r, , ⋅ ( − k )r, , 10 − 5r, , 405 =, , 10, , C r ( x), , 2, , ⋅ (
− k )r, , For constant term, 10 − 5r, = 0 10 − 5r = 0, 2,
∴, r=2, Putting the value of r, in Eq. (i),, 405 = 10C 2.( −
k )2, , , , , , , 10 !, × k2, 2 ! 8!, 10 × 9 2, 405 =,
.k, 2, 405, k2 =, 45, k2 = 9, 405 =, , k=± 3, , …(i)

Page 14 :
NDA/NA, , 5, , Solved Paper 2019 (II), , 30. What is C (
47, 4 ) + C (51, 3) + C (50, 3), , 33. Let Sn be the sum of
the first n terms, , + C ( 49, 3) + C ( 48, 3) + C ( 47, 3)
equal, to?, , of an AP. If S 2n = 3n + 14n 2 , then, what is
the common difference?, , (a) C( 47, 4), (c) C( 52, 4), ,
(b) C( 52, 5), (d) C( 47, 5), , (a) 5, (c) 7, , Ê (c) C ( 47, 4) +
C ( 51, 3) + C ( 50, 3), , =, , 51, , C3 +, , 50, , =, , 51, , C3 +,
, 49, , C3 +, , 50, , C3 +, , C3 +, , 49, , C3 +, , 48, , C3 +, , =,
, 51, , C3 +, , 50, , C3 +, , 47, , C3 +, , 48, , =, , 51, , C3 +, ,
50, , =, , 51, , C3 +, , 51, , =, , 52, , n, , C3 +, , 49, , C3 +, ,
C3 +, , 50, , C3, , C3, , [Q C r + C r − 1 =, n, , 47, , 48, , +, ,
47, , C4, , 48, , C4, , n +1, , Cr ], , 49, , C4, , C4, , C4, , C 4
= C( 52, 4), , 31. Let a, b, c be in AP and k ≠ 0 be a real,
number. Which of the following are, correct?, 1. ka, kb,
kc are in AP, 2. k − a, k − b, k − c are in AP, a b c, 3. , , are
in AP, k k k, Select the correct answer using the, code
given below., (a) 1 and 2 only, (c) 1 and 3 only, , Ê (c) S
2n = 3n + 14n (S n be the sum of first, 2, , + C ( 49, 3) +
C ( 48, 3) + C ( 47, 3), = 47C 4 + 51C 3 + 50C 3 + 49C 3,
+, , (b) 2 and 3 only, (d) 1, 2 and 3, , n terms of an AP), 3,
7, S 2n = .(2 n) + (2 n)2, 2, 2, Put 2 n = n, 3n 7 n 2, we
get, S n =, +, 2, 2, ∴, Tn = S n − S n −1, , , We know that
equal number addition,, subtraction and multiply,
divide, by equal, number of each term of an AP, the,
resultent, series be an AP., ∴ka, kb, kc are in AP
(multiplying by k)., k − a, k − b, k − c are in AP
(subtraction, a b c, from k) and , , are in AP (divide by
k), k k k, Hence, option (d) is correct answer., , Put n =
1, 2, ...., T1 = 7(1) − 2 = 5, , 34. If 3rd, 8th and 13th
terms of a GP are, p , q and r respectively, then which,
one of the following is correct?, (b) r 2 = pq, (a) q 2 = pr,
(c) pqr = 1, (d) 2q = p + r, Ê (a) Let first term and
common ratio of a, GP be a and R., …(i), ∴, T3 = aR 2 =
p, , 32. How many two-digit numbers are, divisible by
4?, (b) 22, (d) 25, , Ê (b) Series of two-digit number
that, divisible by 4 is, 12, 16, 20, ........., 96, This series is
an AP, Here, A = 12,d = 4, l = 96, Let total number of
terms be n., ∴, l = a + ( n − 1)d, , 96 = 12 + ( n − 1) 4,
, 84 = ( n − 1)4, , n − 1 = 21, , n = 21 + 1 = 22, , T8
= aR 7 = q, , …(ii), , T13 = aR, , …(iii), , =r, , Multiplying of
Eqs. (i) and (iii), ( aR 2 ) ( aR12 ) = pr, ( aR 7 )2 = pr, , , ,
q 2 = pr [from Eq. (ii)], , 35. What is the solution of x ≤
4, y ≥ 0, and x ≤ − 4, y ≤ 0?, (a) x ≥ − 4, y ≤ 0, (c) x ≤ − 4, y
= 0, , (b) x ≤ 4, y ≥ 0, (d) x ≥ − 4, y = 0, , Ê (c) Given
inequalities, , log 7 x > ( ± 1), x > 71 x > 7, x < 7 −1
x <, , 1, 7, , 1, Hence, x ∈ , 7 , 7 , , equation x 2 +
3| x | + 2 = 0 have?, , d = T2 − T1 = 12 − 5 = 7, , , , and,
, [Q log a a = 1], , 37. How many real roots does the, ,
T2 = 7(2 ) − 2 = 12, , a 2R14 = pr, , (log 7 x )2 > 1, , , ∴, ,
3, 7, 3, 3 7, 7 7, n + n2 − n + − n2− + .2 n, 2, 2, 2, 2 2, 2 2,
Tn = 7 n − 2, , , , 1, (b) x ∈ , 7 , 7 , , 1, (c) x ∈
0, ∪ (7, ∞ ), 7 , 1, (d) x ∈ , ∞ , 7, , , , , =, , 12,
, (a) x ∈ ( 0, ∞ ), , Taking log on base 7 both sides, log 7 x.
log 7 x > log 7 7, [Q log a mn = nlog a m], , 3, 7n, 3, 7, =
n+, − ( n − 1) − ( n − 1)2, 2, 2, 2, 2, , ∴, , one of the
following is correct?, , log x, Ê (b) x 7 > 7 where x > 0., ,
2, , Ê (d) a, b,c are in AP., , (a) 21, (c) 24, , (b) 6, (d) 9, , 36.
If x log 7 x > 7 where x > 0, then which, , …(i), x ≤ 4, y ≥
0, and, …(ii), x ≤ − 4, y ≤ 0, Possible value of x and y., x =
{ 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, − 1, − 2, − 3, − 4, − 5, ...}, …(i), y = { 0, 1, 2, 3,
4 .....}, and x = { −4, − 5, − 6, − 7, ...},, y = { 0, − 1, − 2, − 3,
− 4 ...} …(ii), Take combine (i) and (ii),, x = { −4, − 5, − 6, −
7 ... }, y = 0, or, x ≤ − 4, y = 0., , (a) Zero, (c) Two, , (b)
One, (d) Four, , 2, Ê (a) Given equation, x + 3| x| + 2 = 0,
, Case I x 2 + 3 x + 2 = 0 (when x > 0), , , x2 + x + 2 x +
2 = 0, , x( x + 1) + 2( x + 1) = 0, , ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) = 0,
∴, x = − 1, − 2, Hence, no real roots because x > 0.,
Case II x 2 − 3 x + 2 = 0 (when x < 0), , , x2 − 2 x − x +
2 = 0, , , x( x − 2 ) − 1( x − 2 ) = 0, , ( x − 2 )( x − 1) = 0,
∴, x = 1, 2, Hence, no real roots because x < 0., ∴ The
number of real roots of given, equation is zero., , 38.
Consider the following statements in, respect of the
quadratic equation, 4( x − p )( x − q ) − r 2 = 0,, where p
, q and r are real numbers., 1. The roots are real., 2.
The roots are equal, if p = q and, r = 0., Which of the
above statements is/are, correct?, (a) Only 1, (c) Both
1 and 2, , (b) Only 2, (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , Ê (c) Given
quadratic equation,, 2, , 4( x − p) ( x − q ) − r = 0, , , , 4
x 2 − ( 4q + 4 p) x + 4 pq − r 2 = 0, , Comparing it Eq. by
ax 2 + bx + c = 0

Page 15 :
6, , NDA/NA, a = 4, b = − 4 ( p + q ), c = 4 pq − r 2, b −
4ac = 16 ( p + q ) − 4 × 4 ( 4 pq − r ), 2, , 2, , 2, , = 16 p2 +
16 q 2 + 32 pq − 64 pq + 16r 2, = 16 p2 + 16 q 2 − 32
pq + 16r 2, = 16( p − q )2 + 16r 2, Q b 2 − 4ac will be
positive., , 42. Consider the following statements, , So,
the roots are real., If p = q and r = 0, then b 2 – 4ac = 0,
So, the roots are equal., Hence, the statements both 1
and 2 are, correct., , 39. Let S = {2, 4, 6, 8, ......,20}.,
What are the maximum number of, subsets of S?, (a)
10, (c) 512, , (b) 20, (d) 1024, , Ê (d) S = {2, 4, 6, 8, .......,
20}, Here, number of elements of set, S = 10 ( n),
∴Maximum number of subsets of set, S = 2 n = 2 10 =
1024, , 40. A binary number is represented by,
(cdccddcccddd )2 , where c > d . What, is its decimal
equivalent?, (a) 1848, (c) 2842, , (b) 2048, (d) 2872, ,
where, c > d . We know that only two bit, (digits) 0 and
1 be any binary number., ∴Given binary number, =
(101100111000)2, = (1 × 2 11 + 0 × 2 10 + 1 × 2 9 + 1
× 2 8 +, + 0 × 27 + 0× 26 + 1 × 25 + 1 × 24, + 1 × 2 3 + 0
× 2 2 + 0 × 2 1 + 0 × 2 0 )10, = (2048 + 512 + 256 + 32
+ 16 + 8)10, = (2872 )10, , 41. If cosec θ = 29 , where 0
< θ < 90°,, 21, , (a) 5, , the, , value, , (b) 10, , (c) 15, (d) 20,
29, Ê (b) Given, cosec θ =, 21, where, 0 < θ < 90°, H 29,
=, = k (let), Qcosec θ =, P 21, ∴ H = 29k, P = 21 k, ∴ B =
( H )2 − ( P )2 = (29k )2 – (21k )2, =, , 841k 2 − 441k 2, ,
=, , 400k = 20k, , ∴sec θ =, , 2, , H 29k 29, =, =, B 20k 20,
, 1. cos θ + sec θ can never be equal to, 1.5., 2. tan θ +
cot θ can never be less, than 2., Which of the above
statements is/are, correct?, (a) Only 1, (c) Both 1 and
2, , (b) Only 2, (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , of, , Ê (c) Given,
radius of circle = 1 unit, Angle subtends at the centre
of circle by, chord = θ, We know that, length of chord,
θ, θ, θ, = 2 r sin = 2 × 1 sin = 2 sin, 2, 2, 2, , 45., , , What
is tan 2 tan −1, , 2, 3, 1, (d), 9, , (b), , (a), , − 1 ≤ sec θ ≤
∞ but cos θ = sec θ ifθ = 0, and θ = 180°, ∴, − 2 ≤ cos θ
+ sec θ ≤ ∞, So, cos θ + sec θ = 15, . is possible., and
again 0 ≤ tan θ ≤ ∞ and, 0 ≤ cot θ ≤ ∞ , but tan θ = cot
θ, if, θ = 45°, ∴ 2 ≤ tanθ + cot θ ≤ ∞, So, tan θ + cot θ
can never be less than 2., Hence, only the Statement 2
is correct., , below the top of a vertical flagstaff., From
the foot of the ladder, the, elevation of the flagstaff is
60°. What, is the height of the flagstaff?, (a) 9 m, (c)
13.5 m, , (b) 10.5 m, (d) 15 m, , Ê (*) Let AP be a ladder
and QR be a vertical, , flagstaff. P is a point 9 m below
the top on, flagstaff. A is the foot of ladder and h is the,
height of point P from the ground., ∴ AP = 9 m, PR = 9
m, PQ = hm, PQ, In ∆ AQP,, sin θ =, AP, h, 3 h, =, sin
60° =, , 9, 2, 9, 9 3, 9 3 = 2h h =, 2, 9 × 173, .,
15.57, = 7.7 m, =, =, 2, 2, ∴Height of flagstaff, = h + 9 =
7.7 + 9, = 167, . m, , 44. What is the length of the chord
of a, , unit circle which subtends an angle θ, at the
centre?, , θ, (a) sin , 2 , θ, (c) 2 sin , 2 , , θ,
(b) cos , 2 , θ, (d) 2 cos , 2 ,, 1 ,
equal to?, 3 , , 3, 4, , (c), , 3, 8, , , −1 1 , Ê (b) tan
2 tan , 3 , , , 1 , 2 ×, , , −1, 3 , = tan
tan, 2 , 1, , 1 − , , 3 , , −1, −1 2 x , ,
Q 2 tan x = tan, 1 − x2 , , 2 , 2 ×9 3, −1, = tan
tan 3 =, =, 8, 3×8 4, 9 , , Ê (b) We know that, −
1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 and, , 43. A ladder 9 m long reaches a
point 9 m, , Ê (d) Binary number = (cdccddcccddd )2, ,
then what is, 4 sec θ + 4 tan θ?, , P 21k 21, =, =, B 20k
20, Now, 4 sec θ + 4 tan θ, 29, 21, =4×, + 4×, 20, 20,
50, =4×, = 10, 20, and tanθ =, , Solved Paper 2019 (II), ,
46. What is the scalar projection of, a = $i − 2$j + k$
on b = 4 i$ − 4 $j + 7 k$ ?, 9, 6, (d), 19, 19, $, $ $, $, $, $,
Ê (b) a = i − 2 j + k, b = 4 i − 4 j + 7k, (a), , 6, 9, , (b), , 19, 9,
, (c), , Projection of a on b, a ⋅b, =, |b|, ( $i − 2 $j + k$ ) . (
4$i − 4$j + 7k$ ), =, 16 + 16 + 49, =, , 4+ 8+7, 81, , =, ,
19, 9, , 47. If the magnitude of the sum of two, non-
zero vectors is equal to the, magnitude of their
difference, then, which one of the following is,
correct?, (a) The vectors are parallel, (b) The vectors
are perpendicular, (c) The vectors are anti-parallel, (d)
The vectors must be unit vectors, , Ê (b) Let a and b are
the two non-zero, vectors., According to the
question,, |a + b| = |a − b|, a 2 + b 2 + 2a ⋅ b = a 2 + b
2 − 2a ⋅ b, , , 4a ⋅ b = 0 a ⋅ b = 0, So, a and b are
perpendicular.

Page 16 :
NDA/NA, , 48. Consider the following equations for,
two vectors a and b., 1. (a + b) . (a − b) = | a| 2 − | b| 2, 2.
(| a + b| ) (| a − b| ) = | a| 2 − | b| 2, 3. | a ⋅ b| + | a × b| = | a
2 | b| 2, Which of the above statements are, correct?,
(a) 1, 2 and 3, (c) Only 1 and 3, , (b) Only 1 and 2, (d)
Only 2 and 3, , Ê (c) I : (a + b ) ⋅ (a − b ), = a ⋅ a − a ⋅ b +
b⋅ a − b⋅ b, |a|2 − a . b + a . b − |b|2, [Q a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a ], =
|a|2 − |b|2, So, Statement 1 is correct., 2. (|a + b|) (|a −
b|) = |a + b||a − b|, ≠ |a|2 − |b|2, So, Statement 2 is not
correct., 3.|a ⋅ b|2 + |a × b|2 = ||a||b|cos θ|2, +
||a||b|sin θ|2, = |a |2 |b|2 cos 2 θ + |a|2 |b|2 sin2 θ, = |a
| |b| (cos θ + sin θ), 2, , 7, , Solved Paper 2019 (II), , 2, ,
2, , = |a |2 |b|2, , 2, , [Q cos 2 θ + sin2 θ = 1], , So,
statement 3 is correct., Hence, only Statements 1 and
3 are correct., , 49. Consider the following
statements., 1. The magnitude of a × b is same as, the
area of a triangle with sides a, and b, 2. If a × b = 0,
where a ≠ 0 ,b ≠ 0,, then a = λ b., Which of the above
statements is/are, correct?, (a) Only 1, (c) Both 1 and
2, , (b) Only 2, (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , Ê (b) 1. We know
that,, Area of triangle with sides a and b, 1, = |a × b|, 2,
So, statement 1 is not correct., 2. a × b = 0, where a ≠
0, b = 0,, So, a and b are parallel., , a = λb, So,
Statement 2 is correct., Hence, only statement 2 is
correct., , 50. If a and b are unit vectors and θ is the,
angle between them, then what is, θ , sin 2 equal
to?, 2 , (a), , |a + b|2, 4, , (b), , |a − b|2, 4, , (c), , |a + b|2,
2, , (d), , |a − b|2, 2, , Ê (b) Given,|a| = 1,|b| = 1, , We
know that,, |a − b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 − 2a ⋅ b, , [Q Distance
between two points ( x1, y1 ), and ( x2, y2 ), = | ( x2 −
x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2|, , |a − b|2 = 1 + 1 − 2 |a||b|cos θ,
|a − b|2 = 2 − 2 cos θ, |a − b|2 = 2 (1 − cos θ), θ, |
a − b| = 2 1 − 1 + 2 sin2 , , 2 , θ, |a − b|2 = 2 ⋅
2 sin2 , , 2 , , m2 cos 2 2β + m2 cos 2 2α, = | − 2
m2 cos 2β cos 2α + m2 sin2 2β, + m2 sin2 2α − 2 m2
sin 2β sin2α|, , 2, , , , sin2, , θ |a − b|2, =, 2, 4, ,
equation, ax + by + c = 0, represents a straight line, ,
51. The, , (a) for all real numbers, a, b and c, (b) only
when a ≠ 0, (c) only when b ≠ 0, (d) only when at least
one of a and b is, non-zero., , Ê (d) The equation ax + by
+ c = 0, represents a straight line only when at, least
one of a and b is non zero., , 52. What is the angle
between the lines, x cos α + y sin α = a and, x sin β − y
cos β = a ?, , (a) β − α, (b) π + β − α, ( π + 2β + 2α ), ( π −
2β + 2α ), (d), (c), 2, 2, , Ê (d) The equations of given
lines, , (cos 2 2β + sin2 2β ), 2, 2, = | m + (cos 2α + sin
2α ), − 2 (cos 2β cos 2α, , + sin 2β sin 2α )|, = | m 1 + 1 −
2 cos (2α − 2β )|, = | m 2 [1 − cos 2(α − β )]|, 2(α − β ), =
| m 2 [1 − 1 + 2 sin2, |, 2, = | m 2 × 2 sin2 (α − β )|, = | 2
m sin (α − β )|, , 54. An equilateral triangle has one, ,
vertex at ( −1, − 1) and another vertex, at( − 3, 3 ). The
third vertex may lie, on, , (a) ( − 2 , 2 ), (c) (1, 1), , (b) ( 2 ,
− 2 ), (d) (1, − 1), , Ê (c) Consider two vertices of an
equilateral, , triangle are A( −1, − 1) and B( − 3, 3 )., Let
third vertex x be C ( x, y)., Q ∆ABC is equilateral, AC =
AB ( x + 1)2 + ( y + 1)2, , x cos α + y sin α = a … (i), and x
sin β − y cos β = a, … (ii), − cos α, Slope of Eq. (i), m1 =, =
− cot α, sin α, π, = tan + α , 2, , − sin β, Slope of
Eq. (ii), m2 =, = tan β, − cos β, , ∴, , Let θ be the angle
between the lines, then, m − m2, tan θ = 1, 1 + m1m2, ,
From option only point (1, 1) is satisfying, of it
equation. Hence, the third vertex may, lie on (1, 1)., , π,
tan + α − tan β, 2, , =, 1 + tan ( π − α ) tan β, π,
tan θ = tan + α − β , 2, , π + 2α − 2β, π, θ=, + α
−β=, 2, 2, , 53. What is the distance between the, ,
points P (m cos 2α, m sin 2α ) and, Q (m cos 2β, m sin 2
β )?, (a)|2 m sin (α − β )| (b)|2 m cos (α − β )|, (c)| m sin
(2α − 2β )|, (d)| m sin (2α − 2β )|, , Ê (a) Given points, p(
m cos 2α, m sin 2α ), and Q ( m cos 2β, m sin 2β ), ( m
cos 2β − mcos 2α )2 +, ∴PQ = |, ( m sin 2β − m sin 2α
)2|, , = ( − 3 + 1)2 + ( 3 + 1)2, , , x 2 + 1 + 2 x + y2 + 1 +
2 y, , , , = 3 + 1− 2 3 + 3 + 1 + 2 3, x 2 + y2 + 2 x + 2 y +
2 = 8, , , , x 2 + y2 + 2 x + 2 y = 6, , 55. If the angle
between the lines joining, the end points of minor axis
of the, x2 y2, ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 with one of the, a, b, π,
its foci is , then what is the, 2, eccentricity of the
ellipse?, 1, 2 2, x2, y2, Ê (b) Equation of the ellipse, 2 +
2 = 1, a, b, End points of minor axis are, ( 0, b ), ( 0, − b )
and one foci is ( ae, 0), (a), , 1, 2, , (b), , 1, 2, , (c), , 3, 2, ,
(d), , Slope of line BS =, , 0−b, b, ( m1 ), =−, ae − 0, ae, ,
Slope of line B′ S =, , 0+ b, b, ( m2 ), =, ae − 0 ae

Page 17 :
8, , NDA/NA, According to the question, angle
between, π, BS and B′ S is ., 2, i.e. BS and B′ S are
perpendicular,, ∴, m1m2 = − 1, −b, b, ×, = − 1 b 2 = a
2e 2 … (i), ae, ae, b2, We know that, e = 1 − 2, a, , ,
, , , ae =a −b, 2 2, , 2, , 2, , a 2e 2 = a 2 − a 2e 2 [from
Eq. (i)], 1, 2 a 2e 2 = a 2 e 2 =, 2, 1, e =, 2, , 56. A point
on a line has coordinates, ( p + 1, p − 3, 2p ) where p is
any, real number. What are the direction, cosines of
the line?, 1 1 1, 1 1 1, (a) , ,, (b), , ,, 2 2 2, 2 2 2, 1 1 1, (c), ,
,−, 2 2 2, (d) Cannot be determined due to, insufficient
data, , Ê (d) Coordinate of a point on a line is, , ( p + 1, p
− 3, 2 p), p is any real, number., Equation of a line,
whose direction ratios, are a, b and c and passing
through the, point ( x1, y1, z1 ), x − x1, y − y1, z − z1, =,
=, =r, a, b, c, ∴ ( ar + x1, br + y1, cr + z1 ) any point on,
the line., According to the questions,, ( ar + x1, br + y1,
cr + z1 ), = ( p + 1, p − 3, 2 p), … (i), ∴, ar = p + 1 − x1, br
= p − 3 − y1 … (ii), cr = 2 p − z1 …(iii), Squaring and
adding of (i), (ii) and (iii), ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )r 2 = ( p + 1 −
x1 )2, + ( p − 3 − y1 ) + ( 2 p − z1 ), 2, , 2, , We can not
find the values of a, b and c., Hence, the direction
cosines of the line, can not be determined due to
insufficient, data., , 57. A point on the line, , x −1 y −3 z
+2, =, =, 1, 2, 7, has coordinates, (a) (3, 5, 4), (c) ( − 1, −
1, 5), , (b) (2, 5, 5), (d) (2, − 1, 0), , Ê (b) Equation of the
line, , x−1 y− 3 z+ 2, =, =, 1, 2, 7, , From option, point (2,
5, 5) is satisfying, the given equation of line., Q 2 − 1
= 5 − 3 = 5 + 2 1 = 1 = 1 , , , 1, 2, 7, Hence, the
coordinates of required point, (2, 5, 5)., , 58. If the line
x − 4 = y − 2 = z − k lies, , 3, 3, 1, , m1 = , n1 =, 4, 4, 2, 3,
3, 1, and l 2 = −, , m2 = − , n2 =, 4, 4, 2, We know that,,
cos θ = | l1l 2 + m1m2 + n1n2|, 3, 9, 1, cos θ = −, −, +,
16 16 4, , (b) 3, (d) 7, , Ê (d) Equation of line, x− 4 y−2,
z−k, =, =, =, =r, 1, 1, 2, ∴ ( r + 4, r + 2, 2 r + k ) point lies
on the, line., This line lies on the plane, 2 x − 4y + z = 7,
Then, the point ( r + 4, r + 2, 2 r + k ) lies, on the plane,
we get, 2( r + 4) − 4 ( r + 2 ) + (2 r + k ) = 7, , 2 r + 8 −
4r − 8 + 2 r + k = 7, , k=7, Hence, the value of k is 7., ,
59. A straight line passes through the, point (1, 1, 1)
makes an angle 60°, with the positive direction of Z -
axis,, and the cosine of the angles made by, it with the
positive directions of the, Y -axis and the X -axis are in
the ratio, 3 : 1. What is the acute angle, between the
two possible positions, of the line?, (a) 90°, (c) 45°, , (b)
60°, (d) 30°, , Ê (b) Let the straight line makes the angle,
with X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis be α, β, and γ., cos β, 3, =,
∴γ = 60° and, cos α, 1, , If l, m and n are the direction
cosines of, the lines, then, 1, n = cos γ = cos 60° =, 2, m
cos β, 3, and, =, =, l, cos α, 1, m, 3, =, = k (Let), l, 1, ∴ m =
3k, l = k, We know that, l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1, , , 1, k + 3k
+ = 1, 4, 2, , , , , 2, , 4k 2 = 1 −, k2 =, , 1 3, =, 4 4, , 3, 3,
k=±, 16, 4, , l1 =, , ∴, , 1, 1, 2, on the plane 2x − 4y + z
= 7, then, what is the value of k?, , (a) 2, (c) 5, , Solved
Paper 2019 (II), , =, , −3 − 9 + 4, −8, =, 16, 16, , 1, = cos
60°, 2, θ = 60°, , cos θ =, ∴, , 60. If the points ( x , y , − 3),
(2, 0, − 1) and, C ( 4, 2, 3) lie on a straight line, then,
what are the values of x and y, respectively?, (a) 1, − 1,
(c) 0, 2, , (b) −1, 1, (d) 3, 4, , Ê (a) Points, A( x, y, − 3), B (2,
0, − 1) and, ( 4, 2, 3). These points lie on a straight, line,
then direction ratios of AB = λ, (direction ratios of BC
), ∴(2 − x, 0 − y, − 1 + 3), = ( 4 − 2, 2 − 0, 3 + 1), (2 − x,
− y, 2 ) = (2, 2, 4), (2 − x, − y, 2 ) = 2(1, 1, 2 ),
Comparing both sides,, 2 − x =1 x = 1, and − y = 1
y = − 1, , 61. What is the minimum value of, a2, cos 2 x,
b > 0?, , +, , b2, , where a > 0 and, , sin 2 x, , (b) ( a − b )2,
(d)| a 2 + b 2|, a2, b2, +, Ê (*) Let p =, 2, cos x sin2 x, = a
2 sec 2 x + b 2 cosec 2 x, (a) ( a + b )2, (c) a 2 + b 2, , − 2
ab sec x cosec x, + 2 ab sec x cosec x, = ( a sec x − b cos
ec x )2, + 2 ab sec x cosec x, For minimum value of p,, a
sec x − b cos ec x = 0, , a sec x = b cos ec x, sec x, b, ,
=, cos ec x a, , ∴ sin x =, , tan x =, , b, a, , b, a2 + b 2, , ,
cos x =, , a, a2 + b 2, , ∴Minimum value of p, a 2 ( a 2 + b
2 ) b 2( a 2 + b 2 ), =, +, a2, b2, = 2( a 2 + b 2 )

Page 18 :
NDA/NA, , 9, , Solved Paper 2019 (II), 65. If 2 tan A = 3
tan B = 1, then what is, , 62. If the angles of a triangle
ABC, are in AP and b : c = 3 : 2, then, , tan ( A − B )
equal to?, , what is the measure of angle A?, , (a), , 1, 5, ,
(b), , 1, 6, , (a) 30°, (c) 60°, , (c), , 1, 7, , (d), , 1, 9, , (b) 45°,
(d) 75°, , Ê (d) Angles of a triangle ABC are in AP,, then
2 B = A + C, We know that, A + B + C = 180°, , 3B =
180° B = 60°, sin A sin B sin C, By sine rule,, =, =, a, b,
c, sin A sin 60° sin C, , =, =, a, b, c, sin 60° sin C, Take
II and III,, =, b, c, sin 60° b, 3 /2, 3, =, , = , sin C, c, sin
C, 2, , , , ∴, , Ê (c) Given, 2 tan A = 3 tan B = 1, 1, 1,
∴tan A = , tan B =, 2, 3, Now, tan ( A − B), tan A − tan B,
=, 1 + tan A tan B, , sin C = sin 45° C = 45°, A = 180°
− ( B + C ), = 180° − ( 60° + 45° ) = 75°, , 66. What is cos
80° + cos 40° − cos 20°, equal to?, (a) 2, (c) 0, , (b) 1, (d)
−19, , Ê (c) cos 80° + cos 40° − cos 20°, 80° + 40°, 80° −
40°, . cos, 2, 2, − cos20°, = 2 cos 60° cos 20° − cos 20°,
1, = 2 × cos 20° − cos 20°, 2, = cos 20° − cos 20° = 0, , =
2 cos, , and, tan A − tan B = x, cot B − cot A = y , then
what is the, value of cot ( A − B )?, , 63. If, , 1, 1, +, x, y,
xy, (c), x + y, (a), , 1 1, −, y x, 1, (d) 1 +, xy, , (b), , Ê (a)
Given, tan A − tan B = x, andcot B − cot A = y, From Eq.
(i), tan A − tan B = x, 1, 1, −, = x, , cot A cot B, , Now,, ,
… (ii), , cot B − cot A, = x, cot A cot B, , , , , 67. If
angle C of a triangle ABC is a right, … (i), , y, [from Eq.
(ii)], cot A cot B =, x, cot A cot B + 1, cot ( A − B) =, cot B
− cot A, y, +1, y+ x 1 1, = x, =, = +, y, xy, x, y, , 64. What
is, , sin (α + β ) − 2 sin α cos β +, sin (α − β ) equal to?, (a)
0, (c) 2 sin β, , (b) 2 sin α, (d) sin α + sin β, , Ê (a) sin (α +
β ) − 2 sin α cos β, , + sin (α − β ), = sin α cos β + cos α
sin β, − 2 sin α cos β + sin α cos β, − cos α sin β = 0, ,
angle, then what is tan A + tan B, equal to ?, , a −b, ab,
b2, (c), ca, 2, , (a), , 2, , 2, , a, bc, c2, (d), ab, , (b), , A, (a)
tan , 2 , A, (c) 2 tan , 2 , , A, (b) cot ,
2 , A, (d) 2 cot , 2 , , =, , cos A, cos A + 1, 1, +, =,
sin A, sin A, sin A, , A, − 1+ 1, 2, =, A, A, 2 sin cos, 2, 2, A,
A, 2 cos 2, cos, 2 = cot A , 2, =, =, A, A, A, 2 , 2 sin
cos, sin, 2, 2, 2, 2 cos 2, , 70. What is tan 25° tan 15° +
tan 15°, tan 50° + tan 25° tan 50° equal to?, , (a) 0, (c)
2, , (b) 1, (d) 4, , Ê (b)Q tan 50° = tan( 90° − 40° ), tan
50° = cot 40°, 1, tan 50° =, tan 40°, 1, tan 50° =,
tan (25° + 15° ), tan 50° =, , 1 − tan25° tan15°,
tan25° + tan15°, , tan25° tan 50°+ tan15° tan 50°, =
1 − tan25° tan15°, tan25° tan15° + tan15° tan 50°,
+ tan25° tan 50° = 1, , Ê (d) In ∆ABC , ∠C = 90°, , ∴ c 2 =
a2 + b 2, [by Pythagoras theorem] … (i), a, b, tan A = ,
tan B =, b, a, a, b, Now, tan A + tan B = +, b, a, a2 + b 2 c
2, [from Eq. (i)], =, =, ab, ab, , 68. What is cot A −
tan A equal, 2 , , 69. What is cot A + cosec A
equal to?, , Ê (b) cot A + cos ec A, , 3−2, 1 1, −, 1, 2 3, =,
= 6 =, 6+1 7, 1 1 , , 1+ , 2 3 , 6, , [Q
Given, b : c = 3 : 2 ], 3, 2, 1, sin C =, ×, =, 2, 3, 2, , A, A, −
sin2, 2 cos A, 2, 2, =, =, A, A, A, A, 2 sin cos, sin cos, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2 cos A, =, = 2 cot A, sin A, cos 2, , 2 , , to?, (a) tan
A, (b) cot A, (c) 2 tan A, (d) 2 cot A, A, A, Ê (d) cot − tan,
2, 2, A, A, cos, sin, 2 −, 2, =, A, A, sin, cos, 2, 2, , 71.
What is the area of the region, bounded by | x | < 5, y =
0 and y = 8?, , (a) 40 sq units, (c) 120 sq units, , (b) 80 sq
units, (d) 160 sq units, , Ê (b) Given curve y = 0 and y =
8 and, | x| < 5, Case I When x < 0, then, area of the
region bounded, =, , 0, , 0, , ∫−5 0 dx − ∫−5 8 dx = 0 − 8 [
x]−5, 0, , = − 8 [0 + 5] = − 40, = 40 sq units, [Qarea will
not be negative], Case II when x > 0, then, Area of the
region bounded, =, , 5, , 5, , ∫0 0 dx − ∫0 8 dx = 0 − 8 [
x]0, 5, , = − 8[5 − 0] = − 40 = 40 sq units

Page 19 :
10, , NDA/NA, ∴Required area = 40 + 40 = 80 sq units,
Y, y=8, , Case I, , Case II, , 74. What is the degree of the
differential, , y=0, , X¢, , X, , 72. Consider the following
statements in, respect, , of, the, function, 1 , f ( x ) =
sin for x ≠ 0 andf (0) = 0 :, x , 1. lim f ( x ) exists,
x 0, , 2. f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0, Which of the
above statement is/are, correct?, (a) Only 1, (c) Both 1
and 2, , (b) Only 2, (d) Neither 1 nor 2, sin 1 , x ≠ 0, , Ê
(d) Given, f( x) = x, 0, ,x=0, 1 , 1, LHL = lim sin
= lim sin , , x h 0 0 − h , x 0−, 1, = lim −
sin = − sin ∞, h 0, h , = − (a rational number),
[Q sin θ lies between −1to1], 1 , 1, RHL = lim sin
= lim sin , , x h 0 0 + h , x 0+, 1, = lim
sin = sin ∞, h 0, h , = a rational number, [Q sin
θ lies between − 1to1], Q LHL ≠ RHL, So, f( x ) does not
exists., Q f( x ) = 0 at x = 0, ∴LHL ≠ RHL ≠ f( 0), So, f( x )
is not continuous., Hence, the statements neither 1
nor 2, correct., , 73. What is the value of lim sin x ° ?,
x 0, , 1, (a), 4, , tan 3x °, , 1, (b), 3, , 1, (c), (d) 1, 2, x ,
sin, x×, , , sin x °, x, = lim , , Ê (b) xlim, 0 tan 3 x
°, x 0, 3x, tan, 3x ×, , , 3x , sin x , , , x , 1,
1, = lim, =, 3 x 0 tan 3 x , 3, , , 3x , Q lim sin θ
= 1 and lim tanθ = 1 , , θ 0 θ, θ 0 θ, , QCurve
intersects Y-axis at a point P, then, x=0, ∴, y = me 0 y
= m, ∴Point P ( 0, m), Now, differentiation w.r.t x of
given curve,, dy, = m.e mx . m, dx, dy, = m2e mx, dx, dy,
at point P( 0, m),, = m2e 0 = m2, dx, , Ê (a) Given
differential equation,, 2, , d 4 y , dy, + −x2 4
= 0, 3, , , dx, dx, dx , , x=5, Y¢, , Given curve y =
me mx where m > 0, , (b) 2, (d) 4, d 3y, , x=–5, , Ê
Solutions (Q. Nos. 76-78), , equation, 2, d 4y , d 3y
dy , − x 2 4 = 0?, +, , , 3, dx , dx, dx , (a) 1, (c)
3, , , , d4y, dx 4, , 2, , −, , 1 d 3y , 1 dy , − 2
=0, , x 2 dx 3 , x dx , , We know that power of
the heighest order, of differentiation is the degree of,
differential equation., So, the degree of it equation is
1., , 75. Which one of the following is the, second
degree polynomial function, f ( x ) where, f (0) = 5, f (
−1) = 10 and, f (1) = 6?, (a) 5x 2 − 2 x + 5, (c) 3x 2 − 2 x +
5, , Ê 76. (b) Slope of the curve at the point, P( 0, m), dy,
= at point P ( 0, m) = m2, dx , , Ê 77. (c) Let the
tangent makes the angle, with X-axis be θ, then, dy,
tan θ = at P ( 0, m), dx , , (b) 3x 2 − 2 x − 5, (d)
3x 2 − 10x + 5, , tan θ = m2 θ = tan−1 m2, , , , Now,
the tangent will make the angle with, Y-axis, π, π, =, −θ
=, − tan−1 m2, 2, 2, π, = cot −1 m2 Q tan−1 x + cot −1
x = , , 2 , , Ê (c) From the option (c),, , f( x ) = 3 x −
2 x + 5, 2, , f( 0) = 3( 0)2 − 2( 0) + 5, =5, f( −1) = 3( −1)2
− 2( −1) + 5, = 3 + 2 + 5 = 10, and f(1) = 3(1)2 − 2(1) + 5,
, , 1, = sin−1 , 1 + m4, , , = 3−2 + 5= 6, Hence, the
required polynomial, f( x ) = 3 x 2 − 2 x + 5., ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 76-78) Read the, , point of
intersection P?, (a) m, (c) 2 m, , (b) m2, (d) 2 m2, , 77.
How much angle does the tangent at, P make with y-
axis?, (a) tan−1 m2, (b) cot −1(1 + m2 ), , 1, (c) sin−1 ,
1 + m4, , , , , , , , (d) sec −1 1 + m4, , 78. What is
the equation of tangent to, the curve at P ?, (a) y = mx
+ m, (b) y = − mx + 2 m, (c) y = m2x + 2 m (d) y = m2x +
m, , , , , , , , Q cot −1 x = sin, , , , , , 1, , ,
1 + m2 , , , , Ê 78. (d) Equation of tangent to
curve at P is, dy, y − y1 = , dx ( x, , following
information and answer the, three items that follow .,
A curve y = memx where m > 0 intersects, Y-axis at a
point P., , 76. What is the slope of the curve at the, ,
Solved Paper 2019 (II), , ( x − x1 ), , 1 , y1 ), , y − m =
m2 ( x − 0), , , y = m2 x + m, , Directions (Q. Nos. 79
and 80) Read, the following information and answer,
the two items that follow., Let f ( x ) = x 2, g( x ) = tan x
and, h( x ) = log x., 79., , π, , what is the value of, 2, [ho(
gof )]( x )?, For x =, , (a) 0, , (b) 1, , (b), , π, 4, , (d), , π, 2, ,
80. What is [ fo( fof )](2) equal to ?, (a) 2, (c) 16, , (b) 8,
(d) 256, , (Q. Nos. 79 and 80) Given,, Ê Solutions, 2, f( x
) = x , g ( x ) = tan x and h( x ) = log x

Page 20 :
NDA/NA, , 11, , Solved Paper 2019 (II), , 2, Ê 79. (a) (
gof ) ( x) = g { f( x)} = tan x, , Ê (d) Suppose,, , Now, [ho(
gof )] ( x ) = h {( gof )( x )}, = log (tan x 2 ), π, 2, π , π ,
[ho( gof )] , = log tan , 4 , 2 , for x =, , = log 1
= 0, , Ê 80.(d) ( fof ) ( x) = f{ f( x)}, = (x ) = x, 2 2, , I=, , =−, ,
∴[fo( fof )] (2 ) = 2 = 256, , 2x 2 − 2x + 1, , equal to?, ,
tan−1(2 x − 1), +c, 2, −1, (b) 2 tan (2 x − 1) + c, tan−1 (2
x + 1), (c), +c, 2, −1, (d) tan (2 x − 1) + c, dx, Ê (d) Let I = ∫
2, 2x −2x + 1, 1, dx, = ∫, 2 x2 − x + 1, 2, 1, dx, = ∫, 2 x2 − x
+ 1 − 1 + 1, 4 4 2, 1, dx, = ∫, 2, 2 , 1 , 1, x− +, , 2 , 4,
1, dx, = ∫, 2, 2, 2 , 1 , 1 , x− + , , 2 , 2 , 1 ,
, x − , , 1, 2 , −1 , = .2 tan , +c, 1, 2, , , 2,
, , , x , dx, 1, = tan−1 , Q ∫ 2, 2, a, a, a, x, +, , , =
tan−1(2 x − 1) + c, , dx, , ∫ x (1 + ln x )n, , (n ≠ 1)?, 1, ,
(where n ≠ 1), , ( n − 1) t n −1, , log x, dy, =, dx (1 + log x
)2, dy, Ê 84. (a)Q =, dx, , +c, , 1, ( n − 1) (1 + log x )n − 1, ,
+c, , +c, , ( n − 1) (1 + ln x )n − 1, 1− n, (b), +c, (1 + ln x )1
− n, n+1, (c), +c, (1 + ln x )n + 1, 1, (d) −, +c, ( n − 1) (1 +
ln x )n − 1, , equal to, , dy, dy 1, = 4 xy 2 (b), =, dx, dx, y,
dy, dy, 2, (c), = x y (d), = − 4 xy 2, dx, dx, , Ê (d) The
differential equation of family of, 1, , 2 x2 − C, , … (i), ,
(where, C is any arbitrary constant), Differentiation
w.r.t. x of Eq. (i), d, dy, 1, =−, (2 x 2 − C ), dx, (2 x 2 − C )2
dx, dy, = − y 2. ( 4 x − 0), dx, dy, = − 4 xy 2, it is required
differential, , dx, equation., , , Directions (Q. Nos.
84 and 85) Read, the following information and
answer, the two items that follow., Consider the
equation x y = ex − y, (a) 0, (c) 2, , 85. What is, , dy, at x
= 1 equal to?, dx, d 2y, 2, , log 1, dy, =, dx (1 + log 1)2, ,
0, =0, [Q log 1 = 0], 1, log x, dy, Ê 85. (b)Q =, dx (1 + log
x )2, =, , (a), , 84. What is, , log x, (1 + log x )2, , At x = 1,, ,
differential equation that represents, 1, the family of
curves y = 2, ,, 2x − C, where C is an arbitrary
constant?, , curves y =, , Differentiation w.r.t. x, we get,
1, (1 + log x ).1 − x 0 + , , dy, x , =, dx, (1 + log x
)2, dy 1 + log x − 1, =, dx (1 + log x )2, , 83. Which one of
the following is the, , dx, , (a), , (a), , 1, , =−, , 4, , 8, , 82.
What is, , ∫ x (1 + ln x)n, , Let 1 + ln x = t, Diff. w.r.t. x, we
get, dx, 1 dt, = dt, 0+ =, , x, x dx, dt, t −n + 1, I=∫ n=, ∴,
+c, −n+1, t, , Now, [fo( fof )] ( x ) = f{( fof ) ( x )}, = ( x 4 )2
= x 8, , 81. What is, ∫, , dx, , (b) 1, (d) 4, , at x = 1 equal
to?, , dx, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 4, Solutions (Q. Nos 84 and
85), Given equation, x y = e x − y, , On taking log both
sides, we get, y log x = ( x − y) log e, , y log x = x − y[Q
loge e = 1], x, (1 + log x ) y = x y =, (1 + log x ), ,
Differentiation. w.r.t. x, we get, 1, (1 + log x )2. − (log x
)., x, 1, 2 (1 + log x ) 0 + , , d 2y, x , =, (1 + log x )4,
dx 2, 1, (1 + log x ) (1 + log x − 2 log x ), = x, (1 + log x )4,
1, (1 + log x ) (1 − log x ), = x, (1 + log x )4, At x = 1, , d
2y, dx 2, , =, , 11, ( + 0) (1 − 0), (1 + 0)4, , =1, , Directions
(Q.Nos. 86-88) Read the, following information and
answer the, three items that follow., Consider the
function, f ( x ) = g( x ) + h( x ), x, where, g( x ) = sin
, 4 , 4x, and, h( x ) = cos , 5 , 86. What is the
period of the function, g ( x )?, (a) π, (c) 4 π, , (b) 2 π, (d)
8 π, , 87. What is the period of the function, h ( x )?, (a)
π, (c), , 5π, 2, , 4π, 5, 3π, (d), 2, (b), , 88. What is the
period of the function, f (x ) ?, (a) 10 π, (c) 40 π, , (b) 20
π, (d) 80 π

Page 21 :
12, , NDA/NA, , Ê Solutions (Q. Nos. 86-88), Given, f( x
) = g ( x ) + h( x ),, x, where, g ( x ) = sin and, 4 ,
4x, h( x ) = cos , 5 , , x, g ( x ) = sin , 4 ,x+
8π , g ( x + 8 π ) = sin , , , 4 , x, = sin 2 π + , ,
4 , x, = sin = g ( x ), 4 , , Ê 86. (d), , ∴ Period of
the function g ( x ) = 8 π, 4x , Ê 87. (c) h( x) = cos
, 5, 5π , 4 , 5π , h x +, = cos x +, , , 2 , 5 ,
2 , 4x , = cos 2 π +, , , 5 , 4x, = cos = h( x ),
5 , 5π, ∴ Pperiod of the function h( x ) =, 2, , Ê 88. (c)
f( x) = g ( x) + h( x), , x, 4x, = sin + cos , 4 ,
5 , x + 40 π , 4, f( x + 40 π ) = sin , + cos, , , 4, 5, (
x + 40 π ), 4x , x, = sin 10 π + + cos 32 π +, , ,
, 4 , 5 , 4x , x, = sin 5 × 2 π + + cos 16 × 2 π
+, , , , 4 , 5 , x, 4x, = sin + cos = f( x ),
4 , 5 , ∴Period of the function f( x ) = 40 π, ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 89 and 90) Read, the following
information and answer, the two items that follow.,
consider the function, f ( x ) = 3x 4 − 20 x 3 − 12x 2 +
288 x + 1, , 89. In which one of the following, intervals
is the function increasing?, (a) ( −2, 3), (c) ( −3, − 2 ), , (b)
( 3, 4), (d) ( −4, − 3), , 90. In which one of the following,
intervals is the function decreasing?, (a) ( −2, 3), (c) (4,
6), , (b) (3, 4), (d) (6, 9), , Ê Solutions (Q. Nos. 89 and 90),
, Given function,, f( x ) = 3 x 4 − 20 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 288 x
+ 1, Differentiation w.r.t. x, we get, f ′ ( x ) = 12 x 3 − 60
x 2 − 24 x + 288, , Ê 89. (b) f( x) is increasing, if f ′( x) ≥
0, , 12 x − 60 x − 24 x + 288 ≥ 0, 3, , 2, , , , x 3 − 5 x 2 −
2 x + 24 ≥ 0, , , , ( x + 2 )( x 2 − 7 x + 12 ) ≥ 0, , ( x + 2
) ( x − 3) ( x − 4) ≥ 0, ∴, x ≤ − 2, x ≥ 3, x ≥ 4, Hence, f( x )
is increasing the interval, ( 3, 4)., , Ê 90. (a) f( x) is
decreasing, if f ′( x) ≤ 0, 12 x 3 − 60 x 2 − 24 x + 288 ≤
0, , , x − 5 x − 2 x + 24 ≤ 0, , , , ( x + 2 ) ( x − 7 x + 12 )
≤ 0, , 3, , 2, Ê 92. (d) 1. f[g ( x)] = 25 x + 310 x + 955, , f[g
( x )] is a polynomial of degree 2., So, Statement 1 is
not correct., 2. g [g ( x )] = 25 x + 180, g [g ( x )] is a
polynomial of degree 1., So, Statement 2 is not
correct., Hence, the Statement neither 1 nor 2,
correct., , Ê 93. (b) Given, h( x) = 5f( x) − xg ( x), , = 5( x 2
+ 2 x − 5) − x ( 5 x + 30), , 2, , 2, , ( x + 2 ) ( x − 3) ( x −
4) ≤ 0, ∴, x ≥ − 2, x ≤ 3, x ≤ 4, Hence f( x ) is decreasing
the interval, ( −2, 3)., , Directions (Q.Nos. 91-93) Read
the, following information and answer the, two items
that follow ., Let, f ( x ) = x 2 + 2x − 5, and, g( x ) = 5x +
30, , 91. What are the roots of the equation, g [( f ( x )]
= 0?, , (a) 1, − 1, (c) 1, 1, , (b) −1, − 1, (d) 0, 1, , 92.
Consider the following statements., 1. f [ g ( x )] is a
polynomial of degree, 3., 2. g [ g ( x )] is a polynomial of
degree, 2., Which of the above statements is/are,
correct?, (a) Only 1, (c) Both 1 and 2, , = 5 x 2 + 10 x −
25 − 5 x 2 − 30 x, = − 20 x − 25, Differentiation w.r.t. x,
we get, h′ ( x ) = − 20, Hence, derivative of h( x ) is −20.,
, Directions (Q.Nos. 94 and 95) Read, the following
information and answer, the questions given below.,
Consider the integrals, π, xdx, and, I1 = ∫, 0 1 + sin x, π,
(π − x )dx, I2 = ∫, 0 1 − sin (π + x ), 94. What is the value
of I 1?, (a) 0, , (a) 2 π, , , , ( x + 1)2 = 0, , ∴, x = − 1, − 1,
Hence, the roots of this equation are, −1, − 1., , π, , ( π
− x ) dx, , ∫0 1 − sin ( π +, π, , xdx, , π, , ( π − x ) dx, , I1 =, ,
x), …(i), , ∫0 1 + sin ( π −, , Q f( x ) dx =, ∫0, , f[g ( x )] =
( 5 x + 30)2 + 2( 5 x + 30) − 5, , x + 2x + 1= 0, , (d) 0, ,
xdx, , a, , = 5 x 2 + 10 x + 5, , , , π, 2, , (c), , ∫0 1 + sin x, ,
=, , ∴g [f( x )] = 5( x 2 + 2 x − 5) + 30, , 2, , π, , I1 =, , Nos.
91-93) Given,, Ê Solutions (Q., f( x ) = x 2 + 2 x − 5, g ( x
) = 5 x + 30, , Ê 91. (b) The equation, g [f( x)] = 0, 5 x 2 +
10 x + 5 = 0, , (d) 2 π, , ∫0 1 + sin x,, , I2 =, , (b) −20, (d) 0, ,
and g [g ( x )] = 5( 5 x + 30) + 30, = 25 x + 180, , (b) π, ,
Given, I1 =, , is the derivative of h ( x )?, , = 25 x 2 + 310
x + 955, , (c) π, , Ê Solutions (Q.Nos. 94 and 95), , (b)
Only 2, (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , = 25 x 2 + 900 + 300 x +
10 x + 60 − 5, , π, 2, , (b), , 95. What is the value of I 1 +
I 2 ?, , 93. If h( x ) = 5 f ( x ) − xg ( x ), then what, (a) −40,
(c) −10, , Solved Paper 2019 (II), , π, , ∫0, , x), , ∫0 f(a − x)
dx , a, , ( π − x ) dx, 1 + sin x, , … (ii), , Adding Eqs. (i)
and (ii), we get, π ( x + π − x ) dx, π, π dx, ∫0 1 + sin x = ∫0
1 + sin x, , 2 I1 =, , π, , (1 − sin x ) dx, , = π, , ∫0, , = π, , ∫0, ,
= π, , ∫0 (sec, , π, , π, , (1 − sin2 x ), (1 − sin x ) dx, cos 2 x,
2, , x − sec x tan x ) dx, , = π [tan x − sec x ]π0, = π [(tan
π − sec π ), − (tan 0 − sec 0)

Page 22 :
NDA/NA, , = π [( 0 + 1) − ( 0 − 1)], 2 I1 = π (1 + 1) = 2 π,
I1 = π, π, ( π − x ) dx, Now, I2 = ∫, 0 1 − sin ( π + x ), =, ,
98. For what value of k is the function, , 1, 2x + , x <
0, 4, , f ( x ) = k, , x = 0 continuous?, , 2, x+1
, x > 0, , 2 , , ( π − π + x ) dx, , π, , ∫0 1 − sin ( π − π −, ,
Q af( x ) dx =, ∫0, π, xdx, =∫, 0 1 − sin ( − x ), =, , 13, ,
Solved Paper 2019 (II), , π, , x), , a, , ∫0 f ( a −, , x ) dx ,
, , (a), , xdx, , = I1 = π, π, , xdx, , ∫0 1 + sin x =, , π, , (a) e
tan ydx + (1 − e ) dy = 0, x, , (b) e x tan ydx + (1 − e x )
sec 2 ydy = 0, (c) e (1 − e ) dx + tan ydy = 0, x, , (d) e x
tan ydy + (1 − e x ) dx = 0, , Ê (b) The equation of the
family of curves., tan y = C (1 − e x ), , … (i), ,
Differentiation w.r.t. x, we get, dy, sec 2 y ., = C(0 − e x
), dx, dy, … (ii), sec 2 y ., = − Ce x, dx, EleminatingC
from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, tan y, dy, sec 2 y. = − e x,
dx, (1 − e x ), (1 − e ) sec y dy = − e tan y. dx, 2, , x, ,
97. What is the derivative of 2(sin x ), , 2, , with respect
to sin x?, 2, , (sin x )2, , with respect to, sin x, 2, d, d (sin
x )2, 2, (sin x )2, 2 (sin x ) log 2, dx, dx, =, =, d, cos x, (sin
x ), dx, 2, 2 (sin x ) log 2. 2 sin x.cos x, =, cos x, 2, , = 2 log
2. (sin x ). 2 (sin x ), 2, , = sin x. 2 (sin x ) .log 4, , 99. What
is the area of the region, enclosed between the curve
y 2 = 2x, and the straight line y = x ?, 2, sq unit, 3, 1, (c)
sq unit, 3, , 4, sq unit, 3, (d) 1 sq unit, , (b), , (a), , y = 0, 2,
2 , , y2, , , − y dy, , 2, , 1 y, y , = ., −, 2 0, 2 3, 3,
, x2 − 3 x − 2 x + 6 ≥ 0, , , x( x − 3) − 2 ( x − 3) ≥ 0, ( x
− 3) ( x − 2 ) ≥ 0 x ≤ 2, x ≥ 3, ∴, T = ( − ∞,2 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ),
Again, f( x ) is decreases in interval S., ∴, f ′( x) ≤ 0, ,
x2 − 5 x + 6 ≤ 0, x2 − 3 x − 2 x + 6 ≤ 0, x( x − 3) − 2(
x − 3) ≤ 0, , ( x − 3) ( x − 2 ) ≤ 0, , 2 < x < 3 x ∈ (2,
3), ∴, S = (2, 3), , 101. A coin is biased so that heads
comes, up thrice as likely as tails. For three,
independent tosses of a coin, what is, the probability
of getting at most, two tails?, (b) 0.48, (d) 0.98, , Ê (d)
Let X be a random variable, it, … (i), , ∫0 2, , (a) T = (
−∞, 2 ), ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) and S = (2, 3), (b) T = φ and S = ( −∞, ∞ ),
(c) T = ( −∞, ∞ ) and S = φ, (d) T = (2, 3) and S = ( −∞, 2 ) ∪
( 3, ∞ ), x3 5 x2, + 6x + 7, Ê (a) Given, f( x) = −, 3, 2,
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get, 3 x2 5, f ′( x) =, − . 2 x + 6
= x2 − 5 x + 6, 3, 2, Q f( x ) is increases in interval T,, ∴, f
′( x) ≥ 0, , x2 − 5 x + 6 ≥ 0, , (a) 0.16, (c) 0.58, , and, …
(ii), y= x, From Eqs. (i) and (ii),, y 2 = 2 y y( y − 2 ) = 0, ,
∴Required area =, , (sin x )2, , Ê (a) Derivative of 2, ,
and f( 0) = k, Q The function f( x ) is continuous at x =
0, LHL = f( 0) = RHL, ∴, 1, LHL = f( 0) , =k, , 4, 1,
Hence, k =, 4, , ∴, , 2, , (b) 2 sin x 2 (sin x ) ln 4, , (sin x )2,
, 1, 4, , y2 = 2 x, , (a) sin x 2 (sin x ) ln 4, , (d) 2 sin x cos x
2, , 1 , 4 , =, , x 3 5x 2, −, + 6x + 7 increases, 3, 2, in
the interval T and decreases in the, interval S, then
which one of the, following is correct?, , If f ( x ) =, , , ,
Ê (a) Equations of curves,, , e x tan y dx + (1 − e x )
sec 2 y dy = 0, , (c) ln (sin x ) 2, , (d) 2, , = lim 2( 0 − h) +,
h 0 , , 1, , = lim −2 h + , h 0 , 4 , ,
represents the family of curves given, by tan y = C (1 −
e x ) is, , x, , (c) 1, , , 1, 2 x + , x < 0, 4, , f( x ) = k, , x
= 0 continuous., 2, , x + 1 , x > 0, , 2 , , 96.
The differential equation which, , x, , 1, 2, , 1, LHL = lim
f( x ) = lim 2 x + , x 0−, h 0− , 4 , , Ê 95. (a)
I1 + I2 = π + π = 2 π, , x, , (b), , Ê (a) Given,, , ∫0 1 + sin x
[Q sin (− θ) = sin θ], , Ê 94. (c) I1 =, , 1, 4, , 100., , 2, , 1,
(2 ) , = (2 )3 −, −0, 2 , 6, 8 4 8 − 12, = − =, 6 2, 6, 4
−2 2, =− =, = sq unit, 6, 3, 3, (∴area will not be
negative), 2, , represents of the number tail comes of,
three tosses of a coin., ∴Possible value of X are 0, 1, 2,
3., According to the question, the coin is, biased in
which the probability to comes, head is thrice as likely
as tails., 3, 1, ∴P(H) = and P(T) =, 4, 4, 3, , 3, 27, P(X = 0)
= P({HHH}) = =, 4 , 64, P( X = 1) = P (2 heads
and 1 tail), = P({HHT}) + P ({HTH}) + P({THH}), 3 3 1 3 1
3 1 3 3, = ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4, 27, =, 64, P( X
= 2 ) = P (1 head and 2 tails), = P({HTT}) + P({THT}) +
P({TTH})

Page 23 :
14, , NDA/NA, 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3, ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅, 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4, 9, =, 64, ∴Required probability, = P( X = 0) + P(
X = 1) + P( X = 2 ), 27, 9, 27, =, +, +, 64 64 64, 63, =, =
0.98, 64, =, , 102. A bag contains 20 books out of,
which 5 are defective. If 3 of the, books are selected at
random and, removed from the bag in succession,
without replacement, then what is, the probability
that all three books, are defective?, (a) 0.009, (c)
0.026, , (b) 0.016, (d) 0.047, , 104. Arithmetic mean of
10 observations, is 60 and sum of squares of,
deviations from 50 is 5000. What is, the standard
deviation of the, observations?, (a) 20, (c) 22.36, , Ê (a)
Arithmetic mean of 10 observations, = 60, , Q x = Σxi
, , n , If, A = 50, then Σd i2 = 5000, , ∴Σxi = 60 ×
10 = 600, , Q d i = xi − A, ∴ Σd i = Σ( xi − A ) = Σxi − AΣ1,
= 600 − 50 × n, [Q Σ1 = n], = 600 − 50 × 10 = 100, ,
103. The median of the observations 22,, 24, 33, 37, x
+ 1, x + 3, 46, 47, 57, 58 in, ascending order is 42.
What are the, values of 5th and 6th observations,
respectively?, , (a) 42, 45, (c) 43, 46, , Σd i2 Σd i , − ,
, n , n, , 5000 100 , − , , 10 , 10, , 2, , =, =, ,
500 − 100 =, , 400 = 20, , 105. If p and q are the roots
of the, equation x 2 − 30x + 221 = 0, what is, the value
of p 3 + q 3 ?, (a) 7010, (c) 7210, , equation, x 2 − 30 x +
221 = 0, , ∴ p + q = 30 and pq = 221, Now, p3 + q 3 = ( p
+ q ) ( p2 + q 2 − pq ), = 30 [ p + q + 2 pq − 3 pq ], 2, ,
Value of 6th observation, 2, 84 = x + 1 + x + 3, 2 x
= 84 − 4, 80, = 40, x=, 2, ∴ 5th observation = x + 1 =
40 + 1 = 41, and 6th observation, = x + 3 = 40 + 3 = 43,
, 2, , = 30 [( p + q )2 − 3 pq ], , 106. For the variables x
and y, the two, , regression lines are 6x + y = 30 and,
3x + 2y = 25. What are the values of, x , y and r
respectively?, 20 35, ,, , − 0.5, 3 9, 35 20, (c), , , − 0.5, 9
3, , 20 35, ,, , 0.5, 3 9, 35 20, (d), , , 0.5, 9 3, (b), , Ê (c)
Given lines, 6 x + y = 30, and, 3 x + 2 y = 25 …(ii),
where, x and y are two variables., Solving these
equations,, 35, 20, x = , and y =, 9, 3, These lines are
regression,, 35, 20, Then, x = , y =, 9, 3, , 107. The class
marks in a frequency table, are given to be 5, 10, 15,
20, 25, 30, 35,, 40, 45, 50. The class limits of the first,
five classes are, (a) 3-7, 7-13, 13-17, 17-23, 23-27, (b)
2.5-7.5, 7.5-12.5, 12.5-17.5,, 17.5-22.5, 22.5-27.5, (c)
1.5-8.5, 8.5-11.5, 11.5,-18.5,, 18.5-21.5, 21.5-28.5, (d)
2-8, 8-12, 12-18, 18-22, 22-28, , Ê (b) Given, class
marks in a frequency, , table are, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,
35, 40, 45, 50., Let L1 and L2 be the lower limit and
upper, limit of first interval., L + L2, L + L2, 5= 1, Q
Class mark = 1, 2, 2, … (i), L1 + L2 = 10, and L2 − L1
= Class interval, … (ii), or L2 − L1 = 5, Solving Eq. (i) and
(ii),, L2 = 7.5 and L1 = 2.5, ∴Class limit of first classes is
2.5 − 7.5, Similarly find class limit of other classes.,
Hence, class limits of the first five classes, are, 2.5 −
7.5, 7.5 − 12.5, 12.5 − 17.5,, 17.5 − 22.5, 22.5 − 27.5., ,
108. The mean of 5 observations is 4.4 and, variance
is 8.24. If three of the five, observations are 1, 2 and 6,
then what, are the other two observations?, (b) 9, 4,
(d) 81, 4, , Ê (b) Let x1, x2, x3, x4 and x5 are five, , = 30
[900 − 663], = 30 × 237 = 7110, , (a), , 3, 1, or −, 6, 2, =
− 0.5, , r=−, , and, , (a) 9, 16, (c) 81, 16, , = 30 [( 30)2 −
663], , Ê (b) The observations in ascending order, ,
42 =, , (b) 7110, (d) 7240, , Ê (b) Since, p and q are the
roots of the, , (b) 41, 43, (d) 40, 40, , are, 22, 24, 33, 37,
x + 1, x + 3, 46, 47, 57, 58, Here, n = 10, ∴Median, N,
Value of the observations +, 2, N, Values of + 1 th
observations, 2, , =, 2, Value of 5th observations +, ,
2, , Now, SD =, , Ê (a) Total books in bag = 20, Defective
books = 5, ∴Undefective books = 20 − 5 = 15, ∴
Probability to selected three books are, defective
without replacement, 5, 4, 3, =, ×, ×, 20 19 18, 6, =,
684, = 0.0087 = 0.009, , (b) 21, (d) 24.70, , Solved
Paper 2019 (II), , …(i), , observations., ∴ x1 = 1, x2 = 2 ,
and x3 = 6, x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5, ∴ x= 1, 5, x + x2 + x3 +
x4 + x5, 4.4 = 1, 5, x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 22, ,
1 + 2 + 6 + x4 + x5 = 22, , x4 + x5 = 22 − 9, …(i), , x4
+ x5 = 13, and variance,, ( x1 − x )2 + ( x2 − x )2 + ( x3 −
x )2 +, σ2 =, , ( x4 − x )2 + ( x5 − x )2, 5, (1 − 4.4)2 + (2 −
4.4)2 + ( 6 − 4.4)2 +, , . =, 824, , ( x4 − 4.4)2 + ( x5 −
4.4)2, 5

Page 24 :
NDA/NA, , 824, . × 5 = 1156, . + 576, . + 2.56, + ( x4
− 4.4)2 + (13 − x4 − 4.4)2, , 111. Two, , [from Eq. (i)], . =
19.88 + ( x4 − 4.4)2 + ( 8.6 − x4 )2, 4120, 4120, . −
19.88 = x42 + 19.36 − 8.8 x4, + 73.96 + x42 − 17.2 x,
2132, . = 2 x42 − 26 x4 + 93.32, , , 2 x42 − 26 x4 +
72 = 0, , , , x42 − 13 x4 + 36 = 0, , , , x42 − 9 x4 − 4
x4 + 36 = 0, , 109. If a coin is tossed till the first head,
appears, then what will be the, sample space?, (a) {H},
(b) {TH}, (c) {T, HT, HHT, HHHT, ………}, (d) {H, TH, TTH,
TTTH, ………}, , Ê (a) A coin is tossed till the first head,
appears, then the sample space will be, = {H}, , 110.
Consider the following discrete, frequency
distribution., x, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 6, , 7, , 8, , f, , 3, , 15, ,
45 57, , 5, 0, , 36 25, , 9, , What is the value of median
of the, distribution?, (b) 5, , (c) 6, , (d) 7, , Ê (b), x, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, , f, 3, 15, 45, 57, 50, 36, 25, 9, N = 270, ,
Here, N = 270, ∴Median, N, Value of th term + value
of, 2, N + 1 th term, , , 2, , =, 2, Value of 135th
term + Value of, =, =, , 136th term, 5+ 5, =5, 2, , 2, ,
dice, are, thrown, simultaneously. What is the,
probability that the sum of the, numbers appearing on
them is a, prime number?, , 5, 12, 7, (c), 12, (a), , 1, 2, 2,
(d), 3, , (b), , Ê (a) Total number of sample space of two, ,
x4 ( x4 − 9) − 4 ( x4 − 9) = 0, , ( x4 − 9) ( x4 − 4) = 0,
∴, x4 = 4, 9, From Eq. (i), x5 = 9, 4, Hence, other two
observations are 9, and 4., , (a) 4, , 15, , Solved Paper
2019 (II), , C, 3, 18, 63, 120, 170, 236, 261, 270, , dice
are thrown, n( s ) = 6 × 6 = 36, Total number of
favourable outcomes the, sum of numbers appearing
on them is a, prime number., (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 3),, (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 1), (4, 3), (5, 2),, (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 5), ∴, n( E ) = 15, n( E ), ∴Required probability
=, n(S ), 15, 5, =, =, 36 12, , 112. If 5 of a Company’s 10
delivery, trucks do not meet emission, standards and
3 of them are chosen, for inspection, then what is the,
probability that none of the trucks, chosen, will, meet,
emission, standards?, 1, 8, 1, (c), 12, , (a), , 3, 8, 1, (d), 4, ,
(b), , Ê (c) Total trucks of a company’s = 10, Number of
trucks that do not meet, emission standards = 5,
Number of trucks that are chosen for, inspection = 3,
5, C, ∴Required probability = 10 3, C3, 5!, 5 !7 !, = 3 !2
! =, 10 ! 10 !2 !, 3 !7 !, 5⋅ 4⋅ 3, 1, =, =, 10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 12, ,
113. There are 3 coins in a box. One is a, two-headed
coin; another is a fair, coin; and third is biased coin
that, comes up heads 75% of time. When, one of the
three coins is selected at, random and flipped, it
shows heads., What is the probability that it was, the
two-headed coin?, 2, 9, 4, (c), 9, , (a), , 1, 3, 5, (d), 9, (b), ,
Ê (c) Let E1, E 2 and E 3 represent the events, of two-
headed coin, a fair coin and, biased coin respectively.,
1, 1, 1, ∴P( E1 ) = , P( E 2 ) = , P( E 3 ) =, 2, 2, 4, E 1
E 1 E 1, P = , P = , P =, E1 2 E 2 2 E
3 4, Apply Baye’s theorem,, E, P 1 =, E , , E ,
P( E1 ) ⋅ P , E1 , E , E , P( E1 ) ⋅ P + P( E 2 )
⋅ P , E2 , E1 , E , + P( E 3 ) ⋅ P , E3 , , 1 1,
1, ., 2 2, 4, =, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1, + +, . + . + ., 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
4 16, 1, 4, 4, =, =, 4+ 4+1 9, 16, =, , 114. Consider the
following statements:, 1. If A and B are mutually
exclusive, events, then it is possible that, P ( A ) = P ( B
) = 06., ., 2. If A and B are any two events, such that P (
A / B ) = 1, then, P ( B / A ) = 1., Which of the above
statement is/are, correct?, (a) Only 1, (c) Both 1 and 2,
, (b) Only 2, (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , Ê (b) Statement 1 : A
and B are mutually, exclusive events, then P( A ∩ B) =
0, ∴P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B), = 0.6 + 0.6, = 1.2 , it is not
possible, So, Statement 1 is not correct., Statement 2 :
A and B are any two events, such that, A, P = 1,
B , , , P( A ∩ B), = 1 P( A ∩ B) = P( B) … (i), P( B), ,
∴P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B), P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) +
P( B) − P( B), [from Eq. (i)], … (ii), P( A ∪ B) = P( A ),
B P( B ∩ A ) P( A ∪ B), Now, P =, =, P( A ), P( A ),
A , =, , 1 − P ( A ∪ B) 1 − P( A ), =, =1, 1 − P( A ), 1 − P( A
), , So, Statement 2 is correct., Hence, only the
Statement 2 is correct.

Page 25 :
16, , NDA/NA, , 115. If a fair die is rolled 4 times, then,
what is the probability that there are, exactly 2 sixes?,
5, 216, 125, (c), 216, , 25, 216, 175, (d), 216, (b), , (a), ,
[By Bernoulli distribution], , 4!, 1, ×, ×, 2 !2 ! 36, 4⋅ 3, 1,
=, ×, ×, 2 ⋅ 1 36, =, , 116. Mean of 100 observations is
50 and, standard deviation is 10. If 5 is added, to each
observation, then what will, be the new mean and new
standard, deviation respectively?, (b) 50, 15, (d) 55,
15, , Ê (c) Mean of 100 observations = 50, and
standard deviation = 10, We know that, if k is added
to each, observation, then new mean will be more,
than k and standard deviation no change., ∴After 5
added to each observation., mean = 50 + 5 = 55, and
standard deviation = 10, , 117. If the range of a set of
observations, on a variable X is known to be 25, and if
Y = 40 + 3X , then what is the, range of the set of
corresponding, observations on Y ?, (a) 25, (c) 75, , (b)
40, (d) 115, , Ê (c) Range of set of observations on a,
variable, X = 25, We know that, Range, R X = Xmax =
Xmin, , 25 = Xmax − 0, , , Xmax = 25, , [Q Xmin = 0],
, Ymax = 40 + 3 Xmax, = 40 + 3(25) [Q Xmax = 25], ,
Now,, , R Y = Ymax − Ymin, = 115 − 40 = 75, , 118. If V
is the variance and M is the mean, of first 15 natural
numbers, then, what is V + M 2 equal to?, 124, 3, 248,
(c), 3, , (a), , 148, 3, 124, (d), 9, (b), , Ê (c) Mean of first
15 natural numbers, M, 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9,
+ 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15, =, 15, 15(15 + 1), =, 2 ×
15, , 2, , 25, 36, 25, 25, =, 36 216, , (a) 50, 10, (c) 55, 10,
, 119. A car travels first 60 km at a speed of, , = 40 + 75
= 115, , Here, n = 4, r = 2, ∴Required probability = nC r
prq n − r, 1, 5, = 4C 2 , 6 6 , , Y = 40 + 3
X, Ymin = 40 + 3 Xmin, = 40 + 3( 0), = 40, , and, , Ê (b)
Let X be a random variable that, represents to
appearing 6 of rolled a die., Probability of to get 6 to
rolled a die,, 1, p=, 6, ∴Probability of not get 6 to rolled
a die,, 1, 1 5, q = 1− = 1− =, p, 6 6, , 2, , Q, ∴, , [Q Xmin =
0], , Solved Paper 2019 (II), , Q 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = n( n
+ 1) , , 2, , =8, Variance of first 15 natural
numbers, V, 1, =, [(1 − 8)2 + (2 − 8)2 + ( 3 − 8)2, 15, + ( 4
− 8)2 + ( 5 − 8)2 + ( 6 − 8)2, + (7 − 8)2 + ( 8 − 8)2 + ( 9 −
8)2, + (10 − 8)2 + (11 − 8)2 + (12 − 8)2, + (13 − 8)2 +
(14 − 8)2 + (15 − 8)2 ], 1, =, [( − 7 )2 + ( − 6)2 + ( − 5)2 +
( − 4)2 + ( − 3)2, 15, + ( − 2 )2 + ( − 1)2 + 0 + (1)2 + (2 )2
+ ( 3)2, + ( 4)2 + ( 5)2 + ( 6)2 + (7 )2 ], 2 2, =, [1 + 2 2 + 3
2 + 4 2 + 5 2 + 6 2 + 7 2 ], 15, 7(7 + 1) (14 + 1), 2, =, ×,
15, 6, Q 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ... + n2 , , , = n ( n + 1) (2
n + 1), , , , 6, 7 × 8 × 15 56, 2, =, ×, =, 15, 6, 3, 56,
Now, V + M 2 =, + 64, 3, 56 + 192, =, 3, 248, =, 3, , 3 v
km/h and travels next 60 km at 2, v km/h. What is the
average speed of, the car?, (a) 2.5 v km/h, (b) 2.4 v
km/h, (c) 2.2 v km/h, (d) 2.1 v km/h, , Ê (b) Time taken
for first 60 km with speed 3, v km/h, 60 20, h, =, =, 3v,
v, , Distance , , Q Time = Speed , , , , Time taken
for next 60 km with speed, 2v km/h, 60, 30, h, =, =, 2v,
v, Total distance, ∴Average speed =, Total time, 60 +
60, =, 20 30, +, v, v, 120 v, =, 50, = 2.4 v km/h, , 120.
The mean weight of 150 students in a, certain class is
60 kg. The mean, weight of boys is 70 kg and that of,
girls is 55 kg. What are the number, of boys and girls
respectively in the, class?, (a) 75 and 75, (b) 50 and
100, (c) 70 and 80, (d) 100 and 50, , Ê (b) Let number of
boys and girls be x and, y respectively., … (i), ∴, x + y =
150, Mean weight of 150 students = 60 kg, ∴Total
weight of 150 students, = 60 × 150, = 9000kg., Mean
weight of boys = 70 kg, ∴Total weight of boys = 70 x
kg, and mean weight of girls = 55 kg, ∴Total weight of
girls = 55 y kg, ∴Total weight of 150 students = 9000
kg, , , 70 x + 55 y = 9000, , 14 x + 11y = 1800 … (ii),
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x = 50, y = 100, Hence,
the number of boys and girls are, 50 and 100
respectively.

Page 26 :
NDA /NA, , National Defence Academy/Naval
Academy, , SOLVED PAPER 2019 (I), PAPER I :
Mathematics, 1., , (a) ( −5)2n−1, (c) ( −1)2n−1 5 n +1, ,
(b) ( −1)2n 5 n +1, (d) ( −1)n−1 5 n +1, , Ê (d), , Given,,
sequence, −125, 625, − 3125, T, T, Here, 2 = 3 = ...........,
T1 T2, , 3., 25,, , So, this sequence in GP whose
common, ratio is −5., then a = 25, r = −5, ∴n th term of
sequence = ar n−1, = 25( − 5)n − 1, = ( − 1)n − 1 5 2 × 5
n − 1 = ( − 1)n − 1 5 n + 1, , 2., , ∴R is symmetric., Hence,
R is neither reflexive nor, transitive but symmetric., ,
What is the nth term of the sequence, 25, − 125, 625,
− 3125, …?, , Suppose X = {1, 2, 3, 4 } and R is a,
relation, on, If, X., R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1),,
(2,3), (3, 2)}, then which one of the, following is
correct?, (a) R is reflexive and symmetric, but not,
transitive, (b) R is symmetric and transitive, but not,
reflexive, (c) R is reflexive and transitive, but not,
symmetric, (d) R is neither reflexive nor transitive,
but, symmetric, , Ê (d) We have, X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, R = {
(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3),, (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}, Since, ( 4,
4) ∉ R,, Hence, R is not reflexive., Since,, but, (1, 2 ) ∈ R,
(2, 3) ∈ R, (1, 3) ∉ R, R is not transitive., (1, 2), (2, 3) ∈ R,
and also (2, 1), (3, 2) ∈ R, , 4., , A relation R is defined on
the set N of, natural, numbers, as, Then,, xRy x 2 − 4
xy + 3y 2 = 0., which one of the following is, correct?, ,
(a) Null set, −1 + 3i −1 − 3i , (b) , ,, , 2, 2, , , −1 +
3i −1 − 3i , (c) , ,, , 4, 4, , , 1 + 3i 1 − 3i , (d) , ,, ,
2 , 2, , (a) R is reflexive and symmetric, but not,
transitive, (b) R is reflexive and transitive, but not,
symmetric, (c) R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive,
(d) R is reflexive, but neither symmetric, nor
transitive, , 3, Ê (b) We have, A = { x ∈ Z : x − 1 = 0}, ,
and, , 2, 2, Ê (d) Given, xRy x − 4 xy + 3 y = 0, , For
reflexive, xRx x 2 − 4 x 2 + 3 x 2 = 0, So, ( x, x ) ∈ R, ∀
x ∈ N, Hence, R is reflexive., For symmetric, yRx y 2
− 4 xy + 3 x 2, , It is not clear, that y − 4 xy + 3 x is
equal, 2, , 2, , to zero or not., i.e. ( x, y)∈ R but ( y, x ) ∉R
⋅ ∀ x, y ∈ N, Hence, R is not symmetric., For transitive,
xRy x 2 − 4xy + 3 y 2 = 0, yRz y 2 − 4 yz + 3 z2 = 0
(let), xRz x 2 − 4xz + 3 z2, It is not clear, that x 2 −
4xz + 3 z2 is, equal to zero or not., So, ( x , y) ∈ R ,( y, z)∈
R, ( x , z) ∉ R ∀ x , y, z ∈ N, Hence, R is not transitive., ,
B = { x ∈ Z : x 2 + x + 1 = 0}, − 1 + 3i − 1 − 3i , A = 1,,
,, , 2, 2, , , − 1 + 3i − 1 − 3i , B= , ,, , 2, 2, , , , −
1 +, A∩B= , 2, , , xRy x 2 − 4 xy + 3 y 2 = 0, ∴, , If,
and, A = { x ∈ Z : x 3 − 1 = 0}, B = { x ∈ Z : x 2 + x + 1 = 0},
where, Z, is set of complex numbers, then, what is A ∩
B equal to?, , 5., , 3i − 1 − 3i , ,, , 2, , , Consider the
following statements, for the two non-empty sets A
and B., 1. ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ), =A∪B, 2. ( A ∪ ( A
∩ B )) = A ∪ B, Which of the above statements, is/are
correct?, (a) Only 1, (c) Both 1 and 2, , Ê (a) We have,, ,
(b) Only 2, (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , 1. ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) ∪ (
A ∩ B) = A ∪ B, LHS ≡ ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B), = { A ∩
( B ∪ B )} ∪ ( A ∩ B), [by distributive property]

Page 27 :
18, , NDA/NA, , 2., , 6., , = ( A ∩ U ) ∪ ( A ∩ B), [Q B ∪ B =
U ], = A ∪ ( A ∩ B), = ( A ∪ A ) ∩ ( A ∪ B), = U ∩ ( A ∪ B)= A
∪ B = RHS, Hence, 1 is correct., A ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A ∪ B,
LHS ≡ A ∪ ( A ∩ B ), = ( A ∪ A) ∩ ( A ∪ B), = U ∩ ( A ∪ B), =
A∪B ≠ A ∪ B, Hence, 2 is false., ∴Only 1 is correct., ,
B31 = 0, B32 = 0, B33 = 8, B11, adj B = B21, ,
B31, , 8., , 3 2 0 , If B = 2 4 0 , then what is adjoint,
, , 1 1 0 , of B equal to?, 0 0 0 , (a) 0 0 0 , , ,
−2 −1 8 , 0 0 2 , (c) 0 0 1 , , , 0 0 0 , , 0
0 −2 , (b) 0 0 −1 , , , 0 0 8 , (d) It does not
exist, , 3 2 0 , 2 4 0 , (a), We, have,, B, =, Ê, , , 1
1 0 , Co-factor of B,, B11 = 0, B12 = 0, B13 = − 2,
B21 = 0, B22 = 0, B23 = − 1, , 10., , B13 ′, B23 , ,
B33 , 0, 0, , − 2, , 0 , 0 0 , , − 1 8 , 0, ,
What are the roots of the equation, | x 2 − x − 6| = x +
2?, (b) 0, 2, 4, (d) −2, 2, 4, , Ê (d) We have,, , | x 2 − x − 6|
= x + 2, , , | ( x − 3) ( x − 2 )| = x + 2, Case I x < 2, x2 − x
− 6 = x + 2, x2 − 2 x − 8 = 0, x2 − 4 x + 2 x − 8 = 0 , ,
, x ( x − 4) + 2 ( x − 4) = 0 , ( x − 4) ( x + 2 ) = 0, x = − 2
but x ≠ 4 [Q x < 2], Case II 2 ≤ x < 3, x2 − x − 6 = − ( x +
2 ), , Ê (d) Let X = {1,2, 3, 4}, , 7., , B32, , (a) −2, 1, 4, (c) 0,
1, 4, , (b) Only 2 and 3, (d) 1, 2 and 3, , A = {1, 2}, B = {2,
3, 4}, C = {1, 2, 3}, A⊂C, A ∩ B = {2}, C ∩ B = {2, 3},
Clearly, ( A ∩ B) ⊂ (C ∩ B), A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, (C ∪ B) =
{1, 2, 3, 4}, ( A ∪ B) ⊂ (C ∩ B), Hence, Statement 1 is
correct., 2.( A ∩ B) ⊂ (C ∩ B) for all sets B A ⊂ C,
Hence, Statement 2 is also correct., 3. ( A ∪ B) ⊂ (C ∪ B)
for all sets, B A⊂ C, Hence, Statement 3 is also
correct., , B22, , 0 0 − 2 ′, = 0 0 −1 =, , , 0 0 8
, , Let X be a non-empty set and let, A , B, C be
subsets of X . Consider the, following statements., 1. A
⊂ C ( A ∩ B ) ⊂ (C ∩ B ),, ( A ∪ B ) ⊂ (C ∪ B ), 2. ( A ∩ B )
⊂ (C ∩ B ) for all sets, B A ⊂C, 3. ( A ∪ B ) ⊂ (C ∪ B ) for
all sets, B A ⊂C, Which of the above statements are,
correct?, (a) Only 1 and 2, (c) Only 1 and 3, , B12, , x −
3i 1 , If y, i = 6 + 11i , then what, 1, , , 0 2i −i
, are the values of x and y, respectively?, (a) −3, 4, (c)
3, − 4, , (b) 3, 4, (d) −3, −4, x − 3i 1, i = 6 + 11 i, Ê (a) We
have, y 1, 0 2i, −i, x ( − i + 2 ) − y ( − 3 − 2 i ) = 6 + 11 i,
2 x + 3 y + ( − x + 2 y) i = 6 + 11 i, On equating real
and imaginary parts, on, both sides,, we get 2 x + 3 y =
6, ...(i), and − x + 2 y = 11, ...(ii), On solving Eqs. (i) and
(ii), we get, x = − 3 and y = 4, , 11. The common roots of
the equations, z 3 + 2z 2 + 2z + 1 = 0, and z 2017 + z
2018 + 1 = 0 are, (a) −1, ω, (c) −1, ω 2, , x −4=0, x=±2, x
= 2 but x ≠ − 2 [Q x ∈ (2, 3)], Case III x ≥ 3, x2 − x − 6 = x
+ 2, x2 − 2 x − 8 = 0, ( x + 2 ) ( x − 4) = 0, x = 4 but x ≠ − 2
[Q x ≥ 3], x = − 2, 2, 4, , ∴, , 9., , 0 1 , If A = , , then
the matrix A is, 1 0 , a/an, (a) singular matrix, (b)
involutory matrix, (c) nilpotent matrix, (d) idempotent
matrix, 0 1 , Ê (b) We have, A = 1 0 , , , | A| = − 1,
Since,| A | ≠ 0, Hence, A is not singular., 0 1 0 1 ,
A2 = A ⋅ A = , ⋅ , , 1 0 1 0 , 1 0 , = , , 0 1 ,
A2 = I, Hence, A is involutory matrix., , (b) 1,ω 2, (d) ω,
ω 2, , 3, 2, Ê (d) We have, z + 2 z + 2 z + 1 = 0, , ( z + 1) (
z2 + z + 1) = 0, , x2 − x − 6 + x + 2 = 0, 2, , Solved Paper
2019 (I), , , , z + 1 = 0 or z2 + z + 1 = 0, , z = −1, −1 ± 1
− 4, or, z=, 2, −1 + i 3 −1 − i 3, =, ,, = ω, ω 2, 2, 2, Now,
z2017 + z2018 + 1 = 0, Put z = − 1,, LHS = ( −1)2017 +
( −1)2018 + 1, = − 1+ 1+ 1, = 1 ≠ 0 (RHS), ∴, z = − 1 is
not a root of equation., Put z = ω,, LHS = (ω )2017 + (ω
)2018 + 1, = (ω 3 )672.ω + (ω 3 )672.ω 2 + 1, = ω + ω2
+ 1, , [Q ω 3 = 1], [Q1 + ω + ω 2 = 0], , = 0 = RHS, ∴ z = ω
is a root of equation., put z = ω 2,, LHS = (ω 2 )2017 +
(ω 2 )2018 + 1, = ω 4034 + ω 4036 + 1, = (ω 3 )1344
.ω 2 + (ω 3 )1345.ω + 1, = ω 2 + ω + 1 = 0 RHS, ∴, , z =
ω 2 is a root of equation., , Hence, ω, ω 2 are the
common roots of, these equations.

Page 28 :
NDA/NA, , 19, , Solved Paper 2019 (I), , 12. If C (20, n +
2) = C (20, n − 2), then, what is n equal to, (a) 8, (c) 12, ,
(b) 10, (d) 16, , Ê (b) We have, C (20, n + 2 ) = C (20, n −
2 ), Cn + 2 =, , , , 20, , , , 20, , Cn − 2, , n + 2 + n − 2 =
20, [Q nC x = nC y x + y = n], , ∴, , n = 10, , Directions
(Q. Nos. 16 and 17) Read, the information carefully
and answer, the given questions., In a school, all the
students play atleast one, of three indoor games–
chess, carrom and, table tennis. 60 play chess, 50 play
table, tennis, 48 play carrom, 12 play chess and,
carrom, 15 play carrom and table tennis, 20, play table
tennis and chess., 16. What can be the minimum
number of, students in the school?, , 13. There are 10
points in a plane. No, , (a) 123, , three of these points
are in a straight, line. What is the total number of,
straight lines which can be formed, by joining the
points?, , Ê (b) Let, , (a) 90, (c) 40, , (b) 45, (d) 30, , Ê (b)
Given, 10 points in a plane where no, , three of these
points are in straight line., Total number of straight
line formed from, 10 points is, 10 × 9, 10 !, 10, C2 =, =,
= 45, 2 ! 8!, 2, , equation px 2 + qx + r = 0, (where p , q ,
r , all are positive) has, distinct real roots a and b.
Which one, of the following is correct?, , 14. The, , (a) a
>, (b) a <, (c) a >, (d) a <, , 0, b >, 0, b <, 0, b <, 0, b >, , Ê
(b) Given,, , 0, 0, 0, 0, px 2 + qx + r = 0,, , where, , Now,, ,
r> 0, ab > 0, a > 0, b > 0, a < 0, b < 0, −q, < 0 q, p > 0, p, ,
17. What can be the maximum number of, students in
the school?, (b) 123, (d) 135, , Ê (b) For maximum
number of students in, school n( A ∩ B ∩ C ) must be
12., ∴, n( A ∪ B ∪ C ), = 60 + 50 + 48 − 20 − 15 − 12 +
12, = 123, , 18. If A is an identity matrix of order 3,,
then its inverse ( A −1 ), , ...(i), ...(ii), , ∴, , a+ b< 0, ...(iii), a
< 0, b < 0, From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get, ∴, a < 0 and
b < 0, , 15. If A = { λ , { λ ,µ }}, then the power set, of A is,
(a) { φ, { φ}, { λ}, { λ,µ }}, (b) {φ, { λ},{ λ,µ },{ λ,{ λ,µ }}}, (c) {
φ, { λ},{ λ,µ },{ λ,{ λ,µ }}}, (d) {{ λ},{ λ,µ },{ λ,{ λ ,µ }}}, , Ê (b)
We have, A = { λ, { λ, µ }}, , (d) 63, , A = Student play
chess, B = Student play table tennis, C = Student play
carrom, Given, n( A ) = 60, n( B) = 50, n(C ) = 48, n( A ∩
B) = 20, n( B ∩ C ) = 15, n( A ∩ C ) = 12, For minimum
number of students in, school, n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) must be
zero., ∴n( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n( A ) + n( B) + n(C ), − n( A ∩ B) −
n( B ∩ C ), − n( A ∩ C ) + n( A ∩ B ∩ C ), = 60 + 50 + 48 −
20 − 15 − 12 + 0 = 111, , (a) 111, (c) 125, , p, q , r > 0
and a and b are distinct roots., −q, and ab = r, a+ b=, ∴,
p, Now,, ∴, , or, , (b) 111 (c) 95, , P( A ) = { φ, { λ}, {{ λ, µ
}}, { λ, { λ, µ }}}, , (a) is equal to null matrix, (b) is equal to
A, (c) is equal to 3 A (d) does not exist, 1 0 0 , 0 1
0 , (b), Given,, A, =, Ê, , , 0 0 1 , 1 0 0 , ∴, A −1
= 0 1 0 = A, , , 0 0 1 , , 19. A is a square
matrix of order 3 such, that its determinant is 4. What
is the, determinant of its transpose?, (a) 64, (c) 32, , (b)
36, (d) 4, , Ê (d) Given, | A | = 4, ∴, , | A′ | = 4 [Q | A | = | A
′ |], , 20. From 6 programmers and 4 typists,, an office
wants to recruit 5 people., What is the number of
ways this can, be done so as to recruit atleast one,
typist?, (a) 209, (c) 246, , (b) 210, (d) 242, , Ê (c) We
have,, , 6 programmers and 4 typists, Number of ways
of 5 recruit people such, that atleast one typist, = 4C1
6C 4 + 4C 2 6C 3 + 4C 3 6C 2, + 4C 4 6C1, , = 4 × 15 +
6 × 20 + 4 × 15 + 1 × 6, = 60 + 120 + 60 + 6 = 246, , 21.
What is the number of terms in the, expansion of [(2x
− 3y )2 (2x + 3y )2 ]2 ?, (a) 4, (c) 8, , (b) 5, (d) 16, , 2, 2 2,
Ê (b) Given, [(2 x − 3 y) (2 x + 3 y) ], , = [4x 2 − 9 y 2 ]4, ∴
Total number of terms = 4 + 1 = 5, , 22. In the
expansion of (1 +ax )n , the first, three terms are
respectively 1, 12x, and 64 x 2 . What is n equal to?, (a)
6, (c) 10, , (b) 9, (d) 12, , first three terms of expansion,
Ê (b) Given,, n, 2, (1 + ax ) is 1, 12 x, 64 x ,, , Now,, , n( n
− 1) 2 2, a x +K, 2, On equating first three terms, we
get, n ( n − 1) 2, na = 12 and, a = 64, 2, On putting the
value of a in, n ( n − 1) 2, a = 64, we get, 2, 2, n ( n − 1)
12 , = 64, n , 2, 144 ( n − 1), , = 64, 2n, ∴, n=9,
(1 + ax )n = 1 + nax +, , 23. The numbers 1, 5 and 25
can be three, terms, (not, consecutive)of, , necessarily,
, (a) only one AP, (b) more than one but finite numbers
of, APs, (c) infinite number of APs, (d) finite number of
GPs, , Ê (d) We have, 1, 5, 25 be three terms., Clearly,
1, 5, 25 are finite number of GPs.

Page 29 :
20, , NDA/NA, , 24. The sum of ( p + q )th and ( p − q
)th, terms of an AP is equal to, (a) (2 p) th term, (b) (2q )
th term, (c) twice the p th term, (d) twice the q th term,
, Ê (c) Let a is first term and d is common, difference of
AP., ap + q = a + ( p + q − 1) d, and ap − q = a + ( p − q −
1) d, Sum of ( p + q ) th and ( p − q ) th terms, = ap + q +
ap − q = 2 a + (2 p − 2 ) d, = 2 ( a + ( p − 1) d ) = 2 ap, =
twice of p th term, , 25. If A is a square matrix of order
n > 1,, then which one of the following is, correct?, (a)
det ( − A ) = det A, (b) det ( − A ) = ( −1)n det A, (c) det (
− A ) = − det A, (d) det ( − A ) = n det A, , Ê Sol. (b) We
know that if A is a square, matrix of order n > 1, then,
det( − A ) = ( −1)n det A, , 2 3 , For example If A = ,
,, 4 5 , −2 −3 , then − A = , , −4 −5 , 2 3 , =
10 − 12 = − 2, …(i), ∴det A = , 4 5 , −2 −3 , = 10 −
12 = − 2, and det( − A ) = , −4 −5 , = ( −1)2( −2 ) [Q
here n = 2], = ( −1)2 det A [from Eq. (i)], 1 2 3 , if A =
3 1 0 , , , 4 3 −2 , −1 −2 −3 , Then, − A =
−3 −1 0 , , , −4 −3 2 , 1 2 3, ∴ det A = 3 1 0, 4 3
−2, = 1( −2 − 0) − 2( −6 − 0) +, = − 2 + 12 + 15 = 25,
−1 −2, and det ( − A ) = −3 −1, , −4 −3, , 3( 9 − 4),
−3 , 0 , , 2 , , = − 1( −2 − 0) + 2( −6 − 0) − 3( 9 − 4), = 2
− 12 − 15 = − 25, [here n = 3], = ( −1)325, = ( −1)3det A
[from Eq. (i)], , 26. What is the least value of, 25 cosec2
x + 36sec2 x ?, (a) 1, (b) 11, (c) 120, (d) 121, , Directions
(Q. Nos. 29 and 30) Read, the information carefully
and answer, the given questions., A complex number
is given by, z=, , 2, 2, Ê (d) Given, 25 cosec x + 36 sec x, ,
= 25 (1 + cot 2 x ) + 36 (1 + tan2 x ), , Solved Paper
2019 (I), , 1 + 2i, ., 1 − (1 − i )2, , 29. What is the
modulus of z?, (a) 4, , (b) 2, , (c) 1, , = 25 + 25 cot x + 36
+ 36 tan x, 2, , (d), , 2, , = 25 + 36 + 25 cot 2 x + 36 tan2
x, , 1 − (1 − i )2, 1 + 2i, z=, 1 − (1 − 1 − 2 i ), 1 + 2i, =, =1,
1 + 2i, , = 61 + ( 5 cot x − 6 tan x )2 + 2 × 5 × 6, ≥ 61 +
60 = 121, , [Qminimum value of, ( 5 cot x − 6 tan x )2 =
0], , ∴ Minimum value of, 25 cosec 2 x + 36 sec 2 x =
121, , Directions (Q. Nos. 27 and 28) Read, the
information carefully and answer, the given
questions., Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices with det A =
4, and det B = 3 ., , ∴, , | z| = 1, , 30. What is the
principal argument of z?, (a) 0, , (b), , π, 4, , (c), , π, 2, , (d)
π, , lm( z) , , Re ( z) , , −1, Ê (a) arg ( z) = tan , , 0, =
tan−1 = tan−1 0 = 0, 1 , , 27. What is det (2AB
) equal to?, (a) 96, (b) 72, (c) 48, (d) 36, , 1 + 2i, , Ê (c)
We have, z =, , 1, 2, , 31. What is the value of, , Ê (a) A
and B be ( 3 × 3) matrices with, det A = 4 and det B = 3,
We know that,, det ( KAB) = K ndet( A ) × det( B), ,
where, n is the order or A and B, K is a real, number.,
∴det(2 AB) = (2 )3detA × detB, [Q n = 3 and k = 2],
=8×4×3, = 96, , 28. What is det (3AB −1 ) equal to?, (a)
12, (c) 36, , (b) 18, (d) 48, , Ê (c) A and B be ( 3 × 3)
matrices with, det A = 4 and det B = 3, , (a) −2, , (b) −1, ,
(c) 2, , (d) 1, , Ê (a) We have,, , sin 34° cos 236° − sin 56°
sin 124°, cos 28° cos 88° + cos 178° sin 208°, sin 34°
cos (180° + 56° ), − sin 56° sin ( 90° + 34° ), cos 28° cos
88° + cos ( 90° + 88° ), sin (180° + 28° ), − sin 34° cos
56° − sin 56° cos 34°, =, cos 28° cos 88° + sin 88° sin
28°, =, , =, =, , − sin ( 56° + 34° ) − sin 90°, =, cos ( 88° −
28° ), cos 60°, −1, = −2, 1, 2, , 32. tan54° can be
expressed as, , We know that,, 1, ,, det( KAB ) = K det(
A ) ×, det( B), −1, , sin 34 ° cos 236° − sin 56° sin 124 °,
?, cos 28° cos 88° + cos 178° sin 208°, , n, , where n is
the order of A and B, K is a, real number], 1, −1, 3, ∴det
( 3 AB ) = ( 3) det( A ) ×, det B, 1, = 27 × 4 ×, 3, = 36, , sin
9° + cos 9°, sin 9° − cos 9°, (b), sin 9° − cos 9°, sin 9° +
cos 9°, cos 9° + sin 9°, sin 36°, (d), (c), cos 9° − sin 9°, cos
36°, (a), , Ê (c) We have, tan 54° = tan ( 45° + 9° ), =, ,
tan 45° + tan 9°, 1 + tan 9°, =, 1 − tan 45° tan 9° 1 − tan
9°, =, , cos 9° + sin 9°, cos 9° − sin 9°

Page 31 :
22, , NDA/NA, 3, 4, , 42. If cos A = , then what is the
value, A 3A , of sin sin ?, 2 2 , (a), , 5,
8, , (b), , 5, 16, , (c), , 5, 24, , (d), , 7, 32, , 3, Ê (b) Given,
cos A =, , Ê (b) Given, sin 2θ = cos 3θ, 2 sin θ cos θ = 4
cos 3 θ − 3 cos θ, , , , 2 sin θ = 4 cos 2 θ − 3, , , ,
[Qcosθ ≠ 0], 2 sin θ = 4(1 − sin2 θ) − 3, , , , 4 sin2 θ +
2 sinθ − 1 = 0, sinθ =, , , , A, 3A, sin, 2, 2, 1 , 3A , A, =
2 sin sin, , 2 , 2, 2 , , , , sin θ =, , ∴, , sin θ =, , Now,
sin, , =, , 1, 2, , 3A , , A 3A , A, cos 2 − 2 −
cos 2 + 2 , , , , 1, = [cos A − cos 2 A ], 2, 1, =
(cos A − 2 cos 2 A + 1), 2, 1 3, 9, = − 2 ×, + 1 , 2 4,
16, , =, , 1 3 9, 1 6 − 9 + 8 , 5, − + 1 = , = 16, 2
4 8, 8, 2 , , , 43. What is the value of tan 75° +
cot 75° ?, (a) 2, (c) 2 3, , (b) 4, (d) 4 3, , Ê (b) We have, tan
75° + cot 75°, = tan ( 90° − 15° ) + cot ( 90° − 15° ), =
cot 15° + tan 15°, cos 15°, sin 15°, =, +, sin 15°, cos 15°,
=, , cos 2 15° + sin2 15°, sin15° cos 15°, , 44. What is
the value of, , cos 46° cos 47 ° cos 48° cos 49 °, cos 50°
.....cos 135°?, (b) 0, (d) Greater than 1, , Ê (b) We have,, ,
cos 46° cos 47 ° cos 48°, cos 49° cos 50° … cos 90° …
cos 135°, [Qcos 90° = 0], =0, , π, 45. If sin 2θ = cos 3θ,
where 0 < θ < ,, 2, then what is sinθ equal to ?, (a), (c), ,
, π , Q θ ∈ 0, 2 , , , , , x + px + q = 0 are
tan19° and, tan26°, then which one of the, following is
correct ?, 2, , (a) q − p = 1, (c) p + q = 2, , (b) p − q = 1, (d)
p + q = 3, , Ê (a) Given, tan 19° and tan 26° are roots of,
x 2 + px + q = 0., ∴tan 19° + tan 26° = − p, tan 19° ⋅ tan
26° = q, tan 19° + tan 26°, tan (19° + 26° ) =, 1 − tan
19° tan 26°, , , tan 45° =, , , ∴, , −p, −p, 1 =, 1− q,
1− q, , 1− q = − p, q − p=1, , 47. What is the fourth term
of an AP of n, (b) 8, (d) 20, , Ê (b) Given,, , 2, 2, =, =, =4,
1, sin 30°, 2, , 5 +1, 4, 5 +1, 16, , 5, , terms whose sum is
n (n + 1)?, , 2, 2 sin 15° cos 15°, , (a) −1, (c) 1, , , , 2 ×4, ,
5 −1, 4, , (b), (d), , 5 −1, 4, 5 −1, 16, , Sum of n terms of
an AP, i.e., S n = n ( n + 1), a4 = S 4 − S 3 [Q an = S n − S
n−1], a4 = 4( 4 + 1) − 3 ( 3 + 1), a4 = 20 − 12 = 8, ∴
Fourth term of an AP = 8, , 48. What is − sec 2 α sec 2
β equal to?, (a) 0, (c) 2, , (b) 1, (d) 4, , Ê (a) We have,, , (1
+ tan α tan β )2 + (tanα − tanβ )2, − sec 2α sec 2β, , = 1
+ tan α tan2 β + 2 tanα tanβ, 2, , + tan2 α + tan2 β, − 2
tanα tanβ − sec 2α sec 2β, = 1 + tan2 α tan2 β + tan2
α + tan2 β, − sec 2α sec 2 β, = (1 + tan2 α ) (1 + tan2 β )
− sec 2α sec 2β, = sec 2αsec 2β − sec 2αsec 2β = 0, ,
(b) p = q, (d) p + q = 0, , q = (cosec θ + cot θ)−1, , 4 + 16,
, − 2 ± 2 5 − 1±, =, 2 ×4, 4, , (a) pq =1, (c) p + q = 1, , Ê (b)
Given, p = cosec θ − cot θ, , 46. If the roots of the
equation, , (a) 6, (c) 12, , 1, =, sin 15° cos 15°, =, , −2 ±, ,
and, p = cosecθ − cot θ, q = (cosecθ + cot θ )−1, then
which, one of the following is correct?, , 49. If, , , , 4, ,
Solved Paper 2019 (I), , , cosec θ − cot θ , 1, q = ,
, , cosec θ + cot θ cosec θ − cot θ , , ∴, , q =
cosec θ − cot θ, q = p, , 50. If the angles of a triangle
ABC are in, the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, then the, corresponding
sides are in the ratio, (a) 1 : 2 : 3, (c) 1 : 3 : 2, , (b) 3 : 2 :
1, (d) 1 : 3 : 2, , Ê (c) We have, angle of triangle ABC are
in, the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, ∴, x + 2 x + 3 x = 180°, , x = 30°, ∴
Angles of triangle are 30° , 60° , 90°., We know that,
sine rule, a, b, c, =, =, sin A sin B sinC, a, b, c, =, =, sin
30° sin 60° sin 90°, a, b, c, =, =, , 1, 1, 3, 2, 2, ∴ a : b : c
= 1: 3 : 2, , 51. Consider the following statements, 1.
For an equation of a line,, x cos θ + y sin θ = p , in
normal, form, the length of the, perpendicular from
the point, to, the, line, is, ( α, β ), | α cos θ + β sin θ + p
|., The length of the perpendicular, from the point (α,β
) to the line, aα + bβ − ab , x y, + = 1 is , ., 2, 2, a b,
a +b , Which of the above statements, is/are correct?,
(a) 1 only, (c) Both 1 and 2, , (b) 2 only, (d) Neither 1 nor
2, , Ê (d) 1. Equation of line, , x cos θ + y sin θ = p,
Perpendicular distance from (α,β ) to the, given line is,
α cos θ + β sin θ − p, cos 2 θ + sin2 θ, = (α cos θ + β
sinθ − p), Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.

Page 32 :
NDA/NA, , 2. Length of the perpendicular from the, x,
y, point (α,β ) to the line +, = 1 is, a, b, α, , β, − 1 ,
+, αb + aβ − ab , a, b, , , = , a2 + b 2 , 1 + 1 , b
2 , a2, Hence, statement 2 is incorrect., ∴ Neither 1
nor 2., , 52. A circle is drawn on the chord of a, circle x
2 + y 2 = a 2 as diameter. The, chord lies on the line x +
y = a., What is the equation of the circle?, (a) x 2, (b) x
2, (c) x 2, (d) x 2, , 23, , Solved Paper 2019 (I), , + y2, +
y2, + y2, + y2, , − ax − ay + a2 = 0, − ax − ay = 0, + ax +
ay = 0, + ax + ay − 2 a2 = 0, , Ê (b)2, , Given, equation, x
+ y 2 = a 2., , of, , circle, , 54. The equation 2x 2 − 3y 2 −
6 = 0, represents, (a) a circle, (b) a parabola, (c) an
ellipse, (d) a hyperbola, 2, 2, Ê (d) Given, 2 x − 3 y − 6 =
0, , , , 2 x 2 − 3 y2 = 6, , x2, y2, −, =1, 3, 2, Which
represents the equation of a, hyperbola., , , 55. The
two parabolas y 2 = 4ax and, x = 4ay intersect, 2, , is, , x
+ y = a is chord of a circle., (0, a), , (a) at two points on
the line y = x, (b) only at the origin, (c) at three points
one of which lies on, y+ x =0, (d) only at (4a, 4a), 2, Ê (a)
Given, y = 4ax, , and, , x 2 = 4ay, , The graph of given
curve is clearly from, graph the given curve is
intersect at two, points on the line y = x, y=x, , Ê (c)
The lines 3 y + 4 x = 1, y = x + 5 and, 5 y + bx = 3 are
concurrent., 3 4 − 1 , 1 − 1 − 5 = 0, ∴, , , 5 b −
3 , , 3 ( 3 + 5b ) − 4( − 3 + 25) −1( b + 5) = 0, , , ∴, ,
9 + 15b + 12 − 100 − b − 5 = 0, 14b = 84, b=6, , 58.
What is the equation of the straight, line which is
perpendicular to y = x, and passes through (3, 2)?, , (a)
x, (b) x, (c) x, (d) x, , −, +, +, −, , y=5, y=5, y=1, y=1, , Ê (b)
Equation of line perpendicular to y = x, is x + y = λ.,
Since, this line is passes through (3, 2), ∴, 3 + 2 = λ λ
= 5, Hence, equation of required line is, x + y = 5., , 59.
The straight lines x + y − 4 = 0,, 3x + y − 4 = 0 and x +
3y − 4 = 0, form a triangle, which is, , ,, (a, 0), , (a)
isosceles, (c) equilateral, , (b) right angled, (d) scalene, ,
Ê (a) Given, equation of line, , 53. The sum of the focal
distances of a, point on an ellipse is constant and,
equal to, (a) length of minor axis, (b) length of major
axis, (c) length of latusrectum, (d) sum of the lengths
of semi major, and semi minor axes, , Ê (b) The sum of
the focal distance of a, , point on a ellipse is constant
and equal, to the length of major axis., We know that,
PS + PS ′ = 2 a, P, , x+ y=4, 3x + y = 4, x + 3y = 4, , 56.
The points (1, 3) and (5, 1) are two, opposite vertices
of a rectangle. The, other two vertices lie on the line, y
= 2x + c . What is the value of c?, (a) 2, (c) 4, , Ê (d) The
points (1, 3) and (5, 1) are two, , opposite vertex of
rectangle. The other, two vertices lie on the line y = 2
x + c., ∴ The mid point of vertices lie on the line, 1 + 5
3 + 1 , i.e. , ,, ≡ ( 3, 2 ) lie on the line, 2, 2 , ∴, , ,
S′, , y = 2x + c, 2 = 2( 3) + c, c=−4, , 5y + bx = 3 are
concurrent, then, what is the value of b?, , (a) 1, (c) 6, ,
3x+y=4, , (b) −2, (d) −4, , 57. If the lines 3y + 4 x = 1, y =
x + 5 and, S, , ...(i), ...(ii), ...(iii), , A (0, 4), , x+, y=, 4, , ∴End
points of diameter of required circle, is (a,0) and ( 0, a
)., ∴Equation of circle is, x ( x − a) + y ( y − a) = 0, x 2
+ y 2 − ax − ay = 0, , (b) 3, 1, (d), 2, , B (4, 0), , x+3y=4, , C
(1, 1), , On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x = 0, y = 4, A
= ( 0, 4), On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get, x = 4, y = 0,
B = ( 4, 0), On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get, x = 1, y =
1, C = (1, 1), Clearly, AC = BC, ∴Triangle is an
isosceles., , 60. The circle x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 7y + 12 = 0,,
cuts an intercept on Y -axis equal to, (a) 1, (c) 4, , (b) 3,
(d) 7

Page 33 :
24, , NDA/NA, , 2, 2, Ê (a) Given, x + y + 4 x − 7 y + 12 =
0, , For intercept on Y-axis put x = 0, we get, y 2 − 7 y +
12 = 0, ( y − 4) ( y − 3) = 0, y = 3, y = 4, Length of
intercept on Y-axis, = | y2 − y1 | = | 3 − 4 | = 1, , 61. The
centroid of the triangle with, , vertices A(2, − 3, 3), B(5,
− 3, − 4 ) and, C(2, − 3, − 2) is the point, , (a) (−3, 3, − 1),
(b) (3, − 3, − 1), (c) (3, 1, − 3), (d) (−3, − 1, − 3), , 9 −9 −3
, = ,, ,, = ( 3, − 3, − 1), 3 3 3 , , 10 x − 2 y + 2 z =
28, , and B are 3$i − 2$j + k$ and 2$i + 4 $j − 3k$,
respectively, then what is the length, of AB ?, , (b) 29,
(d) 53, (d), We, have, ,, =, 3$i − 2 $j + k$, OA, Ê, OB = 2
$i + 4$j − 3k$, (a) 14, (c) 43, , ∴| AB | = | OB − OA |, = |
(2 $i + 4$j − 3k$ ) − ( 3$i − 2 $j + k$ )|, = | ( − $i + 6$j −
4k$ |, , 1, 4, 3, (c), 2, , = 1 + 36 + 16 =, , 1, 2, 7, (d), 4, , (b),
, (a), , (b) 2, (d) 3, , Ê (c) Given, equation of sphere, , x 2 +
y 2 + z2 − 6 x + 8 y − 10 z + 1 = 0, , On comparing with,
x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2u x + 2 vy + 2 wz, , hypotenuse AC = p
, then what is, AB ⋅ AC + BC ⋅ BA + CA ⋅ CB equal, to?,
, ...(i), , 8 x − 4 y + 8 z + 21 = 0, 21, 4x − 2 y + 4z +, = 0 ...
(ii), , 2, Distance between parallel planes (i), and (ii),
21 − 9 , , 2, =, , 49 = 7, , 63. The equation of the
plane passing, through the intersection of the, planes
2x + y + 2z = 9,, 4 x − 5y − 4z = 1 and the point, (3, 2, 1)
is, , Z -axis?, (b) <1, 0, 0>, (d) <0, 0, 1>, , Ê (d) Direction
cosines of Z-axis are, < cos 90° , cos 90° , cos 0°> < 0,
0,1 >, , then what is ( b − a ) ⋅ (3a + b) equal, to ?, (b)
−106, (d) −53, $, $, $, Ê (b) We have, a = i − 2 j + 5k, $,
$, $, b = 2 i + j − 3k, (a) 106, (c) 53, , Ê (a) Equation of
the plane passing through, the intersection of plane, 2
x + y + 2 z = 9, 4 x − 5 y − 4 z = 1 is, (2 x + y + 2 z − 9), ...
(i), , Since, plane (i) passes through the point, (3, 2, 1), ∴
(2 × 3 + 2 + 2 × 1 − 9), + λ ( 4 × 3 − 5 × 2 − 4 × 1 − 1) = 0,
, (b) 2 p2, (d) p, , In right angled ∆ABC, we have, ∠ABC
= 90°, C, , Ê (a), , p, , 2, , 66. If a = $i − 2$j + 5k$ and b =
2$i + $j − 3k$ ,, , − 2 y + 2 z = 28, + 2 y + 2 z = 28, + 2 y
− 2 z = 28, − 2 y − 2 z = 24, , + λ ( 4 x − 5 y − 4 z − 1) = 0,
, 2, , 3, 3, 1, 2, 2, =, =, 16 + 4 + 16 6 4, , (a) <1, 1, 1>, (c)
<0, 1, 0>, , = ( − 3)2 + ( 4)2 + ( − 5)2 − 1, , (a) p2, p2, (c),
2, , ( 4) + ( − 2 ) + ( 4), 2, , 65. What are the direction
cosines of, , ∴Radius of sphere = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − d, ,
53, , 68. If in a right angled triangle ABC,, , Ê (a) Given
equation of planes, , =, , + d = 0, we get, 2 u = − 6, 2 v =
8, 2 w = − 10, d = 1, u = − 3, v = 4, w = − 5, d = 1, , = (
− 1)2 + ( 6)2 + ( − 4)2, , and, , and, , x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6x +
8y − 10z + 1 = 0?, , 9 + 16 + 25 − 1 =, , planes 4 x − 2y +
4z + 9 = 0, 8x − 4y + 8z + 21 = 0, , 4x − 2 y + 4z + 9 = 0, ,
62. What is the radius of the sphere, , (a) 10x, (b) 10x,
(c) 10x, (d) 10x, , 10 x − 2 y + 2 z − 28 = 0, , 67. If the
position vectors of points A, , 64. The distance
between the parallel, , A(2, − 3, 3), B( 5, − 3, − 4), and
C(2, − 3, − 2 ), Centroid, of, ∴, ∆ABC, 2 + 5 + 2 − 3 − 3
− 3 3 − 4 − 2 , = , ,, ,, , , , 3, 3, 3, , =, , 1 + λ ( − 3) = 0,
1, λ=, , 3, 1, On putting λ = in Eq. (i), we get, 3, (2 x +
y + 2 z − 9), 1, + ( 4 x − 5 y − 4 z − 1) = 0, 3, 6 x + 3 y +
6 z − 27 + 4 x − 5 y − 4 z, − 1= 0, ∴, , Ê (b) Given vertices
of triangle ABC are, , (a) 5, (c) 7, , , , Solved Paper
2019 (I), , ∴b − a = (2 $i + $j − 3k$ ) − ( $i − 2 $j + 5k$ ),
= $i + 3$j − 8k$, and 3 a + b = 3( $i − 2 $j + 5k$ ), + (2 $i
+ $j − 3k$ ), $, $, = 5 i − 5 j + 12k$, ∴(b − a ) ⋅ (3a + b ), =
( $i + 3$j − 8k$ ) ⋅ ( 5$i − 5$j + 12k$ ), = 5 − 15 − 96 = −
106, , θ, B, A, Let, ∠BAC = θ, Then, ∠ACB = ( 90° − θ),
∴AB ⋅ AC + BC ⋅ BA + CA ⋅ CB, = | AB || AC | cos θ + |
BC || BA |, cos 90°+ | CA || CB | cos ( 90° − θ), = | AB ||
AB | + 0 + | CB || CB |, = | AB |2 + | CB |2, , = | AC |2 =
p2, , 69. The sine of the angle between, vectors, a = 2
$i − 6$j − 3k$ and b = 4$i + 3$j − k$ is, , 1, 26, 5, (c), 26,
, 5, 26, 1, (d), 26, , (a), , (b), , Ê (b) Let θ be the angle
between vectors a, and b, , ∴, , cos θ =, , a ⋅b, | a || b |, ,
Since,, a ⋅ b = (2 $i − 6$j − 3k$ ) ⋅ ( 4$i + 3$j − k$ ), = 8
− 18 + 3 = − 7, | a | = 2 2 + ( − 6)2 + ( − 3)2, =, , 49 = 7

Page 34 :
NDA/NA, , 25, , Solved Paper 2019 (I), , | b| =, , 4 2 + 3
2 + ( − 1)2 = 26, , ∴, , −7, 1, cos θ =, =−, 7 × 26, 26, , ∴, ,
sin θ = 1 − cos 2 θ =, , 73. A function f defined by, f ( x )
= ln( x 2 + 1 − x ) is, , 5, 26, , 70. What is the value of λ
for which the, , vectors, and, 3$i + 4 $j − k$, −2i$ + λ$j
+ 10k$ are perpendicular?, , (a) 1, (c) 3, , (b) 2, (d) 4, , Ê
(d) Since, given vectors are, , perpendicular., ∴ ( 3 $i +
4$j − k$ ) ⋅ ( − 2 $i + λ $j + 10 k$ ) = 0, , − 6 + 4λ − 10
= 0, , 4λ − 16 = 0, ∴, λ=4, , is the derivative, sec 2 (tan
−1 x ) with respect, to x?, , of, , f( − x ) = log ( x 2 + 1 + x
), ( x 2 + 1 + x) ( x 2 + 1 − x) , , = log , , , x2 + 1 − x,
, , x2 + 1 − x2 , , = log , x2 + 1 − x , , , , On
differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get, dy d, sec 2
(tan−1 x ), =, dx dx, = 2 sec (tan−1 x ) ⋅ sec (tan−1 x ), d,
(tan−1 x ), dx, 1, , tan (tan−1 x ), = 2 sec 2(tan−1 x ) ⋅ x
⋅, , 1+ x, , = 2 (1 + tan2 (tan−1 x )) ⋅, x, 1 + x2, , , 1, , x
2 + 1 − x , , 2, , x, 1 + x2, , = 2x, , 72. If f ( x ) = log10 (1
+ x ), then what is, 4 f ( 4 ) + 5 f (1) − log10 2 equal to?, ,
(a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 4, , Ê (d) We have, f( x) = log10 (1 +
x), ∴ 4f( 4) = 4 log10 (1 + 4) = 4 log10 5, 5f(1) = 5 log10
(1 + 1) = 5 log10 2, ∴ 4f( 4) + 5f(1) − log10 2, = 4 log10
5 + 5 log10 2 − log10 2, = 4 log10 5 + 4 log10 2, = 4
log10 ( 5 × 2 ), = 4 log10 10 = 4 × 1 = 4, , (a) 1, (c) 3, , (b)
2, (d) 4, , Ê (c) We have,, , Perimeter of a circle with
radius r, Area of a circle with radius r, 2 πr 2, =, f( r ) =,
, r, πr 2, 2, 2, f(1) = = 2 f(2 ) = = 1, ∴, 1, 2, ∴ f(1) + f(2
) = 2 + 1 = 3, f( r )=, , 77. If f ( x ) = 31 + x , then f ( x ) f (y )
f (z ), is equal to, (a) f( x + y + z), (b) f( x + y + z + 1), (c) f(
x + y + z + 2 ) (d) f( x + y + z + 3), 1 +x, Ê (c) We have, f(
x) = 3, , = − log ( x + 1 − x ), , Similarly, f( y) = 31 + y, , = −
f( x ), , and, , 2, , f( z) = 31 + z, , ∴ f( x ) f( y) f( z) = 31 + x, ,
(a) x > 10, (b) x > 0 excluding x = 10, (c) x ≥ 10, (d) x > 0
excluding x = 1, , Ê (d) We have, f( x) = log x 10, =, , log
10, 1, =, log x, log x, , ∴ f( x ) is define when x > 0 and x ≠
1., , 75. lim, , 1 − cos 3 4 x, , x 0, , x, , (a) 0, (c) 24, , 2, , is
equal to, (b) 12, (d) 36, , Ê (c) xlim, 0, , 1 − cos 3 4 x
0, , 0 form , x2, , On apply L′ Hospital rule we
get, − 3 cos 2 ( 4 x ) ( − sin 4 x ) ( 4), lim, x 0, 2x, 12
cos 2 4 x sin 4 x 0, , 0 form , x 0, 2x, , Again,
apply’s L′ Hospital rule, we get, 12 [2 cos ( 4 x ) ( − sin 4
x ) ( 4), sin 4 x + cos 2 4 x (cos 4 x ) ( 4)], x 0, 2, lim, ,
12 [− 8 cos 4 x sin2 4 x, = lim, , x 0, , +1 + y +1 + z, , 1
+2 +x +y +z, , =3, , = f(2 + x + y + z), , = lim, , = 4 (log10 5
× log10 2 ), , perimeter to area of a circle of radius, r .
Then, f (1) + f (2) is equal to, , defined by, f ( x ) = log x
10 is, , 2, −1, Ê (a) Let y = sec (tan x), , = 2 (1 + x ) ⋅, , ∴, ,
74. The domain of the function f, , (b) x 2 + 1, (d) x 2, , 2,
, 2, Ê (b) We have, f( x) = log ( x + 1 − x), , , = log , , , ,
71. What, , (a) 2x, (c) x + 1, , (a) an even function, (b) an
odd function, (c) both even and odd function, (d)
neither even nor odd function, , 76. For r > 0, f (r ) is
the ratio of, , + 4 cos 3 4 x ], 2, , = 6 ( − 8 × 0 + 4), = 24, ,
78. The number of real roots for the, equation x 2 + 9|
x | + 20 = 0 is, (a) zero, (b) one, (c) two, (d) three, 2, Ê (a)
Given, x + 9| x | + 20 = 0, , , , x 2 + 9 x + 20 = 0, , or, , x
2 − 9 x + 20 = 0, , , , x + 4 x + 5 x + 20 = 0, , or, , 2, , x 2
− 4 x − 5 x + 20 = 0, , , x ( x + 4) + 5 ( x + 4) = 0, or, x ( x
− 4) − 5 ( x − 4) = 0, , ( x + 4) ( x + 5) = 0, or, ( x − 4) ( x
− 5) = 0, , x = − 4, − 5, or 4, 5, But these values of x
does not satisfy the, given equation., Hence, number
of real roots of the given, equation is zero., , 79. If f ( x )
= sin(cos x ), then f ′( x ) is, equal to, (a) cos(cos x ), (b)
sin( − sin x ), (c) (sin x )cos(cos x ), (d) (− sin x )cos(cos x
), , Ê (d) Given, f( x) = sin (cos x), f ′ ( x ) = cos (cos x ) (
− sin x )

Page 35 :
26, , NDA/NA, π, , 80. The domain of the function, f ( x
) = (2 − x )( x − 3) is, (a) ( 0, ∞ ), (c) [2, 3], , 4, , (b) [0, ∞ ),
(d) (2, 3), , f( x ) will be define if (2 − x ) ( x − 3) ≥ 0, , ( x
− 2 ) ( x − 3) ≤ 0, ∴, 2 ≤ x≤ 3, , 81. The solution of the
differential, equation, dy, = cos(y − x ) + 1 is, dx, , ,
sec t dt = dx, On integrating both sides, we get, , ∫ sec t
dt = ∫ dx, , log (sec t + tan t ) = x + a, , , sec t + tan t = e
x ⋅ e a, ex, = e −a, sec t + tan t, , , , , +a, , e x (sec t −
tan t ), = e −a, (sec t + tan t ) (sec t − tan t ), e x (sec t −
tan t ), , , , sec t − tan t, 2, , 2, , = e −a, , −2, , 83. If y = a
cos 2x + b sin 2x , then, , (c), , d 2y, 2, , dx, d 2y, dx 2, , +
y=0, , (b), , − 4y = 0, , (d), , d 2y, dx 2, d 2y, dx 2, , + 2y =
0, + 4y = 0, , Ê (d) Given, y = a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x ...(i), dy,
= − 2 a sin 2 x + 2 b cos 2 x, dx, 2, d y, = − 4a cos 2 x −
4b sin 2 x, dx 2, 2, d y, = − 4 ( a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x ), dx 2,
2, d y, [using Eq. (i)], = − 4y, dx 2, , , , , , ∴, , d 2y,
dx 2, , + 4y = 0, , cast into a half cylinder, (i.e. with a
rectangular base and, semicircular ends). If the total,
surface area is to be minimum, then, the ratio of the
height of the half, cylinder to the diameter of the,
semicircular ends is, (b) ( π + 2 ) : π, (d) None of these, ,
Ê (a) Let r be the radius and h be the height, of the half
cylinder,, Then, surface area, S = πrh + πr 2 + 2 rh, , e x
(sec t − tan t ) = e − a, , , , ∴ e x [sec ( y − x ) − tan ( y −
x )] = c,, [where, c = e − a], , h, , π, , ∫02 |sin x − cos x |dx
is equal to, (b) 2( 2 − 1), (d) 2( 2 + 1), , (a) 0, (c) 2 2, π, , Ê
(b) ∫02| sin x − cos x | dx, =, , π, , ∫04 (cos x − sin x) dx, +,
, π, , ∫ π2(sin x − cos x) dx, 4, , 85., , π, 2 e sin x, 0, , ∫, , cos
xdx is equal to, , (a) e + 1, (c) e + 2, , (b) e − 1, (d) e, I=, , Ê
(b) Let, , π, , ∫02 e, , sin x, , cos x dx, , sin x = t, cos x dx =
dt, π, When x = , t = 1, 2, x = 0, t = 0, , Let, , , I=, , ∴, , 1
t, , ∫0 e, , dt = [et ]10, , = e1 − e 0 = e − 1, , 86. If f ( x ) = x
− 2 , x ≠ −2, then what is, f, , x +2, ( x ) equal to ?, , −1, ,
4( x + 2 ), x −2, x +2, (c), x −2, , x+2, 4( x − 2 ), 2(1 + x ),
(d), 1−x, , (b), , Ê (d) Given, f( x) =, , , , , , x−2,
x−2, y=, x+2, x+2, , x − 2 = xy + 2 y, x − xy = 2 y + 2, x
(1 − y) = 2 y + 2, 2 ( y + 1), x=, 1− y, , , , f −1( y) =, , 2 ( y
+ 1), 1− y, , ∴, , f −1( x ) =, , 2 ( x + 1), 1− x, , 87. What is ∫
ln( x 2 )dx equal to?, , e x [sec ( y − x ) − tan ( y − x )] =
e − a, , 82., , Neglecting − sign as r and h can not be,
negative., h, π, ∴, =, 2r, π+2, , (a), , 84. A given quantity
of metal is to be, , (a) π :( π + 2 ), (c) 1 : 1, , 2r =, , , , 1, 1
, , −, −, , , 2, 2 , , = 2 2 − 2 = 2 ( 2 − 1), , (a), , (a)
e x [sec( y − x ) − tan( y − x )] = c, (b) e x [sec( y − x ) +
tan( y − x )] = c, (c) e x sec( y − x ) tan( y − x ) = c, (d) e x =
c sec( y − x ) tan( y − x ), dy, ...(i), Ê (a) Given, = cos ( y −
x) + 1, dx, Let, y− x = t, dy, dt, dy, dt, , − 1=, , = 1+,
dx, dx, dx, dx, dt, From Eq. (i), 1 +, = cos t + 1, dx, dt, =
cos t, , dx, , sec t + tan t = e x, , , + ( − 0 − 1) −, , 2,
4, 2, =, − 1− 1+, =, 2, 2, 2, , − h (π + 2), π, − π, 2r − (π + 2),
h, =, =, , h, 2r, π, π+2, , , , 1, , 1 , = , +, − ( 0 +
1) , , , 2, 2, , , , Ê (c) We have, f( x) = (2 − x) ( x − 3), ,
, , π, , = [sin x + cos x ]04 + [− cos x − sin x ]π2, ,
Solved Paper 2019 (I), , (a) 2 x ln( x ) − 2 x + C, 2, +C, x,
(c) 2 x ln( x ) + C, 2 ln( x ), (d), −2x + C, x, (b), , Ê (a) Let,
dS, = πh + 2 πr + 2 h, dr, dS, On putting, =0, dr, ( πh + 2
h), 2r = −, , π, , ∴, , I = ∫ ln ( x 2 ) dx = ∫ 2 ln x dx, = ln x ∫
2 dx, d, − ∫ (ln x ) ∫ (2 dx ) dx, dx, 1, = ln x ⋅ 2 x − ∫ ⋅ 2
x dx, x, = 2 x ln x − 2 x + C

Page 36 :
NDA/NA, , 88. The minimum distance from the, point
(4, 2) to y = 8x is equal to, 2, , y 2 = 8 x., , Then, the
distance between ( x, y) and, ( 4, 2 ) is, D 2 = ( x − 4)2 + (
y − 2 )2, 2, , , y2, − 4 + ( y − 2 )2, D2 = , , 8, , ...(i), ,
[Q y 2 = 8 x], 2y, y2, dD 2, =2 , − 4 +2(y−2
), dy, 8 , 8, 3, 2 y, 2 y , =2 , −4×, + 2 (y − 2), 8 ,
64, , y3, y3, − 2y + 2y − 4=, −4, 16, 16, d 2D 2 3 y 2,
2 =, 16, d y, dD 2, y3, On putting, −4=0, =0 , dy, 16,
, y 3 = 64 y = 4, =, , y = 4,, , At, , d 2D 2, , >0, , d 2y,
So, it is point of minima., ∴Minimum D = (2 − 4)2 + ( 4
− 2 )2, =, , 4+ 4=, , 8 =2 2, , 89. The differential
equation of the, system of circles touching theY -axis,
at the origin is, dy, =0, dx, dy, (b) x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy, =0, dx,
dy, (c) x 2 − y 2 + 2 xy, =0, dx, dy, (d) x 2 − y 2 − 2 xy, =0,
dx, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy, , , , x + a − 2 ax + y = a, , , , x −
2 ax + y = 0, , 2, , 2, , 2, , ...(i), , On differentiating Eq. (i)
w.r.t. x, we get, 2 x −`2 a + 2 yy′ = 0, , x + yy′ = a, Put
value of a in Eq. (i), we get, x 2 − 2 ( x + yy′ ) x + y 2 = 0,
, , x 2 − 2 x 2 − 2 xyy′ + y 2 = 0, , , , − x 2 − 2 xyy′ + y
2 = 0, , ∴, , dy, x − y + 2 xy, =0, dx, 2, , 2, , c2 , z = a2 x +
b 2 , x , , , , occuring in the differential equation
is 2, and its degree is 1., , 91. What is the general
solution of the, dy x, differential equation, + = 0?, dx y,
(a) x 2 + y 2 = C, (b) x 2 − y 2 = C, 2, 2, (c) x + y = Cxy (d)
x + y = C, , d 2z, , , , dx, , ∴, , a2 −, , At x =, , − bc d 2 z, 2
a3, , 2 =−, <0, a, bc, dx, Gives maximum value, At x =, ,
ax, +C, ln(a), ex, (c), +C, ln(ae ), , ex, +C, ln(a), ae x, (d),
+C, ln(a), (b), , x, , =, , ∫a, , x, , dx =, , ax, +C, ln a, , 95.
What is the area of one of the loops, , between the
curve y = c sin x and, X -axis ?, (b) 2c, (d) 4c, π, , Y, X′, , a
2 x + b 2y where xy = c 2 ?, , O, , π, 2, , y = csin x, X, π, ,
Y′, , = 2c, , (b) 2 abc, (d) 4abc, , On putting y =, , ...(i), , π, ,
∫0, , sin x dx = 2c[− cos x ]π0, , = 2c [− (cos π − cos 0)], =
2c (2 ) = 4c sq units, , 96. If sin θ + cos θ = 2 cos θ, then
what, is (cos θ − sin θ ) equal to ?, , c, in Eq. (i), we get, x,
, is, , Ê (d)∴ Required area = 2 ∫0 c sin x dx, , lim sin x =
k, k=0, , 2, , bc, a, , x ln a, dx = ∫ elna dx, Ê (a) Let I = ∫ e, ,
93. What is the minimum value of, , , , bc, a, , Gives
minimum value, , (a) c, (c) 3c, , x 0, , c2, y=, x, , = a2, ,
bc d 2 z 2 a 3, ,, =, >0, a dx 2, bc, , lim f( x ) = f( 0), , Since,
xy = c 2, , =0, , x=±, , , , x 0, , Ê (b) Let z = a x + b y, ,
x2, b 2c 2, x2, , (a), , Ê (d) Given, f( x) is continuous at x
= 0., , 2, , b 2c 2, , dz, =0, dx, , 94. What is ∫ e x ln(a )dx
equal to?, , (b) 1, (d) 0, , 2, , ...(iv), , x3, , For maxima and
minima, we put, , 92. The value of k which makes, , (c)
3abc, , 2 b 2c 2, , abc + abc = 2 abc., , , ydy = − xdx,
Integrating both sides, we get, y2 − x 2, =, + C1, 2, 2,
[where,C = 2C1], ∴, x 2 + y2 = C, , (a) abc, , =, , 2, , ∴
Minimum value of z at x =, , Ê (a) Given differential
equation,, dy, x, + =0, dx, y, dy − x, =, , dx, y, , ∴, , ...(ii), ,
On differentiability Eq. (ii) both sides, we, get, dz, b 2c
2, ...(iii), = a2 −, dx, x2, , , , Ê (c) The order of highest
order derivative, , , ∴, , ( x − a )2 + y 2 = a 2, 2, , (a)
Only 1, (b) Only 2, (c) Both 1 and 2, (d) Neither 1 nor 2,
, (a) 2, (c) −1, , Y-axis at the origin is, 2, , dy , + 2 +
9 x = x, 2, dx , dx, 1. The degree of the differential,
equation is 1., 2. The order of the differential,
equation is 2., Which of the above statements, is/are
correct ?, , sin x , x ≠ 0, continuous at, f (x ) = , x =0,
k,, x = 0, is, , Ê (c) The system of circles touching the, ,
2, , 2, , d 2y, , Ê (b) Let ( x, y) be any point on the curve, ,
, , 90. Consider the following in respect of, the
differential equation :, , (b) 2 2, (d) 3 2, , (a) 2, (c) 2, , , ,
27, , Solved Paper 2019 (I), , (a) − 2 cosθ, , (b) − 2 sinθ, ,
(c) 2 sinθ, , (d) 2sinθ

Page 37 :
28, , NDA/NA, , Ê (c) Given, sin θ + cos θ = 2 cos θ, , ...
(i), sin θ = ( 2 − 1) cos θ, , Now, cos θ − sin θ, [from
Eq. (i)], = cos θ − ( 2 − 1) cos θ, = cos θ [1 − ( 2 − 1)] =
cos θ [2 − 2 ], = cos θ ⋅ 2 ( 2 − 1), [using Eq. (i)], = 2 sin
θ, , 97. In a circle of diameter 44 cm, the, length of a
chord is 22 cm. What is, the length of minor arc of the
chord?, 484, cm, (a), 21, 121, (c), cm, 21, , 242, (b), cm,
21, 44, (d), cm, 7, , 100. The angle of elevation of a
tower of, , 103. A problem is given to three students, ,
height h from a point A due South of, it is x and from a
point B due East of, A is y. If AB = z , then which one of,
the following is correct ?, , A , B and C whose
probabilities of, solving the, 1 3, 1, problem are , and
respectively., 2 4, 4, What is the probability that the,
problem will be solved if they all, solve the problem
independently ?, , (a) h2 (cot 2 y − cot 2 x ) = z2, (b) z2
(cot 2 y − cot 2 x ) = h2, (c) h2 (tan2 y − tan2 x ) = z2, 2, ,
2, , 2, , Ê (a) P, h, , O, , O, , B, , , 2 r = 44, , r = 22,
∆OAB is an equilateral triangle., , ∠AOB = 60°, ∴
Length of minor arc, 60° , = , × 2 π × 22, 360° ,
1, 22, = ×2 ×, × 22, 6, 7, 484, cm, =, 21, , 1, 1, , then in, 2,
3, which quadrant does θ lie?, , 98. If sinθ = − and tanθ
=, (a) First, (b) Second, (c) Third, (d) Fourth, , ∴
Required probability, , A, Here, OP be the tower,, OA =
h cot x, OB = h cot y, In right-angled ∆OAB,, h2 cot 2 y
= z2 + h2 cot 2 x, , ∴, , z2 = h2 (cot 2 y − cot 2 x ), , 101.
From a deck of cards, cards are taken, out with
replacement. What is the, probability that the
fourteenth card, taken out is an ace?, 1, (a), 51, , 4, (b),
51, , 1, (c), 52, , 1, (d), 13, , Ê (d) Total number of
possible outcomes, = 52, , And number of favourable
outcomes = 4, 4, 1, =, ∴Required probability =, 52 13, ,
(c) We know that, if θ lies in third quadrant, then, sinθ
< 0 and tanθ > 0., , 99. How many three digit even
numbers, can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3,, 4 and
5 when repetition of digits is not, allowed?, (a) 36, (c)
24, , 2, 2, 3, 1, P( B) = , P( B ) =, 4, 4, 1, 3, P(C ) = , P(C ) =,
4, 4, , = 1 − P( A ) P( B ) P(C ), 1 1 3 29, = 1− × × =, 2 4 4
32, , cm, , 22 cm, , and, , B, , x, , 22, , A, , 27, 32, 23, (d),
32, (b), , 1, 1, Ê (a) We have, P( A ) = , P( A ) =, , y, cm, ,
29, 32, 25, (c), 32, (a), , (d) z (tan y − tan x ) = h, 2, , Ê (a)
Given, diameter of a circle be 44 cm., , 22, , Solved
Paper 2019 (I), , (b) 30, (d) 12, , Ê (c) Here, unit digit
can be filled by 2 or 4., so number of ways is 2. Since
repetition, is not allowed therefore hundred place,
and ten place can be fill in 4 C 2 × 2 ways, ∴ Total
number of three digits even, number = 4 × 3 × 2 = 24, ,
102. If A and B are two events such that, P ( A ) = 0.5, P
( B ) = 06, . and, P ( A ∩ B ) =0. 4, then what is, P ( A ∪ B )
equal to ?, (a) 0.9, (c) 0.5, , (b) 0.7, (d) 0.3, , Ê (d) P( A ∪
B) = 1 − P( A ∪ B), We have,, P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) −
P( A ∩ B), = 0.5 + 0.6 − 0.4, = 11, . − 0.4, = 07, ., ∴ P( A ∪
B) = 1 − 07, . = 0.3, , 104. A pair of fair dice is rolled.
What is, the probability that the second dice, lands on
a higher value than does the, first?, 1, 4, 5, (c), 12, , 1, 6,
5, (d), 18, , (a), , (b), , Ê (c) Total number of possible
outcomes, , = 36, Favourable outcomes, = (1, 2 ), (1, 3),
(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),, (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5),(2, 6) ( 3, 4),, ( 3,
5),, ( 3, 6), ( 4, 5), ( 4, 6), ( 5, 6), ∴Total number of
favourable outcomes, = 15, 15, 5, =, ∴Required
probability =, 36 12, , 105. A fair coin is tossed and an
unbiased, dice is rolled together. What is the,
probability of getting a 2 or 4 or 6, along with head?,
(a), , 1, 2, , (b), , 1, 3, , (c), , 1, 4, , (d), , 1, 6, , Ê (c) Total
number of possible outcomes, , = 2 × 6 = 12, And
favourable outcomes, = (H, 2), (H, 4), (H, 6), ∴Total
number of possible outcomes = 3, 3, 1, =, ∴Required
probability =, 12 4

Page 38 :
NDA/NA, , 29, , Solved Paper 2019 (I), , 106. If A , B
and C are three events, then, , 109. The mean of 100
observations is 50, , 111. Two symmetric dice flipped
with, , what is the probability that atleast, two of
these events occur together ?, , and the standard
deviation is 10. If 5, is subtracted from each
observation, and then it is divided by 4, then what, will
be the new mean and the new, standard deviation
respectively ?, , each dice having two sides painted,
red, two painted black, one painted, yellow and the
other painted, white. What is the probability that,
both land on the same colour ?, , (a) 45, 5, (b) 11.25,
1.25, (c) 11.25, 2.5, (d) 12.5, 2.5, , (a), , (a) P( A ∩ B) + P(
B ∩ C ) + P(C ∩ A ), (b) P( A ∩ B) + P( B ∩ C ) + P(C ∩ A ), −
P( A ∩ B ∩ C ), (c) P( A ∩ B) + P( B ∩ C ) + P(C ∩ A ), − 2 P(
A ∩ B ∩ C ), (d) P( A ∩ B) + P( B ∩ C ) + P(C ∩ A ), − 3P( A
∩ B ∩ C ), , Ê (c) If A, B and C are three events, then,
atleast two events occur i.e., ( A ∩ B ∩ C ′ ) ∪ ( A ∩ B′ ∩ C
), ∪ ( A′ ∩ B ∩ C ) ∪ ( A ∩ B ∩ C ), ∴Required probability, =
P( A ∩ B) + P( B ∩ C ) + P(C ∩ A ), −2 P( A ∩ B ∩ C ), , 107.
If two variables X and Y are, independent, then what
is the, correlation coefficient between them?, (b) −1,
(d) None of these, , (a) 1, (c) 0, , Ê (c) Correlation
coefficient between two, independent variables is
zero., , 108. Two independent events A and B are,
such, , that, , P( A ∪ B ) =, , 2, 3, , and, , 1, P ( A ∩ B ) = . If
P ( B ) < P ( A ), then, 6, what is P ( B ) equal to ?, 1, 4, 1,
(c), 2, (a), , 1, 3, 1, (d), 6, (b), , 2, Ê (b) Given, P( A ∪ B) =, ,
3, , 1, 6, P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B), 2, 1, = P(
A ) + P( B) −, , 3, 6, 2, 1, P( A ) + P( B) = +, , 3 6, 5, ...
(i), P( A ) + P( B) =, , 6, 1, And also, P( A ∩ B) =, 6, 1, ...
(ii), P( A ) P( B) =, , 6, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 1,
1, P( A ) or P( B) = or, 2, 3, Also, given P( B) < P( A ), 1, ∴,
P( B) =, 3, and P( A ∩ B) =, , Ê (c) Given, mean ( x ) = 50, ,
50 − 5, The new mean =, 4, 45, =, = 11.25, 4, And
standard deviation ( σ ) = 10, ∴The new standard
deviation, 10, =, 4, = 2.5, Since, addition and
subtraction does not, effect standard deviation., , 110.
If two fair dice are rolled, then what, is the conditional
probability that, the first dice lands on 6, given, that
the sum of numbers on the, dice is 8?, 1, 3, 1, (b), 4, 1,
(c), 5, 1, (d), 6, (a), , 3, 18, 5, (c), 18, , 2, 9, 1, (d), 3, (b), , 2
2, Ê (c) P (two sides painted red) = ×, , 6 6, 2 2, P (two
sides painted black) = ×, 6 6, 1 1, P (one side painted
yellow) = ×, 6 6, 1 1, and P (other side painted white) =
×, 6 6, , ∴ Required probability that both land on, the
same colour, 2 2 2 2, 1 1 1 1, = × + × + × + ×, 6 6 6 6 6 6
6 6, 4 + 4 + 1+ 1, =, 36, 10, 5, =, =, 36 18, , 112. There
are n socks in a drawer, of, which 3 socks are red. If 2
of the, socks are chosen randomly and the, probability
that both selected socks, 1, are red is , then what is
the value, 2, of n ?, , Ê (c) Let E1 = Event of first dice on
6, E 2 = Event of the sum of numbers on, dices 8, ∴
Total number of sample space of two, dices are rolled,
n( s ) = 36, Possible outcomes of E1 (6, 2), Possible
outcomes of E 2 (2, 6) (3, 5), (4, 4) (5, 3) (6, 2), 1, P( E1 ∩
E 2 ) =, ∴, 36, 5, and, P( E 2 ) =, 36, E , ∴Required
probability = P 1 , E2 , =, , P( E1 ∩ E 2 ), ,, P( E 2 ), ,
when P( E 2 ≠ 0), 1, 1, = 36 =, 5 / 36 5, , (a) 3, (b) 4, (c) 5,
(d) 6, , Ê (b) Total number of socks = n, P (first socks is
red) =, P (second socks is red) =, , 3, n, , 2, n−1, ,
According to the question,, 3, 2, 1, ×, =, n n−1 2, n2 − n
= 12, , , , , n2 − n − 12 = 0, , , , n − 4n + 3n − 12 = 0,
, , , n ( n − 4) + 3 ( n − 4) = 0, , , ∴, , 2, , ( n − 4) ( n + 3)
= 0, n = 4, − 3

Page 39 :
30, , NDA/NA, , 113. Two cards are chosen at random,
from a deck of 52 playing cards., What is the
probability that both of, them have the same value ?,
1, 17, 5, (c), 17, , (a), , (b), , 3, 17, , (d), , 4, , C 2 × 13, 52, ,
C2, , 114. In eight throws of a die, 5 or 6 is, considered
a success. The mean, and standard deviation of total,
number of successes is respectively, given by, 8 16, (a)
,, 3 9, 4 4, (c) ,, 3 3, , 8 4, (b) ,, 3 3, 4 16, (d) ,, 3 9, 1 1 1,
(b), We, have,, (success), p, = + =, Ê, 6 6 3, 2, ∴, q = 1−
p=, 3, Given, n = 8, 1 8, ∴ Mean = np = 8 × =, 3 3,
Standard deviation = npq, =, , 1 2, 8× ×, 3 3, , =, , 16 4,
=, 9, 3, , 115. A and B are two events such that A, and B
are mutually exclusive. If, P ( A ) = 0.5 and P ( B ) = 06,, .
then what, is the value of P ( A / B ) ?, 1, 5, 2, (c), 5, , 1,
6, 1, (d), 3, (b), , P( A ∪ B) = 0, , , , 1 − P( A ∪ B) = 0, , , ,
P( A ∪ B) = 1, , P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B), , 4 ×
3 × 13, =, 52 × 51, 1, =, 17, , (a), , , , We know that,, , 7,
17, , Ê (a)∴ Required probability =, , Ê (b) Given, P( A ∩
B ) = 0, , , , 1 = 0.5 + 0.6 − P( A ∩ B), , , ∴, , P( A ∩ B) =
01, ., A P( A ∩ B), , P =, B , P( B), =, , 01, ., 1, =,
0.6 6, , 116. Consider the following statements, 1. The
algebraic sum of deviations, of a set of values from
their, arithmetic mean is always zero., 2. Arithmetic
mean > Median >, Mode, for, a, symmetric,
distribution., Which of the above statements, is/are
correct?, (a) Only 1, (b) Only 2, (c) Both 1 and 2, (d)
Neither 1 nor 2, , 118. If all the natural numbers
between 1, and 20 are multiplied by 3, then what, is
the variance of the resulting, series?, (a) 99.75, (c)
299.25, , (b) 199.75, (d) 399.25, , Ê (c) Variance of first
n natural number, , n2 − 1 20 2 − 1, =, 12, 12, 399, =, =
33 .25, 12, If all the natural number between 1 and 20,
multiplied by 3, then, ∴Required variance = 9 × 33 .25,
= 299 .25, =, , 119. What is the probability that an,
interior point in a circle is closer to, the, centre, than,
to, the, circumference?, 1, 1, (b), 4, 2, 3, (c), 4, (d) It
cannot be determined, , (a), , Ê (a) Let radius of circle
be r, then the points, , Ê (a) We know that, the
algebraic sum of, deviations of a set of values from
their, arithmetic mean is always zero., , 117. Let, , the
correlation coefficient, between X and Y be 0.6.
Random, variables Z and W are defined as, Y, Z = X + 5
and W = . What is the, 3, correlation coefficient
between Z, andW ?, , (a) 0.1, (c) 0.36, , Solved Paper
2019 (I), , (b) 0.2, (d) 0.6, , Ê (d) Since, the correlation
coefficient is, , independent of change of origin and,
scale. It is given that correlation, coefficient between
X and Y be 0.6., So, correlation coefficient between Z,
and W be 0.6., , closer to centre if circumference will
lie, r, within radius of ., 2, So, the favourable outcome
would be the, points inside the area of circle with
radius, r, whereas the total possible outcomes, 2,
could be all the points inside the area of, circle with
radius r., , ∴ Required probability =, , r, π , 2 , πr
2, , 2, , =, , 1, 4, , 120. If A and B are two events, then
what, is the probability of occurrence of, either event
A or event B ?, (a) P( A ) + P( B), (c) P( A ∩ B), , (b) P( A ∪
B), (d) P( A ) P( B), , Ê (b) If A and B are two events, then
the, probability of occurrence of either event, A or
event B is P( A ∪ B).

Page 40 :
NDA / NA, National Defence Academy/Naval
Academy, , Solved Paper, , 2018 (II), , Paper 1
(Mathematics), 3. Consider the following expressions,
, 1. What is the value of log 7 log 7 7 7 7 equal to ?, (a)
3 log 2 7, , (b) 1 − 3 log 2 7 (c) 1 − 3 log 7 2 (d), , 7, 8, , 1.
x + x 2 −, , 7 7 7 =, , 1, 72, , Now, log 7 log 7, , ⋅, , 1, 74, ,
⋅, , 1, 78, , =, , 7, 78, , 5., , 7 7 7, , = log 7 7 − log 7 8, , m,
[Q log, = log m − log n], n, , = log 7 7 − log 7 23 = 1 − 3
log 7 2, [Q log b a n = n log b a ], , 2. If an infinite GP has
the first term x and the sum 5, then, which one of the
following is correct?, (a) x < −10, (c) 0 < x < 10, , x, x, =1
−r r =1 −, 5, 5, x, x, < 1 − 2< − < 0, 5, 5, , −1< −, , , ,
− 10 < − x < 0, , , , 10 > x > 0, , (a) 1, 4 and 5, , (b) 1, 3, 4
and 5, , (c) 2, 4 and 5, , (d) 1 and 2, , Ê (a) We know that,
rational expressions are those expression, which can
be write in the form of, , p (x ), , q(x) ≠ 0, q(x), , So, 1, 4, 5
are rational expressions, (b) A ′ = A −1, , (c) A = A −1, ,
(d) A = A′, , where A′ is the transpose of A, , Ê (b) A
square matrix is called an orthogonal matrix if AA′ = I,
multiply. by A− 1, , [Q sum of infinity GP =, , , , 1, 2, −,
x x +5, , (a) A = A 2, , Ê (c) Given that first term of an
infinity GP is x and sum = 5, , Where, |r |< 1, , 2, x 2 − ax
+ b 3, , 4. A square matrix A is called orthogonal if, , (b)
−10 < x < 0, (d) x > 10, , x, =5, 1 −r, , 4., , d, e, − 2, x x, ,
Which of the above are rational expressions?, , 7, , 7, =
log 7 log 7 (7 ) 8 = log 7 , 8 , , , , 2. ax 2 + bx + x
− c +, , 3. 3x 2 − 5x + ab, , Ê (c) We have,, , ∴, , 1, x, , a, ], 1
−r, , ∴, , , A− 1 ( AA′ ) = A− 1 I IA′ = A− 1, A′ = A− 1,
, 5. IfA, B and C are subsets of a universal set, then
which one, of the following is not correct?, (a) A ∪ ( B ∩
C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C ), (b) A ′∪( A ∪ B) = ( B′∩ A )′ ∪ A,
(c) A ′∪( B ∪ C ) = (C ′∩ B)′ ∩ A ′, (d) ( A ∩ B) ∪ C = ( A ∪ C
) ∩ ( B ∪ C ), , where A′ is the complement of A

Page 41 :
2, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), , Ê (c) Let A, B and
C are subsets of a universal set., , We have,, n ( A ∪ B ∪
C ) = 300, , Let A = { 1 } , B = { 2 } , C = { 3 }, , n ( A) = 125
n (B) = 145, , ∪ = {1, 2, 3 } , A′ = {2, 3 }, B′ = {1, 3 }, C′ =
{1, 2}, , n (C ) = 90, , by checking options, we get, , n ( A
∪ B ∪ C ) = n( A) + n (B) + n (C ), , LHS = A′∪ (B ∪ C ) = { 2,
3 } ∪ { } = {2, 3 }, , − [n ( A ∩ B) + n (B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A)], ,
RHS = (C ′ ∩ B)′ ∩ A′, , + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C), , = ( { 1, 2 } ∩ {1, 3 }
) ∩ { 2, 3 }, = ( { 2 } )′ ∩ { 2, 3 } = { 1, 3 } ∩ { 2, 3 } = { 3 }, LHS
≠ RHS, , 6. Let x be the number of integers lying
between 2999 and, 8001 which have at least two
digits equal.Then x is equal, to, (b) 2481, , − [n ( A ∩ B) +
n (B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A)] + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ), n ( A ∩ B) + n (B
∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A), , So, option (c) is wrong, , (a) 2480, ,
300 = 125 + 145 + 90, , (c) 2482, , (d) 2483, , = 60 + n (
A ∩ B ∩ C ), n ( A ∩ B) + n (B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A), , − 3 n ( A ∩
B ∩ C ) = 32, n ( A ∩ B) + n (B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩ A), = 32 +
3n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ), , Ê (b) We have, x be the number lying
between 2999 and 8001, , ...(ii), , if repetition allowed,
, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, , total numbers = 5 × 10
× 10 × 10 = 5000, , 60 + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 32 + 3n ( A ∩ B
∩ C ), , if repetition not allowed, , , , ∴ total numbers =
5 × 9 × 8 × 7 = 2520, , (a) 196, , = 5000 − 2520 + 1 =
2481, [Q add 1 because of number 8000], , 1 1, 3 9, , 7.
The sum of the series 3 − 1 + − +.... is equal to, 20, 9, ,
(b), , Ê (c) Given series, , 3 −1 +, , ∴, , r=, , 9, 20, , (c), , 9,
4, , (d), , 4, 9, , 3, , a , Q Sn =, , − r , 1, , , (d) 268, , Ê
(c) Number of students like to play exactly one, , game
= n ( A) + n (B) + n (C ), − 2 [n ( A ∩ B) + n (B ∩ C ) + n (C ∩
A)], + 3n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ), = 125 + 145 + 90 − 2 [32 + 3 ×
14] + 3 × 14, = 360 − 106 = 254, , (a) Least value −, , 1,
4, , (c) Greatest value, , quadratic, , (b) Least value −, 1,
4, , expression, 9, 4, , (d) Greatest value, , 9, 4, , Ê (d) α
and β are the roots of quadratic equation., , (Q. Nos. 8
and 9) Consider the information given, below and
answer the two items that follow., , A survey was
conducted among 300 students. It was found that,
125 students like to play cricket, 145 students like to
play football, and 90 students like to play tennis. 32
students like to play exactly, two games out of the
three games., , 8. How many stdudents like to play all
the three games ?, (b) 21, , (c) 254, , x 2 + αx − β = 0,
then the, − x 2 + αx + β, where x ∈ R has, , Directions, ,
(a) 14, , (b) 228, , 10. If α and β ( ≠ 0) are the roots of
the quadratic equation, , 1 1, − + ..... are in GP, 3 9, −1, ,
3, Sn =, 1, 1 − − , 3 , 3 9, = =, 4 4, 3, , 2n ( A ∩ B ∩
C ) = 28 n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 14, , 9. How many students
like to play exactly only one game?, , So, x = atleast
two digit repeated, , (a), , ...(i), , Again,, , (c) 28, , (d) 35, ,
Ê (a) Let,, A be the set of students like to play cricket, B
be the set of students like to play football., C be the
set of students like to play tennis., , x2 + αx − β = 0, So,
(αβ = − β ) αβ + β = 0, , β (α + 1 ) = 0, [Qβ ≠ 0], α =
−1, α + β = − α 2α + β = 0 β = 2, [Qα = − 1, β = 2],
∴, − x2 + αx + β, = − x2 − x + 2, (− 1 ) 2 , Greatest
value = 2 − , , 4 (− 1 ) , 2, , b2 , [Q Greatest
value = c − ], 4a , 1 , 1 9, =2− , =2+ =, 4 4,
−4

Page 42 :
3, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), 11. What is the
coefficient of the middle term in the binomial,
expansion of (2 + 3x ) 4 ?, (a) 6, , (b) 12, , Ê (d) We have,
(2 + 3 x), , (c) 108, , cos θ, (a) , − sin θ, , Here, n = 4,
so middle term is, th, , = nCr ar bn − r ] 1 =, , 4×3, 2×1, ,
× 4 × 9 x2, , Ê (a) We have,, , T3 = 216 x2, Hence,
coefficient of middle term is 216., , 12. For a square
matrix A, which of the following properties, , Now,, ,
hold?, 1, det A, , 3. ( λA )−1 = λA −1, where λ is a scalar,
(b) 2 and 3, , (c) 1 and 3, , (d) 1, 2 and 3, , ), , Statement
2, det ( A, , 3, , Ê (a) We have,, , (d) 0, , 3n, , , − 1 + i 3 2
− 1 − i 3 , ,ω = , , Q ω =, 2, 2, , , , [Qω3 =
1], , (b) C (12, 8), (d) C ( 5, 3) × C (12, 8), , Ê (d) There are
17 cricket players, out of which 5 players can, , 9
contain ?, , (b) x − y, , −1 − i 3 , + , , 2, , , , (a) C (17,
11), (c) C (17, 5) × C ( 5, 3), , bowl., , x 3 10y 5 27, (a) x −
3, , (c) 1, , bowl. In how many ways can a team of 11
players be, selected so as to include 3 bowlers?, , 13.
Which one of the following factors does the
expansion of, , 5y, , 3n, , 16. There are 17 cricket
players, out of which 5 players can, , So, Statement 3 is
correct., , x, , −1 − i 3 , + , , 2 , , , =1 + 1=2, , (λA)−
1 = λA− 1 , where λ is a scalar., , 3, , 3a, , = (ω3 )n + (ω3
)2 n (1 )n + (1 )2 n, , Statement 3, , 2, , 3n, , = (ω)3 n +
(ω2 )3 n, , 1, )=, det A, , Statement 2 is correct, , the
determinant, x, y, , (b) 2, , −1 + i 3 , , , 2, , , , = A, ,
Statement 1 is true, −1, , −1 + i 3 , , , 2 , , , where
i = −1 ?, , Ê (b) We have,, , Statement 1, (A, , cos (− θ) −
sin (− θ) , − sin (− θ) cos (− θ) , cos θ sin θ , sin θ
cos θ , , C11 = cos θ, C12 = − sin θ, C21 = − sin θ, , (a)
3, , Ê (d) For a square matrix A, −1 −1, , , A= , , ,
A= , , , 15. What is the value of, , Select the correct
answer using the code given below., (a) 1 and 2, , cos
θ − sin θ , (d) , , sin θ cos θ , , C22 = cos θ, T, cos
θ − sin θ , cos θ − sin θ , adj A = , = − sin θ cos θ
, sin, θ, cos, θ, −, , , , , , 1. ( A −1 )−1 = A, 2. det ( A
−1 ) =, , cos θ sin θ , (b) , , sin θ cos θ , , − sin θ ,
, cos θ , , cos θ sin θ , (c) , , − sin θ cos θ , , T3 =
4C2 × 22 × (3 x)2, +1, , cos ( −θ) − sin ( −θ) , , ?, −
sin ( −θ) cos ( −θ) , , (d) 216, , 4, , 4 + 1 = 3 rd term,
, , 2, , [Tr, , 14. What is the adjoint of the matrix, ,
required number of ways =, (c) y − 3, , C8 × 5C3, , 12, ,
= C (12, 8 ) × C (5, 3 ), , (d) x − 3 y, , 17. What is the
value of log 9 27 + log 8 32 ?, y, 3 , x, x2 5 y3, 9 ,
, 3, 5, x 10 y 27 , , y, x−3, = x2 − 9 5 y3, 3, 5,
x − 27 10 y, 1, , x+3, = (x − 3 ) , 2, x + 9 +, , [C1
C1 − C3 mes,], 3 , 9 , , 27 , , (a), , 7, 2, , 19, (b), 6, , (c)
4, , (d) 7, , Ê (b) We have, log 9 27 + log 8 32, = log, , y, 5
y3, , 3 x 10 y, , 5, , 3 , 9 , , 27 , , =, , 32, , 3 3 + log 2 3
25 =, , 3 5 19, + =, 2 3 6, , 5, 3, log 3 3 + log 2 2, 3, 2, n,
Q log, log a, bn =, am, , m, , b ,

Page 43 :
4, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), | A| = 2 [− 2 (− 1 )
− 2 (− 3 )] − 1 [3 (− 1 ) − 2 (5)], + (− 3 ) [3 (− 3 ) − (− 2)
(5)], , 18. If A and B are two invertible square matrices
of same, order, then what is ( AB ), −1 −1, , −1, , equal
to?, , −1 −1, , (a) B A, , (c) B−1 A, , (b) A B, , Ê (a) If, , A
and B are two invertible square matrices of same,
order, then, ( AB)− 1 = B− 1 A− 1, , c, , b, , c, , b−x, , a, , b,
, a, , c −x, , (d) None of the above, , Ê (c), , (b) x =, 2 (a2 +
b 2 + c 2 ), 3, , (c) x =, , cube roots of unity?, (b) They lie
on a circle of radius 3, (c) They form an equilateral
triangle, , = 0 is, , (a) x = a, , 22. Which one of the
following is correct in respect of the, (a) They are
collinear, , 19. If a + b + c = 0, then one of the solutions
of, a−x, , = 2 (8 ) − 1 (− 13 ) − 3 (1 ) = 16 + 13 − 3 = 26 ≠
0, So, System is consistent with unique solution., , (d) A
−1B, , 3 (a2 + b 2 + c 2 ), 2, , We know that, cube roots
of unity is 1, ω, ω2 , where, −1 + i 3, −1 − i 3, and ω2 =,
ω=, 2, 2, , (d) x = 0, , B, , Ê (d) We have,, , R1 R1 + R2
+ R3, , a + b + c − x a + b + c − x a + b + c − x , = 0, c,
b− x, a, , b, a, c−x, , , , ω1, (–½, √3 ) C, 2, , They form
an equilateral triangle., , 1, 1 , −x , 1, − x − x, a =
0, a = 0 (−x) c b − x, c b− x, , , , , b, a, c, −,
x , b, a, c, x, −, , , , x=0, Hence, x = 0 is a solution, ,
2 4 , , −8 x , , 20. What should be the value of x,
so that the matrix , does not have an inverse?, (b)
−16, (c) 8, (d) −8, 2 4 , (b) Let, A = , , −8 x , Matrix
does not have any solution if, | A| = 0, 2x + 32 = 0, 32,
x = − 16, 2x = − 32 x = −, 2, (a) 16, , 21. The
system of equations, 2x + y − 3z = 5, 3x − 2y + 2z = 5
and 5x − 3y − z = 16, (a) is inconsistent, (b) is
consistent, with a unique solution, (c) is consistent,
with infinitely many solutions, (d) has its solution lying
along X-axis in three-dimensional space, , 23. If u, v
and w (all positive) are the p th , q th and r th terms of,
ln u p 1 , , , a GP, then the determinant of the
matrix ln v q 1 is, , , ln w r 1 , (a) 0, , (b) 1, , (c) ( p
− q )(q − r ) ( r − p), , (d) ln u × ln v × ln w, , Ê (a) Given
that u, v and w are the pth ,qth, , and r th term of GP,
[Q an = aRn −1 ], , ∴ u = aR p − 1 , v = aRq − 1, r −1, , w =
aR, ln u p 1 , We have, ln v q 1 , , , ln w r 1 ,
and, , ln a R p − 1 p 1 ln a +, = ln a R q − 1 q 1 =
ln a +, , , , , ln a Rr − 1 r 1 ln a +, , , ln a p 1
( p − 1 ) ln R, = ln a q 1 + (q − 1 ) ln R, , , ln a
r1 (r − 1 ) ln R, p−1, 1 p 1 , , , = ln a 1 q 1 + ln
R q − 1, , , , r −1, 1 r 1 , , y − 3z = 5, , 3 x − 2 y + 2
z = 5 and 5x − 3 y − z = 0, 2 1 −3 , A= 3 −2 2 , , ,
5 − 3 −1 , , X, A (1,2), , Y´, , , , Ê (b) The system
of equations 2x +, , 120º, 120º, , 120º, , X´, , c, b , a − x,
c, b− x, a = 0, , , a, c − x , b, , Ê, , Y, , ω, (–½, √3 ), 2,
, p−1 p−1, = 0 + ln R q − 1 q − 1, , r −1 r −1, , 1 ,
1 = 0, , 1 , , p − 1 ln R p 1 , q − 1 ln R q 1 , , r − 1 ln
R r 1 , p 1 , q 1 , , r 1 , p 1 , q 1 , , r 1 , C2 C2 −
C3

Page 44 :
5, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), 1, n, 1, Tn =, m, 1,
a + (n − 1 ) d =, m, , a + (m − 1 ) d =, , 24. Let the
coefficient of the middle term of the binomial,
expansion of (1 + x ) be α and those of two middle
terms, of the binomial expansion of (1 + x ) 2n −1 be β
and γ. Which, one of the following relations is
correct?, 2n, , (a) α > β + γ, , (b) α < β + γ, , (c) α = β + γ, ,
Ê (c) We have,(1 + x)2n, , 2n, Middle term = , + 1 ,
2, , , (d) α = βγ, , term = (n + 1 )th term, 2n, , α=, , 2n, ,
Cn, , Put in Eq. (i),, , Cn, , Again, we have binomial
expansion of, coefficient of middle terms are,, β=, , 2n
− 1, , β+ γ=, , 2n − 1, , ∴, Now,, , Cn and, Cn +, , γ=, , 2n, ,
, , Cn − 1, , Cn − 1, , Now,, , [Q nCr + nCr, =, , −1, , =, ,
n+1, , Cr ], , Cn, , 1, n, 1, 1, a=, n, mn, , Tmn = a + (mn
− 1 ) d, 1, 1, 1, 1, =, + (mn − 1 ), =, +1−, mn, mn mn, mn, ,
Tmn = 1, , 25. Let A = [x ∈ R :−1 ≤ x ≤ 1] ,, B = [y ∈ R : − 1
≤ y ≤ 1] and S be the subset of A × B,, defined by, S = [(
x , y ) ∈ A × B : x 2 + y 2 = 1]., , 27. Suppose f ( x ) is such
a quadratic expression that it is, positive for all real x.,
If g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ′( x ) + f ′′ ( x ), then for any real x, (a)
g (x ) < 0, , Which one of the following is correct ?, , (b)
g (x ) > 0, , (c) g (x ) = 0, , (d) g (x ) ≥ 0, , Ê (b) Given that f
(x) is a quadratic expression, , (a) S is a one-one
function from A into B, (b) S is a many-one function
from A into B, (c) S is a bijective mapping from A into
B, (d) S is not a function, , Ê (d) Given that,, , 1, =, mn, 1,
1, a+ −, =, n mn, , a + (m − 1 ), , (1 + x)2 n − 1, , 2n − 1, ,
2n − 1, , ...(ii), , Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get, 1
1, (m − 1 ) d − (n − 1 ) d = −, n m, m−n, 1, (m − n) d =,
d=, , mn, mn, , th, , Coefficient of (n + 1 )th term =, ,
and, , ...(i), , Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, a > 0, , ∴, , b2 − 4ac <
0, , , , A = { x ∈R: − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 } ,, , f ′ (x) = 2ax + b, , Now,,
and, , B = { y ∈R: − 1 ≤ y < 1 }, , [∴ f (x) > 0], , b2 < 4ac, f ′
′ (x) = 2a, , We have,, , and S = { (x, y) ∈ A × B : x2 + y2 =
1 }, , g (x ) = f (x ) + f ′ (x ) + f ′ ′ (x ), , Y, , = ax2 + bx + c +
2ax + b + 2a, , 1, , = ax2 + (b + 2a ) x + 2a + b + c, Now,
(b + 2a ) − 4a (2a + b + c), 2, , X′, , 1, , -1, , = b2 + 4ab +
4a 2 − 8 a 2 − 4ab − 4ac, , X, , = b2 − 4ac − 8 a 2 < 0, , ,
-1, , same order., , By vertical line test. when we draw a
vertical line, then, line cuts the circle in two points.
Hence, S is not a, function., , 26. Let T r be the r th term
of an AP for r = 1, 2, 3, .... If for some, , distinct positive
integers m and n we have T m = 1 / n and, T n = 1 / m,
then what is T mn equal to ?, (b) m−1 + n−1, , (c) 1, , (d)
0, , Ê (c) Let first term of an AP is a and common
difference is d, Given that,, Tm =, , g (x ) > 0, , 28.
Consider the following in respect of matrices A, B and
C of, , Y′, , (a) (mn)−1, , [Q b2 − 4ac < 0], , 1, n, , 1. ( A + B
+ C )′ = A ′ + B ′ + C ′, 3. ( ABC )′ = C ′ B ′ A ′, , 2. ( AB )′
= A ′ B ′, , Where A′ is the transpose of the matrix A.
Which of the, above are correct?, (a) 1 and 2, (c) 1 and
3, , (b) 2 and 3, (d) 1, 2 and 3, , Ê (c) Given that A, B and
C are matrices of same order, Statement 1, ( A′ + B + C
)′ = A′ + B′ + C ′, So, Statement 1 is correct, , [Q ( A +
B)′ = A′ + B′]

Page 45 :
6, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), Statement 2, , 33.
What is the determinant of the matrix, , We know
that, ( AB)′ = B′ A′, , x y, , z x, , y z, , Hence,
Statement 2 is incorrect, Statement 3, ( ABC )′ = C ′ B′
A′, , [Q ( AB)′ = B′ A′], , Hence, Statement 3 is correct.,
, 29. The sum of the binary numbers (11011) 2 ,
(10110110) 2 and, (10011x 0y ) 2 is the binary
numbers (101101101) 2 . What, are the values of x
and y ?, , (a) ( x − y) ( y − z) ( z − x ), (c) ( y − z) ( z − x ), ,
and, , (10011 xoy)2 is (101101101 )2, So,, ,
(101101101), − 10110110, 10110111, − 11011,
10011100, , Compare with (10011 x o y)2, , x y y +
z , z x z + x , , , y z x + y , , 30. Let matrix B be
the adjoint of a square matrix A, I be the, identity
matrix of same order as A. If k( ≠ 0) is the, determinant
of the matrix A, then what is AB equal to ?, , Ê (b), , (c)k
2 l, , (b) kl, , (d) (1 / k )l, , 31. If (02, , then what is the
value of x, . ) x = 2 and log10 2 = 03010, ., to the
nearest tenth?, , Ê (c) We have,, , (c) −0.4, , (d) −0.2, ,
(0.2) = 2, , x [0.3010 − 1] = 0.3010, 0.3010, , x=−, ≈
− 0.43, 0.6990, , [Q log a a = 1], , (b) 30240, , (c) 27216,
, (d) 15120, , Ê (c) 5-digit number that can be
composed by distinct digits, from 0 to 9 is given as, , 8,
, 7, , 1, 1, 1, , , =0, 1 + sin A, 1 + sin B, 1 + sin C, , ,
2, 2, 2, sin A + sin A sin B + sin B Sin C + Sin C , R1
R1 − R2 , R3 R3 − R2, , composed of distinct
digits from 0 to 9 is, , 9, , then which one of the
following is correct?, , Ê (a) We have,, , 32. The total
number of 5-digit numbers that can be, , 9, , 1, 1, = 0,, 1
+ sin B, 1 + sin C, SinA + sin 2 A sin B + sin 2 B sin C +
sin 2 C, , (d) No conclusion can be drawn with regard
to the nature of the, triangle, , x log10 0.2 = log10 2, 2,
x log10 = log10 2, 10 , , x [log10 2 − log10
10] = log10 2, , (a) 45360, , 1, I + sin A, , (a) The triangle
ABC is isosceles, (b) The triangle ABC is equilateral,
(c) The triangle ABC is scalene, , x, , taking log10 both
side, , , = (x + y + z ) [1 (x − z ) (x − y) − (x − z ) ( z − y)], ,
34. If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle and, , AB =
A (adjA) = ( A)l = kl, , (b) −0.5, , 0, 0 , 1, = (x + y + z ) z
x − z x − z , , , y z − y x − y , , = (x + y + z ) (x − z ) (x
− z ) = (x + y + z ) ( z − x ) 2, , ( A) = K, , (a) −10.0, , R1 +
R2 + R3, y + z x + y + z 2 (x + y + z ) , , z, x, z+ x, , y, z,
x+ y, , 2 , 1 1, = (x + y + z ) z x z + x , , , y z x +
y , , = (x + y + z ) [(x − z ) (x − y − z + y)], , Given, B =
adjA, l = identity Matrix, ∴, , R1 , x +, , , , , C2
C2 − C1 and C3 C3 − 2C1, , We get, x = 1 and y = 0, ,
(a) l, , (b) ( x − y) ( y − z), (d) ( z − x )2 ( x + y + z), , Ê (d)
We have,, , (a) x = 1, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 0 (c) x = 0, y = 1
(d) x = 0, y = 0, , Ê (b) Sum of the binary number (11011
)2, (10110110 )2, , y + z , , z + x ?, , x + y , , 6, ,
required number = 9 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 = 27216, , − sin B,
− sin C , − sin A, 1 + sin A 1 + sin B 1 + sin C = 0,
, , 2, 2, 2, sin A − 1 sin B − 1 sin C − 1 , − sin A −
sin B − sin C , , = 0, 1, 1, 1, , , 2, 2, 2, − cos A −
cos B − cos C , , R2 R2 + R1, , R3 R3 + R2

Page 46 :
7, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), sin B, sin C , sin
A, = 0, , 1, 1, 1, , , 2, 2, 2, 1 − cos A 1 − cos B 1 −
cos C , sin A sin B sin C , 1, 1, 1 = 0, , , 2, 2, 2,
sin, A, sin, B, sin, C , , , 37. If sec (θ − α ), sec θ and sec
(θ + α ) are in AP, where, cos α ≠ 1, then what is the
value of sin 2 θ + cos α ?, (a) 0, , (sin A − sin B) (sin B
− sin C ), sin C , 1, 1, , , 0, 0, 0 , , , 2, sin A + sin
C sin B + sin C sin C , , A = B and B = C, , 35. Consider
the following in respect of matrices A and B of, , θ +
α + θ − α cos θ + α − θ + α , 2 cos , , , , , , , ,
2, 2, 2, 2, cos θ − sin α, , C + D , C − D , Q cos C
+ cos D = 2 cos 2 cos 2 , , , , 2, =, cos θ, ,
sin 2 α = cos 2 θ (1 − cos α ) cos 2 θ =, , same
order, 1. A 2 − B 2 = ( A + B ) ( A − B ), , =, , 2. ( A − I ) ( I +
A ) = O A 2 = I, , where I is the identity matrix and O
is the null matrix., Which of the above is/are correct?,
(b) 2 only, (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , [Q AB ≠ BA], , ≠ A2 −
B2, Statement 2, ( A − I ) (I + A) = 0, AI + A − I − IA = 0, ,
, , A + A2 − I 2 − A = 0, , , , A =I, 2, , [Q AI = IA = A],
[Q I = I], 2, , Statement 2 is correct, , 36. What is, , 2 tan
θ, 1 + tan θ, , (a) cos2θ, , 2, , Ê (c) We have,, 2 tan θ, 1 +
tan 2 θ, =, , equal to ?, , (b) tan2θ, , (c) sin2θ, , (d) cosec
2θ, , 2 sin θ cos θ, , cos 2 θ, , = 2 sin θ cos θ = sin 2θ, ,
(b) −4cos A sin B cos C, (d) −4sin A cos Bcos C, , Ê (d)
We have,, , Q Sin C + Sin D = 2 Sin C + D Cos, , ,
, 2 ,, C−D , , , 2 , , = 2 sin A cos A − [2
sin (B + C ) cos (B − C )], [Q Sin 2 A = 2 Sin A cos A], = 2
sin A cos A − [2 sin (180 ° − A) cos (B − C )], [Q A + B +
C = 180], = 2 sin A cos A − 2 sin A cos (B − C ), [Q sin
(180° − θ) = sin θ], = 2 sin A [cos A − cos (B − C )], , = −
2 sin A [cos (B + C ) + cos (B − C )], , sin 2 θ, , cos 2 θ +
sin 2 θ, , cos θ = 1 + cos α, 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 + cos α, [Q sin
2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1], 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 + cos α sin 2 θ + cos
α = 0, , = 2 sin A [− cos (B + C ) − cos (B − C )], , cos θ,
1+, , 1 − cos α, , = 2 sin A [cos (180 − (B + C ) − cos (B −
C )], , 2 sin θ, =, , (1 + cos α ) (1 − cos α ), , sin 2 A − sin
2B − sin 2 C = sin 2 A − [sin 2B + sin 2C], 2B + 2C ,
2B − 2C , = sin 2 A − [2 sin , cos , , , , , , 2,
2, , Statement 1 is not correct, , , , =, , 2, , (a) −4sin A
sin Bsin C, (c) −4 cos A cos Bsin C, , 2, , 1 − cos α, , equal
to?, , RHS = ( A + B) ( A − B), , 2, , , , , , 1 − cos 2 α, ,
sin 2 α, 1 − cos α, , 38. If A + B + C = 180º, then what is
sin 2A − sin 2B − sin 2C, , Statement 1, = A2 − AB + BA
− B2, , are in AP, then, , sin 2 α = cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ
cos α, , So, ABC is an isosceles triangle, , Ê (b), , 1, 2, ,
[and cos ( A + B) cos ( A − B) = cos 2 A − sin 2 B], 2 cos
θ cos α, 2, , =, cos 2 θ cos α = cos 2 θ − sin 2 α, cos
θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 α, , sin A = sin B and sin B = sin C, , (a)
1 only, (c) Both 1 and 2, , (d), , 2 sec θ = sec (θ − α ) +
sec (θ + α ), 2, 1, 1, , =, +, cos θ cos (θ − α ) cos (θ + α ),
cos (θ + α ) + cos (θ − α ), 2, =, , cos θ, cos (θ − α ) (cos
(θ + α ), , , ∴ S in A − sin B = 0 or sin B − sin C = 0, , ,
(c) –1, , Ê (a) If sec (θ − α ), sec θ and sec (θ + α ), , [C1
C1 − C2 C2 C2 − C3 ], sin B − sin C, sin C , sin
A − sin B, , 0, 0, 1 = 0, , , 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, sin, A, −, sin,
B, sin, B, −, sin, C, sin, C , , , , , (b) 1, , [Q sin 2 θ + cos
2 θ = 1], , = − 2 sin A [2 cos B cos C], , C + D , C −
D , Q cos C + cos D = 2 cos 2 cos 2 , ,
, = − 4 sin A cos B cos C

Page 47 :
8, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), , of depression of
the other end of the bridge from the, ballon is 48º. If
the height of the balloon above the bridge, is 122 m,
then what is the length of the bridge?, , , , (a) 122 sin
48º m, (c) 122 cos 48º m, , , , C, , H −h, x, , H −h, 1, =,
3, x, , , , x = 3 (H − h), H, = 3 (H − h) H = 3 (H − h), 3,
3, H = 3 H − 3 h 2H = 3 h H = h, 2, , , , (b) 122 tan
42 º m, (d) 122 tan 48º m, , Ê (b), , tan 30° =, , In ∆BDE, ,
39. A balloon is directly above one end of a bridge.
The angle, , 42. What is/are the solution (s) of the
trigonometric equation, , 48º, , cosec x + cot x = 3
where 0 < x < 2π ?, , 122 m, , (a), 48º, A, , B, , [Q cot (90°
− θ) = tan θ], , , , (c) 330º, , Ê (a) We have, 3 (3 − tan 2,
, , , A − cot A)2 = 1, , (a) 0, , π, π, and, 6, 3, ,
respectively. What is the height of the hill?, 3h, 2, , (c)
h, , (d), , cosec 2 x − cot 2 x, cosec x − cot x, , cosecx −
cot x =, , Ê, , (b) 1, , (c) 2, , (2 cos θ + 1 )10 (2 cos 2θ − 1
)10, , (4 cos 2 θ − 1 )10 (2 cos 2 θ − 1 )10, [2 (2 cos
θ) − 1], 2, , 10, , (2 cos 2 θ +, π, 2 cos +, 4, , , h, ,
(2 cos 2θ − 1 ), , In ∆ACD, , , , 1), , 10, , 1 , , , 1, + 1
, 2 ×, , , 2, ...(i), , , , , 10, , (2 cos 4θ − 1 )10, ,
(2 cos 2 θ − 1 ), , 10, , (2 cos 2 θ − 1 ), 10, 2 cos π − 1
, , , 4, 10, , 2 cos π − 1 , , , 2, , C, X, , H, H, tan
60° =, 3 =, x, x, H, x=, 3, , 10, , (2 cos 4θ − 1 )10, 10, ,
[2 (1 + cos 2 θ) − 1], , E, , 60º, , (d) 4, , (2 cos 2θ − 1
)10 (2 cos 4θ − 1 )10, , H, , A, , ...(ii), , π, (b) If θ = , then,
8, , 10, , h, , 1, 3, , (2 cos θ + 1 )10 (2 cos θ − 1 )10, , D,
, 30º, , 1, = 3, cosecx − cot x, , (2 cos θ − 1 )10 (2 cos 4 θ
− 1 )10, , h, 2, , Ê (b) height of building be h and let
height of hill is H, B, , = 3 , , π, 8, (2 cos θ + 1)10 (2
cos 2θ − 1)10 (2 cos θ − 1)10 (2 cos 4θ − 1)10 ?, , 41.
The top of a hill observed from the top and bottom of
a, building of height h is at angles of elevation, , ...(i), ,
43. If θ = , then what is the value of, , So, option (a) is
correct, , (b), , π 5π, ,, 3 3, , Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get, 1, 4, 2, 2 cosecx = 3 +, 2 cosecx =, cosecx =, 3,
3, 3, 3, , sin x =, 2, π 2π, ∴, x= ,, 3 3, , (d) 345º, ,
Checking through options A = 300, So,, 3 [3 − tan 2
300 ° − cot (300 )° ]2, = 3 [3 − tan 2 (360 ° − 60 ° ) − cot
(360 ° − 60 )° ]2, = 3 [3 − tan 2 60 ° + cot 60 ° ]2, 2, 1 ,
1, = 3 3 − 3 +, =3 × =1, , 3 , 3, , (a) 2h, , (d) π,, , (c) π
only, , cosecx + cot x = 3, , trigonometric equation 3(3
− tan 2 A − cot A ) 2 = 1. Which, one of the following is
a value of A ?, (b) 315º, , π, only, 3, , Now,, (cosec x + cot
x) (cosec x − cot x), = 3, , cosec x − cot x, , 40. A is an
angle in the fourth quadrant it satisfies the, , (a) 300º, ,
(b), , Ê (b) We have,, , BC, 122, tan 48 ° =, AB, AB,
122, AB =, = 122 cot 48 °, tan 48 °, , tan 48° =, , = 122
cot (90 ° − 42° ), = 122 tan 42°, , 5π, only, 3, , (2 cos 4 θ
− 1 )10, (2 cos 4 θ − 1 )10, , 10, , 2 ⋅ 1 − 1 , , , , , 2,
, Q θ = π , , 8 , 10, , (0 − 1 )10, , ( 2 + 1 )10 ( 2 − 1
)10 × 1, (( 2 )2 − (1 )2 )10 × 1 (2 − 1 )10 1

Page 48 :
9, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), 44. If cos α and
cos β (0 < α < β < π) are the roots of the, quadratic
equation 4 x 2 − 3 = 0, then what is the value of, sec α
× sec β ?, 4, (a) −, 3, , 4, (b), 3, , Ê (c) Let first term of a
GP is a and common ratio is r, , 3, (d) −, 4, , 3, (c), 4, , ∴, ,
a2 = 2, , , , ar = 2, , and, , Sn = 8 , , ...(i), a, =8, 1 −r, ,
From Eq. (i), , Ê (a) Given,, , 2. −4, 1, 4. −, 4, , Which of
the above values of x is/are the solution (s) of, the
equation, π, tan −1 (2x ) + tan −1 (3x ) = ?, 4, (a) 3 only, ,
(b) 2 and 3, , Ê (a) We have,, , (c) 1 and 4, , (d) 4 only, , π,
4, π, − 1 2x + 3 x , tan , =, 1 − 2x ⋅ 3 x 4, , tan −
1 (2x) + tan − 1 (3 x) =, , , , 4r − 4r + 1 = 0, , , , 4r 2 −
2r − 2r + 1 = 0, , 47. If a, b, c are in AP or GP or HP,
then, b, b, or 1 or, a, c, a, a, (c) 1 or or, b c, , (b), , , , −1, ,
a− b= b− c, a−b, =1, b− c, , If a, b, c are in GP, then, a b
a−b, = =, ∴, b c b− c, , and tan a + tan b = π + tan, a +
b , , , ab > 1, 1 − ab , π, 5x, 5x, = tan, , =1, , 4,
1 − 6 x2, 1 − 6 x2, , If a, b, c are in HP, then, 2ac, b=, ∴,
a+ c, , , ab − ac = ac − bc, , , , , , a (b − c) = c (a − b),
a−b a, =, b− c c, , , , , , , 1 − 6 x2 = 5x 6 x2 + 5x −
1 = 0, 6 x2 + 6 x − x − 1 = 0, (6 x − 1 ) (x + 1 ) = 0 x = −
1,, , 1, 6, , x = − 1 is not possible, 1, So,, x=, 6, , , , ab +
bc = 2ac, , 48. What is the sum of all three digit
numbers that can be, formed using all the digits 3, 4
and 5, when repetition of, digits is not allowed?, , 46. If
the second term of a GP is 2 and the sum of its infinite,
terms is 8, then the GP is, 1 1, (a) 8, 2, , , …, 2 8, 1 1, (c)
4, 2, 1, , 2 …, 2 2, , a −b, is equal to, b −c, , c, c, or or 1, a,
b, a c, (d) 1 or or, b, a, , (a), , ∴, , ab ≤ 1, −1, , 8r − 8r 2 = 2,
2, , Ê (c) a, b, c are in AP, then, , a + b , [Q tan − 1 a +
tan −1 b = tan − 1 , ,, 1 − ab , −1, , , , 2r (2r − 1
) − 1 (2r − 1 ) = 0 (2r − 1 ) (2r − 1 ) = 0, 1, , r=, 2,
∴Put in Eq. (i), 1, a = 2 a = 4, 2 , 1, ∴GP is 4,
2, 1, ..., 2, , 45. Consider the following values of x, 1. 8,
1, 3., 6, , 2, =8, r (1 − r ), , , , 4x2 − 3 = 0 4x2 = 3, 3,
3, , x2 = x = ±, 2, 4, 3, − 3, and cosβ =, So, cosα =, 2,
2, − 2 − 4, 2, , Now, secα ⋅ secβ =, × , =, 3 3 , 3, ,
2 2, (b) 10, 2, , ,…, 5 25, 3. 3, (d) 6, 3, , ,…, 2 4, , (a) 2664, ,
(b) 3382, , (c) 4044, , (d) 4444, , Ê (a) Three digit
number. that can be formed using 3, 4 and 5, , when
repetition not allowed are 543, 534, 453, 435, 354,,
345, Sum = 543 + 534 + 453 + 435 + 354 + 345, =
2664

Page 50 :
11, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), 54. Consider the
following statements, y = mx + c 1 and, , 1. The
distance between the lines, | c − c2 |, y = mx + c 2 is 1,
1 + m2, , Ê (a) Given lines,, , x, y, x, y, + = 1 and + = 1, 2 3,
3 2, l1=0, , 2. The distance between the linesax + by +
c 1 = 0 and, | c − c2 |, ., ax + by + c 2 = 0 is 1, a2 + b2, ,
l2=0, l1+λl2=0, , 3. The distance between the lines x =
c 1 and x = c 2 is, | c 1 − c 2 |., , Equation of line passing
through the point of, intersection are l1 + λl2 = 0, ,
Which of the above statements are correct?, , (3 x + 2
y − 6 ) + λ (2x + 3 y − 6 ) = 0 ...(i), , (a) 1 and 2, , (b) 2 and
3, , (c) 1 and 3, , (d) 1, 2 and 3, , Slope of line, − (3 + 2λ ),
4, =−, ∴, 2 + 3λ, 5, , Ê (b) Statement 1 Given lines,, , ,
, , + 15 + 10 λ = 8 + 12λ 7 = 2λ, 7, λ=, 2, 7, (3 x + 2
y − 6 ) + (2x + 3 y − 6 ) = 0, 2, 2 (3 x + 2 y − 6 ) + 14x +
21 y − 42 = 0, , y = mx + c1, , y = mx + c2, , and, , both
lines are parallel, Q, , 6 x + 4 y − 12 + 14x + 21 y −
42 = 0, P, , , , c −c, 1, 2, PQ = , , 2, 1, m, +, , , 20 x +
25 y − 54 = 0, , 56. What is the distance of the point (2,
3, 4) from the plane, 3x − 6y + 2z + 11 = 0 ?, , So,
Statement 1 is correct, , (a) 1 unit, , Statement 2 for ax
+ by + c1 = 0, , Ê (a), , and, ax + by + c2 = 0, both lines
are parallel so,, c −c , 1, 2, D = , ∴, , , , 2, a, b2 , +,
, , (b) 2 units, , Distance, , of, , point, , (x1 , y1 , z1 ), , ax
+ by + cz + d = 0 is, ax + by + cz +, 1, 1, 1, d = , , 2, 2,
a, b, c2, +, +, , , (d) 4 units, from, , plane, , d , , , , , P
(2, 3, 4), , x = c1, , Statement 3, , (c) 3 units, , x = c2, D = |
c1 − c2 |, Statement 3 is correct, M, , Y, , X′, , 3 (2) − 6
(3 ) + 2 (4) + 1 , PM = , , , 2, 2, 2 , (3 ) + (− 6 ) + (2)
, , X, , Y′, , x=c1, , 3x–6y+2z+11=0, , 6 − 18 + 8 + 11 ,
= , =, 9 `+ 36 + 4 , , 7, 49, , PM = 1 unit, , x=c2, , 57.
Coordinates of the points O, P, Q and R respectively:,
55. What is the equation of straight line passing
through the, x y, x y, + = 1 and + = 1, 2 3, 3 2, and
parallel to the line 4 x + 5y − 6 = 0 ?, point of
intersection of the lines, (a) 20x + 25 y − 54 = 0, , (b)
25x + 20 y − 54 = 0, , (c) 4x + 5 y − 54 = 0, , (d) 4x + 5 y
− 45 = 0, , (0, 0, 0), (4, 6, 2m), (2, 0, 2n) and (2, 4, 6) L, M,
N and K, OR, OP, PQ and QR respectively such that
LMNK is a, parallelogram whose two adjacent sides
LK and LM are, each of length 2 ?, (a) 6, 2, (c) 3, 1, , (b)
1, 3, (d) None of these

Page 51 :
12, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), , Ê (c), , LMNK is
a parallelogram we know that, if we join, mid-point of
any quadrilateral we get a parallelogram, R, (2, 4, 6), ,
Q, (2, 0, 3n), , K, , L, , N, , O, (0, 0, 0), , 1. The angle
between the planes 2x − y + z = 1 and, π, x + y + 2z = 3
is, 3, 2. The distance between the planes 6x − 3y + 6z
+ 2 = 0 and, 10, 2x − y + 2z + 4 = 0 is, 9, , Which of the
above statement is/are correct?, , P, (4, 6, 2m), , M, , 59.
Consider the following statements, , (a) 1 only, , So. M,
N, K , L are mid- points of OP, PQ, QR and RO,
respectively, 0 + 4 0 + 6 0 + 2m , ,, ,, ∴Coordinate of
M = , = (2, 3, m), 2, 2, 2 , [Q Coordinate of mid-
point, x + x2 y1 + y2 , ,, = 1, ], 2, 2 , , (b) 2 only, ,
Ê (c) Statements 1 Given,, , 2x − y + z = 1 and x + y + 2 z
= 3, Here, a1 = 1, b1 = −1, c1 = 1, and a2 = 1, b2 = 1, c2
= 2, a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2, cos θ =, 2, a1 + b12 + c12
a22 + b22 + c22, =, , Coordinate of L = (1, 2 , 3 ),
Coordinate of K = (2 , 2 , 3 + n), , =, , LM = 2, , Now,, ,
(2 − 1 )2 + (3 − 2)2 + (m − 3 )2 = 2, 1 + 1 + (m − 3 ) 2 = 2,
, , , ∴, , Squaring both side,, , , 2 + (m − 3 ) 2 = 2
(m − 3 ) 2 = 0, , , , m=3, , (2 − 1 ) + (2 − 2) + (3 + n −
3 ) = 2, 2, , 2, , 2, , 1 + 0 + n2 = 2, , , Squaring both
side,, , , 58. The line, , 1 + n2 = 2 n2 = 1 n = 1, , x
−1 y −2 z −3, is given by, =, =, 2, 2, 4, , (a) x + y + z = 6, x
+ 2 y − 3 z = − 4, (b) x + 2 y − 2 x = − 1, 4x + 4 y − 5 z − 3
= 0, (c) 3x + 2 y − 3 z = 0, 3x − 6 y + 3 z = − 2, (d) 3x + 2
y − 3 z = − 2, 3x − 6 y + 3 z = 0, , Ê (d) Given lines,, , x−1,
, ∴, , and, , x−1, , 2, y−2, z −3, 4, , 3, , 2, , =, , y−2, 3, , =, , z
−3, 4, , = λ (let), , = λ x = 2λ + 1, = λ y = 3λ + 2, , = λ
z = 4λ + 3, , by checking options if 3 x + 2 y − 3 z,
then, 3 (2λ + 1 ) + 2 (3 λ + 2) − 3 (4λ + 3 ), = 6 λ + 3 + 6
λ + 4 − 12λ − 9 = − 2, 3 (2λ + 1 ) − 6 (3 λ + 2) + 3 (4λ + 3
), 6 λ + 3 − 18 λ − 12 + 12λ + 9 = 0, So, option (d) is
correct, , 2 × 1 + (− 1 × 1 ) + 1 × 2, 22 + (− 1 )2 + (1 )2, ,
1 2 + 1 2 + 22, , 4 −1, 4+ 1 + 1, , 4+ 1 + 1, , 3, 3 1, =, = =,
6 6 6 2, π, θ=, 3, , So, Statement 1 is correct.,
Statement 2 Distance between two planes, , LK = 2, ,
Again,, , (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , ax + by +
cz + d1 = 0, ax + by + cz + d2 = 0, , , d1 − d2, distance
S = , , , 2, 2, 2 , a + b + c , 2, d1 = , d2 = 4, 3, 2,
10 , , 4−, = 3 = 10 = 10, , 3, distance =, 22 + 1
2 + 22 9 3 × 3 9, , , , 60. Consider the
following statements, Statement I If the line segment
joining the points, P(m, n ) and Q (r , s ) subtends an
angle α at the origin, then, ms − nr, ., cos α =, 2, (m + n
2 ) (r 2 + s 2 ), Statement II In any triangle ABC, it is
true that, a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A., Which one of the
following is correct in respect of the, above two
statements?, (a) Both Statement I and Statement II
are true and Statement II is the, correct explanation
of statement I., (b) Both Statement I and Statement II
are true, but Statement II is not, the correct
explanation II is not the correct explanation of,
Statement I, (c) Statement I is true, but Statement II is
false, (d) Statement I is false, but Statement II is true

Page 52 :
13, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), Ê (d), , The
equation of circle is x2 + y2 + gx + fy +, , Statement I If
the line segment joining the point, P(m, n) and Q(r, s )
subtends angle α at origin, then, mr + ns, cosα =, 2, m +
n2 r 2 + s 2, , y −f , Q centre = − ,, and radius =,
2 2 , , So, Statement I is not correct, , Since, circle
touches Y-axis, then, , In any triangle ABC, 2, , 2, ,
∴circle touches Y-axis at, 2, f, f2, −f, y2 + fy +, = 0
y + = 0 y =, , 2, 2 , 4, −f , , A 0,, ∴, , 2 , ,
61. What is the area of the triangle with vertices, , 1
, 1 , 1 , x 1, , x 2 , , x 3 , ?, x1 , x2 ,
x3 , , , ∴Normal at A will pass through centre C and
intersect, circle again at B., −f , ∴Coordinates of B are
− g,, , , 2 , , (a)| ( x 1 − x 2 ) ( x 2 − x 3 ) ( x 3 − x 1 )|,
(b) 0, (x − x 2 ) (x 2 − x 3 ) (x 3 − x1 ) , , (c) 1, x 1x 2x
3, , , (x1 − x 2 ) (x 2 − x 3 ) (x 3 − x1 ) , , , (d) , 2 x
1x 2x 3, , , , r, , r, , r, , r, , r, , and only if, , r, r, (a) a and b
are perpendicular, , r, r, (b) a and rb are parallel, r, (c) a
and b are inclined at an angle of 45º, r, r, (d) a and b are
anti-parallel, , , 1 , 1 , 1 , A x1 , , B x2 , , C
x3 , , x2 , x3 , x1 , , x1, 1 , x2, 2 , , x3,
, , , 1 , , 1, x1, 1, x2, 1, x3, , x1, 1, A = x2, 2 , x3, ,
y2, y3, , 1 , 1 =, , 1 , , , x1, 1 , = x2, 2 , , x3, ,
, 1, x1, 1, x2, 1, x3, , , 1 , x12 1 x1 , , 1, x2 1 x , 1
, 2, 2, , x, x, x, 2, 1 2 3 x2 1 x , , 3, 3, , , , 1 ,
, , y1, , , 1 , , 1 , , , , (x − x2 ) (x2 − x3 ) (x3 − x1 )
, = 1, , 2x1 x2 x3, , , , r, , r, r, r, r, r r, (a + b) ⋅ (a + b) =
| a |2 + | b|2 + 2a ⋅ b, r, r, r, r, a ⋅ b = b⋅ a, r r, r r, a⋅ b=0
a ⊥ b, , r, r, 64. If r = xi$ + yj$ + zk$, then what is r ⋅ (i$
+ $j + k$ ) equal to ?, , Ê, , (a) x, (b) x + y, (c) − (x + y + z)
(d) (x + y + z), r, $, $ + yj$ + zk, (d) r = xi, r, Now, r ⋅ (i$ +
$j + k$ ), i$. i$ = 1, = (xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) ⋅ (i$ + $j + k$ ) = (
x + y + z ), , 2i$ − $j + k$ and 3i$ − 4 $j − k$ is, 1 $, 1 $,
1 $, i +, j −, k, 3, 3, 3, 1 $, 1 $, 1 $, (c), i −, j −, k, 3, 3, 3, (a),
, c, = 0, then the normal at this point, 4, intersects the
circle at the point., x 2 + y 2 + gx + fy +, , g, f, (b) − g ,
− (c) − , f , , 2 , 2 , , (d) (− g , − f ), , -g , -f, ( 2
2(, , x′, , a× b, r, n = r r, | a × b|, , B, , x, y′, , 1 $, 1 $, 1, i +, j
+ k$, 2, 2, 2, 1 $, 1 $, 1 $, (d), i +, j +, k, 3, 3, 3, (b), , Ê (a)
We know that,, r r, , y, , -1, ( 0, 2 ( A, , r, , Ê (a) Given,r | a |
≠ 0r,| b| ≠ 0, , 65. A unit vector perpendicular to each
of the vectors, , 62 If Y-axis touches the circle, , O, , r, ,
r, , 63. Let | a | ≠ 0, | b | ≠ 0. ( a + b) ⋅ ( a + b) = | a | 2 + |
b | 2 holds if, , Ê (d) Area of ∆ABC, , Ê (b), , g, g2 f 2 −
c, f2 c, =, =, +, , 2, 4, 4 4, 4, 4, , , , a = b + c − 2bc cos
A, Statement II is correct, , g f, (a) − , , 2 2 , , g2 f
2 c, +, −, 4, 4 4, , AC = radious, , Statement II, 2, , c, =0,
4, , ∴, , $j, i$, k$ , r r , a × b= 2 −1 1 , , , , , 3 − 4
−1, , , r, r, a ×r b = 5i$ + 5 $j − 5k$, r, | a × b| = 5 3, r 5
(i$ + $j − k$ ) i$ + $j − k$, n =, =, 5 3, 3

Page 53 :
14, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), r, , r, , r, , r, , 66. If
| a | = 3, | b | = 4 and | a − b | = 5, then what is the value
of, r r, | a + b| ?, , 70. In a triangle ABC, if taken in order,
consider the following, statements, , (a) 8, , (b) 6, , (c) 5
2, , (d) 5, , r, |a|= 3, r, r r, | b| = 4 and | a − b| = 5, r, r, a⋅
b=0, r, r r 2, r, | a + br| = | a |2 | + | b|2 + 0 = 25, r, | a + b|
= 5, , r, r, r, (a)| A | > | B | > | C |, r, r, r, (c)| A | = | B | =| C |,
,− ,,− ,,− ,,− ,,− ,,− ,,− ,,− ,,− ,,
− , , − , , − , , How many of the above statement
are correct?, , r, , r, , r, , 68. What is ( a − b) × ( a + b)
equal to?, r r, (b) a × b, , r r, (c) 2 (a × b), , r, r, (d)| a |2 − |
b|2, , Ê (c) Wer have,, r, , r r, (a − b) × (a + b), r r r r r r r r,
= a × a + a × b− b× a − b× b, r r, r r r r, r r, = a × b− b× a,
[Q a × a = 0, b × b = 0], r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r, r r, = a × b + a × b
[Q a × b = − b × a] = 2 (a × b), , 69. A spacecraft located
at i$ + 2 $j + 3k$ is subjected to a force, λk$ by firing a
rocket. The spacecraft is subjected to a, moment of
magnitude, (b) 3λ, , (c) 5λ, , (d) None of these, , Ê (c) We
have, r, , r, r = i$ + 2 $j + 3 k$ and F = λk$, We know
that,r, r, Moment = r × F = (i$ + 2 $j + 3 k$ ) × (λk$ ), ∴
i$ × k$ = − $j , , , = − λ$j + 2λi$ $j × k$ = i$ , k$
× k$ = 0 , , , , Magnitude of moment =, =, , (a) One,
(c) Three, , (− λ )2 + (2λ )2, , λ2 + 4λ2 = 5 λ2 = 5 λ, , (b)
Two, (d) Four, , Ê (a) We know that,, In a triangle ABC,
− , , r, r, r, (b)| A | = | B | ≠ | C |, r, r, r, (d)| A | ≠ | B | ≠| C |,
, r r r, A = a + b+ c, r r r, B= a − b+ c, r r r r, C = a − b− c, r,
r, r, | a | = | b| = | c | = 1, r, r, r, r, r r, | a ⋅ b| = | b ⋅ c | = c ⋅ a
= 0, r, Now, | A | = a 2 + b2 + c2 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3, r, | B | =
a 2 + b2 + c2 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3, r, |C | = a 2 + b2 + c2 = 1 +
1 + 1 = 3, r, r, r, | A | = | B | = |C |, , (a) λ, , − , , 4. BA −
BC + CA = 0, , Ê (c) Given that,r, , r, (a) 0, , − , , 3. AB −
BC + CA = 0, , r, r r, 67. Let a, b and c be three mutually
perpendicular vectors, r r r r r r r r, each of unit
magnitude. IfA = a + b + c, B = a − b + c and, r r r r, C = a
− b − c , then which one of the following is correct?, , r, ,
− , , 2. AB + BC − CA = 0, , Ê (d) Given that,, ∴, , − , ,
1. AB + BC + CA = 0, , − , , − , , − , , AB + BC + CA =
O [Q by triangle law], So, only first statement is
correct., , 71. Let the slope of the curve y = cos − 1 (sin
x ) be tan θ. Then, the value of θ in the interval (0, π )
is, (a), , π, 6, , 3π, 4, , (b), , (c), , π, 4, , (d), , π, 2, , Ê (b) We
have,, , y = cos − 1 (sin x), differentiation w.r.t. x, we
get, −1, dy, =, cos x, dx, 1 − sin 2 x, − cos x, =, [Q sin 2 x
+ cos 2 x = 1], cos x, dy, = −1, dx, Slope of the curve =
tan θ, ∴, tan θ = − 1, π, tan θ = − tan, , 4, π, tan θ =
tan π − , , [Q θ ∈ (0, π )], , 4 , 3π, , θ=, 4, , 72.
If f ( x ) =, , x −1, x−4, , , defines a function on R, then
what is its, , domain ?, (a) ( − ∞, 4) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ), (c) (1, 4) ∪ (
4, ∞ ), , Ê (d) We have,, f (x ) =, ∴, and, , So,, , (b) [4, ∞ ),
(d) [1, 4) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ), , x−1, x−4, , x−1≥0, x− 4≠0, x≥1, x≠4,
x ∈ [1, 4) ∪ (4, ∞ ), Domain = [1, 4) ∪ (4, ∞ )

Page 54 :
15, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), , f ( x ) − f (1),
equal to?, x 1, x −1, , 73. Consider the function, , 76.
If f ( x ) = 25 − x 2 , then what is lim, , sin 2x , if x ≠ 0, ,
f ( x ) = 5x, 2, if x = 0, ,, , 15, , (a) −, , Which one of
the following is correct in respect of the, function?, (a)
It is not continuous at x = 0, (c) It is not continuous at x
= π, , (b) It is continuous at every x, , (b), , 1, 4 3, , 1, , (d),
, 4 3, , f (x) = 25 − x2, , Now,, , lim, , f (x) − f (1 ), , x 1, ,
x−1, − 2x, , 2 25 − x2, 25 − x2 − 24, =, = lim, x 1, x 1,
1 −0, x −1, =−, , −0, , 5 − 2 tan x , dy, equal to?, ,
then what is, dx, 2 + 5 tan x , , (a) −, , 74. For the
function f ( x ) = | x − 3,| which one of the following, is
not correct?, , 1, 2 x, , Ê (a) We have,, , (a) The function
is not continuous at x = −3, (b) The function is
continuous at x = 3, (c) The function is differentiable
at x = 0, (d) The function is differentiable at x = −3, , Ê
(a) We have, f (x) =| x − 3 |, We know that, modulus
function is continuous in R., , Let,, , So, option (a) is
incorrect., , 75. If the function f ( x ) =, , 2x − sin − 1 x,
2x + tan, , −1, , 1, 3, , (b), , 1, 3, , (c), , x, , 2, 3, , (b) 1, , (c) −
1, , (d), , 1, 2 x, , 5 − 2 tan x , y = tan − 1 , , 2 + 5
tan x , 5 − tan x , , −1 2, y = tan , , 5, 1 + tan x
, , , 2, , tan, A − tan x , 5, = tan A = tan − 1 , , 2,
1 + tan A tan x , = tan − 1 [tan( A −, 5, y = tan − 1 − x,
2, , is continuous at each, , point in its domain, then
what is the value of f (0)?, , [by L-Hosptial], , 1, 24, , 77.
If y = tan − 1 , , lim f (x) ≠ f (0 ), , x 0, , at x = 0
function is discontinuous., , differentiation w.r.t x, we
get, , (d) 2, , x)] = A −, , x, , 1, dy, =−, 2 x, dx, , 78. Which
one of the following is correct in respect of the,
function, , Ê (b) We have,, f (x ) =, , 2x − sin, , −1, , 2x +
tan, , −1, , x, , f ( x ) = x sin x + cos x +, , x, , Function is
continuous at each point, ∴, , f (0 ) = lim f (x), x 0, ,
Now, lim f (x) = lim, x 0, , ∴, , (c) −, , lim, , sin 2x, ,x ≠
0, , f (x) = 5x, ,x = 0, 2, 15, lim f (x), sin 2x × 2 2, 2,
at x = 0, = f (0 ) =, = lim, x 0, 5, 5, x 0, 5x × 2, , (a)
−, , 1, 24, , Ê (a) We have,, , (d) It is continuous at x = 0, ,
Ê (a) We have,, , ∴, , 1, 24, , 2x − sin − 1 x, , 2x + tan − 1
x, 1, 2−, 1 − x2, = lim, 1, x 0, 2+, 1 + x2, 2−1 1, =, =, 2+
1 3, 1, f (0 ) =, 3, x 0, , [by L-Hospital], , 1, cos 2 x ?, 2, ,
π, (a) It is increasing in the interval 0, , 2 , π, (b)
It remains constant in the interval 0, , 2 , π, (c)
It is decreasing in the interval 0, , 2 , π π , (d)
It is decreasing in the interval , , 4, 2 , , Ê (a) We
have,, , f (x) = x sin x + cos x +, , 1, cos 2 x, 2, , f ′ (x) =
x(cos x) + sin x − sin x +, f ′ (x) = x cos x − sin x cos x, , 1,
⋅ 2 cos x (− sin x), 2

Page 55 :
16, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), By checking
options, we put, π, x=, 4, π, π, π, π, f ′ (x) = cos − sin cos,
4, 4, 4, 4, π 1, 1, 1, π, 1, = ⋅, −, ×, =, − >0, 4, 2, 2, 2 4 2 2,
π, So, f (x) is increasing in the interval 0, , 2 , ,
79. What is lim, , 1 − cos θ, θ, , θ 0, , equal to?, 1, (d)
−, 2 2, , 80. A function f : A R is defined by the
equation, f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x + 5, where A = (1, 4 ). What
is the range of, the function?, (b) (1, 5), , (c) [1, 5), , (d)
[1, 5], , Ê (c) We have,, , A function f : A R is defined
by, f (x) = x2 − 4x + 5,, Where, A = (1, 4), Let,, y = x2 −
4x + 5, dy, = 2x − 4, dx, dy, Now,, = 0 2x − 4 = 0, dx, ,
(b) 3, , 5, , 8, , =−, , 5, , 8, , ∫2 (x − 5) dx + ∫5 (x − 5) dx, 5, ,
83. What is ∫ sin 3 x cos x dx equal to ?, (a) cos 4 x + C,
(1 − sin2 x )2, (c), +C, 4, , (b) sin4 x + C, (1 − cos 2 x )2,
(d), +C, 4, , Where C is the constant of integration., , Ê
(d) We have,, 3, ∫ sin x cos x dx, Let,, , sin x = t, , cos x dx
= dt =, , ∫, , t 3 dt, , t4, sin 4 x, +C =, +C, 4, 4, (sin 2 x)2, =,
+C, 4, (1 − cos 2 x)2, =, +C, 4, =, , 2, 1, 1, , 2, , [Q sin 2 x +
cos 2 x = 1], , 4, , 84. What is ∫ e, , x = 2, y = 1, , At x = 1 ,
y = (1 ) − 4 (1 ) + 5 = 2, 2, , y ∈[1, 5), b, , a, , a, , 81. What
is ∫ [x ] dx + ∫ [− x ] dx equal to, where [,] is the, greatest
integer function?, (b) a − b, , dx equal to, (b) ln| sec x | +
C, (d) e tan x + C, , Where C is the constant of
integration., , Range = [1, 5), b, , ln (tan x ), , (a) ln| tan x
| + C, (c) tan x + C, , At x = 4 y = (4)2 − 4 (4) + 5 = 5, , (a)
b − a, , 8, , x2, , , x2, − 5x , =− , − 5x + , 2 2,
2, 5, 25, 25, , , , , =− , − 25 − (2 − 10 ) + (32 −
40 ) − , − 25 , 2, , , , 2, 25, 25, =9,
=, −8−8+, 2, 2, , 5, , So,, , (d) 9, , ∫2 | x − 5| dx|+ ∫5 | x − 5|
dx, b, c, b, [Q ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) = dx], a, a, c, ,
x=2, , At, , (c) 4, , Ê (d) We8 have,, ∫2 | x − 5| dx, =, , θ, 1 −
1 − 2 sin 2 , , 2 , = lim, θ 0, θ, θ, 2θ, 2 sin, 2 sin,
2 = lim, 2= 1, = lim, θ, θ 0, θ 0, θ, 2, ×2, 2, , , , = −
(x)ba = − (b − a ) = a − b, , (a) 2, 1, (c), 2, , θ, , (a) (2, 5), , ∫a,
, [Q[x] + [− x] = − 1, if x ∈, / z], (− 1 ) dx, , 2, , 1 − cos θ, ,
θ 0, , b, , 82. What is ∫ | x − 5 | dx equal to?, , Ê (c) We
have,, lim, , =, 8, , (b) 2 2, , (a) 2, , Ê (b) Web have, b, ∫a[x]
dx + ∫a [− x] dx, b, = ∫ ([x] + [− x]) dx, a, , (c) 0, , (d) 2(b −
a), , Ê (b) We have, ln (tan x ), dx, ∫e, [Q eln (x ) = x], = ∫
tan x dx = log| sec x| + C

Page 56 :
17, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), 1, , d, dx, − 1 , ,
85. What is ∫ , , tan − 1 1 dx equal to ?, , , , x
, , (b) −, , (a) 0, , π, 4, , (c) −, , π, 2, , Ê (b) We have,, (d), ,
π, 2, , have,, Ê (d) We, 1, d , −1 1 , ∫ dx tan x
dx, −1, , = tan − 1, , π, π, = +, 4, 4, , 1, , 1 =
tan − 1 (1 ) − tan − 1 (− 1 ), , x −1, π, =, 2, , 86.
In which one of the following intervals is the function,
f ( x ) = x 2 − 5x + 6 decreasing?, , (a) (− ∞, 2 ], , Ê (a) We
have,, , (b) [3, ∞ ), , (c) (− ∞, ∞ ), , (d) (2, 3), , f (x) = x2 − 5x
+ 6, f ′ (x) = 2x − 5, , For decreasing, f ′ (x) < 0, 2x − 5 <
0, 5, x<, 2, x < 2.5, x ∈ (− ∞, 2.5), , (c), , d y, dx 2, d 2y, dx
2, , (b), , + ay = 0, , Ê (d) We have,, , (d), , d y, dx 2, d 2y,
dx 2, , are arbitrary, , − ay = 0, + a y=0, 2, , y = p cos (ax)
+ q sin (ax), , differentiation. w. r. t. x, we get, dy, = − p a
sin ax + q a cos ax, dx, Again, differentiation. w. r. t. x,
we get, d2 y, = − pa 2 cos ax − qa 2 sin ax, dx2, d2 y, = −
a 2 ( p cos ax + q sin ax), , dx2, d2 y, d2 y, , = − a2 y
, + a2 y = 0, 2, dx, dx2, , 88. The equation of the
curve passing through the point, ( −1, − 2), which
satisfies, , dy, 1, = − x 2 − 3 , is, dx, x, , (a) 17 x 2 y − 6x 2
+ 3x 5 − 2 = 0, (b) 6x 2 y + 17 x 2 + 2 x 5 − 3 = 0, (c) 6xy
− 2 x 2 + 17 x 5 + 3 = 0, (d) 17 x 2 y + 6xy − 3x 5 + 5 = 0,
, y=, , , , − x3, 3, , +, , 1, 2x2, , +C, , ...(i), , given curve is
passing through (− 1, − 2), 1 1, 5, − 2 = + + C − 2 = +
C, 3 2, 6, − 17, −5, C = −2, C=, , 6, 6, Put in Eq. (i), −
x3, − 2x5 + 3 − 17 x2, 1, 17, y=, + 2 −, y=, 3, 6, 2x, 6
x2, , , 6 x2 y = − 2x5 + 3 − 17 x2, , , , 6 x2 y + 2x5 +
17 x2 − 3 = 0, , (a) 1, , 2, , − a2 y = 0, , Integrating both
sides, 1 , 2, , ∫ dy = ∫ − x − x3 dx, x3 x− 2 , ,
y=−, − , + c, 3, −2 , , solution is y = a cos x + b sin x
+ ce − x + d , where a, b, c, and d are arbitrary
constants?, , y = p cos (ax ) + q sin (ax ), where p , q,
constants, is, (a), , − x2 − 1 dx, , , , x3 , , 89.
What is the order of the differential equation whose, ,
87. The differential equation of the family of curves, 2,
, 1, dy, = − x2 − 3 dy =, dx, x, , (b) 2, , (c) 3, , (d) 4, , Ê (d)
We have,, , y = a cos x + b sin x + ce− x + d,, , a, b, c and
d are arbitrary constants., We know that,, order =
number of arbitrary constant, So, order = 4, , 90. What
is the solution of the differential equation, dy , ln
= ax + by ?, dx , (a) ae ax + be by = C, (c) ae ax + be
− by = C, , 1, 1, (b) e ax + e by = C, a, b, 1, 1, (d) e ax + e −
by = C, a, b, , Ê (d) We have,, , dy, ln = ax + by, dx
, dy, dy, = eax + by , = eax ⋅ eby, dx, dx, dy, = eax dx,
eby, , Integrating both sides, − by, , ∫e, , , , dy = ∫ eax
dx, e, eax, =, +C, a, −b, − by, , eax, e− by, +, + C =0, a, b

Page 57 :
18, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), , 91. If u = e ax
sin bx, , and v = e ax cos bx , then what is, , du, dv, equal
to?, u, +v, dx, dx, , θ., , r, , (b) ( a 2 + b 2 )e ax, (d) ( a + b ) e
ax, , (a) ae 2ax, (c) ab e, , Ê (c) Let radius of sector be r
and angle subtended at centre be, , 2ax, , θ, , Ê (a) We
have,, , ∴, , u = eax sin bx, , ...(i), , = eax (− b sin bx + a cos
bx), Now we have,, dv, du, + v, dx, dx, , 1, , 94. What is
the minimum value of [x ( x − 1) + 1] 3 , where, a≤ x
≤1?, , = eax sin bx [eax (b cos bx + a sin bx)], + eax cos
bx [eax (− b sin bx + a cos bx)], [b sin bx cos bx + a sin 2
bx] + e2 ax, (− b cos bx sin bx + a cos 2 bx), , 1, , 3 3, (a)
, 4 , , 92. If y = sin (ln x ), then which one of the
following is, , Ê (a) We have,, , dx, , (c) x 2, , 2, , + y=0, , d
2y, dx, , 2, , +x, , dy, + y=0, dx, , (b), , d 2y, dn2, , (d) x, , =0,
, d 2y, dx 2, , −x, , dy, + y=0, dx, , differentiation. w. r. t.
x, we get, dy, dy cos (log e x), = cos (log e x), =, x, dx,
dx, x, Again, differentiation. w. r. t. x, we get, d2 y dy −
sin (log e x), =, x 2 +, dx, x, dx, 2, dy, 2 d y, + x, = − sin
(log e x), x, , dx, dx2, dy, d2 y, , =− y, x2 2 + x, dx, dx,
dy, d2 y, + y=0, x2 2 + x, dx, dx, , 93. A flower-bed in
the form of a sector has been fenced by a, wire of 40
m length. If the flower-bed has the greatest, possible
area, then what is the radius of the sector?, (b) 20 m, ,
(c) 10 m, , (d) 5 m, , 1/ 3, , y = (x 2 − x + 1 ) 3, 1, , 1, at x = ,
y is minimum y =, 2, , 3 3, , 4 , , 95. If y = | sin x ||
x | , then what is the value of, (a), , y = sin (log e x), , (a)
25 m, , 3, (d) , 8 , , 1, 2, , 1, , Where C is the
constant of integration, , Ê (c) We have,, , (c), , 1 1, 3, y
= x2 − x + − + 1 , , , 4 4, , correct?, d 2y, , (b) 1, ,
1, , = e2 ax [a sin 2 bx + a cos 2 bx] = ae2 ax, , (a), , 40 −
2r, , r, 1 2, r θ, 2, 1, 1 2 40 − 2r , A= r , A = r (40
− 2r ), , 2, r, 2 , 1, 2, A = (40r − 2r ), 2, dA 1,
differentiating. w. r. t. r,, = (40 − 4r ), dr 2, dA, Now,, = 0
40 − 4r = 0 r = 10 m, dr, , differentiation. w. r. t. x,
we get, dv, = eax (− b sin bx) + cos bx (aeax ), dx, , = e2
ax, , 2r + rθ = 40 θ =, , Area of the sector =, , Now, v
= eax cos bx, , u, , r, , r + r + rθ = 40, , , ,
differentiation. w. r. t. x, we get, du, = eax (b cos bx) +
sin bx (aeax ), dx, du, = eax (b cos bx + a sin bx), dx, , rθ,
, (c), , 2, , 2, , −, , π, 6, , −, , π, 6, , dy, π, at x = − ?, dx, 6, , π, ,
( 6 ln 2 −, 6, , 3π), , ( 6 ln 2 +, 6, , 3π), , 2 6 ( 6 ln 2 +, (b), 6,
(d), , 2, , −, , π, 6, , ( 6 ln 2 −, 6, , 3π), , 3π), , Ê (a) We have,
y =|sin x|| x |, ∴, , x=−, , π, , sin x < 0, x < 0, 6, , y = (− sin
x)− x, Q, y = f (x) g (x ) , So, dy, g (x ), , = f (x ) g ( x ) , f
′ (x) + log| f (x)|⋅ g ′ (x) , dx, f (x ), , dy, = (− sin x)− x,
dx, (− x ), , ⋅ (− cos x) + log|(− sin x)|(− 1 )| , , (, sin, ),
−, x, , , π, , − π 6, dy, x = − π / 6 = − sin , , , ,
6 , dx , ,

Page 58 :
19, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), , π, , π, = sin
6, , 6 , π, 1 6, , = , 2 , −, , =2, , 96. What is, , π,
6, , , π /6, π , − cos − , , 6 , −, −, 6, sin, (, π, /,
), , , π , , − log| − sin − , 6 , , − π, 6 3 ,
1 , log, −, , 1 2 , 2 , , , , 2, , − 3π,
1 , − log = 2− π / 6, , 2 , 6, 6 log 2 − 3 π , , , 6,
, , , d 1 − sin 2x, dx, , 2, 3π , log − 6 , , , , equal
to, where, , (a) cos x + sin x, (c) ± (cos x + sin x ), , (b) −
(cos x + sin x ), (d) None of these, , 1, a tan x , tan− 1
, , b , ab, , (b) C −, , (c) C +, , 1, b tan x , tan− 1 ,
, , ab, b , , (d) None of these, , , , x , , 1, a tan x ,
tan− 1 , , b , ab, , Where C is the constant of
integration., , Ê (a) We have,, dx, ∫ a2 sin 2 x + b2 cos 2
x, Divide numerator and denominator by cos 2 x, sec2
x dx, I=∫ 2, a tan 2 x + b2, Let, , f (x + y ) = f (x ) f ( y ), f (x)
= 1 + x g (x) ⋅ φ(x), , and, , Thus, f ( y) = 1 + yg ( y) φ ( y),
Where lim g (x) = a and lim φ(x) = b, x 0, , y 0, ,
equal to ?, , (a) C +, , (d) ab f (x ), , y 0, , = f (x) ⋅ a ⋅ b =
ab f (x), , d, |cos x − sin x|, dx, d, Q π < x < π ∴ sin x >
cos x], (sin x − cos x), =, 4, dx, 2, = cos x − (− sin x) =
cos x + sin x, , a 2 sin 2 x + b 2 cos 2 x, , Ê (d) Let,, , (c) ab,
, = f (x) lim g ( y) lim φ( y), , =, , dx, , (a) 1 + abf (x ) (b) 1 +
ab, , using first principal, f (x + y ) − f (x ), f ′ (x) = lim,
y 0, y, f (x ) ⋅ f ( y ) − f (x ), = lim, y 0, y, f (x)[ f ( y) −
1], = lim, y 0, y, 1 + yg ( y)φ( y) − 1 , lim f (x) , ,
y 0, y, , , , Ê (a) We have,, , 97. What is ∫, , andf ( x ) =
1 + xg ( x ) φ ( x ),, , where lim g ( x ) = a and lim φ ( x ) =
b. Then, what is f ′ ( x ), x 0, x 0, equal to?, , x 0, ,
π, π, <x< ?, 4, 2, , π, π, d, 1 − sin 2 x, < x <, dx, 4, 2, d, cos
2 x + sin 2 x − 2 sin x cos x, =, dx, Q sin 2 x + cos 2 x =
1, , and sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos, , f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f (y ), ,
98. Let, , a tan x = t, a sec2 x dx = dt, dt, sec 2 x dx =, a,
1, 1 1, dt, t, I= ∫ 2, = × tan − 1 + C, b , a b, a t +
b2, , , 1, 1, x, dx = tan − 1 + C , Q ∫ 2, 2, a, a, x + a,
, , 1, − 1 a tan x , =, tan , +C, , ab, b , , 99.
What is the solution of the differential equation, dx x
+ y + 1, ?, =, dy x + y − 1, , (a) y − x + 4 ln ( x + y) = C, (c) y
− x + ln ( x + y) = C, , (b) y + x + 2 ln ( x + y) = C, (d) y + x
+ 2 ln ( x + y) = C, , Where C is an arbitrary constant.,
dx, , x+ y+1, , Ê (c) We have, dy = x +, Let, , , , , ,
, , y−1, , x+ y=u, dx, du, +1=, dy, dy, dx du, =, −1, dy dy,
u+1, du, −1 =, dy, u−1, du u + 1, =, +1, dy u − 1, u+ 1 +
u−1, du, =, dy, u−1, u − 1 , dy, 2u, =, , du = 2 dy,
dy u − 1 u , , Integrating both sides,, 1 , , ∫ 1 − u
du =, , ∫ 2 dy, , , , u − log u = 2 y + C, , , , , , x + y
− log (x + y) = 2 y + C, x − log (x + y) = y + C, y − x + log
(x + y) = C, , [Q u = x + y]

Page 59 :
20, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), , 100. What is
lim, , π, x , 6, , (a) −, , 1, 2, , 2 sin 2 x + sin x − 1, 2 sin x −
3 sin x + 1, 2, , (b) −, , 1, 3, , Ê (d) In group of men, let
number of men = a, , equal to?, , X1 = 26 yr and n1 = a
(let), , and in group of women, number of women = b
(let), , (c) − 2, , 2 sin 2 x + 2 sin x − sin x − 1, , and
combined mean X = 25, n X1 + n2 X 2, Now,, X= 1, n1 +
n2, 26 a + 21 b, , 25 =, 25a + 25b = 26 a + 21 b, a+
b, , 2 sin 2 x − 2 sin x − sin x + 1, , , , 2 sin x (sin x + 1 )
− (sin x + 1 ), , , , Ê (d) We have,, lim, x , , π, 6, , 2 sin 2
x + sin x − 1, , 2 sin 2 x − 3 sin x + 1, , = lim, x , , π, 6, , =
lim, x , , π, 6, , = lim, x , , π, 6, , 2 sin x (sin x − 1 ) − 1
(sin x − 1), , 104. If sin β is the harmonic mean of sin α
and cos α and sin θ is, , (sin x − 1 ) (2 sin x − 1 ), , the
arithmetic mean of sin α and cos α, then which of the,
following is/are correct?, π , , 1. 2 sin α + sin β =
sin 2α, , 4 , , = −3, , 101. If two dice are thrown and
atleast one of the dice shows 5,, then the probability
that the sum is 10 or more is, 1, 6, , (b), , 4, 11, , (c), , 3,
11, , (d), , 2, 11, , Ê (c) Let A be event of dice shows 5
and B be the event that the, sum is 10 or more, , n(S) =
36, , Here,, , n( A) = { (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5),, (6,
5), (5, 1 ), (5, 2), (5, 3 ), (5, 4), (5, 6 ) }, n(B) = { (5, 5), (6,
4), (4, 6 ), (6, 5), (5, 6 ), (6, 6 ) }, n( A ∩ B) = { (5, 5), (6, 5),
(5, 6 ), 3, B 36, , P =, A 11, 36, 3, = ., 11, , 4b =
a, a 4, =, b 1, , By checking options (d) is correct., , (sin x
+ 1 ) (2 sin x − 1 ), , 3, 1, +1, sin x + 1 2, = lim, =, = 2, π
sin x −, 1 1 −1 − 1, x , 6, 2, 2, , (a), , X 2 = 21 yr, , (d) − 3,
, P (B ∩ A) , B, , Q P =, , A , P( A) , , , π , ,
2. 2 sin θ = cos α − , , 4 , , Select the correct
answer using the code given below., (a) 1only, , (b) 2
only, , (c) Both 1 and 2, , (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , Ê (c)
Given that,, sinβ is HM of sinα and cosα, 2 sin α cos α,
So,, sin β =, sin α + cos α, , , sin β (sin α + cos α ) = sin
2α, 1, 1, sin α +, cos α , sin β × 2 , 2, , 2, , π, π,
sin β × 2 cos sin α + sin cos α , , , 4, 4, ,
observations is 0.8. Then the percentage of variation
not, explained by linear regression is, , = sin 2α, π, 2
sin β sin α + = sin 2α, , 4 , ,π , , 2
sin α + sin β = sin 2α, , 4 , , (a) 80%, , Statement I is
true., , 102. The correlation coefficient computed
from a set of 30, (b) 20%, , (c) 64%, , (d) 36%, , Ê (b)
Given that,, correlation coefficient = 0.8 = 80%, if the
relation is 80%, explained, then 20% of variation will
not explained by, near regression., , Now, sinθ is AM of
sin α and cosα, sin α + cos α, sin θ =, 2, , (a) 20, 80, , (b)
40, 60, , 2 sin θ = sin α + cos α, 1, 1, 2 sin θ = 2 , sin
α +, cos α , 2, , 2, π, π, , 2 sin θ = 2 sin sin α +
cos cos α , , , 4, 4, π, 2 sin θ = cos α − , , ,
4 , , (c) 60, 40, , (d) 80, 20, , Hence, Statement II is also
correct., , 103. The average age of a combined group
of men and women, is 25 yr. If the average age of the
group of men is 26 yr and, that of the group of women
is 21 yr, then the percentage, of men and women in
the group is respectively, , , , = sin 2α

Page 60 :
21, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), 25, 2, ×, 100,
100, =, 25, 2, 35, 4, 40, 5, ×, +, ×, +, ×, 100 100 100 100
100 100, 25 × 2, =, 25 × 2 + 35 × 4 + 40 × 5, 50, 50, 5,
=, =, =, 50 + 140 + 200 390 39, , 105. Let A, B and C be
three mutually exclusive and exhaustive, events
associated with a random experiment. If, P( B ) = 15, .
P( A ) and P(C ) = 05, . P( B ), then P( A ) is equal to, (a), ,
3, 4, , (b), , 4, 13, , (c), , 2, 3, , (d), , 1, 2, , Ê (b) We have,, ,
3, P( A), 2, 1, P(C ) = 0.5 P(B) = P(B), 2, 1 3, 3, = × P( A) =
P( A), 2 2, 4, P(B) = 1.5 P( A) =, , and, , 107. 8 coins are
tossed simultaneously. The probability of, getting
atleast 6 heads is, (a), , Now, A, B and C are mutually
exclusive and exhaustive, events, P( A) + P(B) + P(C ) =
1, 3, 3, P( A) + P( A) = 1, 2, 4, 3 3 , , =1, P( A) 1 + +, ,
2 4 , 13, 4, P( A) = 1 P( A) =, 4 , 13, , 106.
In a bolt factory, machines X ,Y , Z manufacture bolts
that, are respectively 25%, 35% and 40% of the
factory’s total, output. The machines X , Y , Z
respectively produce 2%, 4%, and 5% defective bolts.
A bolt is drawn at random from, the product and is
found to be defective. What is the, probability that it
was manufactured by machine X ?, (a), , 5, 39, , (b), , 14,
39, , (c), , 20, 39, , (d), , 34, 39, , (c), , 37, 256, , (d), , 229,
256, , 1, = , 2 , , 8, , 1, = , 2 , , 8, , 8
probability of, Probability of, , 1 , , 2 , , 8, , (8 C6
+ 8 C7 + 8 C8 ), (28 + 8 + 1 ) =, , 37, 256, , 108. Three
groups of children contain 3 girls and 1 boy; 2 girls,
and 2 boys; 1 girl and 3 boys. One child is selected at,
random from each group. The probability that the
three, selected consist of 1 girl and 2 boys is, (a), , 13,
32, , (b), , 9, 32, , (c), , 3, 32, , (d), , 1, 32, , Ê (a) In first
group, 3 girls and 1 boy, , Ê (a) Let, , P(G ) =, , A : bolt
manufactured from machine, B : bolt manufactured
from machine, C : bolt maufactured from machine,
and E : bolt is defective, ∴, , 57, 64, , 8 coins are tossed
simultaneously i.e n =, 1, 1, getting head p = , so q = 1 −
p = ., 2, 2, getting atleast 6 heads., 1, 6, 2, 7, 1, 1, 1, 1, =
8 C6 + 8 C7 + 8 C8, 2 2 ,
2 2 , , P( A) +, , , , (b), , Ê (c) We have,, , So,, , , ,
7, 64, , 25, 100, 35, P(B) = 35% =, 100, 2, 40, E, and P
= 2% =, P(C ) = 40% =, A , 100, 100, 4, E, P =
4% =, B , 100, 5, E, P = 5% =, C , 100, P( A) =
25% =, , Probability of defective bulb that was
manufactured by, machine X,, E, P( A) ⋅ P , A ,
A , , P =, E , E, E, P( A) ⋅ P + P(B) ⋅ P ,
A , B , E, + P(C ) ⋅ P , C , , 3, 1, and P(B) =, 4,
4, , In second group, 2 girls and 2 boys, 2 1, 2 1, P(G ) =
= and P(B) = =, 4 2, 4 2, One child is selected at
random from each group and, consists of 1 girl and 2
boys are GBB or BGB or BBG., So, required
probability, 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1, = × × + × × + × ×, 4 2 4 4 2
4 4 2 4, 9, 3, 1, 13, =, +, +, =, 32 32 32 32, , 109.
Consider the following statements, 1. If 10 is added to
each entry on a list, then the average, increases by 10.,
2. If 10 is added to each entry on a list, then the
standard, deviation increases by 10., 3. If each entry
on a list is doubled then the average doubles., , Which
of the above statements are correct?, (a) 1, 2 and 3, ,
(b) 1 and 2, , (c) 1 and 3, , (d) 2 and 3

Page 61 :
22, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), Statement 1 is
correct, , Ê (c) Statement 1 The average is affected by
the change of the, origin., , For Statement 2, P( A ∩ B )
= 1 − P( A ∪ B), = 1 − [P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B)], = 1 − [P(
A) + P(B) − 2 P( A ∩ B) + P( A ∩ B)], = 1 − [q + p] = 1 − q −
p, , So, if 10 is added to each entry on list then average,
increase by 10. Statement 1 is correct., Statement 2
Standard deviation is independent on, change in
origin. Statement 2 is incorrect., Statement 3 The
average is affected by change in scale, in same ratio as
each entry is changes., So, Statement 3 is correct., ,
110. The variance of 25 observations is 4. If 2 is added
to each, observation, then the new variance of the
resulting, observations is, (a) 2, , (b) 4, , (c) 6, , (d) 8, , Ê
(b) We know that,, , Statement 2 is also correct., , 113.
If the regression coefficient of Y on X is −6 and the, 1,
correlation coefficient between X and Y is − , then the,
2, regression coefficient of X on Y would be, (a), , So, if
2 is added to each observation, then variance is,
remain same, , variables X and Y with geometric
means P and Q, X, is, respectively, then the geometric
mean of, Y, P, (b) antilog , Q , (d) n (log P + log Q
), , 1, 2, , (i = 1, 2, 3,...., n) P = (x1 × x2 × x3 × ..... xn, Q
= ( y1 × y2 × y3 × ......× yn, x, Now, geometric mean of,
y, and, , 1, )n, , and B is p and the probability that
exactly one of A, B, occurs is q, then which of the
following is/are correct?, 1. P ( A ) + P ( B ) = 2 − 2p − q,
, 1, 6, , 1, =, 2, , − 6 × bxy, , 1, 1, = − 6 × bxy bxy = −, 4,
24, , set, of, bivariate, observations ( x 1 , y 1 ),, ( x 2 , y
2 )....( x n , y n ) are such that all the values are distinct,
and all the observations fall on a straight line with,
non-zero slope. Then the possible values of the,
correlation coefficient between x and y are, (b) 0 and
−1, , (c) 0, 1 and −1 (d) −1and 1, , Ê (d) Given that,, All
the observations fall on a straight line with, non-zero,
slope then if slope is positive then r = 1, and if slope is
negative then r = −1, So, values of the correlation
coefficient between x and y, are −1 and 1., , 1, , 112. If
probability of simultaneous occurrence of two events
A, , (d), , 114. The, , 1, )n, , x, x, x n P, = 1 × 2 × ....× n
=, y, y, yn , Q, 1, 2, , byx × bxy −, , Squaring both
sides, , , (a) 0 and 1, , Ê (a) We have, xi > 0, yi > 0,, ,
115. Two integers x and y are chosen with
replacement from, the set [0, 1, 2, ...., 10]. The
probability that | x − y| > 5 is, (a), , 6, 11, , (b), , Ê (c)
Given that,, , 35, 121, , (c), , 30, 121, , (d), , 25, 121, , S =
{ 0, 1, 2, ..., 10 }, , n(S) = 11 × 11 = 121, , 2. P ( A ∩ B ) = 1
− p − q, , Select the correct answer using the code
given below., (a) 1 only, (c) Both 1 and 2, , byx = − 6 and
rxy = −, , rxy =, , 111. If x i > 0, y i > 0 (i = 1, 2, 3,..., n ) are
the values of two, , (c) n (log P − log Q ), , 1, 24, , We
know that,, , Hence, variance = 4, , P, Q, , 1, 6, , (b) −, , Ê
(b) Given that,, , Variance is independent on change in
origin., , (a), , (c) −, , 1, 24, , (b) 2 only, (d) Neither 1 nor
2, , Ê (c) Given that,, , P( A ∩ B) = P and P( A) + P(B) − 2P
( A ∩ B) = q, , Now, Statement 1, Given, P( A) + P(B) −
2P ( A ∩ B) = q, , , 1 − P ( A ) + 1 − P (B ) − 2 p = q, , , ,
P ( A ) + P (B ) = 2 − 2 p − q, , Now,, , x − y>5, , Now, E is
the set of element such that| x − y|> 5, E = { (6, 0 ), (0, 6
), (7, 1 ), (1, 7 ), (8, 2),, (2, 8 ), (9, 3 ), (3, 9 ), (10, 4), (4, 10
), (7, 0 ),, (0, 7 ), (8,1 ), (1, 8 ), (9, 2), (2, 9 ), (10, 3 ),, (3, 10
), (8, 0 ), (0, 8 ), (9, 1 ),, (1, 9 ), (10, 2), (2, 10 ), (9, 0 ), (0, 9
),, (10, 1 ), (1, 10 ) , (10, 0 ), (0, 10 ) }, n(E ) = 30, 30, So,
required probability =, 121

Page 62 :
23, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (II), Possible ways, ,
116. An analysis of monthly wages paid to the
workers in two, , = { (6, 5, 1 ), (6, 5, 2), (6, 5, 3 ), (6, 5, 4), ,
firms A and B belonging to the same industry gives
the, following result, Firm A, , Firm B, , Number of
workers, , 500, , 600, , Average monthly wage, , ` 1860,
, ` 1750, , Variance of distribution, of wages, , 81, , 100,
, (6, 4, 1 ), (6, 4, 2), (6, 4, 3 ), (6, 3, 2), (6, 3, 1 ) (6, 2, 1 ),
So, possible ways = 10, Case II If x = 5, Then, possible
ways = { (5, 4, 3 ), (5, 4, 2), (5, 4, 1 ), (5, 3, 2), (5, 3, 1 ), (5,
2, 1 )}, So, possible ways = 6, Case III If x = 4, , The
average of monthly wage and variance of, distribution
of wages of all the workers in the firms A and, B taken
together are, (a) ` 1860, 100, (c) ` 1800, 81, , Then,
possible ways = { (4, 3, 2), (4, 3, 1 ), (4, 2, 1 ), So,
possible ways = 3, , (b) ` 1750, 100, (d) None of these, ,
Case IV If x = 3, Then, possible ways = 1 (3, 2, 1 ), , Ê (d)
For firm A, , So, required possible outcomes, , n1 =
500, X1 = 1860, and variance = σ12 = 81, So,, S.D. =
σ1 = 9, For firm B, n2 = 600, X 2 = 1750, and variance
σ 22 = 100, So,, S.D. = σ = 10, n X1 + n2 X 2, Now,
combined mean X = 1, n1 + n2, 500 × 1860 + 600 ×
1750, =, 500 + 600, , = 10 + 6 + 3 + 1 = 20, , 118.
Which one of the following can be obtained from an,
ogive?, , =, =, , (d) Mode, , than or more than type ogive
curve where both curve, cuts each other that point
median., , 119. In any discrete series (when all values
are not same), if x, represents mean deviation about
mean and y represents, standard deviation, then
which one of the following is, correct?, , X = 1800, , Q, ,
(b) Median, , (c) Geometric Mean, , Ê (b) We know that,
median is always calculated from less, , Combined
variance, n (σ 2 + d12 ) + n2 (σ 22 + d22 ), = 1 1, n1 +
n2, =, , (a) Mean, , (a) y ≥ x, (c) x = y, , 500 [81 + (− 60 )2 ]
+ 600 [100 + (50 )2 ], , Ê (d) We know that,, , 500 +
600, , MD =, , d1 = X − X1 = 1800 − 1860 = − 60, , , ,
and d2 = 1800 − 1750 = 50, 500 (81 + 3600 ) + 600
(100 + 2500 ), 1100, 500 (3681 ) + 600 (2600 ), 1100, ,
= 3091.36, , marked I, II, and III and rolled. Let x, y and
z represent the, number on die-I, die-II and die-III,
respectively. What is, the number of possible
outcomes such that x > y > z ?, (b) 16, , (c) 18, , (d) 20, ,
Ê (d) Three dice having digit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and
given that, x > y > z., , So, possiblities are, Case I If x =
6, x> y> z, , 4, S.D., 5, , 5MD = 4.S.D., , , , 5x = 4 y, , ∴, ,
x< y, , [Q MD = x and SD = y], , 120. In which one of the
following cases would you expect to, , 117. Three dice
having digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 on their faces are, , (a)
14, , (b) y ≤ x, (d) x < y, , get a negative correlation?, (a)
The ages of husbands and wifes, (b) Shoe size and
intelligence, (c) Insurance companies profits and the
number of claims they have, to pay, (d) Amount of
rainfall and yield of crop, , Ê (c), , In negative
correlation, if x is increases then y is, decreases by
checking options Insurance companies, profits and
the number of claims they have to pay are, negatively
correlated.

Page 63 :
NDA / NA, National Defence Academy/Naval
Academy, , Solved Paper, , 2018 (I), , Paper 1
(Mathematics), 1. If n ∈ N , then 121n − 25n + 190n − (
− 4 )n is divisible by, which one of the following?, (a)
1904, , (b) 2000, , (c) 2002, , (d) 2006, , 3. In the
expansion of (1 + x ) 43 , if the coefficients of (2r + 1),
th and (r + 2) th terms are equal, then what is the
values of, r (r ≠ 1) ?, (a) 5, , Ê (b) We have,, , On putting
n = 1, we get, , ∴ General term, Tr, , (121 )1 − (25)1 +
(1900 )1 − (−4)1, , Now,, , = 121 − 25 + 1900 + 4 =
2000, , (d) 22, , Tr, , +1, +1, + 2, , =, , 43, , =, , 43, , =, , 43, ,
Cr xr, C2r x2r, Cr, , +1, , xr, , +1, , Now, according to the
question, Coefficients of (2r + 1 ) th and (r + 2) th
terms are equal, , 1, 1, 1, 2. If n = (2017 )! , then what
is, +, +, log 2 n log 3 n log 4 n, 1, equal to ?, +…+, log
2017 n, , ∴, , 43, , , , (b) 1, , C2r =, , 43, , Cr, , +1, , 2r + r
+ 1 = 43 [Q if nCx = nC y x + y = n], , , , 3r = 42, , ,
, r = 14, , 4. What is the principal argument of ( − 1 − i ) ,
where, , (d) n, , i = − 1?, , Ê (b) We have,, , 1, 1, 1, 1, +, +,
+ .... +, log 2 n log 3 n log 4 n, log 2017 n, , (a), , = log n 2
+ log n 3 + log n 4 + .... + log n 2017, , 1 , Q log b a =
log b , a , , [Q log a + log b = log ab], , = log n (1 ⋅ 2 ⋅
3 ⋅ 4......2017 ), = log n (2017 )!, , T2r, , and, , Which is
divisible by 2000., , = log n (2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4......2017 ), , (c) 21, ,
Ê (b) We have, (1 + x)43, , 121 n − 25n + 1900 n − ( −
4)n, , (a) 0, n, (c), 2, , (b) 14, , [Q n(n − 1 )(n − 2) K 3 ⋅2⋅1
= n!], , = log (2017 )! (2017 )!, , [Q n = 2017 !], , =1, , [Q
log a a = 1], , π, 4, , (b) −, , Ê (c) Let z − 1 − i, Now, tan α
=, ∴, , π, 4, , (c) −, , |b| | − 1 |, =, |a| | − 1 |, , α = tan −1 (1 )
=, , arg( z ) = α − π, =, , (d), , 3π, 4, , [Q a = − 1, b = − 1], π,
4, , Since a, b both are negative,, ∴, , 3π, 4, , π, −3 π, −
π=, 4, 4

Page 64 :
25, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), 5. Let α and β be
real number and z be a complex number. If, z 2 + αz + β
= 0 has two distinct non-real roots with Re, (z ) = 1,
then it is necessary that, (a) β ∈ ( −1, 0), (c) β ∈ (1, ∞ ), ,
(b) |β| = 1, (d) β ∈ ( 0, 1), , , , z 2 + αz + β = 0, , (x + iy) +
α (x + iy) + β = 0, , , , x2 − y2 + 2ixy + αx + iαy + β = 0,
, , , x2 − y2 + αx + β = 0 and 2xy + αy = 0, , 9. If the
ratio of AM of GM of two positive numbers a and b is, ,
x2 − y2 + αx + β = 0 and (2x + α ) y = 0, , 5 : 3, then a :
b is equal to, [Q y ≠ 0], , x − y + αx + β = 0 and 2x + α
= 0, 2, , , , x − y + αx + β = 0 and α = − 2x, , , , x2 − y2
+ αx + β = 0 and α = − 2, , 2, , (a) 3 : 5, , (b) 2 : 9, , , , β =
y2 + 1, , , , β ∈ (1, ∞ ), , 2, , 6. Let A and B be subsets of
X and C = ( A ∩ B ′ ) ∪ ( A ′ ∩ B ),, , , , (a) ( A ∪ B′ ) − ( A ∩
B′ ), (c) ( A ∪ B) − ( A ∩ B), , , , C = ( A ∩ B′ ) ∪ ( A′ ∩ B),
[Q X ∩ Y ′ = x − y], , = ( A ∪ B) − ( A ∩ B), , [from venn
diagram], B, , (A–B), , ab, , (B–A), U, , with the digits 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, if the repetition of digits is not, allowed?, (c)
120, , (d) 60, , Ê (d) Number lying between 100 and
1000 are of three digit., Since the numbers are to be
formed with 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and, repetition is not allowed,
so total number of numbers, = 5 × 4 × 3 = 60, , 8. The
number of non-zero integral solution of the equation,
| 1 − 2i | x = 5 x is, , (a) Zero (no solution), (b) One, (c)
Two, (d) Three, , (a + b)2 10 2, 10, , = , 3 , ab,
3, , 100, =, 9, ab, 100, a b, + + 2=, 9, b a, 1, 100, t + + 2=,
t, 9, 2, t + 1 + 2t 100, =, 9, t, , , , , 9 t 2 − 82t + 9 = 0, ,
, , (t − 9 ) (9 t − 1 ) = 0 , , ∴, , a, a 1, = 9 or =, b, b 9, ,
, , 7. How many numbers between 100 and 1000
can be formed, , =, , ab , , , a 2 + b2 + 2ab, , , , = ( A
− B) ∪ (B − A), , A, , a+ b, , , , where A′ and B′ are
complements of A and B respectively, in X . What is C
equal to ?, (b) ( A ′ ∪ B) − ( A ′ ∩ B), (d) ( A ′ ∪ B′ ) − ( A ′ ∩
B′ ), , 2 =5, 3, ab, , Q A :G = 5 : 3, A = a + b , G =, , 2, ,
[Q y ≥ 0 y + 1 ≥ 1], 2, , (d) 5 : 3, , a+ b, , According to
the question,, , [Q x = 1, α = − 2], , 1 − y2 − 2 + β = 0, ,
(b) 5 3, , (c) 9 : 1, , Ê (c) Let a and b be two numbers., ,
[QRe( z ) = 1 = x], , Ê (c) We have,, , x =0, , ∴ Given
equation has no solution., , On comparing,, , 2, , , ,
But x is non-zero integral., , (x2 − y2 + αx + β ) +
(2xy + αy) i = 0, , 2, , a 2 + b2 ], , 5x / 2 = 5x, x, =x, [Q a m
= a n m = n], 2, x, x, x− =0 , =0, 2, 2, , 2, , [Q i2 = −1],
, [Q a + ib =, , ( 1 + 4 )x = 5x ( 5 )x = 5x, , , , , , (a) 3
5, , ( (1 ) + (−2)2 )x = 5x, , , , Now, we have, , |1 − 2i|x =
5x, 2, , , , Ê (c) Let z = x + iy, , , , Ê (a) We have,, , Q a
= t , , b, , t = 9,, , 1, 9, Q t = a , , b , , a : b = 9
: 1 or 1 : 9, , 10. If the coefficients of a m and a n is the
expansion of, , (1 + a )m + n are α and β, then which
one of the following is, correct?, (a) α = 2β, (c) 2α = β, ,
Ê (b) We have, , (b) α = β, (d) α = ( m + n)β, , (1 + a )m +, ,
n, , =, , m+ n, , =, , m+ n, , and coefficient of a =, , m+ n, ,
∴, , Tr, , +1, m, , ∴ Coefficient of a, , n, , ∴, and, ∴, , Cr ar, ,
Cm, , [Qr = m], , Cn, , [Qr = n], , α = m + nCm, β = m +
nCn, = m + nCm + n − n, = m + nCm = α, α =β, , [Q n Cr
= nCn − r ]

Page 65 :
26, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), , 11. If x + log15
(1 + 3 x ) = x log15 5 + log15 12, where x is an, integer,
then what is x equal to?, (a) − 3, , (b) 2, , (c) 1, , (d) 3, , Ê
(c) We have, x + log15 (1 + 3 x ) = x log15 5 + log15 12,
, log15 15 + log15 (1 + 3 ) = log15 5 + log15 12, [Q
log a a = 1 and log b a m = m log b a], x, , x, , 15. If α and
β are different complex numbers with | α | = 1,, then
what is, (a)|β|, , Ê (c) We have,, , α −β, , 1 − αβ, , [Q log a
+ log b = log ab], , , , , , , [where y = 3 x ], , y (1 +
y) = 12, , =, , y + y − 12 = 0, ( y + 4)( y − 3 ) = 0 y = − 4,
3, 3 x = − 4, 3, 3x = 3, , =, , 12. How many four-digit
numbers divisible by 10 can be, formed using 1, 5, 0, 6,
7 without repetition of digits?, (c) 44, , (d) 64, , Ê (a) We
have to form four digit numbers which are divisible, ,
by 10 and using 1, 5, 0, 6, 7. Since numbers must be,
divisible by 10, so unit place must be zero., , ∴ Total
number of such numbers = Permutations of, three
digits using 1, 5, 6, 7, 4!, = 4 P3 =, = 4! = 24, (4 − 3 )!, ,
[Q|z | = |z |], [Q|α| =1], , [Q x < 1 |1 − x| = 1 − x], , x2 −
x − 4 = 0, 1±, x=, x=, , 1 − 4 (1 ) (− 4), 2, , 1 − 17, 2, , − (1
− x) + x2 = 5, , =, , 1±, , 17, 2, [Qx < 1], , [Q x ≥ 1 |1 − x|
= − (1 − x)], , −1 + x+ x =5, 2, , Hindi or Mathematics
but not English?, , , , (d) 130, , x2 + x − 6 = 0, , (x + 3
) (x − 2) = 0 x = − 3, 2, , 14. What is the number of
students who are good in Hindi, , , , and
Mathematics but not in English?, , [Qx ≥ 1], , x=2, ,
∴Given equation has a rational root and an irrational,
root., , (d) 8, , 17. The binary number expression of the
decimal number 31, , H, , M, 54, , |α − β|, |α ||α − β|, |α
− β|, , Case II When x ≥ 1, , 13. What is the number of
students who are good in either, , Solution (Q. Nos.
13-14), , 1 α −β, |α| α − β, , 1 − x + x2 = 5, , , , (c) 10, ,
=, , Case I When x < 1, , In a class, 54 students are good
in Hindi only, 63 students are good, in Mathematics
only and 41 students are good in English only., There
are 18 students who are good in both Hindi and,
Mathematics. 10 students are good in all three
subjects., , (b) 12, , α −β, α (α − β ), , |1 − x| + x2 = 5, , ,
, (a) 18, , [Q|α| = 1 |α|2 = 1 α ⋅ α = 1], , Ê (a) We
have,, , (Q. Nos. 13-14) Consider the information
given, below and answer the two items that follow, ,
(c) 125, , α −β, αα − αβ, , (a) a rational root and an
irrational root, (b) two rational roots, (c) two irrational
roots, (d) no real roots, , Directions, , (b) 107, , (d) 0, ,
16. The equation |1 − x | + x 2 = 5 has, , , , (a) 99, , (c)
1, , |α ||α − β|, 1, =, =1, |α|, , [Q3 x ≠ − 4], , x=1, , (b) 36, ,
=, =, , 2, , , , (a) 24, , (b) 2, , 15x (1 + 3 x ) = 12 ⋅ 5x 3
x (1 + 3 x ) = 12, , , , equal to ?, , x, , log15 [15x (1 +
3 x )] = log15 (5x × 12), , , α −β, 1 − αβ, , 8, 10, , 63, ,
41, E, , Ê (c) From given Venn-diagram, , is, (a) 1111, ,
(b) 10111, , Ê (d), 2, , 31, , 2, , 15, , 1, , 2, , 7, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 1,
, 2, , 1, , 1, , n (H ∪ M ∪ E ′ ) = 54 + 8 + 63 = 125, , Ê (d)
From given Venn-diagram n (H ∩ M ∩ E ′ ) = 18 − 10 =
8, , (c) 11011, , 0, , ∴( 31)10 = (11111)2, , 1, , (d) 11111

Page 66 :
27, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), 18. What is i
1000 + i 1001 + i 1002 + i 1003 equal to (where, , n +
2 , if n is even, , = 2, n+1, , if n is odd, , 2, ∴
Number of terms in, , i = −1) ?, (a) 0, , (c) − i, , (b) i, , (d) 1,
, Ê (a) We have,, , i1000 + i1001 + i1002 + i1003, =
i1000 [1 + i + i2 + i3 ], [Q i2 = − 1, i3 = − i], , = i1000 [1 +
i − 1 − i], =0, , 1, 1, 1, 1, 19. What is, +, +, +…+, log100
N, log 2 N log 3 N log 4 N, equal to ( N ≠ 1) ?, (a), , 1, ,
(b), , log100! N, , 1, , log 99! N, , 1, , Ê (a) We have, log, ,
2, , N, , +, , 99, (c), log100! N, , 99, (d), log 99! N, , [Q log
a + log b = log ab], [Q n! = n (n − 1 ) (n − 2) ... 2 ⋅ 1], , π,
π, (a) 2 cos + i sin , , 3, 3 , π, π , , (c) 4 cos + i
sin , , 3, 3 , , π, π, (b) 2 cos + i sin , , 6, 6 , π, π,
, (d) 4 cos + i sin , , 6, 6 , , (b) 8, , (c) 11, , (d) 12, ,
∴55 + 7 5 is divisible by 5 + 7 = 12 as m = 5 is odd., , 23.
If x = 1 − y + y 2 − y 3 … up to infinite terms, where, | y |
< 1, then which one of the following is correct?, 1, 1+
y, y, (c) x =, 1+ y, , 1, 1− y, y, (d) x =, 1− y, , (b) x =, , ( 3 )2 +
(1 )2, , 4=2, b, Now, amp ( z ) = tan −1 , a , π, −1
1 , = tan , =, 3 6, , a 2 + b2 ], , = 3+1=, , Q tan π
= 1 , 6, 3 , , , z = r (cos θ + i sin θ), π, π, = 2 cos +
i sin , , 6, 6 , , [Q r = | z | = 2 and θ = amp ( z ) =, , π, ],
6, , (b) 5, (d) 11, , a, , r < 1], 1 −r, , 1, 1+ y, , cos θ sin θ
0 , , , 24. What is the inverse of the matrix A = −
sin θ cos θ 0 ?, 0, 0, 1 , , cos θ − sinθ 0 , , , (a)
sinθ cos θ 0 , 0, 0, 1 , , , cos θ 0 − sinθ , , , (b)
0, 1, 0 , sinθ 0 cos θ , , , , 0, 0 , 1, , , (c) 0
cos θ − sinθ , 0 sinθ cos θ , , , , cos θ sinθ 0 , ,
, (d) − sinθ cos θ 0 , 0, 0, 1 , , , Ê (a) We
have,cos θ, , 21. What is the number of non-zero
terms in the expansion of, (1 + 2 3x )11 + (1 − 2 3x )11
(after simplification)?, , x = 1 − y + y2 − y3 + ... ∞,|y|< 1,
1, =, 1 − (− y ), [Q a + ar + ar 2 + K ∞ =, =, , 3 + i, , [Q z = a
+ ib |z | =, , (a) 4, (c) 6, , which the number 5 5 + 7 5 is
divisible?, , Ê (a) We have,, , 20. The modulus-
amplitude form of 3 + i, where i = − 1 is, , ∴, , 22. What
is the greatest integer among the following, by, , (a) x
=, , = log N (100 )!, 1, =, log (100 )! N, , |z | =, , 12, =6, 2, ,
(xm + ym ) is divisible by (x + y)., , = log N 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅
4...100, , ∴, , =, , [Q n =11, is odd], , Ê (d) We know that
when m is odd then, , = log N 2 + log N 3 + log N 4 + ... +
log N 100, , 1 , Q log b a = log b , a , , , Ê (b) Let z
=, , (1 + 2 3 x)11 + (1 − 2 3 x)11, 11 + 1, =, 2, , (a) 6, , 1,
1, 1, +, + .... +, log 3 N log 4 N, log100 N, , = log N 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅
4...100, , Ê (c) In (a + b)n + (a − b)n , number of terms, ,
sin θ 0 , , , A = − sin θ cos θ 0 , , , 0, 1 , 0, |A|
= 1 [cos 2 θ − (− sin 2 θ)] = 1 ≠ 0, cos θ 0, = cos θ, C11
=, 0, 1, − sin θ 0, C12 = −, = sin θ, 0, 1, − sin θ cos θ,
C13 =, =0, 0, 0

Page 67 :
28, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), sin θ 0, = − sin θ,
0, 1, cos θ 0, = cos θ, 0, 1, cos θ sin θ, −, =0, 0, 0, sin θ 0,
=0, cos θ 0, cos θ 0, −, =0, − sin θ 0, , C21 = −, C22 =,
C23 =, C31 =, C32 =, C33 =, , cos θ, , sin θ, , − sin θ cos
θ, , 27. What is the number of triangles that can be
formed by, choosing the vertices from a set of 12
points in a plane,, seven of which lie on the same
straight line?, (a) 185, , =, , (a) C ( n + 1, r ), , cos θ − sin
θ 0 , 1 , sin θ cos θ 0 , , 1 , 0, 1 , 0, , T, , cos θ
− sin θ 0 , = sin θ cos θ 0 , , , 0, 1 , 0, , 25. If A
is a 2 × 3 matrix and AB is a 2 × 5 matrix, then B must,
(b) 5 × 3 matrix, (d) 5 × 2 matrix, , Ê (d) We have,, , C
(n1r ) + 2C (n, r − 1 ) + C (n, r − 2), = nCr + 2 ⋅ nCr, = ( Cr
+ Cr, n, , n, , =, , n+1, , =, , n+1+1, , Cr +, , −1, , + nCr, , n, −
1 ) + ( Cr, , n+1, , Cr =, , m = 3 and n = 5, , Cr, , −1, n+ 2,
Cr, , (c) 8, , (d) − 8, , Ê (a) We have,, , − 2), , [Q n Cr + nCr,
, = C ( n + 2, r ), , −1, , (c) Two, , =, , n+1, , Cr ], , (d) Three,
, ∴, , x2 − 4x + 0 = 0, , , , x2 − 4x = 0, , [Q x∈[0, 1] [x]
= 0], , x (x − 4) = 0 x = 0, 4, x=0, , [Q x∈[0, 1]], , Case II
x∈[1, 2], ∴, , , x2 − 4x + 1 = 0, 4±, x=, , , , x=2±, , 16 −
4, 2, , [Q x∈[1, 2] x = 1], 4± 2 3, x=, 2, , 3 x = 0
.268, 3.732, , No solution, , 1 2 , A= , , 2 3 , , [Q
x∈[1, 2] ], , ∴Given equation has only one solution i.e. x
= 0., 1 2 , 2 3 , , , 1 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 5 8 , =, 2 ⋅ 2 + 3
⋅3 8 13 , , 2 , 3 , , Now, it is given that, A2 −
kA − I 2 = 0, 5 8 k 2k 1 0 , , 8 13 − 2k 3
k − 0 1 = 0, , , , , 4 8 k 2k , , 8 12
= 2k 3 k , , , , k= 4, , + nCr, , number of solutions
of the equation x 2 − 4 x + [x ] = 0 in, the interval [0, 2]
?, , , , 1 2 , 2, 26. If A = , and A − kA − I 2 = O,
where I 2 is the 2 × 2, 2 3 , identity matrix, then what
is the value of k ?, , , , −1, , 29. Let | x | denote the
greatest integer function. What is the, , , , ∴ Order of
B is 3 × 5., , 1, A2 = A ⋅ A = , 2, 1, 1, 2, ⋅, +, ⋅2, , = ,
2 ⋅ 1 + 3 ⋅ 2, , −2, , Case I x∈[0, 1], , A2 × 3 × Bm × n = (
AB)2 × 5, , ∴, , 7 × 6 ×5, 3 ×2×1, , x2 − 4x + [x] = 0, ,
Now, according to the question, , (b) − 4, , −, , Ê (b) We
have,, , (a) Let order of B is m × n., , (a) 4, , 3 ×2×1, , (b)
C ( n − 1, r + 1) (c) C ( n, r + 1) (d) C ( n + 2, r ), , (a) Zero
(no solution) (b) One, , be a, , ∴, , 12 × 11 × 10, , 28.
What is C (n, r ) + 2C (n, r − 1) + C (n, r − 2) equal to ?, ,
= cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1, , (a) 3 × 5 matrix, (c) 3 × 2
matrix, , (d) 105, , = 220 − 35 = 185, , cos θ − sin θ 0 ,
cos θ sin θ 0 , ∴ adj A = − sin θ cos θ 0 = sin θ
cos θ 0 , , , , , 0, 1 , 0, 1 , 0, 0, 1, adj, ∴
A− 1 =, | A|, , Ê, , (c) 115, , Ê (a) Required number of
triangle = 12C3 − 7C3, , T, , A=, , (b) 175, , 30. A survey
of 850 students in a University yields that 680,
students like music and 215 like dance. What is the
least, number of students who like both music and
dance?, (a) 40, , (b) 45, , (c) 50, , (d) 55, , Ê (b) Let A be
the set of students who like music and B be the, set of
students whose like dance., , ∴n( A) = 680, n(B) = 215
and n(U ) = 850, We know that,, n( A ∩ B) = n( A) + n(B)
− n( A ∪ B), , , n( A ∩ B)min = n( A) + n(B) − n( A ∪
B)max, , n ( A ∩ B)min = 680 + 215 − 850, [Q n( A ∪
B)max = n(∪)], = 45

Page 68 :
29, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), 31. What is the
sum of all two-digit numbers, which when, divided by
3 leave 2 as the remainder ?, (a) 1565, , Ê, , (b) 1585, ,
(c) 1635, , n =2, , (d) 1655, , (a) i, , (c) Required numbers
are 11, 14, 17, ... 98 which is an AP., We know that,, 98
= 11 + 3 n − 3 98 = 3 n + 8, , , , 90 = 3 n n = 30, ,
∴, , = (1 + i) Σ in = (1 + i) [i2 + i3 + i4 + ... + i11 ], , Q S =
n (a + l) , n, , , 2, , (a) Negative power of 10 is less
than 1, (b) Negative power of 10 is between 0 and 1,
(c) Negative power of 10 is positive, (d) Negative
power of 10 is negative, , =, , a = 10 x, , =, , 0 < 10 < 1
x must be negative, x, , ∴ If 0 < a < 1, the value of log10
a is negative implies that, negative power of 10 is
between 0 and 1., , 33. The third term of a GP is 3.
What is the product of the first, five terms?, (a) 216,
(b) 226, (c) 243, (d) Cannot be determined due to
insufficient data, , a3 = 3, , , , ar 2 = 3, , [Qan = ar n − 1
], , … (i), , Required product = a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 ⋅ a4 ⋅ a5, = (a
)(ar )(ar 2 )(ar 3 )(ar 4 ) = a 5r10 = (ar 2 )5, = (3 )5, ,
[from Eq. (i)], , = 243, , =, , − (1 + i) (i2 − 1 ), (i − 1 ), − (1 +
i) (− 1 − 1 ), (i − 1 ), 2 (1 + i), (i − 1 ), , 3, 2, following will
be in HP?, (b) x , 4, z, , (c) x , 2, z, , (d) x , 1, z, , Ê (a) We
have,, x,, , , x+ z 3, 3, , z are in AP. , =, 2, 2, 2, x+ z =3,
, Also, x, 3, z are in GP x z = 3, , , … (i), 2, , x z =9, ,
Now, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have, 2x z, 2×9, 2x z, =,
, =6, x+ y, 3, x+ z, x, 6, z are in HP., , … (ii), , i+1, (i +
1 ), , −1 − 1, , [Q i2 = − 1], =, =, , 2 (1 + i), (i − 1 ), 2 (i + 1 +
i 2 + i), i2 − 1, , = − 2i, , π, π, , where 0 < x < , 0 < y < ,
then, 2, 2, 5, 10, what is ( x + y ) equal to ?, , 36. If sin x
=, , 1, , , sin y =, , (b), , 1, , π, 2, , (c), , π, 4, , (d) 0, , 1, 1, and
sin y =, 5, 10, −1 1, −1 1, and y = sin, x = sin, 5, 10, −1
1, −1 1, Now, x + y = sin, + sin, 5, 10, 2, 2 , 1, 1, 1 , 1,
= sin −1 , 1 − , 1 − , +, 10 , 5 , 10,
5, , , Ê (c) We have, sin x =, , [Q sin −1 x + sin −1 y = sin
−1 [x 1 − y2 + y 1 − x2 ], , 34. If x , , z are in AP; x , 3, z
are in GP; then which one of the, (a) x , 6, z, , ×, , 2 (i + 1
− 1 + i), , (a) π, , Let a and r be the first term and
common ratio of of the, GP., ∴, , i10 − 1 , = (1 + i) i2
, , i −1 , , r n − 1 , n −1, 2, =a , Q a + ar + ar +
K + ar, , , r − 1 , (1 + i)i2 (i2 × 4 + 2 − 1 ), =, (i −
1 ), =, , It is given that 0 < a < 1, , Ê (c), , n=2, , 11, , 32.
If0 > a < 1, the value of log10 a is negative. This is
justified by, , , , 11, , n=2, , = 15 × 109 = 1635, , , , Ê
(c) We11 have,, , (d) 1 + i, , n=2, , Sum = 11 + 14 + 17 +
.... + 98, 30, =, [11 + 98], 2, , Ê (b) Let log10 a = x, , (c) − 2
i, , (b) 2 i, , Σ (in + in + 1 ) = Σ in (1 + i), , an = a + (n − 1 ) d
98 = 11 + (n − 1 ) (3 ), , , 11, , 35. What is the value
of the sum ∑ (i n + i n+1 ), wherei = − 1 ?, , , = sin −1 ,
, −1 , = sin, , , = sin −1 , , π, =, 4, , 37. What is, (a)
sin x, , 1, 1, +, 1−, 10, 5, 1, 3, ×, +, 5, 10, , 1, 10, , 1−, , 1 ,
5 , , 1, 2 , ×, 10, 5 , , , 5, −1 1 , = sin ,5×
10 , 2, , Q sin π = 1 , , 4, 2 , , sin 5x − sin 3x,
equal to ?, cos 5x + cos 3x, (b) cos x, , (c) tan x, , (d) cot x

Page 69 :
30, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), sin 5x − sin 3 x, ,
Ê (c) Given, cos 5x + cos 3 x =, , 2 cos, 2 cos, , 5x + 3 x, 2,
5x + 3 x, , . sin, . cos, , 5x − 3 x, 2, 5x − 3 x, , 2, 2, C + D ,
, C − D , , Q sin C − sin D = 2 cos 2 ⋅ sin 2
and, , C + D , C − D , cos C + cos D = 2 cos ,
, cos , 2 , 2 , 2 cos 4x sin x sin x, =, = tan x,
=, 2 cos 4x cos x cos x, , Ê, , (b) cos 50°, , (c), , (not ane
quilateral triangle) such that tan( x − y ), tan x, and tan(
x + y ) are in GP, then what is x equal to ?, (a), , π, 4, , 1,
2, , (d) 0, , (c) We have, sin 105° + cos 105° = sin (90 ° +
15° ) + cos 105°, [Q sin(90 + θ) = cos θ], = cos 15° + cos
105°, 105° + 15° , 105° − 15° , , , = 2 cos , , cos
, , , , , 2, 2, , C + D , Q cos C + cos D = 2 cos
2 , , , C − D , cos , , , 2 , , , 1, 1, =
2 cos 60 ° cos 45° = 2 × ×, 2, 2, Q cos 60 ° = 1 , cos 45°
= 1 , , 2 , 2, 1, =, 2, , (b), , ∴, , Ê, , π, (b), 2, , π, (c), 3, ,
π, (d), 6, , 2, (b) We have, a = 2, b = 3 and sin A =, 3, 2,
sin B, sin A sin B, 3, Now, from sine formula , =, , =,
b, 2, a, b, , , , sin B = 1, π, B=, 2, , Q sin π = 1 , ,
, 2, , 40. What is the principal value of sin −1 sin,
, , π, (a), 4, π, (c), 3, , Ê, , 2π , ?, 3 , , (d), , π, 2, , 42.
ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle with centre O.
Let, , α = ∠ BAC, where 45° < α < 90°. Let β = ∠ BOC.
Which, one of the following is correct?, , (a) cos β =, (c)
cos β =, , 1 − tan2 α, , (b) cos β =, , 1 + tan α, 2 tanα, 2, ,
1 + tan2 α, 1 − tan2 α, , (d) sinβ = 2 sin2 α, , 1 + tan2 α, ,
Ê (a) We know that angle subtended by a chord at
centre is, , always double the angle subtended by it at
any other, part of the circle., A, α, O, β, B, , ∴, , , , C, ,
β = 2α, cos β = cos 2α, 1 − tan 2 α, cos β =, 1 + tan 2 α, ,
, 1 + tan 2 θ , Q cos 2θ =, , 1 + tan 2 θ , , , 43. If a
flage-staff of 6 m height placed on the top of a tower,
throws a shadow of 2 3 m along the ground, then what
is, the angle that the sun makes with the ground ?, (a)
60°, , (b) 45°, , (c) 30°, , (d) 15°, , Ê (a) Let OB and BD be
the tower and flag-staff respectively., , OA and AC be
the shadow of tower and flag-staff, respectively., D, ,
π, (b), 2, 2π, (d), 3, , π, 2π, (c) We have, sin −1 sin
= sin −1 sin π − , , , , 3 , 3 , π, [Q sin ( π
− θ) = sin θ], = sin −1 sin, 3, π, Q sin −1 sin θ = θ, if θ ∈
−π,π , =, , 2 2 , 3, , π, 6, , x+ x− y+ x+ y=
π, π, 3x = π x =, 3, , 2, 3, , π, (a), 4, , (c), , x, x − y, x + y
are the angles of a triangle. Since, sum of, angles of a
triangle = π, , 39. In a ∆ABC, if a = 2 , b = 3 and sin A = ,
then what is ∠ B, equal to ?, , π, 3, , Ê (b) We have,, , , ,
38. What is sin 105° + cos 105° equal to ?, (a) sin 50°, ,
41. If x , x − y and x + y are the angles of a triangle, ,
6m, B, xm, α, O, , α, A, , ym, , C, 2√3 m, , Again let α be
the angle that sun makes with the, ground., ∴, , ∠OAB
= ∠OCD = α

Page 70 :
31, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), Now, in ∆OAB,
tanα =, and in ∆OCD, tanα =, , x, y, , In ∆OAP, α OA, sin
=, 2 OP, α, r, α, sin =, OP = r cosec, 2 OP, z, OL, In
∆OPL, sinβ =, OL = OP sinβ, OP, α, , OL = r cosec .
sin β, 2, r sin β, ∴, OL =, α, sin , 2 , , … (i), x+6, , …
(ii), , y+2 3, , From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x+6, x, =, y
y+2 3, , , , xy + 2 3 x = xy + 6 x, x, = 3, y, , , , tanα =
3, , , , α = 60 °, , 44. What is tan, , −1, , (b), , π, 4, , (c), ,
tan, , + tan, 4 , , −1 3 , , = tan, 5 , , π, 3, ,
(d), , 1 + 3 , 4 5 , , 1 3 , 1 − × , 4 5 , , , [Q tan −1
x + tan −1 y = tan −1, , = tan, π, =, 4, , 5 + 12 , −1 17
, −1, 20 , 20 − 3 = tan 17 = tan 1, , , 20
, , x+ y, 1 − xy, , , xy < 1], , Q tan −1 1 = π , , 4 , ,
eye of an observer, while the angle of elevation of its,
centre is β. What is the height of the centre of the
balloon, (neglecting the height of the observer)?, β, r
sin , 2 , (c), sinα, , r sinα, (d), β, sin , 2 ,,Ê
(a) Let O bet the centre of the balloon, P be the eye of
the, observer and ∠APB be the angle subtendd by the,
balloon at the eye of the observer. ∠APB = α, A, , α, ,
sin x cos y, cos x sin y, , =, , a−b, a+ b, , a+ b, a−b, , tan x
a, a, =, , tan y b, b, , 47. If sin α + sin β = 0 = cos α +
cos β , where 0 < β < α < 2π,, then which one of the
following is correct?, (a) α = π − β, (c) α = 2 π − β, , (b) α
= π + β, (d) 2α = π + 2β, , Ê (b) We have,, , sin α + sin β =
0 = cos α + cos β, , ∴(sin α + sin β )2 + (cos α + cos β )2
= 0, sin 2 α + sin 2 β + 2 sin α sin β + cos 2 α, + cos 2
β + 2 cos α cos β = 0, (sin 2 α + cos 2 α ) + (sin 2 β +
cos 2 β ), + 2 (cos α cos β + sin α sin β ) = 0, , , 1 + 1 +
2 cos(α − β ) = 0, , , , 2 cos (α − β ) = − 2 cos (α − β )
= − 1, , , , α −β = π α =β + π, , (a) An odd multiple of
90°, (c) An odd multiple of 180°, , B, , ∠APO = ∠BPO =, ,
(d), , possible, then A must be, (b) A multiple of 90°, (d)
A multiple of 180°, , A, , β, , ∴, , =, , a+ b, a−b, , 2 , , r, ,
P, , sin(x + y), , (c), , A, 48. Suppose cos A is given. If only
one value of cos is, O, , α/2, , b, a, , On using
componendo and dividendo rule, we get, sin(x + y) +
sin (x − y) a + b + a − b, =, sin(x + y) − sin(x − y) a + b − a
+ b, x+ y+ x− y , x+ y− x+ y , 2 sin , , cos , , ,
, , 2a, 2, 2, =, , 2b, x+ y+ x− y , +, −, +, x, y, x, y, , 2
cos , sin , , , , 2, , , , , 45. A spherical
balloon of radius r subtends an angle α at the, , r sinβ,
(b), α, sin , 4 , , (b), , sin (x − y), , −1 , , r sinβ, (a),
α, sin , 2 , , a, b, , π, 2, , −1 , , [from Eqs. (i)], , sin(
x + y ) a + b, tan x, equal to ?, , then what is, =, tan y, sin(
x − y ) a − b, , Ê (a) We have,, , Ê (b) We have, −1 1 , ,
46. If, , (a), , 1 , −1 3 , + tan , 4 , 5 , ,
equal to ?, (a) 0, , [from Eq. (i)], , … (i), , L, , α, 2, , X, , Ê (c)
We know that, cos A = 2 cos 2 2, , −1, , A, has only one
solution. So,, 2, A must be odd multiple of 180°., ,
Since, cos A is given and cos

Page 72 :
33, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), , y1 ) from the
line, , Ê (c) We know that x1 distance of a point (x1, , Ê
(d) From the given figure, it is clear that, , Ax + By + C
= 0 is given as, Ax + By1 + C , Distance = 1, , A2 +
B2 , , , 30º, , Statement I, 2, , (0, 0), p, , Slope of line =
tan30 ° =, , 1, and line passes through the, 3, , ax+by–
c=0, , point (0, − 2)., ∴Equation of line is, 1, y − (− 2) =,
(x − 0 ), 3, 1, , y+ 2=, x 3 y + 2 3 = x, 3, , , ∴, , p2
=, , x − 3y − 2 3 = 0, , a ⋅ 0 + b⋅ 0 − c, , p=, , a + b, 2, , 2, ,
c2, a + b2, , Statement II, (0, 0), p, , (b) 5x − 7 y + 18 = 0,
(d) x − y + 5 = 0, , x y, –1=0, a +b, , Ê (c) Equation of line
passing through intersection point of, lines x + 2 y − 3
= 0 and 2x − y + 5 = 0 is, x + 2 y − 3 + λ (2x − y + 5) = 0, ,
… (i), , (1 + 2λ ) x + (2 − λ ) y + 5λ − 3 = 0, (1 + 2λ ), ∴
Slope of above line = −, (2 − λ ), , ∴, , Since line is
parallel to y − x + 10 = 0, − (1 + 2λ ) − ( − 1 ), =, =, (2 − λ
), 1, , , , 0 0, + −1, a b, , p=, , 2, , 1 + 1 , , ,
a , b , 1, 1, 1, =, + 2, p2 a2, b, , p=, , 1, 1, a2, , +, , 1,
b2, , Statement III, , − λ =3 λ = −3, , (0, 0), , Putting λ
= − 3 in Eq. (i), we get, x + 2 y − 3 − 3 (2x − y + 5) = 0, , p,
, 5x − 5 y + 18 = 0, , Which is equation of required line.,
, y–mx–C=0, , 55. Consider the following statements,
I. The length p of the perpendicular from the origin to
the, c2, ., line ax + by = c satisfies the relation p 2 = 2, a
+ b2, II. The length p of the perpendicular from the
origin to the, x y, 1, 1, 1, line + = 1 satisfied the relation
2 = 2 + 2 ., a b, p, a, b, III. The length p of the
perpendicular from the origin to the, 1, 1 + m2 + c 2, .,
line y = mx + c satisfies the relation 2 =, p, c2, , Which
of the above is/are correct?, (a) I, II and III, , 2, , It is
true., , − (1 + 2λ) = 2 − λ − 1 − 2λ = 2 − λ, , , , a +
b2, , 2, , of intersection of the lines x + 2y − 3 = 0 and
2x − y + 5 = 0, and parallel to the line y − x + 10 = 0 ?, ,
, , c, 2, , It is true., , 54. What is the equation of the
line passing through the point, (a) 7 x − 7 y + 18 = 0, (c)
5x − 5 y + 18 = 0, , p=, , (b) I only, , (c) I and II, , (d) II
only, , ∴, , , p=, 1, p2, , =, , 0 − m×0 − c, (− m) + (1 ), 2, ,
2, , p=, , c, m +1, 2, , 1 +m, , 2, , c2, , It is false., , 56.
What is the equation of the ellipse whose vertices are,
( ± 5, 0) and foci are at ( ± 4, 0) ?, , x2, y2, +, =1, 25, 9, 2,
2, x, y, (c), +, =1, 25 16, (a), , x2, y2, +, =1, 16, 9, 2, 2, x, y,
(d), +, =1, 9, 25, (b)

Page 73 :
34, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), A (1, 8, 4), , Ê (a)
We have,, , Vertices = (± 5, 0 ) and Foci = (± 4, 0 ), , ∴ a =
5 and ae = 4, [Q vertex = (± a, 0 ) and focus (± ae, 0 ), 4,
e =, 5, e= 1−, , Now,, , , , a, , 2, , = < 2λ − 1, 8 λ −
19, − 3 λ >, , 2, , ∴ 2 (2λ − 1 ) + 8 (8 λ − 19 ) − 3 (− 3 λ ) =
0, , , = (4, 5, − 2), , 59. What is the equation of the
plane passing through the, points ( −2, 6, − 6), ( −3, 10,
− 9 ) and ( −5, 0, − 6) ?, , the point (2, 3) and making an
intercept on the positive, Y -axis equal to twice its
intercept on the positive X -axis?, , Ê (b) Let the
equation of line be, , (c) x + 2 y = 7 (d) 2 x − y = 1, , x2, y,
+ =1, a, b, , , , 7 = 2a, 7, a=, 2, , Equation of the plane
passing through three points, (x1 , y1 , z1 ), (x2 , y2 , z2
) and (x3 , y3 , z3 ) is, x − x1, y − y1, z − z1, x2 − x1 y2 −
y1 z2 − z1 = 0, z3 − z1, , Equation of plane is, x − ( − 2),
y−6, z − (− 6 ), − 3 − (− 2) 10 − 6 − 9 − (− 6 ) = 0, − 5 − (−
2) 0 − 6 − 6 − (− 6 ), x+ 2 y−6, −1, 4, −6, , z+6, −3 =0, 0, ,
(x + 2) ( − 18 ) − ( y − 6 ) (− 9 ) + ( z + 6 ) (18 ) = 0, 2
(x + 2) − ( y − 6 ) − 2 ( z + 6 ) = 0, , be, (1, 8, 4 ), (0, − 11, 4
) and (2, − 3, 1) respectively. What are the,
coordinates of the point D which is the foot of the,
perpendicular from A on BC ?, (c) ( 4, 5, − 2 ), , y3 − y1, ,
(x + 2) [4 × 0 − (− 6 ) (− 3 )] − ( y − 6 ), [(− 1 ) (0 ) − (− 3
) (− 3 )] + ( z + 6 ) [(− 1 ) ( − 6 ) − (−3 ) (4)] = 0, , 2x + y = 7,
, (b) ( 4, − 2, 5), , (b) 2 x + y + 3 z = 3, (d) x − y − z = 3, , −3,
, 58. Let the coordinates of the points A, B, C, , (a) ( 3,
4, − 2 ), , Ê (a), , , , 7, b = 2a = 2 × = 7, , 2, x, y,
∴Equation of line is, + =1, 7 /2 7, , , (a) 2 x − y − 2 z =
2, (c) x + y + z = 6, , x3 − x1, , It is given that, b =2a and
line passes through the point, (2, 3)., 4+ 3, 2, 3, ∴, +,
=1 , =1, a 2a, 2a, , , 77 λ = 154 λ = 2, ,
∴Coordinates of D = (2 × 2, 8 × 2 − 11, − 3 × 2 + 4), ,
57. What is the equation of the straight line passing
through, (b) 2 x + y = 7, , 4λ − 2 + 64λ − 152 + 9 λ = 0, ,
, , ∴ Equation of ellipse is, x2, y2, +, =1, a2, b2, 2, 2, x,
y, , +, =1, 25, 9, , (d) (2, 4, 5), , A (1, 8, 4), B (0, − 11, 4)
and C (2, − 3, 1), , ∴Equation of BC is, x−0, y + 11, z−4,
=, =, 2 − 0 − 3 + 11 1 − 4, x y + 11 z − 4, , =, =, =λ, 2, 8,
−3, x = 2λ, y = 8 λ − 11, z = − 3 λ + 4, , , , 2x − y − 2 z −
2 = 0, , , , 2x − y − 2 z = 2, , 60. A sphere of constant
radius r through the origin, intersects the coordinate
axes in A, B and C. What is the, locus of the centroid of
the ∆ ABC?, (a) x 2 + y 2 + z2 = r 2, (c) 9 ( x 2 + y 2 + z2 )
= 4r 2, , Ê (c) We have,, , , , Since, AD ⊥ BC, , [Q a = 5],
, b2 = 9 b = 3, , (a) 2 x + y = 5, , C, , Now, DR’s of, AD =
< 2λ − 1, 8 λ − 11 − 8, − 3 λ + 4 − 4 >, , b2, , 2, 4 = 1 −
b, , 5 , (5)2, b2, 16, =1 −, 16 = 25 − b2, 25, 25, ,
, , D (x, y, z), , B, , (b) x 2 + y 2 + z2 = 4r 2, (d) 3 ( x 2 + y
2 + z2 ) = 2 r 2, , Ê (c) Let A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0) and C(0,
0, c), , ∴Equation of sphere passing through A, B, C and
origin, is, x2 + y2 + z 2 − ax − by − cz = 0, , [say], ∴, , ,
Radius = r =, , a2, b2, c2, +, +, 4, 4, 4, , 4r 2 = a 2 + b2 +
c2, , … (i)

Page 74 :
35, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), Let (α, β, γ ) be
the centroid of triangle., a+0+0, 0 + b+ 0, 0+0+ c, ,γ =,
,β =, ∴ α=, 3, 3, 3, a = 3α, β = 3β, c + 3 γ, , 63. The
equation of the line, when the portion of it,
intercepted between the axes is divided by the point
(2, 3), in the ratio of 3 : 2, is, … (ii), , From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we have, (3α )2 + (3β )2 + (3 γ )2 = 4r 2, , , 9 (α 2 + β 2
+ γ 2 ) = 4r 2, , (a) Either x, (b) Either x, (c) Either x, (d)
Either x, , 9 (x + y + z ) = 4r z, 2, , 2, , y=, y=, y=, y=, , 4 or
9x + y = 12, 5 or 4x + 9 y = 30, 4 or x + 9 y = 12, 5 or 9x
+ 4 y = 30, , Ê (d) Case I, , ∴Locus of the centroid of
∆ABC is, 2, , +, +, +, +, , 2, , (0, b), , 61. The coordinates
of the vertices P, Q and R of a triangle, , b, , (2, 3), 2:3, a
(a, 0), (0, 0), , PQR are (1, − 1, 1), (3, − 2, 2) and (0, 2, 6)
respectively. If, ∠ RQP = 9, then what is ∠ PRQ equal
to ?, (a) 30° + θ, , (b) 45° − θ, , Ê (d), , (c) 60° − θ, , (d) 90°
− θ, , From above figure,, 2a + 3 × 0, 2 × 0 + 3b, = 2 and,
=3, 2+ 3, 2+ 3, , P (1, –1, 1), , , θ, Q (3, –2, 2), , Case II, ,
< a1 , b1 , c1 > = < 2, − 1, 1 >, , (0, b), , and DR’s of PR =
< 0 − 1, 2 − (− 1 ), 6 − 1 >, , b, , < a2 , b2 , c2 > = < − 1, 3,
5 >, , (2, 3), 3:2, a (a, 0), (0, 0), , Now, a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1
c2 = 2 × (− 1 ) + (− 1 ) × 3 + 1 × 5, = −2−3 + 5 =0, ∴ PQ
⊥ PR ∠QPR = 90 °, , From above figure,, 3a + 2 × 0, 3
× 0 + 2b, = 2 and, =3, 3+2, 3+2, , Now, by angle sum
property, ∠PQR + ∠QPR + ∠PRQ = 180 °, , , θ + 90 °
+ ∠PRQ = 180 °, , , , ∠PRQ = 90 ° − θ, , line 2x + 11y =
5 upon the two straight lines 24 x + 7y = 20, and 4 x −
3y = 2 are, (b) 11 and 5 respectively, (d) Not equal to
each other, , Ê (c) Let (− 3, 1 ) be a point on 2x + 11 y =
5, Now, perpendicular from (− 3, 1 ) on 24x + 7 y = 20,
=, =, , 24 (− 3 ) + 7 (1 ) − 20, , 576 + 49, , =, , − 85, 25, , =,
, 17, 5, , =, , 4(− 3 ) − 3 (1 ) − 2, 4 + (− 3 ), 2, , − 12 − 3 − 2,
16 + 9, , x, y, +, =1, 10 / 3 15 / 2, , 9 x + 4 y = 30, , 64.
What is the distance between the straight lines, 3x +
4y = 9 and 6x + 8y = 15 ?, (a), , 3, 2, , (b), , 3, 10, , (c) 6, ,
(d) 5, , Ê (b) Given equation of straight lines are, and, ,
Again, perpendicular from (− 3, 1 ) on 4x − 3 y = 2, =, ,
, , 10, 15, and b =, 3, 2, , 3x + 4y = 9, , (24)2 + (7 )2, −
72 + 7 − 20, , 3 a = 10 and 2b = 15 a =, , ∴ Equation
of line is, , 62. The perpendiculars that fall from any
point of the straight, (a) 12 and 4 respectively, (c)
Equal to each other, , a = 5 and b = 5, x, y, + =1 x+
y=5, 5 5, , ∴ Equation of line is, , R (0, 2, 0), , DR’s of PQ
= < 3 − 1, − 2 − (− 1 ), 2 − 1 >, , , , 2a = 10 and 3 b = 15,
, , , 2, , 17, =, 5, , ∴Both perpendicular are equal to
each other., , , , … (i), , 6 x + 8 y = 15, 15, 3x + 4y =, 2, ,
… (ii), 9−, , ∴ Required distance =, , 15, 2, , 3 2 + 42, , [Q
distance between two lines ax + by = c1 and, ax + by =
c2 is given, , by, , 3, c2 − c1 2, 3, =, =, 2, 2, 5, 10, a + b

Page 75 :
36, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), , 65. What is the
equation of the sphere whose centre is at, ( −2, 3,4 )
and radius is 6 units?, +, +, +, +, , 2, , (a) x, (b) x 2, (c) x 2,
(d) x 2, , 2, , y, y2, y2, y2, , +, +, +, +, , +, +, +, +, , 2, , z, z2,
z2, z2, , 4x, 6x, 4x, 4x, , −, −, −, +, , So, equation of
sphere, , {x − (− 2)}2 + ( y − 3 )2 + ( z − 4)2 = 6 2, (x
+ 2)2 + ( y − 3 )2 + ( z − 4)2 = 36, , x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 + 9
− 6 y + z 2 + 16 − 8 z = 36, x2 + y2 + z 2 + 4x − 6 y −
8 z + 29 − 36 = 0, , x2 + y2 + z 2 + 4x − 6 y − 8 z = 7, ,
r, r, r, r, 66. If a and b are vectors such that | a | = 2, | b |
= 7 and, r r, $ then what is the acute angle between, a
× b = 3$i + 2$j + 6k,, a and b ?, (c) 60°, , , , , , , ,
9|p|2 = 4|q|2, , , , 9 p 2 = 4q2, , , a × b = 3 $i + 2$j +
6k$, , , , , , |a × b |, , , , , =, , |3 $i + 2$j + 6k$|, 2×
7, , |a||b|, 3 +2 +6, 2, , =, , 2, , 2, , =, , 14, , represented by
3i$ + k$ acting through the point 2i$ − $j + 3k$, ?, (a) −
3$i + 11$j + 9k$, (c) 3$i + 4$j + 9k$, , (d), , , , r = (2$i
− $j + 3k$ ) − ($i + 2$j − k$ ), , $i, , θ = 30 °, , (b) 4 p = 9
q, 2, , 2, , (c) 9 p = 4 q, , (d) 4 p = 9 q, , (a) The points
Rand S divider s PQ internally and externally,
respectively in the ratio 2 : 3. The position vectors of
R, and S are, , , , , , , , , , , OR =, , , , , , , ,
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
, , , , a × b = 3 (b × c ) [b × b = 0], , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , [Qc × b = − b × c ], , a × b + 2 b × b = 3 (b ×
c ), , … (i), , , , , , , , , , , 3 c + a = − 2 b (3 c + a
) × a = − 2 b × a, , , , , , , , , 3 c × a + a × a = 2 (a ×
b ), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 3 (c × a ) = 2 (a × b ), ,
, , 3 (c × a ) = 6 (b × c ), , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
[from Eq. (i)], , , , c × a = 2 (b × c ), , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , … (ii), , , , , Now, a × b + b × c + c ×
a = λ (b × c ), , , , , , , , , , , , , = 3 (b × c ) + (b ×
c ) + 2 (b × c ), [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)], , r, , r, , ,, ,,
, , 3 p + 2q, , . (3 , , p − 2q ) = 0, , , 5, , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , 70. If the vectors, r rK and A are
parallel to each other, then, , OR ⋅ OS = 0, , , , , , ,
, on comparing, we get λ = 6, , , , , , , , (d) 6, , a +
2b + 3 c = 0 a + 2b = − 3 c, , = 6 (b × c ), , , , , , , ,
, , Now, OR ⊥ OS, , , , Again, , , (c) 4, , (a + 2 b ) × b
= − 3 c × b, , 3 p − 2q, , 5, , , , OS = 3 p − 2 q, ,
, , 1, , (b) 3, , and 3 p − 2 q respectively., , 5, , 0, , = $i
(− 3 − 0 ) − $j (1 − 12) + k$ (0 + 9 ) = − 3 $i + 11 $j +
9k$, , , , , , k$, , r r, r r r, r r r r r r, r, 69. If a + 2b + 3c
= 0 and a × b + b × c + c × a = λ ( b × c),, then what is the
value of λ ?, , respectively with respect to origin O.
The points R and S, divide PQ internally and
externally respectively in the, ratio 2 : 3. If, , , OR
and OS are perpendicular, then which one of the,
following is correct?, , 3 p + 2q, , $j, , 3, , , , Ê, , F = 3 $i
+ k$, , , , , ∴ Moment τ = r + F = ($i − 3 $j + 4k$ )
× (3 $i + k$ ), , Ê (d) Given that,, , r, , (a) 9 p = 4 q, , , , =
$i − 3 $j + 4k$ and, , 67. Let p and q be the position
vectors of the points P and Q, , 2, , 3$i + 2 $j + 9k$, $i +
$j + k$, , (b), , Ê (a) Given that,, , (a) 2, , 49, 14, , 7 1, =
sin θ = sin 30 ° , sinθ =, 14 2, , 2, , , , 68. What
is the moment about the point $i + 2$j − k$ of a force,
, , , , , , , sin θ =, , r, , , , , , , , , , (d) 90°, , |a
× b| = |a||b|sin θ, , , , , , = 1 −3 4, , |b| = 7 and, , ,
, , 9|p|2 − 4|q|2 = 0, , , , Ê (a) Given,|a| = 2, Q, , ,
, , , and radius = 6 units, , (b) 45°, , , , [Qa . a
= a 2 and a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a ], , Equation of the sphere
having centre at (α, β, γ ) and, radius r is (x − α )2 + ( y −
β )2 + ( z − γ )2 = r 2, , (a) 30°, , , , , , 6y − 8z = 7, 4y
− 8z = 7, 6y − 8z = 4, 6y + 8z = 4, , Ê (a) Given, centre =
(− 2, 3, 4), , , , 9 p. p − 6 p. q + 6 q. p − 4 q. q = 0, ,
, , , , (3 p + 2 q ) ⋅ (3 p − 2 q ) = 0, , what is kK × A
equal to ?, r, (a) k 2A, , , , Ê (b) Since, a, , , r, r, (c) − k
2A (d) A, , r, (b) 0, , , , , , , , , , × b = 0, if a and b
are parallel., , , , , So, k K × A = 0 if K and A are
parallel to each other.

Page 76 :
37, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), 71. When one of
the following is correct in respect of the, +, , function f
: R R defined as f ( x ) = | x + 1| ?, (a) f( x 2 ) = [f( x )]2,
(c) f( x + y) = f( x ) + f( y), , (b) f(| x|) = | f( x )|, (d) None of
these, , is f ′ (0) equal to ?, (a) 0, (c) − 1, , Ê (d) Given, f
(x) = |x + 1|, , x ln|x|, x ≠ 0, f (x ) = , x=0, 0,, f (h) − f (0
), f ′ (0 ) = lim, ∴, h 0, h, h2 log h, = lim h log h = 0, =
lim, h 0, h 0, h, , (a) f (x2 ) = |x2 + 1| { f (x)}2 = (x + 1
)2, Which implies that f (x2 ) ≠ { f (x)}2, (b) f (|x|) = ||x| +
1| |f (x)| = ||x + 1|= |x + 1|, which implies that f (|x|) ≠ |f
(x)|, (c) f (x + y) = |x + y + 1|, f (x) + f ( y) = |x + 1| +|y + 1|,
, 75. What is the area of the region bounded by the
parabolas, , which implies that f (x + y) ≠ f (x) + f ( y), , y
2 = 6( x − 1) and y 2 = 3x ?, , So, option (d) is correct., ,
x2, 1+ x, , . What is, 2, , the range of the function?, (a)
[0, 1), , (b) [0, 1], , (c) (0, 1], , (b) 1, (d) It does not exist, ,
is, Ê (a) Given function, 2, , By checking the options,
we get, , 72. Suppose f : R R is defined by f ( x ) =, ,
x 2 In | x | x ≠ 0, What, x =0, 0, , , 74. Consider the
function f ( x ) = , , (a), , 6, 3, , (b), , 2 6, 3, , (c), , 4 6, 3, ,
(d), , 5 6, 3, , Ê (c) Given,, , y 2 = 6 (x − 1 ), and, y2 = 3 x,
on solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, , (d) (0, 1), , Ê (a) Let f
(x) = y, , x = 2 and y = ±, , Then, y ≥ 0 and f (x) = y, x2 + 1
1, x2, ∴, = for y > 0, = y , 2, y, x2, x +1, 1− y, y, 1, , =,
x=, 1− y, y, x2, , 2, , x=y /3, , … (i), … (ii), , 6, y2=6(x–1),
, y=√6, , x=1, , y, y, Now,, is real , ≥0, 1− y, 1− y, , y=–
√6, , 0≤ y<1, So, Range of f (x) is [0, 1)., , 73. If f ( x ) =
| x | + | x − 1 |, then which one of the following is, , −, ,
correct?, (a), (b), (c), (d), , , , , , f (x) = |x| + |x − 1|,
x<0, − 2x + 1,, , f (x) = x − x + 1, 0 ≤ x < 1, x + x −
1,, x≥1, , x<0, − 2x + 1,, , 0≤ x<1, f (x) = 1,, 2x −
1,, x≥1, , , Clearly, lim f (x) = 1 = lim+ f (x), x 0 −1, ,
x 0, , and lim− f (x) = lim+ f (x)., x 1, , x −1, , So, f (x)
is continuous at x = 0, 1., , ∫, , 6, , , y2 , y3 , = 2 ∫ 1
−, dy = 2 y −, 6 , 18 0, , 0 , , f (x) is continuous
at x = 0 at x =1, f (x) is continuous at x = 0 but not at x
= 1, f (x) is continuous at x = 1 but not at x = 0, f (x) is
neither continuous at x = 0 nor at x = 1, , Ê (a) We
have,, , , y2, y2 , −, dy, 1 +, 6, 3 , , 6, , 6, ,
∴Required area =, , 6, , 6, , 18 y − y3 , 18 6 − 6 6 ,
=2× , =2× , , 18, 18, , , , 0, 12 6 4 6, =, =, 9, 3, ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 76-78) Consider the following
information, for the next three items that follow
Three sides of a trapezium are, each equal to 6 cm. Let
αε 0, π be the angle between a pair of, 2 ,
adjacent sides., 76. If the area of the trapezium is the
maximum possible, then, what is α equal to ?, π, 6, π,
(c), 3, , (a), , π, 4, 2π, (d), 5, (b)

Page 77 :
38, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), π, , Ê (c), , D, , 79.
What is ∫ e x sin x dx equal to ?, , C, , 6, , 0, , 6, , eπ + 1,
(a), 2, , 6, , √36 – x2, , α, x, , A, , ∴ Area = A =, , (c) e π + 1,
, x, , 6, , B, , π, , 1, (6 + 6 + 2x) 36 − x2, 2, , Ê (a) Let I = ∫ ex
sin x dx, 0, , = (6 + x) 36 − x2, ∴, , d( A), d, =, [(6 + x) 36 −
x2 ], dx, dx, , , −2x, +, = (6 + x) , 2 36 − x2 , , , =
36 − x2 −, , x (6 + x), 36 − x2, , =, , 0, π, , = [sin x ⋅ ex ]π0
− ∫ cos x ⋅ ex dx, , 36 − x2, , 0, , π, , , = 0 − [cos x ⋅ ex
]π0 + ∫ sin x ⋅ ex dx , 0, , , , 36 − 6 x − 2x2, 36 − x2, ,
dA, =0, dx, , , 2x2 + 6 x − 36 = 0, , , , x + 3 x − 18 = 0,
, , , x2 + 6 x − 3 x − 18 = 0, , , , x (x + 6 ) − 3 (x + 6 ) =
0, , At x = 3,, ∴, , dx, d2 A, , (− 6 − 4x) 36 − x2 −, =, , (36 −
6 x − 2x2 )(−2x), , (36 − x ), , e, , 81. What is ∫ x In x dx
equal to ?, 1, , length of the fourth side?, , Ê (d) So,
fourth side = x + 6 + x, , (c) 10 cm, , (d) 12 cm, , = 3 + 6 +
3 = 12, , 78. What is the maximum area of the
trapezium?, (a) 36 3 cm, , 2, , (b) 30 3 cm, , (c) 27 3 cm 2,
, 2, , (d) 24 3 cm 2, , Ê (c) Maximum area = (6 + x), , x −
2x − 3, 2, , Applying L′ Hospital rule, d 2, (x − 9 ), dx, f
(3 ) = lim, x 3 d, (x2 − 2x − 3 ), dx, 2x, 2⋅ 3, 6, = lim, =,
= = 1 .5, x 3 2x − 2 2 ⋅ 3 − 2, 4, , π, π, α =, 3, 3, , (b) 9
cm, , x2 − 9, , x 3, , 2 36 − x2, 2, , 77. If the area of the
trapezium is maximum, what is the, (a) 8 cm, ,
Therefore, f (3 ) = lim, , = − 6 − 12 = − 18, dx2, d2 A, <0,
dx2, , cos α = cos, , (b) f( 3) = 15, ., (d) f( 3) = − 15, ., , Ê
(b) Since, f (x) is continuous at x = 3, , So, at x = 3 is
maximum., x 3 1, Now, cosα = = =, 6 6 2, , , 2, , (a) f( 3)
= 0, (c) f( 3) = 3, , (x + 6 ) (x − 3 ) = 0 x = 3, − 6, , 2, , x
−9, , , x ≠ 3 is continuous at x = 3, then, x − 2x − 3,
which one of the following is correct?, , 80. If f ( x ) =, ,
Again, on differentiating it, d2 A, , I + I = eπ + 1 2I =
eπ + 1, eπ + 1, I=, 2, , , , 2, , , , I = − [− eπ − 1] − I, , ,
, , 36 − 6 x − 2x2 = 0, , π, , d, = [sin x ⋅ ex ]π0 − ∫ {sin
x} ⋅ ex dx, dx, , , For maximum area,, , , , eπ − 1,
2, eπ + 1, (d), 4, , (b), , 36 − x2, , = (6 + 3 ) 36 − 9, = 9 ×
27 = 9 × 27, = 9 × 3 3 = 27 3 cm 2, , e +1, (a), 4, e −1, (c),
4, , Ê (b), , e2 + 1, 4, e2 − 1, (d), 4, (b), , e, , Let 1 = ∫ x log
xdx, 1, , ], , e d, = [log x⋅ ∫ xdx] 1e − ∫ {log x}. ∫ x dx dx,
1 , dx, e, , , x2 , = log x ⋅ −, 2 1, , , e1, , ∫1 x ., ,
x2, dx, 2, , 2, e2 1 1 2 e e2 [e − 1], − × [x ] 1 =, −, 2 2 2, 2,
4, 2e2 − e2 + 1 e2 + 1, =, =, 4, 4, , =

Page 78 :
39, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), 2, , ∫, , 82. What
is, , [x 2 ] dx equal to (where [.] is the greatest, , 0, , (b) 1
− 2, 2, , x dy − y dx = 0 ?, (a) xy = c, , integer function) ?,
(a) 2 − 1, , 86. What is the solution of the differential
equation, , (c) 2 ( 2 − 1), , 1, , (d) 3 − 1, , 0, , 0, , = ∫ 0 dx +,
0, , , Q [x] =, , , ∫ 1 dx, 1, , Variable seprate on both
sides, dy dx, =, y, x, , , , 0 0 ≤ x < 1 , 1 1 ≤ x < 2 , ,
, , On integration both sides, we get, dy, dx, ∫ y = ∫ x
log y = log x + log c, , = 0 + [x]1 = 2 − 1, 2, , , , 83.
What is the maximum value of 16 sin θ − 12 sin 2 θ ?,
(a), , 3, 4, , (b), , 4, 3, , (c), , 16, 3, , [where log c is
integrating constant], , (d) 4, , , , (a), , 42 + (− 3 )2, a +
b ], , S = Range of f = [− 4, 6], , 85. For f to be a function,
what is the domain of f , if, |x| − x, , (a) ( − ∞, 0), , Ê, , (c) (
− ∞, ∞ ), , (d) ( − ∞, 0), , 1, (a) We have, f (x) =, |x| − x, f (x)
is defined, if |x| − x > 0 |x|> x, Case I x > 0, ∴, , (a), , d
2x, 2, , + µx = 0, , d 2x, , − µx = 0, dt 2, dx, (d), + µxt = 0,
dt, (b), , dt, dx, (c) x, + µt = 0, dt, , d2 x, , + µx = 0 is the
differential equation of simple, dt 2, harmonic motion,
which has a periodic solution., , 89. What is the period
of the the function f ( x ) = sin x ?, (a), , π, 4, , (b), , π, 2, ,
(c) π, , (d) 2 π, , Ê (d) We have, f (x) = sin x, , x > x [Q|x| =
x, x > 0], , which is not possible, Case II, ∴, , [Qa log a b
= b], , 88. Which one of the following differential
equations has a, , Ê (a), , ?, , (b) ( 0, ∞ ), , (d) 4e, , periodic
solution?, , ∴ f (x) ∈ [− 4, 6] since, f (x) is onto., , f (x ) =, ,
(c) 2e, , function, , 2, , − 5 + 1 ≤ 4 sin x − 3 cos x + 1 ≤
5 + 1 − 4 ≤ f (x) ≤ 6, , 1, , the, π, at x = ?, 4, , = e1 ( 2 )2
+ 1 − 1 = e⋅2 + 1 − 1 = 2e, 2, , − 5 ≤ 4 sin x − 3 cos x ≤
5, , ∴, , (b) e, , of, , = sec2 x etan x + tan x − 1, π, tan, π, π,
∴[ f ′ (x)] π = e 4 ⋅ sec2 ⋅ + tan − 1, x=, 4, 4, 4, , We
know that,, [Q − a + b ≤ a sin x + b cos x ≤, , + ln ( sec x )
− e, , ln x, , On differentiating with respect to x both
the sides, we, get, 1, f ′ (x) = etan x ⋅ sec2 x +, ⋅ sec x
tan x − 1, sec x, , (d) [− 4, 6], , 2, , derivative, , f (x) = etan
x + log(sec x) − x, , Ê (d) We have, f (x) = 4 sin x − 3 cos x
+ 1, 2, , e, 2, , the, , F (x) = etan x + log(sec x) − elog x, ,
onto, then what is S equal to ?, , − 42 + (− 3 )2 ≤ 4 sin x
− 3 cos x ≤, , tan x, , Ê (c) We have,, , 84. If f : R S
defined by f ( x ) = 4 sin x − 3 cos x + 1 is, (c) ( −4, 6), , is,
, f (x ) = e, , 16, 4, sin θ = − 12 sin 2 θ − sin θ , = − 12
sin 2 θ −, , , , , 12, 3, 2, 2, , 2 , 4 , 2, 16, =
− 12 sinθ − − = − 12 sinθ − +, , 3 , 9 ,
3 , 3, , 16, ∴, f (x ) ≤, 3, 16, ∴ Maximum value of f
(x) =, 3, , (b) ( −5, 5), , y = xc y = cx, , 87. What, , Ê (c)
Let f (x) = 16 sin θ − 12 sin 2 θ, , (a) [− 5, 5], , (d) x − y =
c, , x dy − y dx = 0 x dy = y dx, , 1, , 2, , (c) x + y = c, , Ê
(b) Given differentiation equation, , 2, , Ê (a) Let I = ∫
[x2] dx = ∫ [x2] dx + ∫ [x2] dx, 1, , (b) y = cx, , x<0, , –2π, ,
–π, , O, , π, , 2π, , 3π, , 4π, , − x > x [Q|x| = − x, x < 0], ,
0 > 2x x < 0, Which is possible ∴Domain of f (x) = (−
∞, 0 ), , f (x + 2 π ) = sin (x + 2 π ) = sin x = f (x), ∴ Period
of f (x) is 2π.

Page 79 :
40, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), , 90. What is ∫, ,
dx, 2x − 1, , (a) ln (2 − 1) + C, , ln (1 − 2 −x ), (b), +C, ln 2,
, ln (2 − x − 1), (c), +C, 2 ln 2, , ln (1 + 2 −x ), (d), +C, ln 2, ,
x, , Ê, , b, , b, , a, , a, , of a and b respectively?, (a) − 1, 1, ,
(b) 1, 1, , Ê (a) We have,, , Put, , , −x, , 2, , ∴, , 2− x log 2,
1, dx, ∫, log 2 1 − 2− x, , b, , , , 1 − 2−x = t, , , , log 2 dx
= dt, 1, I=, log 2, , But ∫ x dx = 0 and x is an odd
function., , =, , b= ± a, 3, , dt, 1, ∫ t = log 2 . log t + C, , log
(1 − 2− x ), , a, , ∴, , a=−b, b, , +C, , log 2, , 3, , Again, ∫ x2
dx =, a, , , , y 2 = 4a ( x − a ), where ‘a’ is an arbitrary
constant, are, respectively, (a) 1, 2, , , , (b) 2, 1, , (c) 2,
2, , y = 4a (x − a ), 2, , … (i), , dy, dy, − y2 , dx , dx,
, b3 − a 3 = 2, [Qfrom Eq. (ii)], , , , b =1, , , , a= −1, ,
[from Eq. (ii)], , 0, , … (ii), , (b), , (c), , 1, , 1, , 0, , 0, , (b), , (c)
0, , (d) 2, , 1, 2, , a, Q ∫ f (x) dx =, 0, , 1, 240, , a, , , ,
0, , , , ∫ f (a − x) dx , , 1, , 95. What is lim, , x 0, , tan x,
equal to, sin 2x, , 1, 2, (c) 2, , (a), , (b) 1, (d) Limit does
not exist, , Ê (a) We have,, , π /4, , Ê (c) Let I = ∫− π / 4
(sin x − tan x) dx, , lim, , x 0, , f (x) = sin x − tan x, f (− x)
= sin (− x) − tan (− x) = − sin x + tan x, , [Q sin ( − θ) = −
sin θ, tan (− θ) = − tan θ], = − (sin x − tan x) = − f (x), ∴ f
(x) is odd function., π /4, , ∫− π / 4 (sin x − tan x) dx = 0,
a, , (d), , x10 x11 , 1 , 1, 1, = ∫ (x9 − x10 ) dx = , −,
= 10 − 11 =, 110, 10, 11, , , 0, 0, , −π / 4, , −a, ,
1, 148, , Ê (a) Let I = ∫ x (1 − x)9 dx = ∫ (1 − x) x9 dx, , 1, , ∫
( sin x − tan x ) dx ?, , [Q ∫, , 1, 132, , 2, , 1, 1 , (a) −, + ln
, , 2 , 2, , ∴ I=, , 2, , 3, , 2b3 = 2 b3 = 1, , 1, (a),
110, , π /4, , Let, , x , 2, 2, =, 3, 3, 3, a, , 94.
What is ∫ x (1 − x ) 9 dx equal to ?, , ∴Order = 1 and
degree = 2, , ∴, , b, , 1, , On putting the values of a from
Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get, 1 dy , 1 dy , y2 = 4 × y, x − y
, , 2 dx, 2 dx , , 92. What is the value of, , =, , 3, , , ,
y2 = 4ax − 4a 2, , y2 = 2xy, , b3 − a 3, , … (ii), 3, , b3 −
(− b)3 = 2, , (d) 1, 1, , On differentiating both sides, we
get, dy, = 4a, 2y, dx, 1 dy, a= y, , 2 dx, , , , … (i), , b, ,
91. The order and degree of the differential equation,
, Ê (a) We have,, , (d) 2, − 2, , x4 , 3, ∫ x dx = 0 4 =
0, a, a, b4 − a 4, = 0 b4 = a 4, 4, , 2, (b) Let I = ∫ 2,
dx, =∫, 1, − 2− x, 2x − 1, =, , (c) 0, 0, , b, , −x, , dx, , 2, 3, ,
93. If ∫ x 3 dx = 0 and ∫ x 2 dx = , then what are the
values, , equal to ?, , f (x) dx = 0, if f (x) is odd], , tan x,
sin 2x, , By using L’ Hospital rule, we have, sec2 x, = lim,
x 0 2 cos 2x, 1, = lim, x 0 2 cos 2x ⋅ cos 2 x, 1, 1, =,
=, 2 cos 0 ° cos 2 0 ° 2 × 1 × 1, 1, =, 2
Page 80 :
41, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), 96. What is lim, ,
2x + 3h − 2x, , x 0, , (a), , Ê, , 1, 2 2x, , 2h, 1, 2x, , (b), ,
(d) lim, , equal to ?, , (c), , 3, 2 2x, , (d), , 3, 4 2x, , log(1 +
2x) + log (1 − 2 y) = − 2C ′, , , , log (1 + 2x) (1 − 2 y) = −
2C ′, , , , (1 + 2x) (1 − 2 y) = e − 2 C′, , , , 1 − 2 y + 2x
− 4xy = e − 2 C′, , 2x + 3 h − 2x, , , , 2h, , , , x 0, , By
using, L’ Hospital rule, we get, 1, .3 − 0, 2 2x + 3 h, 3, =
lim, = lim, h 0, h 0 4 2x + 3 h, 2, =, , 3, 1, 3, ., =, 4 2x
+ 0 4 2x, , one of the following is correct?, (a) f ′ (x) is
an even function, (b) f ′ (x) is an odd function, (c) f ′ (x)
may be an even or odd function depending on the,
type of function, (d) f ′ (x) is a constant function, , Ê (b)
We have,, ∴, , 2, , 2, , 100. What are the order and
degree, respectively, of the, 5, d 3y , dy ,
differential equation 3 = y 4 + ?, dx , dx , ,
(a) 4, 5, , (b) 2 π e π, , 2, , dy, at x = π equal to ?, dx, , (c)
2e π, , 2, , (d) e π, , 5, d3 y , 4, dy , 3 = y + ,
dx , dx , , Here, highest order derivative is, , 2, , + 2
πeπ (0 ) = 2eπ, , 2, , 80, 243, 20, (c), 243, , dx3, , ., , 40,
243, 10, (d), 243, (b), , 2, , Ê (a) According to the
question,, , , Q, , ∴, , 99. What is the solution of, ,
(1 + 2x ) dy − (1 − 2y ) dx = 0 ?, , np = 3 npq, 1, q=, 3, p+
q=1 p+, p=, , 1, =1, 3, , 2, 3, 3, , =, , 3, , 2, , 2, , 80, 5!, 2,
1, × × =, 3 , 243, 3 ! 2! 3 , , 102.
Consider the following statements, , (1 + 2x) dy − (1 −
2 y) dx = 0, , (1 + 2x) dy = (1 − 2 y) dx , , [where n =
number, of trials], , 2, 1, p ( X = 3 ) = 5C3 × ,
3 , 3 , , (b) y − x − 2 xy = c, (d) x + y + 2 xy = c, , Ê (a)
We have,, , dy, dx, =, 1 − 2 y 1 + 2x, , On integrating
both the sides, we get, dy, dy, ∫ 1 − 2 y = ∫ 1 + 2x, 1, 1,
, − log (1 − 2 y) = log(1 + 2x) + C ′, 2, 2, , , d3 y, ,
Mean = 3 (Variance), , On differentiating both the
sides, we get, 2, 2, dy, = 2 cos 2x ex + 2x ex sin 2x, dx, 2,
2, dy, ∴ , = 2 cos 2 πeπ + 2 πeπ sin 2 π, dx x = π,
, (a) x − y − 2 xy = c, (c) y + x − 2 xy = c, , (d) 5, 4, ,
equation is, Ê (c) Given differential, 2, , (a), , 2, , 2, , (c) 3,
2, , variance. What is the probability of exactly 3
successes, out of 5 trials ?, , f ′ (− x ) = − f ′ (x ), , (c) We
have, y = ex sin 2x, , = 2(1 ) eπ, , (b) 2, 3, , 101. In a
Binomial distribution, the mean is three times its, , ∴ f
′ (x) is an odd function., , 98. If y = e x sin 2x , then what
is, , x − y − 2xy = C, 1, [where C = (e − 2 C′ − 1 )], 2, , So,
order = 3, and degree = 2, , f (− x ) = f (x ), , On
differentiating both the sides, we have, , (a) (1 + π ) e π,
, , , f (x) is an even function., , − f ′ (− x ) = f ′ (x ) , , 2x
− 2 y − 4xy = e − 2 C′ − 1, 1, x − y − 2xy = (e − 2 C′ − 1 ),
2, , 2, , 97. If f ( x ) is an even function, where f ( x ) ≠ 0,
then which, , Ê, , , , − log (1 − 2 y) = log(1 + 2x) + 2C ′, ,
I. P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) = P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ), II. P ( A ∩ B ) =
P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ), III. P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( B ) P ( A | B ), ,
Which of the above statements are correct?, (a) I and
II, , (b) I and III, , (c) II and III, , (d) I, II and III, , Ê (b)
Here,, Statement I, P( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B)
is correct.

Page 81 :
42, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), Statement II, , Ê
(d) According to correlation condition,, , P ( A ∩ B ) =
P(B) − P( A ∩ B) is wrong as, , If correlation coefficient
rr ⋅ y = 0, then lines of regression, are parpendicular, ,
P ( A ∩ B ) = P( A) − P( A ∩ B)., Statement III, , And if rry
= 1, then lines of regression are parallel., , A, P( A ∩ B)
= P(B) × P is correct. [by conditional, B ,
theorem], , So, both statements are wrong., , Hence,
Statements I and III are correct., , 103. If the
correlation coefficient between x and y is 0.6,,
covariance is 27 and variance of y is 25, then what is
the, variance of x?, (a), , 9, 5, , 81, 25, , (b), , (c) 9, , 107. If
4 x − 5y + 33 = 0 and 20x − 9y = 107 are two lines of,
regression,, then, are the values of x and y
respectively?, (a) 12 and 18, , 0.6 =, , (d) 81, , and, , 4x −
5 y + 33 = 0, , … (i), … (ii), , on multiplying Eq. (i) by 5
and subtract Eq. (ii) from it,, we get, , C⋅V, σx ⋅ σ y, , 20
x − 25 y + 165 = 0, 20 x − 9 y − 107 = 0, , 27, 27, 27,
σx =, =, =9, σx × 5, 0.6 × 5 3, , −, , Ê (b) Given that, P( A)
= 0.4 and, , Here, X = 13 and Y = 17, , 108. Consider
the following statements, , = 1 − (0.3 ) = 0 . 7, , 105. Let
x be the mean of x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,… x n . If x i = a + cy i for,
some constants a and c, then what will be the mean of,
y 1 , y 2 , y 3 , …, y n ?, 1, x, c, , (c), , 4x − 85 + 33 = 0, 4x =
52 x = 13, , The mean of two regression lines are
the solution set at, given regression lines,, , P(B) = 0.5, ,
= 1 − [(1 − 0.4) × (1 − 0.5)] = 1 − (0.6 )(0.5), , (b) a −, , , ,
(d) 0.9, , Q P( A ∪ B) = 1 − P ( A′ ∩ B′ ), , (a) a + c x, , +, ,
on putting the value of y in Eq. (i), we get, , Questions
B are 0.4 and 0.5 respectively. What is the, probability
that he solves atleast one of the two, questions?, (c)
0.8, , +, , − 16 y = − 272, y = 17, , 104. The probabilities
that a student will solve Question A and, , (b) 0.7, , (d)
17 and 13, , 20 x + 9 y − 107 = 0, , ∴ Variance of x = σ 2
(x) = (9 )2 = 81, , (a) 0.6, , (c) 13 and 17, , Ê (c) Given
lines of regression are, , Ê (d) Given, σ 2 ( y) = 25 σ(
y) = 5, Correlation coefficient =, , (b) 18 and 12, , what,
, 1, x −a, c, , (d), , x −a, c, , Ê (d) Given that,, , Mean of x1 ,
x2 , x3 , .... xn i.e. x = x, , I. Mean is independent of
change in scale and change in, origin., II. Variance is
independent of change in scale but not in, origin., ,
Which of the above statements is/are correct?, (a) I
only, (c) Both I and II, , Ê (d), , (b) II only, (d) Neither I
nor II, , Since, mean changes with changes in origin.
So,, Statement I is wrong., And variance is
independent to the choice of origin. So,, Statement II
is also wrong., , Hence, both statements are wrong., ,
Now, we have, 1, xi = a + cyi yi = (x − a ), c, 1, y = (x
− a ), c, , 106. Consider the following statements, I. If
the correlation coefficient, rxy = 0, then the two lines
of regression are parallel to, each other., II. If the
correlation coefficient rxy = 1, then the two lines, of
regression are perpendicular to each other., , 109.
Consider the following statements, I. The sum of
deviations from mean is always zero., II. The sum of
absolute deviations is minimum when taken, around
median., , Which of the above statements is/are
correct., (a) I only, (c) Both I and II, , Ê (c) By the
property of deviation both statement are correct.,
110. What is the median of the numbers 4.6, 0, 9.3,
−4.8, 7.6 2.3,, , Which of the above statements is/are
correct?, , 12.7, 3.5, 8.2, 6.1, 3.9, 5.2 ?, , (a) I only, (c)
Both I and II, , (a) 3.8, (c) 5.7, , (b) II only, (d) Neither I
nor II, , (b) II only, (d) Neither I nor II, , (b) 4.9, (d) 6.0

Page 82 :
43, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), Ê (b) On
arranging the given number is ascending order, we,
have, , − 4.8, 0, 2.3, 3.5, 3.9, 4.6, 5.2, 6.1, 7.6, 8.2, 9.3,
12.7, Here, n = 12, So, median, 12, Value of th
number, 2 , 12, + Value of + 1 th number, ,
2, =, 2, . + 52, ., Value of 6th number + Value 7th
number 46, =, =, = 49, ., 2, 2, , 115. If A and B are two
events such that 2P( A ) = 3P( B ), where, 0 < P( A ) < P(
B ) < 1, then which one of the following is, correct?, (a)
P( A| B) < P( B| A ) < P( A ∩ B), (b) P( A ∩ B) < P( B| A ) <
P( A | B), (c) P( B| A ) < P ( A | B) < P( A ∩ B), (d) P( A ∩ B)
< P( A | B) < P( B| A ), , 2P( A) = 3 P(B), P( A), 3 P(B), 2,
=, P( A ∩ B) P( A ∩ B), , Ê (b) Given that,, , 1 P ( A ∩ B) 1,
×, =, 2, 3, P( A), 1, B , , , × P =, A , 2, B, P <,
, A , , 111. In a test in Mathematics, 20% of the
students obtained, , , , ‘‘first class’’. If the data are
represented by a pie chart,, what is the central angle
corresponding to ‘‘first class’’?, (a) 20°, , (b) 36°, , (c)
72°, , (d) 144°, , Ê (c) Pie chart contains total angle
equal to 360°., So, central angle corresponding to
“First class”, 20, × 360 ° = 72°, = 20% of 360° =, 100, ,
112. The mean and standard deviation of a set of
values are 5, and 2 respectively. If 5 is added to each
value, then what is, the coefficient of variation for the
new set of values?, (a) 10, , (b) 20, , (c) 40, , (d) 70, , Ê (b)
Given, mean = 5, , is drawn at random and kept aside.
From the remaining, a, second chit is drawn at
random. What is the probability, that the second chit
drawn is ‘‘9’’ ?, 1, 10, 1, (c), 90, , E2 be the event of
drawing second chit bearing number, 9., 9, 1, C, C, 9, 1,
and P(E2 ) = 9 1 =, ∴, P(E1 ) = 10 1 =, 10, C1, C1 9, , But
standard deviation will remain same., Hence,
coefficient of variation, σ, 2, =, × 100 =, × 100 = 20,
mean, 10, , ∴ Required probability = P(E1 ) ⋅ P (E2 ), 9,
1 1, =, × =, 10 9 10, , 113. A train covers the first 5 km
of its journey at a speed of 30, km/h and the next 15
km at a speed of 45 km/h. What is, the average speed
of the train?, (d) 40 km/h, , Total distance, Total time, 5
+ 15, 20 × 6, 20, 20, =, =, =, =, = 40 km/h, 5, 15 1 1 1 +
2, 3, +, +, 30 45 6 3, 6, , Ê (d) Average speed =, , 114.
Two fair dice are rolled. What is the probability of
getting, a sum of 7?, (a), , 1, 36, , Ê (b) Here,, , (b), , 1, 6, ,
(c), , 7, 12, , (d), , 5, 12, , n(S) = 36 and E be the event of
getting a sum of 7, , on two fair dice., = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3,
4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}, ∴ n(E ) = 6, So, required
probability =, , n( E ) 6, 1, =, =, n(S ) 36 6, , 1, 9, (d) None
of these, , (b), , (a), , So, new mean = 5 + 5 = 10, , (c) 39.5
km/h, , P(B), 1 A , P , 3 B , A, P , B , , 116.
A box has ten chits numbered 0, 1, 2, 3, …, 9. First, one
chit, , Since, 5 is added to each value., , (b) 37.5 km/h, ,
[dividing both sides by P( A ∪ B)], P ( A ∩ B), , Ê (a) Let
E1 be the event at drawing a chit which is not 9 and, ,
and standard deviation (σ ) = 2, , (a) 35 km/h, , ×, , 117.
One bag contains 3 white and 2 black balls, another
bag, contains 5 white and 3 black balls. If a bag is
chosen at, random and a ball is drawn from it, what is
the change, that it is white?, (a), , 3, 8, , Ê (b) Let, , (b), ,
49, 80, , (c), , 8, 13, , (d), , 1, 2, , E1 be the event of
selecting the first bag and E2 be, , the event of
selecting the second bag. Let A be the event, of
drawing white ball., So, by theorem at total
probability., A , A , P( A) = P(E1 ) × P + P(E2 ) ×
P , , E2 , E1 , 3, 5, C, C, 1, 1, ×5 1 + × 8 1, 2, C1 2,
C1, 1 3 5, 1 24 + 25, = + = ×, , , 2 5 8 2, 40, , =, ,
=, , 1 49 49, ×, =, 2 40 80

Page 83 :
44, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2018 (I), , 118. Consider
the following in respect of two events A and B, I. P ( A
occurs but not B ) = P ( A ) − P ( B ) if B ⊂ A, II. P ( A
alone or B alone occurs) = P ( A ) = P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ),
III. P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) if A and B are mutually,
exclusive, , Which of the above is/are correct?, (a) I
only, , (b) I and III, , (c) II and III, , (d) I and II, , Ê (b) If B ⊂
A, then P( A − B), = P( A) − P( A ∩ B) = P( A) − P(B), [QB
⊂ A A ∩ B = B], So, Statement I is correct., P (A alone
or B alone), = P( A) − P( A ∩ B) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B), = P( A)
+ P(B) − 2 P( A ∩ B), So, Statement II is wrong., If A and
B are mutually exclusive,, then P( A ∩ B) = 0, P( A ∪
B) = P( A) + P(B), So, Statement III is correct., Here,
Statement I and III are correct., , Ê (a) Total number of
selecting three members = 9C3, Favourable numbers
of selecting two members as men, = 4C2 × 5C1, 4, C2
× 5C1, So, required probability =, 9, C3, 4 ×3 5, ×, 2×1
1 2×3 ×5, 5, =, =, =, 9 × 8 × 7 3 × 4 × 7 14, 3 ×2×1, , 120.
The standard deviation σ of the first N natural
numbers, can be obtained using which one of the
following, formulae?, N2 − 1, 12, N−1, (c) σ =, 12, (a) σ
=, , 5, 14, 3, (c), 14, (a), , 1, 21, 8, (d), 21, (b), , (d) σ =, , N2
− 1, 12, N2 − 1, 6N, , 1, ΣXi2 − ( X )2, N, 1 2, =, (1 + 22 +
... + N 2 ), N, , Ê (b) Q σ 2 =, , 1, − (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + N ) ,
, N, , 119. A committee of three has to be chosen
from a group of 4, men and 5 women. If the selection
is made at random,, what is the probability that
exactly two members are, men?, , (b) σ =, , =, =, σ=, , N (
N + 1 ) (2 N + 1 ) ( N + 1 ) , 1, ×, −, , , N, 6, 2, 2, N
−1, 12, N2 − 1, 12, , 2, , 2

Page 84 :
NDA / NA, National Defence Academy/Naval
Academy, , Solved Paper, , 2017 (II), , Paper 1
(Mathematics), 1. If x + log10 (1 + 2 x ) = x log10 5 +
log10 6 then x is equal to, (a) 2, -3, , (b) 2 only, , (c) 1, , 1
1 0, , (d) 3, , x + log10 (1 + 2 ) = x log10 5 + log10 6, x, , Ê
(c), Þ, , 0 × 20 = 0, 1 × 21 = 2, 1 × 22 = 4, 6, , x(1 - log10
5) = log10 6 - log10 (1 + 2x ), , Þ x(log10 10 - log10 5) =
log10 6 - log10 (1 + 2 ), x, , Þ, , Þ, , 10 ö, 6, xæç log10, ÷
= log10, è, 5ø, 1 + 2x, , [Qlog10 10 = 1], , éQ log a - log
b = log a ù, 10, 10, 10, ëê, b ûú, 6, x log10 2 = log10, 1 +
2x, , \ (101110 ) = (46 )10, \, , (110 )2 = (6 )10, , Now,, ,
6 ) 46 ( 7, 42, 4, , \ Quotient = 7,, , For x = 1 , above
equation is satisfied, , 2, , 7, , \, , 2, , 3, , 1, , 2, , 1, , 1, , 0, ,
1, , x = 1 is only solution., , 2. The remainder and the
quotient of the binary division, (101110) 2 ¸ (110) 2
are respectively, (a) (111)2 and (100)2, (b) (100)2 and
(111)2, , \, , (c) (101)2 and (101)2, (d) (100)2 and
(100)2, , Ê (b), , (7 )10 = (111 )2, , \ Quotient = (111 )2,
Remainder = 4, , 1 0 1 1 1 0, , 0 × 20 = 0, 1 × 21 = 2, 1 ×
22 = 4, 1 × 23 = 8, 0 × 24 = 0, 1 × 25 = 32, 46, , \, , 2, , 4,
, 2, , 2, , 0, , 2, , 1, , 0, , 0, , 1, , (4)10 = (100 )2, , \
remainder = (100 )2

Page 85 :
2, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), 3. The matrix A
has x rows and x + 5columns. The matrix B, has y rows
and 11 - y columns. Both AB and BA exist., What are
the values of x and y respectively?, (a) 8 and 3, , (b) 3
and 4, , (c) 3 and 8, , (d) 8 and 8, , Ê (c), , (a) B¢ È C ¢, , (b)
B È C, , \ E - A = A¢}, = E - (E - (E - A)), , [Q E - A¢ = A], , =
B¢ Ç C ¢ [By Demorgan’s Theorem], , x = 3 and y = 8 ., ,
n (n - 1)Q, , where S n denotes the sum of the, 4. If S n
= nP +, 2, first n terms of an AP, then the common
difference is, (a) P + Q, , (b) 2 P + 3Q, , (c) 2Q, , (d) Q, , 7.
If A = {x : x is a multiple of 2}, B = {x : x is a multiple of
5}, and C = {x : x is a multiple of 10}, then A Ç ( B Ç C )
is, equal to, (a) A, , (b) B, , (c) C, , (d) {x : x is a multiple of
100}, , Ê (c) From questions,, , A = {2, 4, 6, 8, ¼¼ }, , n(n -
1 )Q, , …(i), , 2, , We know, sum of n terms of AP, n, = [2a
+ (n - 1 )d], 2, n(n - 1 ), = na +, d, 2, [Here a = first term
and d = common difference], By comparing (i) and (ii),
we get, common difference, d = Q, , 5. The roots of the
equation, (q - r )x 2 + (r - p )x + ( p - q ) = 0 are, , (q - r ),
,1, (p - q), , [Q E is universal set, , = E - A = A¢ = (B È C )¢
[Q A = B È C], , 11 - y = x, , (r - p) 1, (a), ,, (q - r ) 2, , = E -
(E - (E - (E - A¢ )))), , = E - (E - A¢ ), , By solving above
two equations,, , Sn = np +, , (d) B Ç C, , \ E - (E - (E - (E -
(E - A)))), , \ For AB and BA both to be exist, , (d) We
have,, , (c) B¢ Ç C ¢, , Ê (c) Given, E is the universal set
and A = B È C, , x+ 5= y, , (c), , E - ( E - ( E - ( E - ( E - A ))))
is same as the set, , We know, two matrices P and Q
can be multiplied, (i.e., PQ exist) only when number of
columns of, P (pre-multiplier) is equal to the number
of rows of, q (post multiplier)., , and, , Ê, , 6. If E is the
universal set and A = B È C , then the set, , (p - q), (b),
,1, (q - r ), (d), , (r - p) 1, ,, (p - q) 2, , Ê (b) We have,, , (q - r
)x2 + (r - p )x + ( p - q) = 0, , Here, sum of coefficients, (q
- r ) + (r - p ) + ( p - q) = 0, \ One roots of given equation
must be 1., p-q, Here, Product of roots =, q-r, [Q In
quadratic eq n ax2 + bx + c = 0, c, Product of roots = ],
a, p-q, \ Another root ´ 1 =, q-r, p-q, ,1, \ Roots of the
given equation are, q-r, , B = {5, 10, 15, 20, ¼¼ }, C =
{10, 20, 30, 40, ¼¼ }, Here, C is subset of A. i.e C Î A
and C is subset of B, i.e., C Ì B, , …(ii), , Now, ( A Ç (B Ç C
) = A Ç C = C, , 8. If a and b are the roots of the
equation 1 + x + x 2 = 0,, é 1 b ù éa b ù, then the matrix
product ê, ú is equal to, úê, ëa a û ë 1 b û, é1 1ù, (a) ê, ú,
ë1 2 û, é 1 -1ù, (c) ê, ú, ë -1 2 û, , é -1, (b) ê, ë -1, é -1, (d)
ê, ë -1, , -1ù, 2 úû, -1ù, -2 úû, , Ê (b) Q a and b are the
roots of the equations., \ a = w and b = w2, , [Here, w is
cube roots of unity], Now,, b + b2 ù, é1 b ù é a b ù é a +
b, ú, ê a aú ê1 b ú = ê 2, û ë a + a ab + ab û, ûë, ë, é w +
w2 w2 + w4 ù, =ê 2, ú, 2w3 û, ëw + w, é w + w 2 w 2 +
w(w 3 )ù, =ê 2, ú, 2w3, ëw + w, û, é w + w 2 w 2 + wù,
[Q w3 = 1], =ê 2, ú, 2, +, w, w, w, ë, û, é- 1 - 1ù, [Q1 + w
+ w2 = 0], =ê, ú, ë- 1 2 û, \ option (b) is correct.

Page 86 :
3, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), 9. If | a | denotes
the absolute value of an integer, then which, of the
following are correct?, 1. | ab | = | a || b | 2. | a + b | £ | a
| + | b |, 3. | a - b | ³ | a | - | b |, , 12. The sum of all real
roots of the equation, | x - 3| 2 + | x - 3| - 2 = 0 is, (a) 2, ,
(b) 3, , (c) 4, , Ê (d) We have, |x - 3|, , 2, , Select the
correct answer using the code given below., , + |x - 3| =
- 2 = 0, |x - 3| = t, , Let, , (a) 1 and 2 only, , (b) 2 and 3
only, , \, , (c) 1 and 3 only, , (d) 1, 2 and 3, , Þ, , t 2 + 2t - t
- 2 = 0, , Þ, , t (t + 2) - 1 (t + 2) = 0, , Ê (d) For asbsolute
value, , (d) 6, , t2 + t - 2 = 0, , 1. |ab| = |a||b|is true, , \, , 2.
|a + b| £ |a| + |b|is true, , [Here, t = - 2is not possible
because t = |x - 3|is always, + ve], \, t =1, \, |x - 3| = 1, Þ,
x - 3 = 1 or x - 3 = - 1, x = 4 or x = 2, \ Sum of roots of
given equation = 4 + 2 = 6, , 3. |a - b| ³ ||a| - |b||is true, \
For absolute value all the given conditions are true., ,
10. How many different permutation can be made out
of the, letters of the word ‘PERMUTATION’?, (a)
19958400, , (b) 19954800 (c) 19952400, , (d)
39916800, , Ê (a) In word ‘PERMUTATION’ we have
to arrange 11 letters, in which number of letter ‘I’ is 2.,
11 !, \ Number of permutations =, 2!, 11 ´ 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 ´ 7 ´
6 ´ 5 ´ 4 ´ 3 ´ 2 ´ 1, =, 2´1, , = 11 ´ 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 ´ 7 ´ 6 ´ 5 ´ 4 ´ 3
= 19958400, , 1, é 4i - 6 10i ù, and k = , where i = -1,
then kA, ú, 2i, ë 14i 6 + 4i û, is equal to, , 13. It is given
that the roots of the equation, , x 2 - 4 x - log 3 P = 0
are real. For this the minimum, value of P is, (a), , (b), ,
1, 64, , (c), , 1, 81, , (d) 1, , x2 - 4x - log 3 P = 0, , …(i), , It is
given that the roots of the given equation are real, \
Discriminant, D ³ 0, \, , 5 ù, é2 - 3i, (b) ê, 2 + 3i úû, ë 7, 5
ù, é2 + 3i, (d) ê, 2 + 3i úû, ë 7, , (-4)2 - 4(1 ) (- log 3 P) ³ 0,
[Q D = b2 - 4ac], , Þ, , 16 + 4 log 3 P ³ 0, , Þ, , é 4 i - 6 10 i
ù, ú, ë 14 i 6 + 4 iû, , Ê (a) Given, A = ê, , -1, 1 i i, and k = ´
= 2 =, i [Q i2 = - 1], 2i i 2i, 2, é 4i - 6 10 i ù, Now, kA = k
ê, ú, ë 14i 6 + 4iû, k(10 i) ù, é k(4i - 6 ), =ê, k, (, 14, i, ), k,
(, 6 + 4i)úû, ë, 1, é - 1 i(4i - 6 ), - (10 i) ù, ê 2, ú, 2, =ê, ú, 1,
1, +, i, (, 14, i, ), i, (, 6, 4, i, ), ê, ú, ë 2, û, 2, 2, 2, é - 2i + 3 i,
ù, - 5i, =ê, ú, 2, - 3 i - 2i2 û, ë - 7i, - 5 (- 1 ) ù, é - 2 (- 1 ) +
3 i, =ê, - 3 i - 2 (- 1 )úû, ë - 7 (- 1 ), 5 ù, é2 + 3 i, =ê, 7, 2, 3
iúû, ë, , 1, 27, , Ê (c) We have,, , 11. If A = ê, , 5 ù, é2 + 3i,
(a) ê, 2 - 3i úû, ë 7, 7ù, é2 - 3i, (c) ê, 2 + 3i úû, ë 5, , t = 1
or t = - 2, , Þ, , 4 log 3 P ³ - 16, 16, log 3 P ³ 4, , Þ, , log 3 P
³ - 4, P ³ 3 -4, 1, P³, 81, , Þ, Þ, , \ Minimum value of, , P=, ,
1, 81, , 14. If A is a square matrix, then the value of, adj
A T - (adj A )T is equal to, (a), (b), (c), (d), , A, 2| A|I,
where I is the identity matrix, null matrix whose order
is same as that of A, unit matrix whose order is same
as that of A, , Ê (c) We know, in square matrix A, , adj
AT = (adj A)T, , Þ, , adj AT - (adj A)T = 0, , \ adj A - (adj
A)T is null matrix whose order is same, as that of A., T

Page 87 :
4, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), , 15. The value of
the product, 1, 2, , 1, 4, , 1, 8, , 19. If a, b, c are non-zero
real numbers, then the inverse of, , 1, 16, , the matrix, ,
6 ´ 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 ´ … up to infinite terms is, (a) 6, , Ê (a) 6, , (b)
36, 1, 2, , 1, , 1, , (c) 216, , éa 0 0ù, A = ê 0 b 0ú is equal
to, ú, ê, êë 0 0 c úû, , (d) 512, , 1, , ´ 6 4 ´ 6 8 ´ 616 ´ ¼¼
up infinite terms, =6, , 1, 1, 1, 1, +, +, +, + ¼¼ ¥, 2, 4, 8
16, , =6, , 1/2, 1, 2, , [Q we know, sum of an infinite GP
with first terms a, and d common ratio r is, a, , where -
1 < r < 1] = 6, S¥ =, 1 -r, , ½cos 2 q, 2, 16. The value of
the determinant ½, ½sin 2 q, ½, 2, for all values of q, is,
, q, sin 2 ½, 2½, 2 q½, cos, 2½, , Ê, , number of terms in
the expansion, ( x + a )100 + ( x - a )100 after
simplification is, (b) 101, , (c) 51, , \ Inverse fo matrix A,
i.e.,, , of, , (d) 50, , Number of terms in the expansion of
(x + a )100 will be, 101 and number of terms in the
expansion of (x - a )100, also will be 101., , \ In the
expansion of, (x + a )100 + (x - a )100 50 terms will be
cancel out and 51, terms will be added up, \ Number
of terms in the expansion of, (x + a )100 + (x - a )100
will 51, , 18. In the expansion of (1 + x ) 50 , the sum of
the coefficients, of odd powers of x is, (b) 2 49, , (c) 2
50, , (d) 2 51, , Ê (b) We know, the sum of the
coefficients of (1 + x), , n, , A-1 = diag (a -1 b-1 c-1 ), é a
-1 0, 0 ù, ú, ê, = ê 0 b-1 0 ú, -1, ê 0, 0 c ú, û, ë, , 20. A
person is to count 4500 notes. Let an denote the,
number of notes he counts in the nth minute. If, a1 = a
2 = a 3 = … = a10 = 150, and a10 , a11 , a12 , … are in
AP, with the common difference -2, then the time
taken by, him to count all the notes is, (a) 24 minutes
(b) 34 minutes (c) 125 minutes (d)135 minutes, , Ê (c)
We know,, , (a) 2 26, , A = diag (a b c), , = diag (a1-1 , a2-
1 a3-1 ¼¼ an-1 ), , = cos q × 1 = cos q, , 17. The, , é a -1
0, 0ù, ú, 1 ê, -1, (b), 0 b, 0ú, abc ê, ê 0, 0 c -1 ú, û, ë, é a 0
0ù, 1 ê, (d), 0 b 0ú, ú, abc ê, êë 0 0 c úû, , We know that,
the inverge of a diagonal matrix diag, (a1 a2 a3 ¼¼ an
), , [Q a 2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)], , (a) 202, , 0, , \, , (b) cos q,
(c) sinq, (d) cos2q, é cos 2 q sin 2 q ù, ê, 2, 2ú, (b) ê, ú, 2
q, 2 q, cos, ú, ê sin, ë, 2, 2û, 2, q, q, = æç cos 2 ö÷ - æç
sin 2 ö÷, è, 2ø è, 2ø, q, q, æ, 2 q, 2 qö æ, = ç cos - sin ÷ -
ç cos 2 + sin 2 ö÷, è, 2, 2ø è, 2, 2ø, (a)1, , Ê, , 0ù, ú, -1, 0ú,
b, 0 c -1 ú, û, é 1 0 0ù, 1 ê, (c), 0 1 0ú, ú, abc ê, êë 0 0
1úû, éa 0 0ù, (a) We have, A = ê0 b 0 ú, ú, ê, êë0 0 c úû,
é a -1, ê, (a) ê 0, ê 0, ë, , 1-, , ., , i.e., C0 + C1 + C2 + ¼¼ +
Cn = 2n, , \ sum of the coefficients of odd powers of (1
+ x)n ., 2n, i.e., C1 + C3 + C5 + ¼¼ =, 2, \ sum of the
coefficients of odd powers of, 250, (1 + x)50 =, = 249,
2, , Ê (b) Given, a, , 1, , = a2 = a3 = ¼¼ = a10 = 150, , \
From question, Number of notes counted by the
person in 9 minutes, = 9 ´ 150 = 1350, Let total
minutes to count all the 4500 notes by the, person = t,
\ Remaining minutes after 9 minutes = t - 9, We know
sum of n terms of an AP whose first term ‘a’, and
common d is given by, n, Sn = [2a + (n - 1 )d], 2, Now,
From question,[2 ´ 150 + {(t - 9 ) - 1 } (-2)] = 4500,
[QTotal number of notes = 4500 and common
difference, = - 2], t -9, 1350+, [300 - 2t + 20] = 4500, 2,
t 2 - 169 t + 4950 = 0 Þ (t - 135) (t - 34) = 0, , \, , t = 135
or + = 34, , Here + = 135 (impossible), \, , t = 34
Minutes

Page 88 :
5, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), n, , æ1 + i ö, 21.
The smallest positive integer n for which ç, ÷ = 1, is, è1
- i ø, (a) 1, , (b) 4, , (c) 8, , n, , Ê (b), , (d) 16, , n, , é (1 + i)2
ù, æ1 + i ö, æ1 + i 1 + i ö, ´, ç, ÷ =ç, ÷ =ê 2, 2 ú, è1 - i ø,
è1 - i 1 + iø, ë (1 ) - (i) û, , n, , 24. If a and b are the roots
of the equation 3x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0,, then the equation
whose roots are a + b -1 andb + a -1 is, (a) 3x 2 + 8x +
16 = 0, , (b) 3x 2 - 8x - 16 = 0, , (c) 3x 2 + 8x - 16 = 0, , (d)
x 2 + 8x + 16 = 0, , Ê (a) Given a and b are the roots of
equations, , 3 x2 + 2x + 1 = 0, 2, …(i), a+ b = \, 3, 1, and,
…(ii), ab =, 3, We have to find the equation whose
roots are a + b -1, and b + a-1 ., \ Sum of roots of
required equation, , [Q a - b = (a + b) (a - b)], 2, , 2, , n, , é
1 + i2 + 2i ù, =ê, ú, ë 1 - (- 1 ) û, n, é 1 - 1 + 2i ù, = (i) n,
=ê, ú, 2, û, ë, , [Qi2 = - 1], , \ n = 4 is the smallest value
for which (i)n = 1., , = (a + b -1 ) + (b + a-1 ), a+ b, 1 1, =
a+ b + + = a+ b +, a b, ab, - 2 - 2/ 3, [from (i) and (ii)], =,
+, 3, 1 /3, 8, =3, and product of roots of required
equation, = (a + b -1 ) (b + a-1 ) = ab + a × a-1 + b -1 × b
+ b -1 a-1, 1, = ab + 1 + 1 +, ab, 1, 1, [From (ii)], = + 2+,
1, 3, 3, 16, =, 3, \ Required equation will be, x2 - (sum
of roots) x + product of roots = 0, 8, 16, \, = 0 Þ 3 x2 +
8 x + 16 = 0, x2 - æç - ö÷ x +, è 3ø, 3, , 22. If we define a
relation R on the set N ´ N as (a, b ) R (c , d ), Û a + d = b
+ c for all (a, b ), (c , d ) Î N ´ N, then the, relation is, (a)
symmetric only, , (b) symmetric and transitive only, ,
(c) equivalence relation, , (d) reflexive only, , Ê (c), , (a,
b)R(a, b)" (a, b) Î N ´ N, Since, a + b = b + a,, \ R is
Reflexive., for R is to Symmetric, (a, b) R (c, d), Þ a + d =
b+ cÞd+ a = c+ b, Þ c + d = d + a Þ (c, d) R (a, b), \ R is
Symmetric., Now, By definition at R,, a + d = b + c and c
+ f = d + c, equality both sides, a + d + c + f = b + c + d +
e as, a + f = b+ e, Now, (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (c, f ), Þ, ,
25. The value of, , (a, b) R (e, f ), , 1, 1, 1, +, +, + …up to
infinite terms is, log 3 e log 3 e 2 log 3 e 4, , \ R is
transitive., Since R is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive, , (a) loge 9, , \ R is an equivalance relation., ,
23. If y = x + x 2 + x 3 + … up to infinite terms where x
< 1,, then which one of the following is correct?, (a) x
=, , y, 1+ y, , Ê (a) Given, y = x + x, where,, , y, 1- y, , (b) x
=, 2, , (c) x =, , 1+ y, y, , (d) x =, , 1- y, y, , + x + ¼¼ upto
infinite terms, 3, , x<1, , Which is sum of infinite term
of GP whose first term is x, and common ratio is x
when x < 1., x, \, y=, 1-x, [Q Sum of infinite terms of GP
whose first term is a, a, and common ratio r =, where, r
< 1], 1 -r, y, x=, Þ, 1+ y, , Ê (a), , (b) 0, , (c) 1, , (d) loge 3, ,
1, 1, 1, Let, y=, +, +, + …¥, log 3 e log 3 e2, log 3 e4, 1, 1,
1, =, +, +, + …¥, log 3 e 2log 3 e 4log 3 e, ù, é, 1 ê 1 ú, 1
é, 1 1, 1 + + + .... ¥ù =, ú, ê, úû, 2 4, log 3 e ëê, log 3 e ê 1
- 1 ú, ë, 2û, 1, =, × 2 = 2 log e 3 = 2 log e 3 2 = log e 9,
log 3 e, =, , 26. A tea party is arranged for 16 people
along two sides of a, long table with eight chairs on
each side. Four particular, men wish to sit on one
particular side and two particular, men on the other
side. The number of ways they can be, seated is, (a) 24
´ 8! ´ 8! (b) (8!)3, , (c) 210 ´ 8! ´ 8!, , (d) 16!

Page 89 :
6, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), , Ê (c), , Since four
particular men want to sit on a particular, side A (say)
and two other porticular men on the other, side B. So,
we are left with 10 guests out of which we, choose 4
for side A and 6 four side B., Hence, the number of
selection for the two sides, = 10 C4 ´ 6 C6, Now, 8
persons on each side of the table can be, arranged
among themselves in 8! ways., Hence, the total
number of arrangements, 10 !, = 10 C4 ´ 6 C6 ´ 8 ! ´ 8 !
=, ´ 1 ´ 8! ´ 8!, 4!6 !, 10 ´ 9 ´ 8 ´ 7, =, ´ (8 !)2 = 210 ´ (8 !)2,
4´3 ´2´1, , Q, p, P, 29. In DPQR, ÐR = . If tan æç ö÷ and
tan æç ö÷ are the roots of, è2ø, è2ø, 2, the equation ax
2 + bx + c = 0, then which one of the, following is
correct?, (a) a = b + c, , (b) b = c + a, , (c) c = a + b, , (d) b =
c, p, , Ê (c) We have, D PQR in which Ð R = 2 ., , p, 1, 1,
p, Þ ÐP + ÐQ =, 2, 2, 4, 2, p, P Q, Þ, tan æç + ö÷ = tan,
è2, 2ø, 4, P, Q, tan + tan, 2, 2 =1, Þ, P, Q, 1 - tan tan, 2, 2,
P, Q, P, q, …(i), Þ tan + tan = 1 - tan tan, 2, 2, 2, 2, P, Q,
Since tan and tan are the roots of the equation, 2, 2, , \,
, 27. The system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z =
k, and x + y + kz = k 2 has no solution if k equals., (a) 0, ,
(c) -1, , (b) 1, , (d) -2, , kx + y + z = 1, , Ê (d) We have,, , x +
ky + z = k, , x+ y+, ½k, For no solution, ½1, ½, ½1, , kz =
k2, 1 1½, k 1½ = 0, ½, 1 k½, , Þ, , k(k2 - 1 ) - 1 (k - 1 ) + 1
(1 - k) = 0, , Þ, , k - k- k+ 1 + 1 - k=0, , Þ, , k3 - 3 k + 2 = 0, ,
ax2 + bx + c = 0, P, Q, b, \ tan + tan = 2, 2, a, P, Q c, and
tan × tan =, 2, 2 a, , 3, , Þ, , 4, 30. If½z - ½ = 2, Then the
maximum value of | z | is equal to, , k= -2, , 28. If 13, . +
23, . + 33, . + ¼ + n.3, , (a) 1 +, , n, , (2 n - 1)3 + b, then a
and b are respectively, 4, (a) n, 2, (b) n, 3, (c) n + 1, 2, (d)
n + 1, 3, a, , =, , Ê (d) Given, series is, , 1 × 3 + 2 × 3 + 3 ×
3 + ¼¼ + n × 3, 2, , 3, , …(i), , - 2Sn = 1 × 3 + [3 + 3 + ¼¼
+ 3 ] - n × 3, , Þ, Þ, Þ, , n, , |z|2 - 2|z| - 4 £ 0, , Þ (|z| - 1 +, ,
5 ) (|z| - 1 - 5 ) £ 0, , (d) 5 - 1, , 5, , Thus, the maximum
value of|z|is 1 +, n +1, , -2Sn = (3 + 3 2 + 3 3 + ¼¼ + 3 n
) - n × 3 n + 1, -2Sn = (3 + 3 2 + 3 3 + ¼¼ + 3 n ) - n × 3 n
+ 1, é3 n - 1, ù, - 2Sn = 3 ê, - n3 n + 1 ú, ë 3 -1, û, n n+1 3
n, Sn = × 3, - (3 - 1 ), 4, 2, 2n × 3 n + 1 - 3 n + 1 + 3, Sn =,
4, (2n - 1 ) 3 n + 1 + 3, Sn =, 4, , on comparing a = n + 1,
b = 3, , Þ, , Þ 1 - 5 £ |z| £ 1 +, , …(ii), , On subtracting eq
(ii) from eq (i), we get, , Þ, , 5, , [using triangle
inequality], 4, 4, [Q½z - ½ = 2], |z| £ 2 +, |z|, z½, ½, , n, ,
3, , (c) 1 -, , 5, , Þ, , Þ 3Sn =1 × 3 2 + 2 × 3 2 + ¼¼, + (n - 1
)3 n n × 3 n + 1, 2, , (b) 1 +, , 4 4, 4, 4, |z| = ½ z - + ½ £ ½z
- ½ + ½ ½, z, z½ ½, z½ ½z½, ½, , n, , Let, Sn = 1 × 3 + 2 × 3
2 + 3 × 3 3 + ¼¼ + n × 3 n, , n, , 3, , Ê (b) We have,, , The
above series is AGP, , Þ, , z½, , ½, , 3, , …(iii), , b, c, =1 a, a,
- b = a - cÞc = a + b, , Þ, , (k + 2) (k - 1 ) (k - 1 ) = 0 Þ k = 1,
- 2, , 2, , …(ii), , \ From eq n (i), (ii) and (iii), we have -, ,
But for k = 1, first two equations will be identical, \, ,
ÐP + ÐQ =, , 5, , 31. The angle of elevation of a
stationary cloud from a point, 25 m above a lake is 15°
and the angle of depression of its, image in the lake is
45°. The height of the cloud above the, lake level is, (a)
25 m, , Ê (b), , (b) 25 3 m, , (c) 50 m, , (d) 50 3 m, , Let AB
be the surface of the lake and P be the point of,
observation such that AP = 25 m. Let C be the
position, of the cloud and c¢ be its reflection in the
lake. The, CB = C ¢ B. Let PM be perpendicular from P
on CB. Then,, ÐCPM = 15° and ÐC ¢ PM = 45°. Let CM
= h, then, CB = h + 25 consequently, C ¢ B = h + 25., In
DCMP, we have

Page 90 :
7, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), CM, h, Þ 2- 3 =,
PM, PM, h, …(i), PM =, Þ, 2- 3, h + 50, C¢ M, In D
PMC¢, we have tan 45° =, Þ1=, PM, PM, tan15° =, , Þ, ,
PM = h + 50, , 33. The value of 3 cosec 20° - sec 20° is
equal to, (a) 4, , 15º, 45º, , P, , …(ii), h, h+25, , 25 m, , A, ,
B, h+25, , 34. Angle a is divided into two parts A and B
such that, , A - B = x and tan A : tan B = p : q . The value
of sin x is, equal to, , C′, , From (i) and (ii), , h, = h + 50,
2- 3, , (a), , h = h(2 - 3 ) + 50 (2 - 3 ), , Þ, Þ, , h - 2h +, , 3 h
= 50 (2 - 3 ), , Þ, , \, , =, , 75 - 25 3, ( 3 - 1), , =, , 25(3 - 3 ),
3 -1, , 25(3 3 + 3 - 3 - 3 ), 3 -1, , =, , =, , 25(3 - 3 ), 3 -1, , ´, ,
3 +1, 3 +1, , 25(2 3 ), = 25 3 m, 2, , 32. The value of, tan
9° - tan 27° - tan 63° + tan 81° is equal to, (a) -1, , (b) 0,
, (c) 1, , (d) 4, , Ê (d) We have,, , tan 9° - tan 27° - tan 63°
+ tan 81°, , psina, p-q, , (d), , ( p - q )sin a, p+ q, , A + B = a
and A - B = x, a+ x, a- x, and B =, A=, 2, 2, , on applying
componendo and dividendo , we get, sin a + sin x + sin
a - sin x p + q, =, sin a + sin x - sin a + sin x p - q, sin a p +
q, =, sin x, p-q, p-q, Þ, sin x =, sin a, p+ q, , = tan 9° - tan
27° - tan (90° - 27° ) + tan (90° - 9° ), = tan 9° - tan 27°
- cot 27° + cot 9°, = (tan 9° + cot 9° ) - (tan 27° + cot
27° ), sin 9° cos 9° ù é sin 27° cos 27° ù, +, +, =é, êë cos
9° sin 9° úû êë cos 27° sin27° úû, é sin 2 9° + cos 2 9° ù
é sin 2 27° + cos 2 27° ù, =ê, ú-ê, ú, ë sin 9° cos 9° û ë
sin 27° cos 27° û, 1, 1, =, sin 9° cos 9° sin 27° cos 27°,
=, , (c), , Now, according to question, a + xö, tan æç, ÷,
è, tan A p, 2 ø p, =, Þ, =, a - xö q, tan B q, tan æç, ÷, è 2 ø,
a + xö, a - xö, sin æç, cos æç, è 2 ÷ø, è 2 ÷ø p, Þ, =, a - xö,
a + xö, q, sin æç, cos æç, ÷, ÷, è 2 ø, è 2 ø, a + xö, a - xö,
cos æç, 2 sin æç, è 2 ÷ø, è 2 ÷ø p, =, Þ, a - xö, a + xö, q,
cos æç, 2 sin æç, ÷, ÷, è 2 ø, è 2 ø, sin a + sin x p, Þ, =, sin
a - sin x q, , \ Height of the cloud above the lake level =
h + 25, 100 - 50 3 + 25 3 - 25, 100 - 50 3, =, + 25 =, 3
-1, 3 -1, =, , ( p + q )sin a, psina, (b), p+ q, p-q, , Ê (d) We
have,, , h( 3 - 1 ) = 50 (2 - 3 ), 50 (2 - 3 ), h=, ( 3 - 1), , Þ, ,
(d) -4, , 3 cosec 20° - sec 20, 3 cos 20° - sin 20°, 3, 1, =,
=, sin 20° cos 20°, sin 20° cos 20°, ö, æ 3, 1, 4ç, cos 20°
- sin 20° ÷, 2, ø, è 2, =, 2 sin 20° cos 20°, æ sin 60° cos
20° - cos 60° sin 20° ö, = 4ç, ÷, è, ø, sin 40°, 4 sin (60° -
20° ) 4 sin 40°, =, =, =4, sin 40°, sin 40°, , M, , 25 m, , (c)
1, , Ê (a) We have,, , C, h, , (b) 2, , é sin 54° - sin 18° ù, 2,
2, = 2ê, ú, sin 18° sin 54°, ë sin 18° sin 54° û, , é 2 cos
36° sin 18° ù 4 cos 36° sin 18°, = 2ê, =4, ú=, sin 18° cos
36°, ë sin 18° sin(90° - 36° ) û, , 35. The value of, æ3ö,
æ1ö, sin -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ is equal to, è5ø, è7 ø, (a) 0,
(c), , p, 3, , p, 4, p, (d), 2, (b)

Page 92 :
9, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), ì, ï, =í, ïî, , A, A, +
cos ,, 2, 2, æ sin A + cos A ö ,, ç, ÷, è, 2, 2ø, , 41. The
points (a, b ), (0, 0), ( -a, - b ) and (ab, b 2 ) are, , sin, , (a)
the vertices of a parallelogram, 2np -, , p, 3p, £ A £ 2np
+, 4, 4, otherwise, , A, A, 1 + sin A = - æç sin + cos ö÷, è,
2, 2ø, 3 p A 5p, <, <, 4, 2, 4, 3p, 5p, < A<, Þ, 2, 2, so,, , is, ,
true, , when, , cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C, , (c) the
vertices of a square, (d) collinear, , Ê (d) All given point
lie on the line having equation ay = bx., \ All point are
collinear, , 42. The length of the normal from origin to
the plane, x + 2y - 2z = 9 is equal to, (a) 2 units, , 39. In
triangle ABC, if, sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C, , (b) the
vertices of a rectangle, , =, , Ê (a) We have,, , cos 2 A +
cos 2 B + cos 2 C, , =2, , = 2 cos A + 2 cos B + 2 cos C, 2,
, = 2 cos 2 A + 2 cos 2 B + 2 cos 2 C, Þ 3 = 3 cos 2 A + 3
cos 2 B + 3 cos 2 C, Þ cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 1, 1
+ cos 2 A 1 + cos 2B 1 + cos 2C, +, +, =1, Þ, 2, 2, 2, Þ 3 +
cos 2 A + cos 2B + cos 2C = 2, Þ cos 2 A + cos 2B + cos
2C = - 1, cos 2 A + cos 2B = - (1 + cos 2C ), 2 cos( A + B)
cos( A - B) = - 2 cos 2 C, , Þ2 cos(180° - C ) cos( A - B) =
- 2 cos 2 C, - cos C cos( A - B) = - cos 2 C, , Þ, , cos( A - B)
= CosC, , Þ, , A- B=C, , Þ, , A= B+ C, A+ B+ C = p, ,
Again,, Þ, Þ, , A + A = p Þ 2A = p, p, A=, 2, , \ D ABC is a
right angled triangle., , 40. The principal value of sin -1
x lies in the interval, , Ê, , -9, , =, , 1 + 4+ 4, , =, , 9, = 3
units, 3, , 2, , Þ1 - cos 2 A + 1 - cos 2 B + 1 - cos 2 C, , Þ, ,
2, , 3. sin 2 a + sin 2 b + sin 2 g = 2, 2, , Þ, , 2, , the origin)
makes with positive direction of the, coordinate axes,
then which of the following are correct?, 1. cos 2 a +
cos 2 b = sin 2 g 2. sin 2 a + sin 2 b = cos 2 g, , Þ sin 2 A
+ sin 2 B + sin 2 C, , Þ, , (1 ) + (2) + (-2), 2, , ¾®, , (d)
obtuse-angled, sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C, , 0 + 2 .0 - 2
.0 - 9, , (d) 5 units, , 43. If a , b and g are the angles
which the vector OP (O being, , (b) equilateral, , (c)
isosceles, , (c) 4 units, , Ê (b) Length of normal, , =2, ,
then the triangle is, (a) right-angled, , (b) 3 units, ,
Select the correct answer using the code given below.,
(a) 1 and 2 only, , (b) 2 and 3 only, , (c) 1 and 3 only, , (d)
1, 2 and 3, , Ê (c) We know that, cos, , 2, , a + cos 2 b +
cos 2 g = 1, , Þ cos 2 a + cos 2 b = 1 - cos 2 g, Þ cos 2 a +
cos 2 b = sin 2 g, so, statement 1 is correct, Again, 1 -
sin 2 a + 1 - sin 2 b + cos 2 g = 1, Þ, , 1 + cos 2 g = sin 2 a
+ sin 2 b, , so, statement 2 is incorrect, Again, 1 - sin 2
a + 1 - sin 2 b + 1 - sin 2 g = 1, Þ, , sin 2 a + sin 2 b + sin 2
g = 2, , \ Statements 3 is correct, , 44. The angle
between the lines x + y - 3 = 0 and, x - y + 3 = 0 is a and
the acute angle between the lines, x - 3y + 2 3 = 0 and
3x - y + 1 = 0 is b. Which one of, the following is
correct?, (a) a = b, , (b) a > b, , (c) a < b, , (d) a = 2b, , Ê (b)
We have, equation of lines, , x + y - 3 = 0 and x - y + 3 =
0, , p p, (a) æç - , ö÷, è 2 2ø, , p p, (b) é - , ù, êë 2 2 úû, , \
slopes of the above lines are - 1 and 1 respectively., , p,
(c) é 0, ù, êë 2 úû, , (d) [0, p ], , \ angle between these
lines is 90°., , p p, (b) Range of sin x is é - , ù, êë 2 2 úû, p
p, \, sin x Î é - , ù, ëê 2 2 ûú, -1, , Since product of their
slope is - 1, \, , a = 90°, , Also, angle between the lines x
- 3 y + 2 3 = 0 and, 3 x - y + 1 = 0 i,e,. b is acute, \, , a>b

Page 93 :
10, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), ®, , ®, , ®, , 45.
Let a = i$ + 2 $j - k$, b = 2i$ - $j + 3k$ and g = 2i$ + $j +
6k$ be, ®, , Ê (b), , ®, Now, a ´ $i = (xi$ + yj$ + zk$ ) ´ i$,
, ®, , three vectors. If a and b are both perpendicular
to the, vector d and d × g = 10, then what is the
magnitude of d?, , Ê, , 3, (b) 2 3 units (c), unit, (a) 3 units,
2, r, (b) Let d = xi + yi + zk, r r, r, It is given that, r r d 1r
arand d ^ b, \, d× a = d×b = 0, \, x + 2y - z = 0, and, , 2x -
y + 3 z = 0, , Again,, \, , r r, d × g = 10, 2x + y + 6 z = 10, ,
(d), , = - yk$ + zj$, r $2, \ |a ´ i| = ( ( z )2 + (- y))2 = z 2 +
y2, ®, ®, Similarly, |a ´ $j|2 = x2 + z 2 and|a ´ k|2 = x2 +
y2, , 1, unit, 3, , ®, ®, ®, \ |a ´ i$|2 + |a ´ $j|2 + |a ´ k$|2, ,
= ( z 2 + y 2 ) + (x 2 + z 2 ) + (x 2 + y 2 ), = 2(x2 + y2 + z 2
), , …(i), r, [Q a = i$ + 2 $j - k$], …(ii), r, $, $, [Qb = 2i - j +
3 k$, …(iii), r, $, $, $, [Q g = 2i + j + 6 k], , on solving (i),
(ii), (iii), we get, x = - 2, y = 2, rz = 2, r, \, d = 2i$ + 2 $j +
2k$ Þ |d| = (- 2)2 + (2)2 + (2)2, = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 = 2 3, ,
®, , =, =, =, , (a) 18p square metres, , (b) 15p square
metres, , (c) 12p square metres, , (d) 8p square metres,
, Ê (b) Since the shape of a racecourse is of the form of
ellipse., Let the equation of racecourse be, x2, y2, + 2
=1, 2, a, b, Now, according to the question, , (c) (2a$ -
b$ ), , (d) (2a$ + b$ ), , PF1 + PF2 = 10 and F1 F2 = 8, \, ,
2a = 10 and 2ae = 8, 4, Þ, a = 5 and e =, 5, b2, b2,
Again,, e = 1 - 2 Þ e2 = 1 - 2, a, a, 2, b2, 4ö, 16, b2, æ, Þ,
=1 Þ, ç ÷ =1 è5ø, (5)2, 25, 25, 9, b2, 2, =, Þb = 9 Þ b = 3,
Þ, 25 25, Now, area of an ellipse = pab, Required area
= p (5) (3 ), \, = 15 p sq unit, , (a$ + b$ ) ´ (a$ + b$ ), a$ ´
(a$ ´ b$ ) + b$ ´ (a$ ´ b$ ), (a$ × b$ )a$ - (a$ × a$ ) b$ +
(b$ × b$ )a$ - (b$ × a$ )b$, [Q a$ × a$ = b$ × b$ = 1],
(a$ × b$ ) a$ - b$ + a$ - (b$ × a$ )b$, (a$ × b$ ) a$ - (b$
× a$ ) b$ + a$ - b$, [Q a$ × b$ = b$ × a$ ], , = (a$ × b$ )
a$ - (a$ × b$ ) b$ + a$ + b$, = (a$ × b$ ) (a$ - b$ ) + (a$ -
b$ ), = (a$ × b$ + 1 ) (a$ - b$ ), \ (a$ + b$ ) ´ (a$ ´ b$ )||
(a$ - b$ ), as = (a$ × b$ + 1 ) is a scalar quantity., , 50.
The distance of the point (1, 3) from the line 2x + 3y =
6,, , ®, , 47. A force F = i$ + 3 $j + 2k$ acts on a particle
to displace it, from the point A(i$ + 2 $j - 3k$ ) to the
point B (3i$ - $j + 5k$ )., The work done by the force
will be, (a) 5 units, , x2 + y2 + z 2, , the distances of two
flag-posts from him is always 10 m, and the distance
between the flag-posts is 8 m. The area, of the path he
encloses is, , Ê (a) We have,, =, , [Q|a| =, , 49. A man
running round a racecourse notes that the sum of, ,
(a$ + b$ ) ´ (a$ ´ b$ ) is parallel to, (b) (a$ + b$ ), , ®, , =
2|a|2, , 46. If a$ and b$ are two unit vectors, then the
vector, (a) (a$ - b$ ), , ®, Let a = xi$ + yi$ + zk$, , (b) 7
units, , (c) 9 units, , (d) 10 units, , Ê (c) We have,, ®, ,
measured parallel to the line 4 x + y = 4, is, (a), , 5,
units, 13, , (b), , 3, units, 17, , Ê (d) The slope of the line
4x +, , (c) 17 units, , (d), , 17, units, 2, , y = 4 is - 4., , \
Equation of a line passing through (1, 3 ) with slope, - 4
is, , F = i$ + 3 $j + 2k$, A(i$ + 2 $j - 3 k$ ) and B(3 i$ - $j
+ 5k$ ), , y - 3 = - 4(x - 1 ), , \ AB = (3 i$ - $j + 5k$ ) - (i$ +
2 $j - 3 k$ ) = 2i$ - 3 $j + 8 k$, , Þ, , Now, work done = F
× AB, , The coordinate of the point of intersection of
the lines, 3, 4x + y = 7 and 2x + 3 y = 6 is æç , 1 ö÷., è2
ø, , ®, , = (i$ + 3 $j + 2k$ ) × (2i$ - 3 $j + 8 k$ ), = 1 ´ 2 +
3 ´ (-3 ) + 2 ´ 8 = 2 - 9 + 16 = 9 units, ®, , ®, , ®, ®, 48.
For any vector a | a ´ i$| 2 + | a ´ $j | 2 + | a ´ k$| 2, , y - 3
= - 4x + 4 Þ 4x + y = 7, , \ Required distance, 2, , =, , æ 3
- 1 ö + (1 - 3 )2, ç, ÷, è2, ø, , =, , 1, 17, units, + 4=, 4, 2, , is
equal to, ®, , (a)|a|2, , ®, , (b) 2|a|2, , ®, , (c) 3|a|2, , ®, ,
(d) 4|a|2

Page 94 :
11, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), 51. If the
vectors ai$ + $j + k$, i$ + bj$ + k$ and i$ + $j + ck$, (a,
b, c ¹ 1) are coplanar, then the value of, 1, 1, 1, +, +, 1-a
1-b 1-c, , 53. If the angle between the lines whose
direction ratios are, p, (2, - 1, 2) and x, 3, 5 is , then the
smaller value of x is, 4, (a) 52, , Ê (b), , is equal to, (a) 0,
(c) a + b + c, , Ê (b) Since ai$ +, \, , (b) 1, (d) abc, $j + k$,
i$ + bj$ + k$ and i$ + $j + ck$ are coplanar, ½a 1 1½,
½1 b 1½ = 0, ½, ½, ½1 1 c½, , 7, 8, (a) æç , - , 0ö÷, è3 3 ø,
7 8, (c) æç - , , 0ö÷, è 3 3 ø, , 7, 8, (b) æç - , - , 0ö÷, è 3 3
ø, 7 8, (d) æç , , 0ö÷, è3 3 ø, , If two lines have direction
ratios < a1 , b1 , c1 > and, , Þ, , Þ a (b - 1 ) (c - 1 ) - (1 - a )
(c - 1 ) - (1 - a ) (b - 1 ) = 0, , ( -3, 4, - 8) and (5, - 6, 4 ) with
XY -plane is, , (d) 1, , Now, according to the question,
2x - 3 + 10, p, cos =, 4, (2)2 + (-1 )2 + (2)2 x2 + (3 )2 +
(5)2, , ½a 1 - a 1 - a½, ½1 b - 1, 0 ½= 0, ½, ½, 0, c - 1½,
½1, , 52. The point of intersection of the line joining
the points, , (c) 2, , < a2 , b2 , c2 > then the angle
between them i.e., q is, given by, a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2,
cos q=, a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22, , on applying
c2 ® c2 - c1 , c3 ® c3 - c1 , we get, , on dividing by (1 - a
) (1 - b) (1 - c), we get, a, 1, 1, +, +, =0, 1-a 1-b 1-c, 1 -1 +
a, 1, 1, +, +, =0, Þ, 1-a, 1-b 1-c, 1, 1, 1, -1 +, +, =0, Þ, 1-b
1-c, 1-a, 1, 1, 1, Þ, +, +, =1, 1-a 1-b 1-c, , (b) 4, , 2x + 7, 1,
=, 2 3 34 + x2, , Þ, , 3 34 + x2 = 2 (2x + 7 ), , Þ, , 9 (34 +
x2 ) = 2(2x + 7 )2, , Þ, , 306 + 9 x2 = 8 x2 + 56 x + 98, , Þ,
, x - 56 x + 208 = 0, , Þ, , (x - 4) (x - 52) = 0 Þ x = 4, 52, , 2,
, \ smaller value of x is 4., , 54. The position of the point
(1, 2) relative to the ellipse, 2x 2 + 7y 2 = 20 is, (a)
outside the ellipse, (b) inside the ellipse but not at the
focus, (c) on the ellipse, (d) at the focus, , Ê (a) Let S :
2x, , 2, , + 7 y2 - 20, , \ S1 = 2(1 )2 + 7 (2)2 - 20, , [Put x =
1, y = 2], , Þ, , S1 = 2 + 28 - 20 Þ S1 = 10, , \, , S1 > 0, ,
Hence, point (1, 2) lies outside the ellipse., , Ê (a)
Equation of line joining (-3, 4, - 8 ) and (5, - 6, 4) is, x+3,
, =, , y-3, , =, , z+ 8, , =l, , 5 + 3 -6 - 4 4 + 8, x+ 3 y-3 z + 8,
=, =, =l, Þ, - 10, 8, 12, , Þ x = 8 l - 3, y = - 10 l + 4,, z = 12l
- 8, , 55. The equation of straight line which cuts off an
intercept, of 5 units on negative direction ofY -axis
and makes and, angle 120° with positive direction of X
-axis is, (a) y +, , 3x + 5 = 0, , (b) y -, , 3x + 5 = 0, , (c) y +, ,
3x - 5 = 0, , (d) y -, , 3x - 5 = 0, , y, , Ê (a), , since line
intersect XY plane, \, Þ, Þ, , z =0, , 120º, x′, , 12l - 8 = 0,
2, l=, 3, , \ Point of intersection, 2, 2, = æç 8 ´ - 3, - 10 ´
+ 4, 0 ö÷, è, ø, 3, 3, æ7 -8 ö, , 0÷, =ç ,, è3 3, ø, , O, , x, , (0,
–5), y′, , We have, Slope = m = tan120° = - 3, and, , y-
intercept = c = - 5, , \ Equation of line is y = mx + c Þ y =
- 3 x - 5, or, , 3x + y + 5 = 0

Page 95 :
12, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), , 56. The
equation of the line passing through the point (2, 3), ,
and the point of intersection of lines 2x - 3y + 7 = 0
and, 7 x + 4y + 2 = 0 is, , 58. The equation of the circle
which passes through the, points (1, 0), (0, -6) and (3,
4) is, , (a) 4x 2 + 4 y2 + 142 x + 47 y + 140 = 0, , (a) 21x
+ 46 y - 180 = 0, , (b) 21x - 46 y + 96 = 0, , (b) 4x 2 + 4
y2 - 142 x - 47 y + 138 = 0, , (c) 46x + 21y - 155 = 0, ,
(d) 46x - 21y - 29 = 0, , (c) 4x 2 + 4 y2 - 142 x + 47 y +
138 = 0, , Ê (b) Since the line passes through the
intersection point of, the lines, , (d) 4x 2 + 4 y2 + 150x
- 49 y + 138 = 0, , Ê (c) Let the equation of the circle be
x, , 2x - 3 y + 7 = 0 and 7 x + 4 y + 2 = 0, , \, , Now,
required line passes through (2,3 ), So, put (2,3) in
equation of line given in Eq. (i), , or, , ( 4 - 9 + 7 ) + l (14
+ 12 + 2) = 0, , 28 x - 42 y + 98 - 7 x - 4 y - 2 = 0, , Þ, , 21
x - 46 y + 96 = 0, , Þ, , 3, and latus, 4, , rectum 4 units is,
7 y2, x2, +, =1, 1024 64, 7x 2, 49 y2, (c), +, =1, 1024,
64, (a), , …(iii), , 4x2 + 4 y2 - 142x + 47 + 138 = 0, , 59. A
variable plane passes through a fixed point (a, b, c )
and, , 57. The equation of the ellipse whose centre is
at origin,, major axis is along X -axis with eccentricity, ,
6 g + 8 f + c + 25 = 0, , \ Equation of circle will be, 47,
69, 71, =0, x2 + y2 + 2 æç - ö÷ x + 2 æç ö÷ y +, è 4ø, è 8
ø, 2, , \ Equation of the required line is, 1, 2x - 3 y + 7 +
æç - ö÷ (7 x + 4 y + 2) = 0, è 14 ø, Þ, , ...(i), ...(ii), , On
solving (i), (ii) and (iii), we get, 71, 47, 69, g = - , f = , c=,
4, 8, 2, , 2 + l (28 ) = 0, -1, l=, 14, , Þ, , 1 + 2g + c = 0, 36 -
12 f + c = 0, , and 9 + 16 + 6 g + 8 f + c = 0, , (2 ´ 2 - 3 ´ 3
+ 7 ) + l (7 ´ 2 + 4 ´ 3 + 2) = 0, Þ, , 49x 2 7 y2, +, =1, 1024
64, x2, y2, (d), +, =1, 1024 64, , (b), , cuts the axes in A,
B and C respectively. The locus of the, centre of the
sphere OABC, O being the origin, is, x, y, z, + + =1, a b
c, a b c, (c) + + = 2, x, y, z, , a b c, + + =1, x, y, z, x, y, z, (d) +
+ = 2, a b c, , (b), , (a), , Ê (c) Equation of plane passing
through A, B, C is, x y z, + + =1, p q r, y, , Ê (b) Given
that,, , 3, eccentricity of ellipse = e =, 4, , B (0, q, 0), , …
(i), , It is given that major axis is along x-axis., 2b2, \,
=4, a, Þ, , + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, , Since above circle
passes through (1, 0), (0, - 6 ) and (3, 4), , \ Equation of
required line is, , Þ, , 2, , b2 = 2a, , (0, 0, 0), , …(ii), , Since,
eccentricity of an ellipse, b2 = a 2 (1 - e2 ), 9, Þ, 2a = a
2 (1 - (3 / 4)2 ) Þ 2a = a 2 æç1 - ö÷, è 16 ø, 7, 2a = a 2 Þ
32a = 7 a 2, Þ, 16, 32, [Qa ¹0], Þ, a=, 7, 32, Put the value
of a in eqn (ii), we get b2 = 2 ´, 7, 64, b2 =, Þ, 7, x2 y2, \
Equation of the ellipse is, +, =1, a 2 b2, x2, y2, 49 2 +7
y2, x, =1, +, =1 Þ, 2, 64, 1024, 64, æ 32 ö, ç ÷, 7, è7ø, , z,
, x, A (p, 0, 0), , C (0, 0, r), , Since above plane passes
through (a, b, c), a b c, + + =1, \, p q r, , ……(i), , Now,
equation of sphere passing through A, B, C, O is, \, \, ,
x2 + y2 + z 2 - px - qy - rz = 0, p q r, Centre = æç , , ö÷
Let the locus of centre be (x, y, z ), è 2 2 2ø, q, P, r, x = , y
= , z = Þ P =2x, q =2 y, r =2 z, 2, 2, 2, , Putting these
value in (i), we get, a, b, c, a b c, +, +, = 1 Þ + + =2, 2x 2 y
2 z, x y z

Page 96 :
13, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), 60. The
equation of the plane passing through the line of,
intersection of the planes x + y + z = 1, 2x + 3y + 4z =
7,, and perpendicular to the plane x - 5y + 3z = 5is
given by, , (a) x + 2 y + 3 z - 6 = 0, , (b) x + 2 y + 3 z + 6 =
0, , (c) 3x + 4 y + 5 z - 8 = 0, , (d) 3x + 4 y + 5 z + 8 = 0, ,
63. If y = (cos x ) (cos x ), (a) (c), , Let P1 : x + y + z - 1 = 0
and P2 : 2x + 3 y + 4 z - 7 = 0, , Ê (a), , \ Equation of
plane passing through line of, intersection of P1 and
P2 is given by, P1 + lP2 = 0, , y2 tan x, 1 - y ln(sin x ), , Þ,
, (1 - 2)x + (1 - 3 ) y + (1 - 4) z - 1 + 7 = 0, , (a) x = y, , 1, ln
5, , (c) x = y, , (b) x = y , y > 0, , ,y<0, , (d) x = 5ln y, y > 0, ,
Þ, Þ, , y =5ln x, ln y = ln 5ln x Þ ln y = ln x ln 5, 1, ln y, Þ ln
x = ln y ln 5, ln x =, ln 5, x = y ln 5 , y >0, , [Q5ln x > 0], ,
x, ì, , x ¹0, ïf (x ) = í, x2, ïî 0 ,, x =0, , - y2 tan x, dy, =, dx 1 -
y log cos x, , (b) 2 and 3 only, , (c) 1 and 3 only, , (d) 1, 2
and 3, , Ê (a) Since x + x, , f(x ) is continuous at x = 0 but
not differentiable at x = 0, f(x ) is continuous as well as
differentiable at x = 0, f(x ) is discontinuous at x = 0,
None of the above, , Now,, and, \, Hence,, , ì -x , x >0, -x,
-x, , x ¹ 0 ìï , x ¹ 0 ïï x, =í x, = í 0, x = 0 =, x2, 0, x = 0, ï -x , x
<0, îï 0, x = 0, ïî - x, LHL (x = 0 ) = 1, RHL (x = 0 ) = - 1,
LHL ¹ RHL, f (x) is discontinuous at x =0, , 2, , is a
polynomial function, therefore it will be, , continuous
everywhere., 1, 1, Again cos is not continuous at x =0
as cos æç ö÷ Î[-1, 1], è0 ø, x, i.e., an oscillating value., \
statements 1 and 2 are correct., , 65. Consider the
following statements, , Which one of the following is
correct in respect of the, above function?, , ì, ï, f (x ) = í,
ïî, , (cos) ¼¥, , (a) 1 and 2 only, , 62. A function is
defined as follows, , Ê (c) We have,, , y2 sin x, 1 + y
ln(sin x ), , 1. x + x 2 is continuous at x = 0, 1, 2. x + cos
is discontinuous at x = 0, x, 1, 3. x 2 + cos is continuous
at x = 0, x, Which of the above are correct?, , ln 5, , 1, ,
Þ, , (d), , 64. Consider the following, , ,y>0, , Ê (a) We
have,, , y2 tan x, 1 + y ln(cos x ), , ù, dy é 1, - log cos xú =
- y tan x, dx êë y, û, , x + 2y + 3 z - 6 = 0, , 1, ln 5, , (b), ,
(cos x ) ¥, , Þ, , - x - 2y - 3 z + 6 = 0, , 61. The inverse of
the function y = 5 ln x, , (a), (b), (c), (d), , y = (cos x)(cos x
), , dy, is equal to, dx, , Let, y = (cos x), \, y = (cos x) y,
Taking log both the sides, we get, log y = y log cos x,
Differentiating both sides, w.r.t x, we get, 1 dy dy, 1, =,
log cos x + y×, (- sin x), y dx dx, cos x, , Þ (1 + 2l )x + (1 +
3 l ) y + (1 + 4l ) z - 1 - 7 l = 0, This plane is
perpendicular to the plane x - 5 y + 3 z = 5, \ 1 (1 + 2l ) -
5 (1 + 3 l ) + 3 (1 + 4l ) = 0, Þ, 1 + 2l - 5 - 15l + 3 + 12l =
0, Þ, - l - 1 = 0 Þ l = -1, Equation of required plane is, , Þ,
, , then, , y2 tan x, 1 - y ln(cos x ), , Ê (a) We have,, , Þ (x +
y + z - 1 ) + l (2x + 3 y + 4 z - 7 ) = 0, , Þ, , (cos x ) ¥, , dy, at
a point on the curve gives slope of the tangent at, dx,
that point., 2. If a(t ) denotes acceleration of a particle,
then, ò a(t )dt + c gives velocity of the particle., 1., , 3. If
s(t ) gives displacement of a particle at time t, then, ì-1,
x > 0, ï, í 0, x = 0, ï 1, x < 0, î, , gives its acceleration at
that instant., Which of the above statements is/are
correct?, (a) 1 and 2 only, (b) 2 only, (c) 1 only, (d) 1, 2
and 3, , ds, dt

Page 100 :
17, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), 83. The set of all
points, where the function f ( x ) = 1 - e - x, , \ f (x) is
continuous at x =0, f (h) - f (0 ), Now, LHD, (at x =0) =
lim, h® 0, -h, f (- h) - f (0 ), = lim, h® 0, -h, -h ( -h - h + 1 )
-0, = lim, = lim ( h - h + 1 ) = - 1, h® 0, h® 0, -h, f (0 + h) -
f (0 ), RHD, (at x =0) = lim, h® 0, h, f ( h - h + 1 ) -0, f (h) -
f (0 ), = lim, = lim, h® 0, h® 0, h, h, , 2, , is differentiable,
is, (a) (0, ¥), , (b) (-¥, ¥), 1 - e- x, , Ê (c) We have, f (x) =, f
¢ (x ) =, , Þ, , (c) (-¥, 0) È (0, ¥) (d) (-1, ¥), 2, , 1, 2 1 - e- x, ,
(- e- x ) (-2x) =, 2, , 2, , xe- x, , 2, , 1 - e- x, , 2, , which is
defined " x ÎR except x =0, \ f (x) is differentiable on (-
¥, 0 ) È (0, ¥), , 84. Match List-I with List-II and select
the correct answer, , = lim ( h - h + 1 ) = - 1, h® 0, , using
the code given below the lists :, List-I, (Function), ,
LHD = RHD, Q, \ f (x) is differentiable at x =0., , List-II,
(Maximum value), , A. sin x + cos x, , 1., , 10, , B. 3sin x +
4cos x, , 2., , 2, , C. 2sin x + cos x, , 3. 5, , D. sin x + 3cos
x, , 4., , 86. Which one of the following graph
represents the, x, function f ( x ) = , x ¹ 0?, x, (a), , y, , 5,
+1, , Code, A, , B, , C, , D, , A, , B, , C, , D, , (a) 2, , 3, , 1, , 4, ,
(b) 2, , 3, , 4, , 1, , (c) 3, , 2, , 1, , 4, , (d) 3, , 2, , 4, , 1, , Ê (b), ,
x, , O, , (b), , y, +1, , \ - a 2 + b2 £ f (x) £ a 2 + b2, \ - 1 2 +
1 2 £ sin x + cos x £ 1 2 + 1 2, , x, , O, , If f (x) = a sin x + b
cos x, , –1, , (c), , y, +1, , Þ - 2 £ sin x + cos x £ 2, - 3 2 +
42 £ 3 sin x + 4 cos x £ 3 2 + 42, Þ - 5 £ 3 sin x + 4 cos x
£ 5, - 22 + 1 2 £ 2 sin x + cos x £ 22 + 1 2, Þ - 5 £ 2 sin x
+ cos x £ 5, - 1 2 + 3 2 £ sin x + 3 cos x £ 1 2 + 3 2, Þ -
10 £ sin x + 3 cos x £ 10, , 85. If f ( x ) = x ( x - x + 1 ),
then f ( x ) is, (a), (b), (c), (d), , continuous but not
differentiable at x = 0, differentiable at x = 0, not
continuous at x = 0, None of the above, , Ê (b) We
have,, , f (x ) = x ( x - x + 1 ), , \ LHL (at x =0) = lim- x ( x -
x + 1 ), x® 0, , = lim (0 - h) ( 0 - h - 0 - h + 1 ), h® 0, , = lim
- h ( - h - 1 - h ) = 0, h® 0, , RHL (at x =0) = lim+ x ( x - x +
1 ), x® 0, , = lim (0 + h) ( 0 + h - 0 + h + 1 ), h® 0, , = lim h
( h - 1 + h ) = 0, h® 0, , Q, , f (0 ) = 0 ( 0 - 0 + 1 ) = 0, LHL
= RHL = f (0 ), , x´, , x, , O, , (d) None of the above, y, +1, ,
Ê (c) We have, , x, f (x) = , x ¹0 =1, x ¹0, x, x´, , \ Graph of f
(x) will be, , 87. Let f (n ) = éê +, 1, ë4, , O, , x, , n ù, ,
where [x ] denot the integral part, 1000 úû, 1000, , of
x. Then the value of, , å f (n ) is, , n =1, , (a) 251, , (b) 250,
, (c) 1, , (d) 0, , 1, n ù, f (n) = é +, êë 4 1000 úû, 1000, 1, 1
ù é1, 2 ù, \ å f (x ) = é +, + +, êë 4 1000 úû êë 4 1000 úû,
n =1, 1 749 ù é 1 750 ù, + ¼+ é +, + +, êë 4 1000 úû êë
4 1000 úû, 1 751 ù, 1 1000 ù, +é +, + ¼+ ...+ é +, ëê 4
1000 ûú, ëê 4 1000 ûú, , Ê (a) We have,, , 1 750 ù é 1
751 ù, 1 1000 ù, + +, 0 + 0 + ¼+ ...0 + é +, + ¼+ é +, ëê 4
1000 ûú ëê 4 1000 ûú, ëê 4 1000 ûú, = 1 + 1 + 1 + ¼+ 1
(251 times) = 251

Page 104 :
21, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), 103. Let the
sample space consist of non- negative integers up, ,
106. Given that the arithmetic mean and standard
deviation, , to 50, X denote the numbers which are
multiples of 3 and, Y denote the odd numbers. Which
of the following is/are, correct?, 8, 1, 1. P( X ) =, 2. P(Y )
=, 25, 2, , of a sample of 15 observations are 24 and 0
respectively., Then which one of the following is the
arithmetic mean, of the smallest five observations in
the data?, , Select the correct answer using the code
given below., (a) 1 only, , (b) 2 only, , (c) Both 1 and 2, ,
(d) Neither 1 nor 2, , (a) 0, , Þ, Þ, , S = {0, 1, 2, 3, ¼, 49,
50 }, , Þ, , n(Y ) = 25, n( X ) 17 1, \, P( X ) =, =, =, n(s ) 51 3,
n(Y ) 25, and P(Y ) =, =, n(s ) 51, , Þ S (xi - x )2 = 0, , N, , xi
= x Þ xi =24, , 107.Which one of the following can be
considered as, appropriate pair of values of
regression coefficient of y, on x and regression
coefficient of x on y?, (a) (1, 1), , 1 10, (d) æç , ö÷, è3 3
ø, , 1, (c) æç - , 2 ö÷, è 2 ø, , (b) (-1, 1), , Ê (a) We know
that, , 104. For two events A and B,, 1, 2, 1, let P( A ) = ,
P( A È B ) = and P( A Ç B ) = . What is, 2, 3, 6, P( A Ç B )
equal to?, , Ê, , S (xi - x )2, , \ Mean of any five
observation will be 24., , g = Numbers which are odd =
{1,3,5¼49 }, , 1, 4, , N, , xi - x =0, , Þ, , = {3,6,9¼, 48 }, , (b),
, 0=, , S(xi - x )2, , \ Each observation will be 24., , n( X )
=17, , 1, 6, , (d) 24, , [Q (xi - x )2 is a positive value], , X =
Number which are multiple of 3., , (a), , s=, , Q, , Þ n(s )
=51, , Þ, , (c) 16, , Ê (d) Since standard deviation is 0., , Ê
(d) Let S = set of all non negative integers upto 50., \, ,
(b) 8, , (c), , 1, 3, , (d), , 1, 2, , (a) We have,, 1, 2, 1, P( A) =
,P( A È B) = , P( A Ç B) =, 2, 3, 6, We know that,, P( A È
B) = P( A) + P(B) - P( A Ç B), 2 1, 1, 1, = + P(B) - Þ P(B) =,
3 2, 6, 3, 1 1 1, Again, P( A Ç B) = P(B) - P( A Ç B) = - =,
3 6 6, , regression coefficient of x on y and regression,
coefficient of y on x are always equal., \ Correct
option is (a)., , 1, 3, , 108.Let A and B be two events
with P( A ) = , P( B ) =, P( A Ç B ) =, (a), , (a) 1 and 2 only, ,
(b) 2 and 3 only, , (c) 1 and 3 only, , (d) 1, 2 and 3, , Ê (a)
Both statement 1 and 2 are fundamental concept and,
are correct., , But, Mean deviation is least when
measured about, mean., \ Statement 3 is incorrect., , 1,
. What is P( B| A ) equal to?, 12, (b), , 1, 7, , (c), , 1, 8, , (d),
, 1, 10, , 1, 3, 1, 1, P(B) = , P( A Ç B) =, 6, 12, P(B Ç A )
P(B) - P( A Ç B), Now, P(B / A ) =, =, P (A), 1 - P( A), , Ê
(c) We have,, , 105. Consider the following statements,
1. Coefficient of variation depends on the unit of,
measurement of the variable., 2. Range is a measure
of dispersion., 3. Mean deviation is least when
measured about, median., Which of the above
statements are correct?, , 1, 5, , 1, and, 6, , P( A) =, , [Q
P(B Ç A ) = P(B) - P( A Ç B) and P( A ) = 1 - P( A)], 1 1, 1,
1, 6, 12, 12, =, =, =, 1, 2 8, 13, 3, , 2, 3, , 109. In a
binomial distribution, the mean is and the variance, 5,
is . What is the probability that X = 2 ?, 9, (a), , 5, 36, ,
(b), , 25, 36, 2, , Ê (c) We have, mean = 3, \, , (c), , 25,
216, , and variance =, , np =, , 2, 5, and npq=, 3, 9, , (d),
5, 9, , 25, 54

Page 105 :
22, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), 5/9 5, 5 1, = Þ P
=1 - q=1 - =, 6 6, 2/3 6, 2/3, n=, =4, 1 /6, , \, , 3, 1, 1, and
P( A Ç B Ç C ) = ,, 4, 3, 3, then what is P( B Ç C ) equal
to?, , q=, , Þ, , p (x = 2) = C2 P, n, , Now,, , n -2, , q = C2 p,
2, , 4, , 4-2, , 113. If P( B ) = , P( A Ç B Ç C ) =, (a), 2, , q, ,
= 4 C2 p 2 q2, 2, 2, 4 ´ 3 æ1 ö æ 5 ö, 25, =, ´ç ÷ ç ÷ =,
216, 2 ´ 1 è6 ø è6 ø, , 1, 3, probability that out of 5
ships, at least 4 ships would, arrive safely is, 1, 243, ,
(b), , 10, 243, , (c), , 11, 243, , (d), , 13, 243, , 1, , Ê (c)
According to question, n=5, P = 3 ,, q=1 - P =, , 17, 72, ,
(c), , 1, 144, , (d), , 2, 9, , 12 11 10, , =, , Ê (b) P (None
born in same month) = 12 ´ 12 ´ 12, , 110, 144, , \ P (at
least two person born in same month), = 1 - P (none
born in same month), 110 144 - 110 34 17, =1=, =, =,
144, 144 72, 144, , 112. It is given that X = 10, Y = 90,,
s X = 3, s Y = 12 and r XY = 08, . . The regression
equation of, X on Y is, (a) Y = 32, . X + 58, , (b) X = 32, . Y
+ 58, , (c) X = - 8 + 02, . Y, , (d) Y = - 8 + 02, . X, , Ê (c) We
have, X =10, Y =90,s, , x, , =3, , s y =12, rxy =0.8, Now,
we know that, Regression equation of X and Y is given
by, s, X - X = rx y × x ( y - y ), sy, 3, x - 10 = 0.8 ´ ( y - 90 ),
Þ, 12, Þ, Þ, , X - 10 = 0.2 (Y - 90 ) Þ X = 0.2Y - 18 + 10, X
= - 8 + 0.2Y, , 1, 15, , (d), , 1, 9, , Also, P(B) = P(B Ç C ) +
P(B ÇC ), 3, 2, 3, 2, [Q P(B) = and P (B Ç C ) = ], Þ, = P (B
Ç C ) +, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3 2 1, Þ P (B Ç C ) = - =, 4 3 12, , 114.
The following table gives the monthly expenditure of,
Expenditure (in `), , group of three persons were born
in the same month, (disregard year)?, (b), , (c), , P (B Ç C
) = P ( A Ç B Ç C ) + P ( A Ç B Ç C ), 1 1 2, = + = (given), 3
3 3, , 2, 3, , 111. What is the probability that at least
two persons out of a, 33, 144, , 3, 4, , two families, , \
Required probability = P( x ³ 4) = P(x = 4) + P (x = 5), 5,
0, 4, 1, 5 ´ 2 1 ´1, 1, 2, 1, 2, = 5 C4 æç ö÷ æç ö÷ + 5 C5
æç ö÷ æç ö÷ = 5 + 5, è3 ø è3 ø, è3 ø è3 ø, 3, 3, 10, 1,
11, =, +, =, 243 243 243, , (a), , (b), , Ê (a) We know
that,, , 110. The probability that a ship safely reaches a
port is . The, , (a), , 1, 12, , Items, , Family A, , Family B, ,
Foods, , 3,500, , 2,700, , Clothing, , 500, , 800, , Rent, ,
1,500, , 1,000, , Education, , 2,000, , 1,800, ,
Miscellaneous, , 2,500, , 1,800, , In construction a pie
diagram to the above data, the radii, of the circles are
to be chosen by which one of the, following ratios?, (a)
1 : 1, (c) 100 : 91, , (b) 10 : 9, (d) 5 : 4, , Ê (b) According
to the given data,, Total expenditure of Family A, =
3500 + 500 + 1500 + 2000 + 2500, = 10,000, Total
expenditure of Family B, = 2700 + 800 + 1000 + 1800
+ 1800 = 8100, Q The ratio of area of circle for pie
diagram of both, family will be equal to ratio of their
total expenditure., \ Area of A : Area of B = 10,000 :
8100 = 100 : 81, Þ Radius of circle for A : Radius of
circle for B, = 100 : 81 = 10 :9, , 115. If a variable takes
values 0, 1, 2, 3, …, n with frequencies, 1, C (n, 1), C (n,
2), C (n, 3), … , C (n, n ), respectively, then the
arithmetic mean is, (a) 2n, (c) n, , (b) n + 1, n, 2, , (d)

Page 106 :
23, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (II), Ê (d) Let X
denote, , n, , the required mean. Then, X =, , år ×, , r=0,
n, , å, , n, , n, , cr, , (a) x1 + x 2 > 2 x1 x 2, , (b) x1 +, , (c)| x1
-, , (d) x1 + x 2 < 2( x1 x 2 + 1), , x 2| > 2, , Ê (c) We have,,
, cr, , r=0, n, , =, , =, , n n -1, år × r cr -1, r=0, n, , å, , n, ,
r=0, n -1, , n´2, 2n, , cr, , n, , =, , å, , n -1, , r=0, , n, , å, , n, ,
cr - 1, , Þ ( x1 )2 + ( x2 )2 - 2 x1, , x2 > 2, , Þ ( x1 - x2 ) > 2,
2, , cr, n, , n, 2, , [Q å n - 1 cr - 1 = 2n - 1 ], r=0, , 116. In a
multiple-choice test, an examinee either knows the,
correct answer with probability p, or guesses with,
probability 1 - p. The probability of answering a, 1,
question correctly is , if he or she merely guesses. If
the, m, examinee answers a question correctly, the
probability, that he or she really knows the answer is, ,
Ê, , AM - GM >1, , Þ x1 + x2 - 2 x1 x2 > 2, , r=0, , =, , x2 >
2, , (a), , mp, 1 + mp, , (b), , mp, 1 + (m - 1)p, , (c), , (m -
1)p, 1 + (m - 1)p, , (d), , (m - 1)p, 1 + mp, , (b) Let E1 be
the event that examinee knows the answer., E2 be the
event the examine guesses the answer., A be the
event that the answer is correct., Now, According to
the question, P(E1 ) = p, P (E2 ) = 1 - p, P ( A / E1 ) = 1,
1, P ( A / E2 ) =, m, Required probability = P (E1 / A), P
(E1 ) P ( A / E1 ), =, P (E1 ) P( A / E1 ) + P(E2 ) P ( A / E2 ),
P ´1, mp, mp, =, =, =, 1, pm, +, 1, p, 1, +, (, m - 1) p, p ´ 1 +
(1 - p ) ´, m, , 117. If x 1 and x 2 are positive quantities,
then the condition for, the difference between the
arithmetic mean and the, geometric mean to be
greater than 1 is, , Þ, , x1 - x2 > 2, , 118. Consider the
following statements, 1. Variance is unaffected by
change of origin and, change of scale., 2. Coefficient of
variance is independent of the unit of, observations.,
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?,
(a) 1 only, , (b) 2 only, , (c) Both 1 and 2, , (d) Neither 1
nor 2, , Ê (b) Variance is independent of change of
origin but is not, independent of change of scale., So,
statement 1 is correct., Coefficient of variance is
independent of the unit of, observations., So,
statement 2 is correct., , 119. Five sticks of length 1, 3,
5, 7 and 9 feet are given. Three, of these sticks are
selected at random. What is the, probability that the
selected sticks can form a triangle?, (a) 0.5, , (b) 0.4, ,
(c) 0.3, , (d) 0, , Ê (c) Let S be the event of selecting
three sticks., \, , n(s ) = 5 c3 = 10, , E be the event that
selected sticks forms a triangle., \, , n(E ) = 4 c3 - 1 = 3,
n (E ) 3, P (E ) =, =, = 0.3, n (S) 10, , 120. The coefficient
of correlation when coefficients of, regression are 0.2
and 1.8 is, (a) 0.36, , (b) 0.2, , Ê (c) Coefficient of
Correlation, , (c) 0.6, , = 0.2 ´ 1.8 = 0.36 = 0.6, , (d) 0.9

Page 107 :
NDA / NA, National Defence Academy/Naval
Academy, , Solved Paper, , 2017 (I), , Paper 1
(Mathematics), 1. Let S be the set of all persons living
in Delhi. We say that, x , y in S are related if they were
born in Delhi on the same, day. Which one of the
following is correct?, (a) The relation is an equivalent
relation, (b) The relation is not reflexive but it is
symmetric and, transitive, (c) The relation is not
symmetric but it is reflexive and, transitive, (d) The
relation is not transitive but it is reflexive and,
symmetric, , Ê (a) Given set S is the set of all persons
living in Delhi, and x, y in S are related such that they
were born in, Delhi on the same day., Let R be a
relation on S defined as x and y were born in, Delhi on
same day., For reflexive Here (x, x) Î R as x and x was
born on the, same day., \ R is reflexive, For symmetric
Let (x, y) Î R, Þ x and y were born in Delhi on same day,
Þ y and x were born in Delhi on same day, Þ ( y, x) Î R, \
R is symmetric., For Transitive Now let (x, y) Î R and ( y,
z ) Î R, , 2. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. Then the
number of, subsets of A containing two or three
elements is, (a) 45, , Ê (c), , (b) 120, , Þ (x, z ) Î R, \ R is
transitive., Thus, R is reflexive symmetric and
transitive., \ R is an equivalence relation., , (d) 330, ,
Given set, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }, The number
of subsets of A containing two or three, elements, 10 ´
9 10 ´ 9 ´ 8, +, = 10 C2 + 10 C3 =, = 45 + 120 = 165, 2
´1, 3 ´2´1, , 3. The value ofi 2n + i 2n + 1 + i 2n + 2 + i 2n
+ 3 , wherei = -1, is, (a) 0, , Ê (a) i, , (b) 1, , 2n, , + i, , =i, ,
2n, , 2n + 1, , + i, , (d) -i, , (c) i, , 2n + 2, , + i, , 2n + 3, , (1 + i
+ i + i3 ) = i2 n (1 + i - 1 - i) = i2 n ´ 0 = 0, 2, , 4. If the
difference between the roots of the equation, , x 2 +
kx + 1 = 0 is strictly less than 5, where | k | ³ 2 ,, then k
can be any element of the interval, (a) (-3, - 2)] È[(2, 3),
, (b) (-3, 3), , (c) [-3, - 2] È [2, 3], , (d) None of these, x2 +
kx + 1 = 0, , Ê (b) Given equation,, , Let roots of
equation be a and b., According to the question, we
get a - b < 5, 2, , = a-b < 5, , Þ x and y were born in Delhi
on same day and y and z, were born in Delhi on same
day., Þ x and z were born in Delhi on same day, , (c)
165, , ...(i), [Squaring both sides], , Now,, , a + b = - k and
ab = 1, (a - b )2 = (a + b )2 - 4ab Þ (a - b )2 = k2 - 4 ×1, ,
Þ, (a - b )2 = k2 - 4, On substituting (a - b )2 = k2 - 4 in
Eq. (i), we get, Þ k2 - 4 < 5 Þ k2 < 9 Þ - 3 < k < 3

Page 109 :
26, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (I), Modulus of z is |
z | =, , (1 )2 + (0 )2 = 1 + 0 = 1, , (where b and c are non-
zero) is equal to the sum of the, 1 c, reciprocals of
their squares. Then, , b, are in, c, b, , Þ tan q = tan 0° Þ q
= 0°, , (a) AP, (c) HP, , 12. If the graph of a quadratic
polynomial lies entirely above, X -axis, then which one
of the following is correct?, (a), (b), (c), (d), , 16. The
sum of the roots of the equation x 2 + bx + c = 0, , and
argument,, imaginary part, 0, tan q =, =, =0, real part,
1, , Both the roots are real, One root is real and the
other is complex, Both the roots are complex, Cannot
say, , Ê (c) Let a and b be roots of given equation x, , Þ, ,
(b) 4, (d) 10, £ | z + 4| + | - 3 |, , Þ | z + 1| £ 3 + 3 Þ | z + 1|
£ 6, , 14. The number of roots of the equation z = 2z is,
2, , (b) 3, , (c) 4, , (d) zero, , z 2 = 2z, , Ê (c), Þ, , (x + iy)2 =
2(x - iy), , Þ, , x2 - y2 + 2xy. i = 2x - 2iy, , 17. The sum of
the roots of the equation ax 2 + x + c = 0, (where a and
c are non-zero) is equal to the sum of the, reciprocals
of their squares. Then a, ca 2 , c 2 are in, (a) AP, (c) HP, ,
ax2 + x + c = 0, , Then,, , 2xy + 2 y = 0 Þ xy + y = 0, y(x +
1 ) = 0 Þ y = 0 or x = - 1, y = 0,, , When,, , 2, , æ - 1 ö - 2(c
/ a ), ç, ÷, 2, 1 1 / a - 2c / a, 1 è aø, Þ, Þ, - =, =, (c / a ) 2, a,
a, c2 / a 2, 2, (, 1, 2, ac, ), /, a, (, 1, 2, ac, ), 1, 1, - =, Þ- =, Þ,
2, 2, 2, a, c /a, a, c, Þ, - c2 = a (1 - 2ac) Þ - c2 = a + 2a 2 c,
a + c2, Þ, 2a 2 c = a + c2 Þ a 2 c =, 2, Þ a, ca 2 , c2 are in
AP., , x2 - y2 - 2x = 0, , then, , x2 - 2x = 0, , Þ, Þ, , x(x - 2)
= 0 Þ, , x = 0, 2, , When, x = - 1, then x - y - 2x = 0, 2, , 2, ,
Þ (- 1 )2 - y2 - 2(- 1 ) = 0 Þ 1 - y2 + 2 = 0, y2 = 3 Þ y = ±, ,
Þ, , 3, , Therefore, four roots exist., , 15. If cot a and cot
b are the roots of the equation, x 2 + bx + c = 0 with b ¹
0, then the value of cot(a + b ) is, (a), , c -1, b, , (b), , 1- c,
b, , (c), , b, c -1, , a + b = - 1 / a and ab = c / a, , According
to question,, 1, 1, a+ b = 2 + 2, a, b, 2, a2 + b 2, 1 (a + b )
- 2ab, Þ, a+ b =, Þ - =, 2 2, ab, a, (ab )2, , x2 - y2 - 2x = 0
and 2xy + 2 y = 0, , Þ, , (b) GP, (d) None of these, , Ê (a)
Let a and b are roots of the equation, , On comparing
real and imaginary parts, we have, Now,, , b, +c, 1 c, 2c,
2, =, Þ, b, =, Þ, 2, b, 2, b+ c, b/ c + c, , Þ b / c, 1 / b, c are in
AP Þ c / b, b, 1 / c are in HP., , Þ x2 - y2 - 2x + i(2xy + 2
y) = 0, Þ, , b(b + c2 ) - 2c = 0, , Þ b=, , [by Triangle
Inequality], , (a) 2, , b2 - 2c = - bc2 Þ b2 + bc2 - 2c = 0, ,
Þ, , 13. If | z + 4 | £ 3, then the maximum value of | z + 1
| is, , | z + 1| =| z + 4 - 3|, , + bx + c = 0, , According to
question,, a2 + b 2, 1, 1, a + b = 2 + 2 Þa + b =, a, b, a2 b
2, 2, (a + b ) - 2ab, (- b)2 - 2(c), Þ - b=, Þ - b=, 2, (ab ),
(c)2, , the X-axis, then real roots does not exists
because for, the existence of real roots the graph of
polynomial, should cut X-axis at at least one point., , Ê
(c), , 2, , \ a + b = - b and ab = c, , Ê (c) If the graph of a
quadratic polynomial lies entirely above, , (a) 0, (c) 6, ,
(b) GP, (d) None of these, , (d), , b, 1- c, , Ê (b) Here, cot a
+ cot b = - b / 1 = - b, and cot a × cot b = c / 1 = c, cot a ×
cot b - 1, c-1 1 - c, \, cot(a + b ) =, =, =, cot a + cot b, -b,
b, , value, of [C (7, 0) + C (7, 1)] + [C (7, 1) + C (7, 2)], + ¼
+ [C (7, 6) + C (7, 7 )] is, , 18. The, , (a) 254, , Ê (a), , (b)
255, , (c) 256, , (d) 257, , [C (7, 0 ) + C (7, 1 )] + [C (7, 1 )
+ C (7, 2)], + ... + [C (7, 6 ) + C (7, 7 )], = C (8, 1 ) + C (8, 2)
+ C (8, 3 ) + C (8, 4), + C (8, 5) + C (8, 6 ) + C (8, 7 ), (Q n
Cr + n Cr - 1 =, , n +1, , Cr )

Page 110 :
27, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (I), =, , 8, , C1 + 8 C2
+ 8 C3 + 8 C4 + 8 C3 + 8 C2 + 8 C1, , = 2 C1 + 28 C2 +
28 C3 + 8 C4, 8´7, 8 ´ 7 ´6 8 ´ 7 ´6 ´5, + 2´, +, = 2´ 8 + 2´,
2´1, 3 ´2´1, 4´3 ´2´1, 8, , = 16 + 56 + 2 ´ 56 + 2 ´ 7 ´ 5, ,
ending and beginning with a consonant which can be,
made out of the letters of the word ‘EQUATION’ is, (c)
3000, , (d) 2160, , Ê (b), Vowel, , Consonant, , Q There
are, ‘EQUATION’., , (c) 2 - n + n - 1 (d) 2 n - 1, , 3 7 15, +
+, +K, 4 8 16, 1, 1, 1, 1, Þ æç1 - ö÷ + æç1 - ö÷ + æç1 -
ö÷ + K + æç1 - n ö÷, è, è, 8ø, 4ø è, 2ø è, 2 ø, 1 1 1, 1, = n
- æç + + + K + n ö÷, è2 4 8, 2 ø, n, 1 æ 1 - (1 / 2) ö, = n -
çç, ÷ = n + 2- n - 1, 2 è 1 - 1 / 2 ÷ø, , 23. Consider the
following in respect of sets A and B, , Consonant, ,
three, , (a) 2 n - n - 1 (b) 1 - 2 - n, 1, , 19. The number of
different words (eight-letter words), (b) 4320, , 1 3 7
15, + + +, + ¼ is equal to, 2 4 8 16, , Ê (c) 2 +, , = 16 + 56
+ 112 + 70 = 254, , (a) 5200, , 22. The sum of the first n
terms of the series, , consonants, , in, , the, , word, , \
First and last place of required word can be filled in, 3,
P2 ways, 3!, =, =6, (3 - 2)!, and there are 6 vowels in
the word ‘EQUATION’., , 1. ( A - B ) È B = A, 3. ( A - B ) Ç
B = f, , Which of the above are correct?, (a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 4, , Ê (b) 1., , A, , \
6 places in between first and last placed can be filled,
by 6 vowels in 6 P6 ways = 6 ! = 720, , Here ( A - B) È B
= A È B, , 20. The fifth term of an AP of n terms, whose
sum is n 2 - 2n,, , So, 1 is incorrect, 2., , (a) 5, , (b) 7, , (c)
8, , B, , A–B, , \ Required number of different words = 6
´ 720 = 4320, , is, , 2. ( A - B ) È A = A, 4. A Í B Þ A È B =
B, , A, , B, , (d) 15, , = n2 - 2n, , Ê (b) Given, S, , n, , A–B, ,
On replacing n by (n - 1 ), we get, , Here ( A - B) È A = A,
So, 2 is incorrect, , Sn - 1 = (n - 1 )2 - 2(n - 1 )= n2 + 1 -
2n - 2n + 2, = n - 4n + 3, 2, , 3., , Now, Tn = Sn - Sn - 1 =
(n2 - 2n) - (n2 - 4n + 3 ), , A, , B, , = n - 2n - n + 4n - 3, 2, ,
2, , = 2n - 3, , … (i), , On putting n = 5 in Eq. (i), we get,
T5 = 2 ´ 5 - 3 = 10 - 3 = 7, , 21. The sum of all the two-
digit odd numbers is, (a) 2475, (c) 4905, , Ê, , (b) 2530,
(d) 5049, , (a) Two-digit odd numbers are 11, 13, 15, ... ,
99, Here, , a = 11, d = 2, an = 99, , \, , an = a + (n - 1 ) d, ,
Þ, , 99 = 11 + (n - 1 ) (2), , Þ 88 = (n - 1 ) (2), Þ, , n - 1 = 44
Þ n = 45, , \ Sum of all the two-digit odd numbers, 45,
n, S45 =, (11 + 99 ) éQSn = (a + l)ù, 2, 2, ëê, ûú, 45, =, ´
110 = 45 ´ 55 = 2475, 2, , A–B, , Here ( A - B) Ç B = f. So,
3 is correct, 4. A Í B Þ A È B = B. So, 4 is also correct, \
option (b) is correct, , 24. In the binary equation (1p
101) 2 + (10q 1) 2 = (100r 00) 2, where p , q and r are
binary digits, what are the possible, values of p , q and
r respectively?, (a) 0, 1, 0, , (b) 1, 1, 0, , (c) 0, 0, 1, , Ê (a)
Given binary equation,, , (d) 1, 0, 1, , (1 p101 )2 + (10
q1 )2 = (100r00 )2, 1 p 1 0 1, æQ 0 + 0 = 0 ö, ç, ÷, + 1 0
q 1, ç1 + 0 = 1 ÷, ç1 + 1 = 10 ÷, è, ø, 1 0 0 r 0 0, , So,
Here, p = 0, q = 1 and r = 0

Page 117 :
34, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (I), , 60. If the
centroid of a triangle formed by (7, x ), (y, - 6) and, , RS
=, =, , (9, 10) is (6, 3), then the values of x andy are
respectively, (a) 5, 2, , (b) 2, 5, , (c) 1, 0, , Ê (a) Given,, ,
Centroid of a triangle formed by (7, x), ( y, - 6 ) and, (9,
10 ) is (6, 3), æ 7 + y + 9 x + (- 6 ) + 10 ö, ,, \ ç, ÷ º (6, 3 ),
ø, è, 3, 3, 7+ y+9, x - 6 + 10, \, =3, = 6 and, 3, 3, y = 2 and
x = 5, , (2 - 3 )2 + (- 1 - 2)2 + (6 - 4)2, , = 1 + 9 - 4 = 14,
Since, PQ ¹ RS, Þ Given points are not vertices of a
rhombus., and also,, RS = RQ + QP + PS, Þ, , 126 = 14 +
14 + 14 = 126, , Þ collinear points, Now, direction
ratios of PQ are, , 61. A straight line with direction
cosines 0, 1, 0 is, , 4 - 3, 5 - 2, 2 - 4 i.e., 1, 3, - 2, , (a)
parallel to X-axis, , Ê, , (- 3 )2 + (- 9 )2 + (6 )2, , = 9 + 81 +
36 = 126, , (d) 0, 0, , and PS =, , Þ, , (2 - 5)2 + (- 1 - 8 )2 +
(6 - 0 )2, , direction ratios of PR are, , (b) parallel toY-
axis, , 5 - 3, 8 - 2, 0 - 4 i.e., 2, 6, - 4, , (c) parallel to Z-axis,
, direction ratios of PS are, , (d) equally inclined to all
the axes, , 2 - 3, - 1 - 2, 6 - 4 i.e., - 1, - 3, 2, , points. What
are the coordinates of the point which is, equidistant
from the four points?, , ® ®, Given, points P, Q, R and S
are coplanar if PQ, PR and, ®, PS are coplanar, ® ® ®,
i.e.,, [PQ PR PS] = 0, , a+b +c a+b +c a+b +cö, (a) æç, ,, ,,
÷, è, ø, 3, 3, 3, , Here, , (b) We know that direction
cosines of Y-axis are (0, 1, 0)., , 62. (0, 0, 0), (a, 0, 0), (0,
b, 0) and (0, 0, c) are four distinct, , (b) (a, b, c), a b c, (c)
æç , , ö÷, è2 2 2ø, , Let, , Þ P, Q, R and S are coplanar., ,
the, , required, , point, , be, , P(x, y, z )Also,, , let, , 0
(0,0,0 ), A (0,0,0 ) B (0, b,0 ) and C (0,0, C ) be four
distinct, points According to the equations, we have,
PO = PA = PB = PC, 2, , 2, , 2, , 2, , Þ x2 + y2 + z 2 = (x - a
) 2 + y2 + z 2, = x + ( y - b) + z, 2, , 2, , 2, , = x2 + y2 + ( z -
c)2, Þ a 2 - 2ax = 0, b2 - 2by = 0 and c2 - 2cz = 0, Þ x = a
/ 2, y = b / 2, z = c / 2, \ The required point is P(a / 2, b /
2, c / 2), , 63. The points P(3, 2, 4 ), Q( 4, 5, 2), R(5, 8, 0)
and S (2, - 1, 6) are, (a), (b), (c), (d), , Ê (c), , vertices of a
rhombus which is not a square, non-coplanar,
collinear, coplanar but not collinear, PQ =, =, QR =, , 3,
6, , = 0 (since R1 and R3 are identical), ® ®, ®, ÞPR , PS
and PS are coplanar, , a b c, (d) æç , , ö÷, è3 3 3ø, , Ê (c), ,
-2, -1 -3 2, - 4 = (- 1 ) 2, 6 -4, -1 -3 2, -1 -3 2, 1, 2, , (4 - 3
)2 + (5 - 2)2 (2 - 4)2, (1 )2 + (3 )2 + (- 2)2, , = 1 + 9 + 4 =
14, , (5 - 4)2 + (8 - 5)2 + (0 - 2)2, , = (1 )2 + (3 )2 + (- 2)2
= 1 + 9 + 4 = 14, , 64. The line passing through the
points (1, 2, -1) and (3, - 1, 2), meets the yz-plane at
which one of the following points?, 7 5, (a) æç 0, - , ö÷,
è, 2 2ø, , 7 1, (b) æç 0, , ö÷, è 2 2ø, , 7, 5, (c) æç 0, - , - ö÷,
è, 2, 2ø, , 7, 5, (d) æç 0, , - ö÷, è 2, 2ø, , Ê (d) Equation of
line passing through the points, (1, 2, - 1 ) and (3, - 1, 2)
is, x-1, y-2, z+1, =, =, 3 -1 -1 -2 2+ 1, x -1 y -2 z + 1, =, =,
= l(say), Þ, 2, 3, 3, General point on line (i) is, x = 2l + 1,
y = - 3 l + 2 and z = 3 l - 1, Since, line (i) meets the yz-
plane, \ x-coordinate will be zero, Þ, , 2l + 1 = 0 Þ l = - 1
/ 2, , \, , y = - 3 (- 1 / 2) + 2 = 3 / 2 + 2 = 7 / 2, -3 -2, and z
= 3 (- 1 / 2) - 1 =, = -5 / 2, 2, required point is (0, 7 / 2 , -
5 / 2)., , … (i)

Page 118 :
35, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (I), 65. Under which
one of the following conditions are the, lines x = ay +
b, z = cy + d and x = ey + f , z = gy + h, perpendicular?, ,
(a) ae + cg - 1 = 0, (c) ae + cg + 1 = 0, , (b) ae + bf - 1 = 0,
(d) ag + ce + 1 = 0, , Ê (c) For the first line, x - b = ay, z - d
= cy, Þ, , x-b, a, , 68. ABCD is a quadrilateral whose
diagonals are AC and BD., Which one of the following
is correct?, ®, ®, (a) BA + CD =, ®, ®, (c) BA + CD =, , Ê
(b), , y z-d, = =, 1, c, , We have, In quadrilateral ABCD,
AC and BD are, diagonals., D, , C, , and for the second
line, x - f = ey, z - h = gy, x- f, y z-h, = =, Þ, e, 1, g, , P, , Q
these are perpendicular, , A, , So a × e + 1 × 1 + cg = 0 Þ
ae + cg + 1 = 0, ®, $ ®b = 2i$ + 3j$ + 2k$ and ®c = i$ +
mj$ + nk$ are, 66. If a = i$ - $j + k,, ®, , three coplanar
vectors and | c | = 6, then which one of, the following is
correct?, (a) m = 2 and n = ± 1, , Ê, , (b) m = ± 2 and n = -
1, , (c) m = 2 and n = - 1, (d) m = ± 2 and n = 1, ® ®, ®, ®
® ®, (d) a , b and c are coplanar if [ a b c ] = 0, 1 -1 1, Þ, ,
2, 1, , 3, m, , ®, , ®, , ®, , ®, , ®, , ® ® ® ®, at P and let O
be the origin. What is OA + OB + OC + OD, equal to?,
®, (c) 6OP, , ®, , ®, (d) 8OP, , ®, , ® ® ®, ® ® ®, , ®, , ®
® ®, , ®, , ®, , (c) a , b, c are orthogonal in pairs but | a |
¹ | c |, ® ® ®, c, , Ê (a) Given, a ´ b =, ®, , … (i), ®, , ®, , \
vector c is perpendicular to both vectors a and b ., ® ®
®, … (ii), and,, b´ c =a, ®, , ®, , ®, , ®, , ®, , \ a , b and c are
orthogonal in pairs., ® ® ®, ® ®, ®, Now,Q a ´ b = c Þ |
a ´ b | = | c |, ® ®, ®, Þ | a ||, × b|sin 90° = | c |, ®, ®, [Q a
and b are perpendicular to each other], ®, ®, ®, … (iii),
Þ | a | | b| = | c |, , C, , P, , B, , We known that, the
diagonals of a parallelogram, bisects each other,, ,
From (i) and (ii), ® ® ® ®, ®, Þ OA + OB + OC + OD =
4OP, , ®, , (b) a , b, c are non-orthogonal to each other, ,
®, , therefore P is midpoint of AC and BD both, ® ®,
®, \ OA + OC = 2OP, ®, ®, ®, OB + OD = 2OP, , ®, , \
vector a is perpendicular to both vectors b and c, , Ê
(b) Given, ABCD is a parallelogram., D, , ®, , (a) a , b, c
are orthogonal in pairs and | a | = | c | and | b | = 1, , (d)
a , b, c are orthogonal in pairs but | b | ¹ 1, , 67. Let
ABCD be a parallelogram whose diagonals intersect, ,
A, , ®, , following is correct, , m2 + 2 = 6 Þ m2 = 6 - 2 =
4 Þ m = ± 2, , ®, (b) 4OP, , adding (i) and (ii), we get, ®
®, ® ®, ® ®, BA + CD = (BP + PA) + (CP + PD), ® ®, ®
®, = (BP + PD) + (CP + PA), ® ® ® ®, Þ BA + CD = BD +
CA, , 69. If a ´ b = c and b ´ c = a , then which one of the,
, Þ 5n - 5 = 0 Þ n = 1, ®, ®, Now, c = i$ + mj$ + k$ Þ | c |
= 1 2 + m2 + (1 )2 = 6, , ®, (a) 2OP, , B, , Let diagonals
AC and BD are intersects each other at P., ® ® ®, … (i),
then, BA = BP + PA, ® ® ®, and, … (ii), CD = CP + PD, ,
®, , 2 =0, n, , Þ 1 (3 n - 2m) + 1 (2n - 2) + 1 (2m - 3 ) = 0, ,
Þ, , ®, ® ®, ®, (b) BA + CD = BD + CA, ®, ® ®, ®, (d) BA
+ CD = BC + AD, , ®, ®, AC + DB, ®, ®, AC + BD, , … (i),
… (ii), , [Q sin 90° = 1], ® ® ®, ® ®, ®, and b ´ c = a Þ | b
´ c | = | a |, ®, ®, ®, Þ, | b | | c | sin90° = | a |, ®, ®, [Q b
and c are perpendicular to each other], ®, ®, ®, … (iv),
Þ | b | | c |= | a |, ®, ®, ®, ®, From (iii) and (iv) | b | | a | | b
| = | a |, ®, ®, ®, Þ, | b | = 1 and | a | = | c |

Page 123 :
40, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (I), , 93. Consider
the following statements :, , 96. Let f (a ) =, , 1. If lim f (
x ) and lim g ( x ) both exist, then lim{ f ( x )g ( x )}, x ®a,
x ®a, x ®a, exists., , a -1, Consider the following, a +1, ,
1, 1. f (2a ) = f (a ) + 1 2. f æç ö÷ = - f (a ), èa ø, , 2. If lim{ f
( x )g ( x )} exists, then both lim f ( x ) and, x ®a, x ®a,
lim g ( x ) must exist., , Which of the above is/are
correct?, , Which of the above statement is/are
correct?, , (a) Only 1, , (a) Only 1, , (b) Only 2, , (c) Both
1 and 2, , (c) Both 1 and 2, , (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , x ®a, ,
Ê (b) We have,, , Ê (a) We know,, When, , lim f (x), , x® a,
, and, , lim g (x), , x® a, , both, , exist,, x® a, , x® a, , lim g
(x) both exist., , x® a, , 94. Which one of the following
functions is neither even nor, odd?, 3, (b) x +, x, , (a) x -
1, , Ê (d) For option (a), , (c) | x |, , 2., , (d) x (x - 3), 2, , f (x )
= x 2 - 1, , f (- x ) = (- x ) 2 - 1 = x 2 - 1, \ even function.,
For option (b) f (x) = x +, , 3, 3, = - æç x + ö÷, è, (- x ), xø, ,
97. What is the maximum area of a triangle that can
be, inscribed in a circle of radius a?, (a), , f (- x ) = - f (x ),
, Here,, , æa - 1ö 1 - a, - f (a ) = - çç, ÷÷ =, èa + 1ø 1 + a, ,
So, statement 2 is true., , 3, x, , f (- x ) = - x +, , a+1, 2a -
1, , So, statement 1 is not true., 1/a-1, f (1 / a ) =, 1/a+
1, (1 - a ) / a, 1-a, =, =, (1 + a ) / a 1 + a, , and, , f (x ) = f (- x
), , Here,, , f (a ) =, , a-1, , 2a + 1, a-1, f (a ) + 1 =, +1, a+1,
(a - 1 ) + (a + 1 ), 2a, =, =, a+1, a+1, , exists, then it is not
necessary that lim f (x) and, , 2, , (d) Neither 1 nor 2, , 1.
Now, f (2a ) =, , then, , lim{ f (x) g (x)} must exist. But
when lim{ f (x) g (x)}, , x® a, , (b) Only 2, , \ odd
function., , 3a 2, 4, , (b), , a2, 2, , (c), , 3 3a 2, 4, , (d), , 3a
2, 4, , Ê (c), , For option (c) f (x) = | x|, f (- x ) = | - x | = | x |,
\, , f (x ) = f (- x ), , \ even function., , a, , For option (d) f
(x) = x2 (x - 3 ), f (- x) = (- x)2 [(- x) - 3] = - x2 (x + 3 ),
Here, f (x) ¹ f (- x) and f (x) ¹ - f (- x), , For area to be
maximum triangle inscribed in the circle, must be
equilateral triangle, , \ Neither even nor odd., , 95.
What is the derivative of log10 (5x 2 + 3) with respect
to x?, (a), , x log10 e, 5x 2 + 3, , (b), , 2 x log10 e, 5x 2 +
3, , (c), , 10x log10 e, 5x 2 + 3, , (d), , x loge 10, 5x 2 + 3, ,
Ê (c) let y = log, , 10, , \ Area of the equilateral triangle,
3, 3, 3 3a2, =, (side)2 =, ( 3 a )2 =, 4, 4, 4, , On
differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get, 1, d, dy,
(log10 e), (5x2 + 3 ), =, dx, dx 5x2 + 3, [by chain rule], =,
, 5x + 3, 2, , (10 x) =, , 1, x, following is correct?, , 98. Let
f ( x ) = x + , where x Î(0, 1). Then which one of the, ,
(5x2 + 3 ), , log10 e, , Given, radius of the circle = a, \
side of the equilateral triangle = 3a, , 10 x log10 e, 5x +
3, 2, , (a) f (x) fluctuates in the interval, (b) f (x)
increases in the interval, (c) f (x) decreases in the
interval, (d) None of the above

Page 124 :
41, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (I), 1, x, x 2 - 1 (x + 1 )
(x - 1 ), 1, f ¢ (x ) = 1 - 2 =, =, x, x2, x2, f (x ) = x +, , Ê (c)
Given,, \, , [Q a 2 - b2 = (a + b) (a - b)], From question x
Î(0, 1 ) and in the interval (0, 1), f ¢ (x ) < 0, , 102. The
mean of a group of 100 observations was found to be,
20. Later it was found that four observations were,
incorrect, which were recorded as 21, 21, 18 and 20.
What, is the mean if the incorrect observation are
omitted?, (a) 18, , i, , 99. Suppose the function f ( x ) = x
, n ¹ 0is differentiable for, , \, , all x. Then n can be any
element of the interval, , Þ, , 1, (c) æç , ¥ö÷ (d) None of
these, è2 ø, , \, , 2, , ½ x ½, , ò, , I=, , Ê (b) Let, , e2, , e-, , =-,
, (c) 3, , ln x, dx =, x, , 1, , ò, , 5, 2, , e0, , e-, , 1, , ò, , e0, , e-, ,
1, , ln x d(ln x) +, e, , (d) 4, , æ - ln x ö, ç, ÷ dx +, è x ø, , ò, ,
e2, , e0, , ò, , e2, , e0, , ln x, dx, x, , e, , is multiplied by 3,
then what is the new variance of the, resulting
observations?, (c) 15, , (d) 45, , Ê (d) Let x , x , … x be the
given observations we have,, 1, å (x - x ) = 5, 20, 1, 20, ,
2, , 20, , 2, , i, , i=1, , then we have to find variance of 3
x1 , 3 x2 , … , 3 x20, Let X denotes the mean of new
observation then,, 20, , 20, , å3 x, , i, , X =, , i=1, , =, , 20, ,
3 å xi, i=1, , 20, , = 3x, , \ variance of new observation, 1
20, 1 20, 2, =, (3 xi - 3 x )2 =, å, å (9 )(xi - x ), 20 i = 1, 20 i
= 1, =, , 9, 20, , 20, , å (x, , i, , i=1, , - x ) = 9 ´ 5 = 45, , 1, 6, ,
(b), , 1, 3, , (c), , 1, 2, , (d), , 2, 3, , Ê (a) Number of ways of
forming a committee of two persons, from two men
and two women = 4 C2, , and number of ways of
forming a committee of two, persons from two men
and two women in which only, women are there, , 2, ,
101. The variance of 20 observations is 5. If each
observation, (b) 10, , (a), , ln x d(ln x), , 0, , é (ln x)2 ù, é
(ln x)2 ù, + ê, =-ê, ú, ú, ë 2 û e0, ë 2 û e- 1, -1, 1, =, [(ln e0
)2 - (ln e- 1 )2 ] + [(ln e2 )2 - (ln e0 )2 ], 2, 2, -1, 1, 5, 1, 2,
2, 2, =, [(0 ) - (- 1 ) ] + [(2) - (0 )2 ] = + 2 =, 2, 2, 2, 2, , (a) 5,
, i, , and two women. What is the probability that the,
committee will have only women?, , -1, , (b), , 96, , å x =
2000 - (21 + 21 + 18 + 20 ), , 103. A committee of two
persons is constituted from two men, , e ln x½, ½ ½dx
equal to?, 100. What is ò ½, , 3, 2, , = 100 x = 100 ´ 20 =
2000, , i, , = 2000 - 80 = 1920, 1920, Hence, new mean
=, = 20, 96, , n³1, , \ For f (x) to be differentiable n can
be any element of, the interval [1, ¥)., , (a), , åx, , 100, ,
i=1, , For f (x) to be differentiable n - 1 ³ 0, , e, , 100, ,
i=1, , Four observation 21, 21, 18, 20 are incorrect
and, omitted, , Here, f ¢ (x) = nxn - 1, \, , x=, , i=1, , f (x )
= x n , n ¹ 0, , Ê (a) Given,, , (d) 22, , Ê (b) We have x = 20,
åx, , n, , (b) (0, ¥), , (c) 21, , 100, , \ f (x) decreases when x
Î(0, 1 )., , (a) [1, ¥), , (b) 20, , = 2 C0 ´ 2 C2, 2, C0 ´ 2 C2 1
´ 1 1, \ Required probability =, =, =, 4, 6, 6, C2, , 104. A
question is given to three students A, B and C whose,
1 1, 1, chances of solving it are , and respectively.
What is, 2 3, 4, the probability that the question will
be solved?, (a), , 1, 24, , (b), , 1, 4, , (c), , 3, 4, , (d), , 23, 24,
, Ê (c) We have Chances of solving the questions A, B
and C are, 1 1, 1, , , and respectively, 2 3, 4, 1, 1, 1, \, P(
A) = , P(B) = , P(C ) =, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, P( A¢ ) = , P(B¢ ) =
P(C ¢ ) =, 2, 3, 4, Required, , probability, , = 1 -
probability of problem not solved, = 1 - P( A¢ ) ´ P(B¢ )
´ P(C ¢ ), 1 2 3, =1 - ´ ´, 2 3 4, 1 3, =1 - =, 4 4

Page 125 :
42, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (I), \ Required
Probability, , 105. The mean weight of 150 students in
a certain class is, , a, 2, =, Area of circle whose radius is
a, 2, a, p æç ö÷, è2ø, 1, =, =, 2, 4, pa, Area of circle
whose radius is, , 60 kg. The mean weight of boys in
the class is 70 kg and, that of girls is 55 kg. What is the
number of boys in the, class?, (a) 50, , (b) 55, , (c) 60, ,
(d) 100, , Ê (a) We have, , Total number of students =
150, , 108. If two regression lines between height ( x )
and weight (y ), , Let the number of boys = x, , are 4y -
15x + 410 = 0 and 30x - 2y - 825 = 0, then what, will
be the correlation coefficient between height and,
weight?, , So, the number of girls = 150 - x, Mean
weight of boys = 70, , 1, 3, 2, (c), 3, , Mean weight of
girls = 55, Mean weight of students = 60, \ Mean
weight of students, (70 ´ x + 55 ´ (150 - x), =, 150, 70 x
+ 55 ´ 150 - 55x, Þ 60 =, 150, Þ 60 ´ 150 - 55 ´ 150 =
15x Þ, Þ, , 150 ´ 5, 15, , \, , P( A ) = 02, . and P( B ) = 05., .
If A Í B. Then the values of, conditional probabilities P(
A| B ) and P( B| A ) are, respectively, 2, ,1, 5, , (d)
Information is insufficient, , Now, correlation
coefficient between height and weight, 15 1, 1, = bxy ´
byx =, ´, =, 4 15 2, , AÍB, \, , A Ç B = A Þ P( A Ç B) = P( A),
P( A Ç B) P( A) 0.2 2, P( A / B) =, =, =, =, P(B), P(B) 0.5 5,
, 109. In an examination, 40% of candidates got
second class., When the data are represented by a pie
chart, what is the, angle corresponding to second
class?, , P( A Ç B) P( A), =, =1, P( A), P( A), , (a) 40°, (c)
144°, , 107.A point is chosen at random inside a circle.
What is the, probability that the point is closer to the
centre of the, circle than to its boundary?, (a), , 1, 5, ,
(b), , 1, 4, , (c), , 1, 3, , (d), , byx, , = - 410 + 15x, - 410 15,
y=, +, x, 4, 4, 15, x=, 4, , From (ii) 30 x = 2 y + 825, 2 y
825, x=, +, Þ, 30, 30, 825, 1, x=, +, y, Þ, 30, 15, 1, \, bxy
=, 15, , Ê (b) We have P( A) = 0 × 2 P(B) = 0.5, , P(B / A)
=, , … (i), … (ii), , Þ, , 106. For two dependent events A
and B, it is given that, , (b), , 4 y - 15x + 410 = 0, , and
30 x - 2 y - 825 = 0, From (i) 4 y = 15x - 410, , =x, , \
Number of boys in the class = 50, , 2 3, ,, 5 5, 2, (c) 1,, 5,
, (b), , Ê (b) Given, regression lines, , x = 50, , (a), , 1, 2, 3,
(d), 4, , (a), , 1, 2, , Ê (c), , (b) 90°, (d) 320°, Second Class,
40%, , a, , Ê (b)QAny point which lies interior to circle
whose radius is 2, is close to the centre than
circumference., a, a/2, , Q In the examination
candidates who got second class, = 40%, \ Angle
corresponding to second class, 40, =, ´ 360°, 100, 2, = ´
360° = 2 ´ 72° = 144°, 5

Page 126 :
43, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (I), 110. Consider
the following statements, Statement 1 Range is not a
good measure of dispersion., Statement 2 Range is
highly affected by the existence of, extreme values.,
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the,
above statements?, (a) Both Statement 1 and
Statement 2 are correct and, Statement 2 is the
correct explanation of Statement 1, (b) Both
Statement 1 and Statement 2 are correct but,
Statement 2 is not the correct explanation of
Statement 1, (c) Statement 1 is correct but Statement
2 is not correct, (d) Statement 2 is correct but
Statement 1 is not correct, , 114. For given statistical
data, the graphs for less than ogive, and more than
ogive are drawn. If the point at which the, two curves
intersect is P, then abscissa of point P gives, the value
of which one of the following measures of, central
tendency?, (a) Median, , (c) Mode (d) Geometric mean,
, Ê (a) Median of grouped data is the x-coordinate of
the point, , of intersection of ‘less than’ and ‘more
than’ ogive, curves., , 115. Consider the following
statements, , of extreme values. So range is not a good
measure of, dispersion., , 1. Two events are mutually
exclusive if the occurrence, of one event prevents the
occurrence of the other., 2. The probability of the
union of two mutually, exclusive events is the sum of
their individual, probabilities., , \ option (a) is correct., ,
Which of the above statement is/are correct?, , Ê (a)
We know that, range is highly affected by the
existence, , 111. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled
ordinary deck of 52, cards. What is the probability
that it is an ace?, 1, 13, 3, (c), 13, (a), , 2, 13, 1, (d), 52,
(b), , (a) Only 1, , (b) Only 2, , (c) Both 1 and 2, , (d)
Neither 1 nor 2, , Ê (c) We know,, Two events are
mutually exclusive if the occurance of, one event
prevents the occurance of the other and the,
probability of the union of two mutually exclusive,
events is the sum of their individual probabilities., , Ê
(a) Q Number of ace in a deck of 52 cards = 4, and
Total number of cards = 52, 4, 1, \ Required
probability =, =, 52 13, , 112. If the data are
moderately non-symmetrical, then which, one of the
following empirical relationships is correct?, (a), (b),
(c), (d), , (b) Mean, , 2 ´ Standard deviation = 5, 5 ´
Standard deviation = 2, 4 ´ Standard deviation = 5, 5 ´
Standard deviation = 4, , ´ Mean deviation, ´ Mean
deviation, ´ Mean deviation, ´ Mean deviation, , Ê (c)
We know, If the data are moderately non-
symmetrical,, then the following empirical
relationship holds., 5, Standard deviation = ´ Mean
deviation., 4, , \ Both statement (1) and (2) are
correct., , 116. If the regression coefficient of x on y
and y on x are -, , 1, respectively then what is the
correlation, 8, coefficient between x and y?, , and 1, 4,
1, (c), 16, (a) -, , Ê (d) Given,, , (a) 1 and 2 Only, (b) 2 and
3 Only, (c) 1 and 3 Only, (d) 1, 2 and 3 only, , Ê (b) We
know, Data can be represent in Tabular form and,
Graphical form., , (d), , 1, 4, , 1, 16, , Regression
coefficient of x on y =, -1, , -1, 2, , and, , 8, , We know
coefficient of correlation is the geometric, mean
between the regression coefficients., , 113. Data can
be represented in which of the following, , Select the
correct answer using the code given below., , (b) -, ,
Regression coefficient of y on x =, , Þ 4 ´ Standard
deviation = 5 ´ Mean deviation, , forms?, 1. Textual
form, 2. Tabular form, 3. Graphical form, , 1, 2, , \
Correlation coefficient between x and y, 1/2, éæ - 1 ö
æ - 1 öù, 1, 1, = êç, =, =, ÷ú, ÷´ç, ø, è, ø, è, 4, 16, 2, 8, ë, û,
, 117. A sample of 5 observations has mean 32 and
median 33., Later it is found that an observation was
recorded, incorrectly as 40 instead of 35. If we
correct the data,, then which one of the following is
correct?, (a), (b), (c), (d), , The mean and median remain
the same, The median remains the same but the mean
will decrease, The mean and median both will
decrease, The mean remains the same but median will
decrease

Page 127 :
44, , NDA/NA Solved Paper 2017 (I), , Ê (b) From
question for correcting the data we have to replace,
40 by 35., , P( A) =, , 1, 1, and P(B) =, 3, 4, , \ Median of
corrected data remain the same i.e., 33, , Q A and B
are two mutually exclusive events, , and, as 35 is less
than 40, so the mean of correct data, will decrease., ,
We know,, , 118. If two fair dice are thrown, then what
is the probability, that the sum is neither 8 nor 9?, 1, 6,
3, (c), 4, (a), , 1, 4, 5, (d), 6, (b), , Ê (c) Total number of
outcome when two fair dice are thrown, = 6 ´ 6 = 36, ,
Outcome in which sum is either 8 or 9 will be (2, 6),, (3,
5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (5, 3), (5, 4), (6, 2), (6, 3)., \ Total
number of outcome after throwing two dice in, which
sum is either 8 or 9 = 9, 9, \ Probability that the sum is
either 8 or 9 =, 36, \ Probability that the sum is
neither 8 or 9, 9 27 3, =1 =, =, 36 36 4, , 119. Let A and
B are two mutually exclusive events with, 1, 1, P( A ) =
and P( B ) = . What is the value of P( A Ç B )?, 3, 4, 1, 6,
1, (c), 3, , (a), , Ê (d) Given,, , 1, 4, 5, (d), 12, (b), , \, , P( A Ç
B) = 0, , P( A È B) = P( A) + P(B) - P( A Ç B), 7, 1 1, = + -0
=, 12, 3 4, Now, \ P( A Ç B ) = P( A È B), [by Demorgan’s
Theorem], = 1 - P( A È B) = 1 -, , 7, 5, =, 12 12, , 120. The
mean and standard deviation of a binomial,
distribution are 12 and 2 respectively. What is the,
number of trials?, (a) 2, , (b) 12, , (c)18, , Ê (c)Q mean =
12 and standard deviation = 2, then,, , np = 12 and npq
= 4, , Þ, , 12 ´ q = 4, 1, Þ, q=, 3, 1 2, \p=1 - q=1 - =, 3 3,
and also,, Þ, Þ, , np = 12, 2, = 12, 3, , n´, , n = 12 ´, , 3, =
18, 2, , (d) 24

Page 128 :
Sets, Relations, and Functions, Sets, In our
mathematical language, everything in this, universe
whether living or non-living is called an object., Any
collection of well defined objects is called a set. By,
‘well defined objects’, we mean that given a set and an,
object, it must be possible to decide whether or not
the, object belongs to the set. The objects in set are
called its, members or elements., Sets are denoted by
capital letters A, B, C etc., while, the elements are
denoted in general by small letters a, b, c,, etc.,
Following collections are sets, (i) The collection of all
positive integers., (ii) The collection of all capitals of
states of India., Let A be any set of objects and let ‘a’
be a member of A,, then we write a ∈ A and read it as ‘a
belong to A’ or ‘a is an, element of A’ or ‘a is member of
A’. If a is not an object of A,, then we write a ∉ A and
read as ‘a does not belong to A’ or ‘a, is not an element
of A’ or ‘a is not member of A’., Some standard
notations for some special points., (i) The set of all
natural numbers i.e., the set of all, positive integers is
denoted by N., (ii) The set of all integers is denoted by
Z or I., (iii) The set of all rational numbers is denoted
by Q., (iv) The set of all real numbers is denoted by R.,
(v) The set of all positive real numbers is denoted by R
+ ., (vi) The set of all complex numbers is denoted by
C., (vii) The set of all positive rational numbers is
denoted, by Q + ., , (i) Listing method In this method,
the set is, represented by writing elements in a
bracket and, separated by comma (,)., e.g., A = Set of
vowels of English alphabet, = { a , e, i , o , u }., This
method is also known as Tabular method or, Roster
method., (ii) Set builder method In this method,
instead, of listing all elements of a set, we write the
set by some, special property or properties satisfied
by all elements and, write it as,, A = { x : P ( x )}, where
P ( x ) is a property which is satisfied by x., e.g.,, A = { 1,
2, 3, 4} = { x : x ∈ N and x < 5}, This method is also
known as Rule method or Property, method., %, ,
There are two methods to represent sets, (i) Listing
method (ii) Set builder method, , In writing the
elements of any set there is no consideration of,
sequence, e.g.,{ a, e, i , o, u } and { e, i , o, u, a } are two
same sets., , Types of Sets, (i) Empty set A set
consisting of no element is, called an empty set or null
set or void set and is denoted by, symbol φ or { }., e.g.,
A = { x : x ∈ N and 3 < x < 4} = φ ., A set which is not
empty is called non-empty set or, non-void set., (ii)
Singleton set A set consisting of only one, element is
called a singleton set., e.g., {2}, {0}, {φ}, %, %, ,
Representation of Sets, , 1, , The set {0} is not an
empty set as it contains one element 0., The set {φ} is
not an empty set as it contains one element φ., , (iii)
Finite set A set having finite number of, elements is
called finite set., e.g., A = {1, 2, 3} is a finite set.

Page 129 :
2, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , (iv) Infinite set A set
which is not finite is called, an infinite set., e.g., A = Set
of points lie in a plane is an infinite set., (v) Cardinal
number of a finite set The, number of elements of a
finite set A is called its cardinal, number and it is
denoted by n(A) or o(A)., (vi) Equivalent sets Two
finite sets A and B are, said to be equivalent if they
have the same cardinal, number. Thus, sets A and B
are equivalent if n( A ) = n( B )., (vii) Subset and super
set The set B is said to, be subset of set A, if every
element of set B is also an, element of set A.
Symbolically we write it as, B ⊆ A or, A ⊇ B, where A is
super set of B., (a) B ⊆ A is read as B is contained in A
or B is subset, of A or A is super set of B., (b) A ⊇ B is
read as A contains B or B is a subset of A., Evidently, if
A and B are two sets such that, x ∈ B x ∈ A, then B is
subset of A. The symbol ‘ ’ stands, for ‘implies’, we
read it as x belongs to B implies that x, belongs to A., ,
%, , Whenever, we have to show that two sets A and B
are equal i.e.,, A = B A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A., , (x) Universal
set In any discussion in set theory,, we need a set such
that all sets under consideration in that, discussion
are its subsets. Such a set is called the universal, set
and is denoted by U., (xi) Power set The set of all the
subsets of a given, set A is said to be the power set of
A and is denoted by P( A )., e.g., If A = { 1, 2, 3}, then, P (
A) = { φ ,{ 1},{ 2},{ 3},{ 1, 2},{ 2, 3}, { 3, 1},{ 1, 2, 3}}., %, %,
%, , Elements of power set are the subset of A., The
power set of each given set is always non-empty., If A
is a finite set of n elements, then number of elements
in P(A), will be 2n ., , Venn Diagram, To express the
relationship among sets in a, perspective way, we
represent them pictorially by means of, diagrams,
known as Venn diagrams., , e.g., Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4}; B =
{ 1, 2, 4}, , U, , Here, B is a subset of A., , (viii) Proper
subset The set B is said to be a, proper subset of set A,
if every element of set B is an, element of A whereas
every element of A is not an element, of B., We write it
as B ⊂ A and read it as ‘B is a proper subset, of A’. Thus,
B is a proper subset of A, if every element of B is, an
element of A and there is atleast one element in A
which, is not in B., Observe that A ⊆ A i. e., every set is
a subset of itself,, but not a proper subset., e.g., Let A =
{ 1, 2, 3}; B = { 1, 2}, then B ⊂ A., %, %, , The universal
set is usually represented by a, rectangular region and
its subsets by circle or closed, bounded regions inside
this rectangular region., , Operations on Sets, (i) Union
of sets Let A and B are two sets, then, union of A and B
is denoted by A ∪ B and it consists of each, one of
which is either in A or in B or in both A and B., U, , Null
set is a subset of every set and each set is subset of
itself., Number of subset of a finite set of n elements is
2n ., A, , B, , (ix) Equal sets Two sets A and B are said to
be, equal, if each element of A is an element of B and
each, element of B is an element of A., Thus, two sets
A and B are equal, if they have exactly, the same
elements but the order in which the elements in, the
two sets have been written down is immaterial., Thus,
if, , x ∈ A x ∈B, , and, , y ∈ B y ∈ A,, , then A and B
are equal, e.g.,, , {4, 8, 10} = {8, 4, 10}, , [The order in
which the elements of a set is also, immaterial], , Thus,
A ∪ B = { x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}, Clearly, x ∈ A ∪ B x ∈ A or
x ∈ B, and x ∉ A ∪ B x ∉ A and x ∉B, In the figure, the
shaded part represents A ∪ B., It is evident that A ⊆ A
∪ B, B ⊆ A ∪ B., , Example 1. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3,
5, 7}, then the, value of A ∪ B is, (a) {4, 5, 7}, (c) {1, 2, 3,
5}, , (b) {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}, (d) {6, 3, 5, 7}, , Solution (b) Q A =
{1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7}, ∴, , A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}

Page 130 :
3, , Sets, Relations and Functions, , (ii) Intersection of
sets The intersection of two, sets A and B, denoted by
A ∩ B is the set of all elements,, common to both A and
B., , (v) Symmetric difference of two sets The,
symmetric difference of two sets A and B, denoted by
A ∆ B, is the set ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A)., U, , U, , A–B, A, , B, ,
Example 2. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 6}, then the,
(b) {6, 5}, (d) {1, 2, 3}, , Solution (a) Q A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
B = {2, 4, 6}, ∴, , B, , A, , Thus,, A ∩ B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∈
B}, Clearly, x ∈ A ∩ B x ∈ A and x ∈ B, and x ∉ A ∩ B
x ∉ A or x ∉B, In the figure, the shaded part represents
A ∩ B., It is evident that A ∩ B ⊆ A, A ∩ B ⊆ B., value of A
∩ B is, (a) {2, 4}, (c) {2, 3, 4}, , B–A, , Thus,, A ∆ B = ( A −
B) ∪ ( B − A) = { x : x ∉ A ∩ B}, The shaded part
represents A ∆ B., , Example 3. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and
B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11},, then find the value of A ∆ B is, (a) {5,
7, 11}, (c) {3, 5, 7}, , Solution (b) Q A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and
B = {2, 3, 5, 7,11}, ∴, ∴, , A ∩ B = {2, 4 }, , (iii) Disjoint sets
Two sets, U, A and B are said to be disjoint sets,, B, A, if
they have no common element, i.e., A ∩ B = φ., The
disjoint sets can be, represented by Venn diagram as
shown in the figure, e.g., let A = { 1, 2, 3} and B = { 4, 6},
Here, A and B are disjoint sets because A ∩ B = φ ., , A
− B = {1, 9 } and B − A = {2,11}, A ∆ B = ( A − B) ∪ (B − A),
= {1, 9 } ∪ {2,11} = {1, 2, 9,11}, , Complement of a Set, If
U is a universal set and A ⊂ U ,then complement set, of
A is denoted by A′ or U − A., U, A, , (iv) Difference of
sets If A and B are two sets,, then their difference A −
B is the set of all those elements, of A which do not
belong to B., U, , (b) {1, 2, 9, 11}, (d) {1, 3, 5, 11}, , B, ,
Thus, A′ = U − A = { x : x ∈U , but x ∉ A}, It is clear that x
∈ A′ x ∉ A, %, %, , φ = U′, A ∪ A′ = U, , %, %, , φ′ = U, A
∩ A′ = φ, , %, , (A′ )′ = A, , A–B, A, , Laws of Algebra of
Sets, , B, , Thus,, A − B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∉B}, Clearly, x ∈
A − B x ∈ A and x ∉B., In the figure, the shaded part
represents A − B., Similarly, the difference B − A is the
set of all those, elements of B that do not belong to A
i.e.,, B − A = { x : x ∈ B and x ∉ A}, U, B–A, A, , B, , In the
figure, the shaded part represents B − A., e.g., if A = { 1,
3, 5, 7, 9} and B = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11}, then, A − B = { 1, 9}
and B − A = { 2, 11}., , If A, B and C are three sets, then,
1. Idempotent laws, (a) A ∪ A = A, (b) A ∩ A = A, 2.
Identity laws, (a) A ∪ φ = A, (b) A ∩ U = A, 3.
Commutative laws, (a) A ∪ B = B ∪ A, (b) A ∩ B = B ∩ A,
4. Associative laws, (a) ( A ∪ B) ∪ C = ( A ∪ B) ∪ C, (b) A ∩
( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∩ C, 5. Distributive laws, (a) A ∪ ( B ∩
C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C ), (b) A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩
C ), 6. De-Morgan’s laws, (a) ( A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′, (b) ( A ∩
B)′ = A′ ∪ B′

Page 131 :
4, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 7. (a) A − B = A ∩ B′, (b) B −
A = B ∩ A′, (c) A − B = A A ∩ B = φ (d) ( A − B ) ∪ B = A
∪ B, (e) ( A − B) ∩ B = φ, (f) ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A) = ( A ∪ B) − (
A ∩ B), 8. (a) A − ( B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C ), (b) A − ( B
∩ C ) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C ), (c) A ∩ ( B − C ) = ( A ∩ B) − ( A
∩ C ), (d) A ∩ ( B ∆ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∆ ( A ∩ C ), , Important
Results, If A, B and C are any three finite sets, then, 1.
n( A ∪ B ) = n( A) + n( B ) − n( A ∩ B ), 2. n( A ∪ B ) = n( A)
+ n( B ), if and only if A ∩ B = φ, 3. n( A − B ) = n( A) − n(
A ∩ B ), 4. n( A ∆ B ) = n( A − B ) + n( B − A) = n( A) + n( B
) − 2n( A ∩ B ), 5. n( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n( A) + n( B ) + n(C ) − n(
A ∩ B ), − n( B ∩ C ) − n( A ∩ C ) + n( A ∩ B ∩ C ), 6. n( A′ ∪
B′ ) = n(U ) − n( A ∩ B ), 7. n( A′ ∩ B′ ) = n(U ) − n( A ∪ B ),
, Example 4. If in a group of 850 persons, 600 can
speak, Hindi and 340 can speak Tamil. Then, the
number of persons, can speak both Hindi and Tamil is,
(a) 40, (b) 90, (c) 85, (d) 120, Solution (b) Let A and B
denote the sets of persons who can, speak Hindi and
Tamil, respectively., Then, n( A) = 600 ; n(B) = 340 and
n( A ∪ B) = 850, A–B, A, , A∩B, , B–A, B, , n( A ∩ B) = n(
A) + n(B) − n( A ∪ B), = 600 + 340 − 850 = 90, Thus, 90
persons can speak both Hindi and Tamil., , Ordered
Pair, Two elements a and b listed in a particular order,
is, called an ordered pair and it is denoted by ( a , b). In
an, ordered pair ( a , b); ‘a’ is regarded as the first
element and, ‘b’ the second element., It is evident
from the definition that, (i) ( a , b) ≠ ( b, a ) a ≠ b, (ii) (
a , b) = ( c, d ) a = c, b = d, , Cartesian Product, Let A
and B be two non-empty sets. The cartesian, product
of A and B, denoted by A × B is defined as the set of, all
ordered pairs ( a , b), where a ∈ A and b ∈ B.,
Symbolically, A × B = {( a , b); a ∈ A and b ∈ B}, Thus, (a,
b) ∈ A × B a ∈ A and b ∈ B, , Facts Related to
Cartesian Product, If A, B and C are non-empty sets,
then, 1. (a) A × ( B ∪ C ) = ( A × B ) ∪ ( A × C ), (b) A × ( B ∩
C ) = ( A × B ) ∩ ( A × C ), 2. A × ( B − C ) = ( A × B ) − ( A ×
C ), 3. A × B = B × A A = B, 4. If A ⊆ B A × B ⊆ ( A ×
B ) ∩ ( B × A), 5. If A ⊆ B A × C ⊆ B × C, 6. A ⊆ B and C
⊆ D A × C ⊆ B × D, 7. ( A × B ) ∩ (C × D ) = ( A ∩ C ) × (
B ∩ D ), 8. A × ( B′ ∪ C ′ )′ = ( A × B ) ∩ ( A × C ), 9. A × ( B′
∩ C ′ )′ = ( A × B ) ∪ ( A × C ), 10. If n elements are
common in A and B, then in A × B and, B × A, n 2
elements will be common., , Relation, Let A and B are
two non-empty sets, then a relation R, from A to B is a
subset of A × B., Equivalently, any subset of A × B is
relation from A to B., Thus, R is a relation from A to B
R ⊆ A × B, R ⊆ {( a , b): a ∈ A, b ∈ B}, If ( a , b) ∈ R ,
then we write a R, / b which is read as ‘a is, related to b
by the relation R’. If ( a , b) ∉R , then we write ab, and
we say that a is not related to b by the relation R., ,
Domain and Range of Relation, If R is a relation from
set A to set B, then the set of all, first coordinates of
elements of R is called the domain of R,, while the set
of all second coordinates of elements of R is, called
the range of R,, ∴ Domain ( R ) = { a ∈ A :( a , b) ∈ R for
some b ∈ B}, and Range ( R ) = { b ∈ B :( a , b) ∈ R for
some a ∈ A}, , Codomain of a relation If R be a relation
from, A to B, then B is called the codomain of relation
R., , Types of Relation, (i) Empty relation Since, φ ⊂ A ×
A, it follows, that φ is a relation on A, called the empty
or void relation., e.g., Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 3}, Let, R =
{(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3)}, Here, R = A × B, Hence, R is
the universal relation from A to B., (ii) Universal
relation Since, A × A ⊆ A × A, it, follows that A × A is a
relation on A, is called the universal, relation., (iii)
Identity relation The relation I A = {( a , a );, a ∈ A} is
called the identity relation to A., e.g., If A = { 1, 2, 3},
then the identity relation on A is, given by IA = {(1, 1),(
2, 2),( 3, 3)}.

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5, , Sets, Relations and Functions, , (iv) Inverse relation
If R is a relation on A, then, the relation R −1 on A,
defined by R −1 = {( b, a ):( a , b) ∈ R } is, called an
inverse relation to A., Clearly, domain ( R −1 ) = range
(R), and, , range ( R −1 ) = domain (R), , Example 5. Let A
= {1, 2, 3} and let R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 1),, (3, 2)}, then
the domain and range of R−1 is, (a) {2, 1}, {1, 2, 3}, (b)
{1, 2}, {1, 2, 3}, (c) {1, 2, 3} {2, 3}, (d) {2, 3} {1, 2}, Solution
(a) Q A = {1, 2, 3} and R = {(1, 2),(2, 2),(3, 1), (3, 2)}.,
Then, R being a subset of A × A, it is a relation on A.,
Clearly, 1R2 ; 2R2; 3R1 and 3R2., ∴ Domain (R) = {1, 2,
3 } and range (R) = {2, 1}, Also,, R −1 = {(2, 1),(2, 2),(1,
3),(2, 3)}, Domain (R −1) = {2, 1} and range (R −1) = {1,
2, 3 }, , Various Types of Relations, (i) Reflexive
relations A relation R on a set A is, said to be a
reflexive relation, if ( a , a ) ∈ R , ∀ a ∈ R. It should, be
noted, if ∃ any a ∈ A such that ( a , a ) ∉R , then R is not,
reflexive., e.g., let A = { 1, 2, 3} and R = {(1, 1),( 2, 2)},
Then, R is not reflexive, since 3∈ A but ( 3, 3) ∉R., (ii)
Symmetric relations A relation R on a set, A is said to
be a symmetric relation on A, if, ( x , y ) ∈ R ( y , x ) ∈
R , ∀ x , y ∈ R. i.e., if R related to y, then y, is also R
related to x. It should be noted that R is, symmetric, iff
R −1 = R., Let A = {1, 2, 3}, Let R1 = {(1, 2),( 2, 1)}, R2 =
{(1, 2),( 2, 1),(1, 3),( 3, 1)}, Here, R1 and R2 are
symmetric relations on A., (iii) Anti-symmetric
relations A relation R on a, set A is said to be an anti-
symmetric relation, if ( a , b) ∈ R, and ( b, a ) ∈ R a = b.
Thus, if a ≠ b,then a may be related to, b or b may be
related to a, but never both., e.g., let N be the set of
natural numbers. A relation, R ⊆ N × N is defined by
xRy iff x divides y ( i. e. , x / y ), Then, xR y , yRx x
divides y , y divides x., , x= y, e.g., let A = {1, 2, 3}, Let,
R1 = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 1)}, R2 = {(1, 2)}, Here, R1 and R2
are anti-symmetric relations on A., , (iv) Transitive
relations A relation R on a set A, , is said to be a
transitive relation, if ( a , b) ∈ R ,, ( b, c) ∈ R ( a , c) ∈ R.,
In other words, if a is related to b, b is related to c,
then, a is related to c., , Transitivity fails only when
there exists a , b and c such, that aRb, bRc but a R/ c.,
e.g., let A = { 1, 2, 3} and the relation, R = {(1, 2),( 2, 1),
(1, 1)}., Then, R is not transitive, since R,, ( 2, 1) ∈ R ,(1,
2) ∈ R but ( 2, 2) ∉R., , Equivalence Relation, A relation
R on a set A is said to be an equivalence, relation, if, (i)
R is reflexive i.e., ( a , a ) ∈ R , ∀ a ∈ A, (ii) R is symmetric
i.e.,( a , b) ∈ R ( b, a ) ∈ R , ∀ a , b ∈ A, (iii) R is
transitive i.e., ( a , b),( b, c) ∈ R ( a , c) ∈ R, , Example 6.
The relation ‘>’ on the set R of all real, numbers is, (a)
transitive, (b) reflexive, (c) symmetry, (d) anti-
symmetric, , Solution (a) The relation ‘>’ on R is
transitive, since a > b and, b > c a > c., Since, no real
number can be greater than itself, the relation, is not
reflexive., Also,, a>b , / b > a,, e.g.,, 3 > 2 but 2 >, / 3.,
So, it is not symmetric., , Composition of Relations, If R
and S are relations from A to B and B to, C
respectively, then SoR is a relation from A to C, which
is, defined as follows, ( a , c) ∈SoR ∃ b ∈ B s.t. ( a , b) ∈
R and ( b, c) ∈S ., This relation is known as composition
of R and S., , Function, Let A and B are two non-empty
sets, then subset of, A × B i. e. , f is known as a function
from A to B iff ∀ a ∈ A ∃, a unique element in B such
that ( a , b) ∈ f ., Function is also known as mapping,
transformations,, operators., f, Function is denoted by
f : A B or A , B., , Domain, Codomain and Range
of, a Function, Let f : A B. Then, the set A is known
as the domain of, f and the set B is known as the
codomain of f. The set of all, f-images of elements of A
is known as the image of f or, image set of A under f
and is denoted by f ( A)., Thus,, f ( A) = { f ( x ) : x ∈ A} =
Range of f., Clearly, f ( A) ⊆ B.

Page 133 :
6, , NDA/NA Mathematics, (b) it is onto i.e., ∀ y ∈ B,
there exists y ∈ A such that, f ( x ) = y., , Various Types
of Functions, (i) Many-one function Let f : A B. If
two or, more than two elements have the same image
in B, then f is, said to be many-one function., e.g., the
function f : A B given by f ( x ) = x 2 is a, many-one
function., A, 1, –1, 2, , f, , B, 1, 4, 7, , (ii) One-one
function (injective) Let f : A B., Then, f is said to be
one-one function or an injective, if, different elements
of A have different images in B., Thus, f : A B is one-
one, a ≠ b f ( a ) ≠ f ( b),, ∀ a, b ∈ A, f ( a ) = f ( b)
a = b,, ∀ a, b ∈ A, e.g., the function f : A B given by f (
x ) = 2x is an, one-one function., 1, –1, 3, , f, , 2, –2, 6, 7, ,
(iii) Onto function (surjective) Let f : A B. If, every
element in B has atleast one preimage in A, then f is,
said to be an onto function., Thus, f : A B is a
surjective, iff for each b ∈ B, ∃ a ∈ A, such that f ( a ) = b
clearly, f is onto range ( f ) = B., 1, –1, 2, , f, , (iv) Into
function Let f : A B. If there exists, even a single
element in B having no preimage in A, then f, is said to
be an into function., e.g., the function f : A B given
by f ( x ) = x 2 is an into, function., f, , (vii) Identity
function Let A be a non-empty, set. Then, the function,
defined by IA : A A. IA ( x ) = x, ∀, x ∈ A, is called an
identity function on A., This is clearly a one-one onto
function with domain A, and range A., (viii) Equal
functions Two functions f and g are, said to be equal,
written as f = g, if they have the same, domain and
they satisfy the condition f ( x ) = g( x ), ∀ x., (ix) Even
and odd functions A function, f : A B is said to be an
even or odd function according as, f ( − x ) = f ( x ), ∀ x ∈
A and f ( − x ) = − f ( x ), ∀ x ∈ A,, respectively., Example
7. Let N be the set of all natural numbers. If, f : N N
defined as f ( x) = 2 x, ∀ x ∈ N, then f is, (a) one-one
onto, (b) many-one onto, (c) one-one into, (d) many-
one into, , Solution (a) Clearly, each x ∈ N has its
unique image 2x ∈ N., So, f is onto., Also, f is one-one,
since, f ( x1) = f ( x2) 2x1 = 2x2 x1 = x2, Hence, f is
one-one and onto., , 3, –3, 6, , e.g., the function f : A
B is given by f ( x ) = 3x is an, onto function., , A, 1, –1,
2, , (vi) Constant function Let f : A B is defined, in
such a way that all the elements in A have the same,
image in B, then f is said to be a constant function.,
Thus, f ( x ) = c for every x ∈ A, where c is a fixed
number, Clearly, domain of f = A and range of f = { c}.,
Thus, a function f : A B is a constant function, if,
range of f is a singleton set., e.g., A = {1, 2, 3} and B =
{5, 7}, let f : A B defined by, f ( x ) = 5, ∀ x ∈ A., Then,
all the elements in A have the same image in B., So, f is
a constant function., , B, 1, 4, 7, , (v) Bijective function
A one-one and onto, function is said to be bijective., A
bijective function is also known as a one-to-one,
correspondence., In other words, a function f : A B
is a bijection, if, (a) it is one-one i.e., f ( x ) = f ( y ) x =
y, ∀ x , y ∈ A., , (x) Inverse function Let f be a one-one
onto, function from A to B., f, x, x = f –1 (y), A, , y, f −1, ,
y = f(x), B, , Let y be an arbitrary element of B. Then, f
being onto,, there exists an element x ∈ A, such that f (
x ) = y., Also, f being one-one, this x must be unique.,
Thus, for each y ∈ B, there exists a unique element, x ∈
A, such that f ( x ) = y., So, we may define a function,
denoted by f − 1 as, f − 1 : B A, such that f − 1 ( y ) =
x f ( x ) = y., The above function f − 1 is called the
inverse of f., %, , A function f is invertible if and only if f
is one-one onto.

Page 134 :
7, , Sets, Relations and Functions, , Example 8. The
inverse of the function f : R R defined by, ,
Composition of Functions, , f ( x) = 4x − 7 is, x+4, (a), 2,
x−4, (c), 5, , Let A, B and C be three non-empty sets.
Let f : A B, and g : B C. Since, f : A B, for each x
∈ A,there exists a, unique element g[ f ( x )] of C. Thus,
for each x ∈ A, there is, associated a unique element g[
f ( x )] of C. Thus, from f and, g, we can define a new
function from A to C. This function is, called the
product or composite of f and g, denoted by gof, and
defined by, ( gof ) : A C such that ( gof ) ( x ) = g[ f ( x
)] for all x ∈ A., , x+7, (b), 4, (d) does not exist, , Solution
(b) We have, f ( x) = 4x − 7, x ∈R, f is one-one Let x1, x2
∈R, Now,, f ( x1) = f ( x2), , 4x1 − 7 = 4x2 − 7, , 4x1 =
4x2 x1 = x2, ∴f is one-one., f is onto Let y
∈codomain R, Let, f ( x) = y 4x − 7 = y, y+7, , x=, ∈R,
4, ∴ f is onto., Hence, f is invertible i.e., f −1 exists., , A,
x, , , , , y+7, 4, y+7, −1, f (y) =, 4, x+ 7, −1, f ( x) =, 4, ,
B, f(x), , g, , C, g(f(x)), , gof, , Properties of Composition
of Functions, , To find f −1 : f ( x) = y 4x − 7 = y, , , f, ,
x=, , [Q f ( x) = 4 x = f −1(y)], , 1. The product of any
function with the identity, function is the function
itself., 2. The product of any invertible function f with
its, inverse function f − 1 is an identity function., 3.
Composite of functions is associative., 4. Let f : A B
and g : B A, such that gof is an, identity function on
A and fog is an identity function, on B. Then, g = f − 1.,
5. Let f : A B and g : B C be a one-one onto,
functions., Then, gof is also one-one onto and ( gof )− 1
= f − 1og− 1, , Comprehensive Approach, n, , n, , n, , n,
n, n, , n, n, n, , n, , n, n, , A natural number p is a prime
number, if ‘p’ is greater than one and, its factors are
one and ‘p’ only., Finite sets are equivalent sets only
when they have equal numbers, of elements., Equal
sets are equivalent sets, but equivalent sets may not
be equal, sets., Number of proper subsets of a set
containing ‘n’ elements is2 n − 1., If A ⊆ B, we may
haveB ⊆ A but, if A ⊂ B,we cannot haveB ⊂ A., {x, y}
and {y , x} are equals sets but ( x, y) and (y , x) are not
equal, ordered pair., If ‘A’ is any set, then A ⊆ A is true
but A ⊂ A is false., Total number of relations from set
A to set B is equal to 2 n ( A )⋅n (B)., The universal
relation on a non-empty set is always reflexive,,
symmetric and transitive., The identity relation on a
non-empty set is always reflexive,, symmetric and
transitive., The identity relation on a non-empty set is
always anti-symmetric., If R is relation from A to B and
S is a relation from B to C, then, (RoS) − 1 = S − 1 oR−
1., , n, , n, n, n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , For two relations R
and S, the composite relation RoS, SoR may be, void
relation., The product of two even or odd function is
an even function., The product of an even and an odd
function is an odd function., Every function f(x) can be
expressed as the sum of an even and an, odd function.,
If A and B have n and m distinct elements respectively,
then the, number of mappings from A to B is equal to
mn ., If A and B have n equal number of distinct
elements, then the, number of mappings from A to B is
equal to nn ., If A and B have n equal number of
distinct elements, then the number, of objective
functions from A to B is equal to n !., The number of
one-one functions that can be defined from a finite
set, A into a finite set B is n (B) Pn ( A ), if n (B) ≥ n ( A)
and zero, otherwise., The number of onto functions
that can be defined from a finite set, A containing n
elements on finite set B containing 2 elements, = 2 n −
2., If two curves do not intersect each other, then
intersection of two, sets is a null set.

Page 135 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. If A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), ( 2, 1),(
2, 2), ( 2, 3)}, then A, is equal to, (a) {1, 2}, (b) {1, 2, 3}, (c)
{2, 3}, (d) None of these, 2. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3,
4},then ( A ∪ B) × ( A ∩ B) is, (a) {3, 3}, (b) {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3,
3), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}, (c) {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 3)}, (d) {(1, 3),
(2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 3)}, 3. Which of the following is
correct?, (a) A ∩ B ⊂ A ∪ B, (b) A ∩ B ⊆ A ∪ B, (c) A ∪ B ⊂
A ∩ B, (d) None of these, 4. If n( A) = 8, n( A ∩ B) = 2,
then n( A − B) is equal to, (a) 8, (b) 2, (c) 6, (d) 9, 5. A set
contains n elements. Then, the power set, contains, (b)
n elements, (a) n 2 elements, (d) 2n elements, (c) ( 2n −
1) elements, 6. If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4} and B = { 5, 6, 7}, then
number of, relations from A to B is equal to, (a) 24, (b)
23, (c) 27, (d) 212, 7. If φ is a null set, then which one
of the following is, correct?, (NDA 2011 II), (a) φ = 0,
(b) φ = { 0}, (c) φ = { φ }, (d) φ = { }, 8. If A = {a, b, c}, then
what is the number of proper, subsets of A?, (NDA
2011 II), (a) 5, (b) 6, (c) 7, (d) 8, 9. If A = { 1, 2, 5, 6} and
B = { 1, 2, 3}, then what is, (NDA 2011 I), ( A × B) ∩ ( B ×
A) equal to?, (a) {(1, 1), (2, 1), (6, 1), (3, 2)}, (b) {(1, 1), (1,
2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}, (c) {(1, 1), (2, 2)}, (d) {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 5)
(2, 6)}, 10. If E is the universal set and A = B ∪ C , then
the set, ( E − ( E − ( E − ( E − ( E − A)))) is the same as the
set, (b) B ∪ C, (a) Bc ∪ C c, (c) Bc ∩ C c, (d) B ∩ C, 11. If a
set A contains 3 elements and another set B, contains
6 elements, then the number of elements in, A ∪ B
would be, (a) 9, (b) either 8 or 9, (c) either 7 or 8 or 9,
(d) either 6 or 7 or 8 or 9, 12. In a class of 100
students, 70 have taken Science, 60, have taken
Mathematics, 40 have taken both Science, and
Mathematics. The number of students who have, , not
taken Science or Mathematics or both Science, and
Mathematics, is equal to, (a) 90, (b) 10, (c) 30, (d) 20,
13. The relation R on a set A = { 1, 2, 3, 4} is defined as,
{(1, 1), (1, 3), ( 2, 2), ( 2, 3), ( 3, 1) ( 3, 2)}. Then, R is, (a)
reflexive, (b) symmetric, (c) anti-symmetric, (d)
transitive, 14. If A, B and C are non-empty sets such
that A ∩ C = φ,, then what is ( A × B) ∩ (C × B) equal to?
(NDA 2011 I), (a) A × C, (b) A × B, (c) B × C, (d) φ, 15. If
A = { 4n + 2|n is a natural number} and B = { 3n|n, is a
natural number}, then what is ( A ∩ B) equal to?, (a) {
12n 2 + 6n|n is a natural number} (NDA 2011 I), (b) {
24n − 12|n is a natural number}, (c) { 12n 2 − 6n|n is a
natural number}, (d) { 12n − 6|n is a natural number},
16. If A and B are two disjoint sets, then which one of
the, following is correct?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) A − B = A
− ( A ∩ B) (b) B − A′ = B ∩ A, (c) A ∩ B = ( A − B) ∩ B (d)
All of these, 17. If the cardinality of a set A is 4 and
that of a set B is 3,, then what is the cardinality of the
set A∆B?, (a) 1, (NDA 2010 II), (b) 5, (c) 7, (d) Cannot
be determined as the sets A and B are not, given., 18.
If A and B are finite sets, then which one of the,
following is the correct equation?, (a) n( A − B) = n( A)
− n( B), (b) n( A − B) = n( B − A), (c) n( A − B) = n( A) − n(
A ∩ B), (d) n( A − B) = n( B) − n( A ∩ B), [n( A) denotes
the number of elements in A], 19. Which one of the
following is correct?, The relation R = {(1, 1), ( 2, 2), ( 3,
3)} on, A = { 1, 2, 3} is, (a) only reflexive, (b) only
symmetrics, (c) only transitive, (d) reflexive,
symmetric and transitive, , a, , set, , 20. If X = {multiples
of 2}, Y = {multiples of 5},, Z = {multiples of 10}, then X
∩ (Y ∩ Z ) is equal to, (a) {multiples of 10}, (b) {multiples
of 5}, (c) {multiples of 2}, (d) {multiples of 20}
Page 136 :
9, , Sets, Relations and Functions, 21. Let X be any
non-empty set containing n elements., Then, what is
the number of relations on X?, (a) 2n, , 2, , (b) 2n, , (c)
22n, , (d) n 2, , 22. Which of the following is a null set?,
(a) { x :|x|< 1, x ∈ N }, (b) { x :|x|= 5, x ∈ N }, (c) { x : x 2 = 1,
x ∈ Z }, (d) { x : x 2 + 2x + 1 = 0, x ∈ R }, 23. The order of
a set A is 3 and that of a set B is 2. What, is the number
of relations from A to B? (NDA 2010 I), (a) 4, (b) 6, (c)
32, (d) 64, 24. The set of intelligent students in a class
is, (a) a null set, (b) a singleton set, (c) a finite set, (d)
not a well defined collection, 25. If A = P {1, 2}, where
P denotes the power set, then, which one of the
following is correct?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) { 1, 2} ⊂ A, (b) 1
∈ A, (c) φ ∉ A, (d) { 1, 2} ∈ A, 26. If A and B are any two
sets, then what is the value of, (NDA 2012 I), A ∩ ( A ∪
B) ?, (a) Complement of A, (b) Complement of B, (c) B,
(d) A, 27. Let A = { x : x is a digit in the number 3591}, B
= { x : x ∈ N , x < 10}, which of the following is not,
correct?, (a) A ∩ B = { 1, 3, 5, 9}, (b) A − B = φ, (c) B − A =
{ 2, 4, 6, 7, 8}, (d) A ∪ B = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 9}, 28. If A = {( x , y ) :
y = ex , x ∈ R }, and B = {( x , y ) : y = e− x , x ∈ R }, then A
∩ B is, (a) empty set, (b) singleton set, (c) not a set, (d)
None of these, 29. The relation R defined on set A = { x
:| x|< 3, x ∈ Z } by, R = {( x , y ) : y =| x|} is, (a) {( − 2, 2), ( −
1, 1), ( 0, 0), (1, 1), ( 2, 2)}, (b) {( − 2, − 2), ( − 2, 2), ( − 1,
1),( −1, − 1), ( 0, 0),, (1, − 2),(1, 2), ( 2, − 1), ( 2, − 2)}, (c) {(
0, 0),(1, 1), ( 2, 2)}, (d) None of the above, 30. Let A = {
2, 3, 4, 5} and R = {( 2, 2),( 3, 3), ( 4, 4),( 5, 5)}, be a
relation in A. Then, R is, (a) reflexive, (b) symmetric, (c)
transitive, (d) None of these, 31. For non-empty
subsets A, B and C of a set X such that, A ∪ B = B ∩ C,
which one of the following is the, strongest inference
that can be derived? (NDA 2007 I), (a) A = B = C, (b) A
⊆ B = C, (c) A = B ⊆ C, (d) A ⊆ B ⊆ C, , 32. The function f
( x ) =, , x, x +1, 2, , from R to R is, (NDA 2010 I), , (a)
one-one as well as onto, (b) onto but not one-one, (c)
neither one-one nor onto, (d) one-one but not onto,
33. Let A = { −1, 2, 5, 8}, B = { 0, 1, 3, 6, 7} and R be the,
relation ‘is one less than’ from A to B, then how many,
elements will R contain?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) 2, (b) 3, (c)
5, (d) 9, 34. If n( A) = 115, n( B) = 326, n( A − B) = 47,
then what is, (NDA 2009 II), n( A ∪ B) equal to?, (a)
373, (b) 165, (c) 370, (d) 394, 35. If P ( A) denotes the
power set of A and A is the void, set, then what is
number of elements in, (NDA 2009 II), P { P { P { P (
A)}}}?, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 4, (d) 16, 36. If N a = { ax| x ∈ N },
then what is N 12 ∩ N 8 equal to?, (NDA 2009 II), , (a)
N 12, , (b) N 20, , (c) N 24, , (d) N 48, , 37. Consider the
following Venn diagram, E, A, , B, , If| E| = 42,| A| = 15,|
B| = 12 and| A ∪ B| = 22, then, the area represented by
the shaded portion in the, above Venn diagram is, (a)
25, (b) 27, (c) 32, (d) 37, 38. If A, B and C are three sets
and U is the universal set, such that n (U ) = 700, n ( A)
= 200 , n( B) = 300 and, n( A ∩ B) = 100, then what is
the value of ( A′ ∩ B′ ) ?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) 100, , (b)
200, , (c) 300, , (d) 400, , 39. Let A = { x : x is a square of
a natural number and x is, less than 100} and B is a set
of even natural numbers., What is the cardinality of A
∩ B?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) 4, (b) 5, (c) 9, (d) None of these,
40. If X = {( 4n − 3n − 1)| n ∈ N } and, Y = { 9( n − 1)|n ∈
N }, then X ∪ Y equals to, (NDA 2009 II), , (a) X, (c) N, ,
(b) Y, (d) a null set, , 41. Sets A and B have n elements
in common. How many, elements will ( A × B) and ( B ×
A) have in common?, (NDA 2009 II), , (a) 0, , (b) 1, , (c) n,
, (d) n 2

Page 137 :
10, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 42. What is the number
of proper subsets of a given finite, set with n
elements?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) 2n − 1, (b) 2n − 2, (c) 2n −
1, (d) 2n − 2, 43. If A, B and C are three sets, such that
A ∪ B = A ∪ C, and A ∩ B = A ∩ C, then which one of the
following is, correct?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) A = B only, (b)
B = C only, (c) A = C only, (d) A = B = C, 44. If A, B and C
are three sets, then A − ( B − C )equals to, (NDA 2008
II), , (a) A − ( B ∩ C ), (c) ( A − B) ∪ ( A ∩ C ), , (b) ( A − B) ∪
C, (d) ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C ), , 45. In a class containing 120
students, 65 students drink, tea and 84 students drink
coffee. If x students drink, both tea and coffee, then
what is the value of x?, (a) 39, (b) 65, (c) 29 ≤ x ≤ 65, (d)
29 ≤ x ≤ 84, 46. If A and B are two sets satisfying A − B
= B − A, then, which one of the following is correct?,
(NDA 2007 II), (a) A = φ, (b) A ∩ B = φ, (c) A = B, (d)
None of these, 47. Two finite sets have m and n
elements, respectively., The total number of subsets
of the first set is 56 more, than the total number of
subsets of the second set., What are the values of m
and n, respectively?, (a) 7, 6, (b) 6, 3, (c) 5, 1, (d) 8, 7, ,
Level II, 1. Consider the following in respect of
subsets A and B, of X, I. A ⊆ B A ∪ B = A, II. ( A ∪ B)c =
Ac ∩ Bc, III. A / B = B / A, IV. A ∪ B = A ∩ B, iff A = B,
Which of these are correct?, (a) I and III (b) I and IV (c)
II and III(d) II and IV, , 5. What is the range of f ( x ) =
cos 2x − sin 2x ?, (a) [2, 4], (b) [− 1, 1], (NDA 2011 I), (d)
( − 2 , 2), (c) [− 2 , 2 ], , 2. Consider the following
statements, I. All poets (P) are learned people (L)., II.
All learned people (L) are happy people (H)., , 7. Q =
(sin θ + cos θ ). Which one of the following is the,
correct range of Q?, (a) − 2 ≤ Q < 2, (b) − 2 < Q < 2, (d)
None of these, (c) − 2 ≤ Q ≤ 2, , Which one of the
following Venn diagrams correctly, represents both
the above statements taken, together?, H, , (a), , P, , L, ,
(b), , 6. Which one of the following is the union of the
closed, 1, 1 , , sets 2 + , 10 − , n = 1, 2, ... ?, n, n , ,
(a) [2, 10], (b) (2, 10), (c) [2, 10), (d) (2, 10], , 8. What
does the shaded portion of the Venn diagram, given
above represent?, , L, , P, , Q, , P, , H, , R, , (c), , P, , L, , (d), ,
P LH, , H, , 3. If R be a relation on N × N defined by ( a ,
b) R ( c, d ) if, and only if ad = bc; then R is, (a) an
equivalence relation, (b) symmetric and transitive but
not reflexive, (c) reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric, (d) reflexive and symmetric but not
transitive, 4. If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4} and B = { 2, 3, 5}, then
identify the, correct relation, among the following
from A to B, given by xRy, if and only if x < y, (a) R = {(1,
2), (1, 3), ( 2, 2), ( 2, 3)}, (b) R = {( 3, 2), ( 3, 3), ( 3, 4), ( 3,
5)}, (c) R = {(1, 2), (1, 3), ( 2, 3), ( 2, 5)}, (d) R = {(1, 3), (1,
5), ( 3, 2), ( 4, 2)}, , (a), (b), (c), (d), , (P ∩ Q ) ∩ (P ∩ R), (( P ∩
Q ) − R ) ∪ (( P ∩ R ) − Q ), (( P ∪ Q ) − R ) ∩ (( P ∩ R ) − Q ),
(( P ∩ Q ) ∪ R ) ∩ (( P ∪ Q ) − R ), , 9. Consider the
following with regard to a relation R on, a set of real
numbers defined by xRy if and only if, (NDA 2011 I),
3x + 4 y = 5, I. 0R1, 1, II. 1R, 2, 2 3, III. R, 3 4, , Which of
the above are correct?, (a) I and II, (c) II and III, , (b) I
and III, (d) I, II and III

Page 138 :
11, , Sets, Relations and Functions, 10. Let M be the
set of men and R is a relation ‘is son of’, (NDA 2011 I),
defined on M. Then, R is, (a) an equivalence relation,
(b) a symmetric relation only, (c) a transitive relation
only, (d) None of the above, 11. Let N denote the set of
natural numbers and, A = { n 2 : n ∈ N } and B = { n3/ 2 :
n ∈ N }. Which one of, the following is correct?, (NDA
2010 II), (a) A ∪ B = N, (b) The complement of ( A ∪ B) is
an infinite set, (c) A ∩ B must be a finite set, (d) A ∩ B
must be a proper subset of { m 6 : m ∈ N }, 12. The
relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3),, (1, 3)} on a
set A = {1, 2, 3} is, (NDA 2010 II), (a) reflexive,
transitive but not symmetric, (b) reflexive, symmetric
but not transitive, (c) symmetric, transitive but not
reflexive, (d) reflexive but neither symmetric nor
transitive, 13. Let R be a set of real numbers and let S
be a relation, defined on R as follows, x Sy, if and only
if, x 2 + y 2 = 1, Which one of the following statements
is correct?, (a) S is a reflexive relation, (b) S is a
symmetric relation, (c) S is a transitive relation, (d) S is
an anti-symmetric relation, 14. If F ( n ) denotes the
set of all divisors of a natural, number n, what is the
least value of y satisfying, [F ( 20) ∩ F (16)] ⊂ F ( y )] ?,
(a) 2, (b) 1, (c) 4, (d) 6, 15., H, , E, T, , K, , The Venn
diagram shown above represents four sets, of people
who can speak Telugu (T ), English (E),, Hindi (H ) and
Kannada (K ). What does the marked, region
represent?, (a) People, who can speak Hindi and
Kannada only, (b) People, who can speak English,
Telugu and, Kannada only, (c) People, who can speak
Hindi and English only, (d) People, who can speak
Hindi, English and, Kannada only, 16. The function f ( x
) = ex , x ∈ R is, (a) onto but not one-one, (b) one-one
onto, (c) one-one but not onto, (d) neither one-one nor
onto, , (NDA 2010 II), , 17. Consider the function f : R
{ 0, 1} such that, 1,, f (x) = , 0,, , if x is rational, if x
is irrational, , Which one of the following is correct?,
(a) The function is one-one into, (b) The function is
many-one into, (c) The function is one-one onto, (d)
The function is many-one onto, , (NDA 2010 II), , 18.
Which one of the following functions f : R R is,
injective?, (NDA 2009 II), 2, (a) f ( x ) =| x|, ∀ x ∈ R, (b) f (
x ) = x , ∀ x ∈ R, (c) f ( x ) = 11, ∀ x ∈ R, (d) f ( x ) = − x , ∀ x
∈ R, 19. If A = { a , b, c} and R = {( a , a ), ( a , b), ( b, c), ( b,
b),, ( c, c), ( c, a )} is a binary relation on A, then which
one, of the following is correct?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) R is
reflexive and symmetric but not transitive, (b) R is
reflexive and transitive but not symmetric, (c) R is
reflexive but neither symmetric nor, transitive, (d) R is
reflexive symmetric and transitive, 20. If α , β , ξ and η
are non-empty sets, then, (a) (α × β ) ∪ ( ξ × η) = (α × β )
∩ ( ξ × η), (b) (α × β ) ∩ ( ξ × η) = (α × ξ ) ∩ (β × η), (c) (α ∩
β ) × ( ξ ∩ η) = (α × ξ ) ∪ (β × η), (d) (α ∩ β ) × ( ξ ∩ η)= (α ×
η) ∩ (β × ξ ), 21. In a Euclidean plane, which one of the
following is, not an equivalence relation?, (a)
Parallelism of lines (a line being deemed parallel, to
itself), (b) Congruence of triangles, (c) Similarity of
triangles, (d) Orthogonality of lines, 22. Which one of
the following is correct?, (a) The relation R0 defined
on the set of real, numbers as R0 = {( a , b) such that a
2 + b2 = 1 for, all a , b ∈ R } is an equivalence relation,
(b) The relation R0 defined on the set of real, 1,
numbers as R0 = {( a , b) such that| a − b|≤ for, 3, all a ,
b ∈ R } is an equivalence relation, (c) The relation I 0
defined on the set of integers as, 2, 2, I1lo I 2 : I1 − 3I1I
2 + 2I 2 = 0 for all I1 , I 2 ∈ I is an, equivalence relation,
(d) We define AEcB by the open sentence : A is,
cardinally equivalent to B on the family of sets, Then,
the relation Ec on family of sets is an, equivalence
relation, 23. Let g : R R be a function such that, g( x )
= 2x + 5., Then, what is the value of g−1( x )?, (NDA
2008 II), x−5, (b) 2x − 5, (a), 2, 5, x 5, (d), (c) x −, +, 2, 2 2

Page 139 :
12, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 24. If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4} and
R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), ( 2, 2), ( 3, 1),, ( 3, 4), ( 4, 3), ( 4, 4)} is a
relation on A × A, then which, one of the following is
correct?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) R is reflexive, (b) R is
symmetric and transitive, (c) R is transitive, but not
reflexive, (d) R is neither reflexive nor transitive, 25.
The function f : R R defined by f ( x ) = ( x 2 + 1)35
for, all x ∈ R is, (NDA 2008 II), (a) one-one but not
onto, (b) onto but not one-one, (c) Neither one-one
nor onto, (d) Both one-one and onto, 26. Let N be the
set of integers. A relation R on N is, defined as R = {( x ,
y )|xy > 0, x , y , ∈ N }. Then, which, one of the following
is correct?, (NDA 2007 II), (a) R is symmetric but not
reflexive, (b) R is reflexive but not symmetric, (c) R is
symmetric and reflexive but not transitive, (d) R is an
equivalence relation, 27. Let R be the relation defined
on the set of natural, number N as aRb; a, b ∈ N , if a
divides b. Then,, which one of the following is correct?,
(NDA 2008 I), (a) R is reflexive only, (b) R is symmetric
only, (c) R is transitive only, (d) R is reflexive and
transitive, 28. Consider the following statements, I. φ
∈{ φ }, II. { φ } ⊆ φ, , (NDA 2008 I), , Which of the
statements given above is/are correct?, (a) I only, (b) II
only, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 29. Which
one of the following is correct?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) A ∪ P
( A) = P ( A), (b) A ∩ P ( A) = A, (c) A − P ( A) = A, (d) P ( A)
− { A} = P ( A), Here, P (A) denotes the power set of a
set A., 30. If A, B and C are three finite sets, then [( A ∪
B) ∩ C ]′, equals to, (NDA 2009 I), (a) A′ ∪ B′ ∩ C ′, (b)
A′ ∩ B′ ∩ C ′, (c) A′ ∩ B′ ∪ C ′, (d) A ∩ B ∩ C, 31. If A and
B are two non-empty sets having n elements, in
common, then what is the number of common,
elements in the sets A × B and B × A?, (NDA 2012 I),
(a) n, (b) n 2, (c) 2n, (d) Zero, 32. If A = { x : x 2 = 1} and
B = { x : x 4 = 1}, then A∆B is, equal to, (a) { i , − i }, (b) { −
1, 1}, (c) { − 1, 1, i , − i }, (d) None of these, 33. There are
100 families in a society, 40 families buy, newspaper
A, 30 families buy newspaper B, 30, families buy
newspaper C, 10 families buy, newspapers A and B, 8
families buy newspapers B, and C, 5 families buy
newspaper A and C, 3 families, , buy newspapers A, B
and C, then the number of, families, who do not buy
any newspaper is, (a) 20, (b) 80, (c) 0, (d) None of
these, 34. Two finite sets A and B having m and n
elements., The total number of relation from A to B is
64, then, possible values of m and n are, (a) 2 and 4 (b)
2 and 3 (c) 2 and 1 (d) 64 and 1, 35. Suppose A1 , A2 ,...
, A30 are thirty sets each having 5, elements and B1 ,
B2 , ... , Bn are n sets each having 3, 30, , n, , i =1, , j =1, ,
elements. Let ∪ Ai = ∪ Bj = S and each elements, of S
belongs to exactly 10 of Ai ’s and exactly 9 of Bj$ ’ s .,
The value of n is equal to, (a) 15, (b) 3, (c) 45, (d) None
of these, 36. Universal set,, U = { x x5 − 6x4 + 11x3 −
6x2 = 0}, A = { x x2 − 5 x + 6 = 0 }, B = { x x2 − 3 x + 2 = 0
}, What is the value of ( A ∩ B)′ ?, , (a) {1, 3}, , (b) {1, 2, 3}
(c) {0, 1, 3} (d) {0, 1, 2, 3}, , 37. A relation R is defined on
the set Z of integers as, follows mRn m + n is odd.,
Which of the following statements is/are true for R?, I.
R is reflexive., II. R is symmetric., III. R is transitive.,
Select the correct answer using the code given below,
(a) II only (b) II and III (c) I and II (d) I and III, 38. Which
of the following statements is not correct for, the
relation R defined by aRb if and only if b lives, within 1
km from a?, (a) R is reflexive, (b) R is symmetric, (c) R is
not anti-symmetric, (d) None of the above, 39. What is
the region that represents A ∩ B, if, A = {( x , y ) x + y ≤
4 } and B = {( x , y ) x + y ≤ 0 } ?, (b) {( x , y ) 2x + y ≤ 4 }, (a)
{( x , y ) x + y ≤ 2 }, (c) {( x , y ) x + y ≤ 0 }, , (d) {( x , y ) x + y
≤ 4 }, , 40. Let X and Y be two non-empty sets and let
R1 and R2, be two relations from X into Y . Then,
which one of, the following is correct?, (a), (b), (c), (d), ,
−1, , −1, , ( R1 ∩ R2 )−1 ⊂ R1 ∩ R2, −1, −1, ( R1 ∩ R2 )−1
⊃ R1 ∩ R2, −1, −1, ( R1 ∩ R2 )−1 = R1 ∩ R2, −1, −1, −1, (
R1 ∩ R2 ) = R1 ∪ R2, , 41. If a set A contains 4 elements,
then what is the, number of elements in A × P ( A)?,
(NDA 2008 II), (a) 16, (b) 32, (c) 64, (d) 128

Page 140 :
13, , Sets, Relations and Functions, 42. Let f : R R be
a function defined as f ( x ) = x| x|; for, each x ∈ R, R
being the set of real numbers. Which, one of the
following is correct?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) f is one-one but
not onto, (b) f is onto but not one-one, (c) f is both one-
one and onto, (d) f is neither one-one nor onto, 43. If A
and B are subsets of a set X, then what is the, value of
{ A ∩ ( X − B)} ∪ B ?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) A ∪ B (b) A ∩ B (c)
A, (d) B, 44. Let U = { x ∈ N : 1 ≤ x ≤ 10} be the universal
set, N, being the set of natural numbers. If A = { 1, 2, 3,
4}, and B = { 2, 3, 6, 10}, then what is the complement
of, (NDA 2012 I), ( A − B)?, (a) { 6, 10}, (b) { 1, 4}, (c) {2, 3,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 (b) {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, , Directions (Q. Nos.
45-47), , Each of these, questions contain two
statements, one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has, four alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct, answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d)
given below., Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually
true and R is the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A
and R are individually true but R is not, the correct
explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is
false but R is true., 45. Assertion (A) { x ∈ R|x 2 < 0} is
not a set. Here, R is, the set of real numbers., Reason
(R) For every real number x, x 2 ≥ 0., (NDA 2008 I), ,
46. Assertion (A) If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then the relation R,
defined on A is {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)} is transitive.,
Reason (R) A relation R defined on A is transitive iff,
aRb, bRc cRa ∀ a, b, c ∈ A, 47. Assertion (A) If A = {1,
2, 3}, B = {2, 4}, then the, number of relation from A to
B is equal to 26., Reason (R) The total number of
relation from set A, to set B is equal to { 2n ( A )⋅ n ( B )
}., , Directions (Q. Nos. 48-51), , Consider a relation R,
is defined from a set A = {2, 3, 4, 5} to a set B = {3, 6, 7,
10}, as follows (x, y) ∈R x divides y., 48. Express R, as
a set of ordered pairs is, (a) {(2, 4), (2, 3)}, (b) {(3, 2), (3,
7), (3, 9)}, (c) {(2, 6), (2, 10), (3, 3), (3, 6), (5, 10)}, (d)
None of the above, 49. The domain of R is, (a) {2, 3, 5},
(c) {2, 3}, , (b) {1, 2}, (d) None of these, , 50. The range of
R is, (a) {3, 6, 10} (b) {1, 2}, , (c) {2, 3}, , (d) {1, 3}, , 51. The
inverse relation R −1 is, (a) {(6, 2), (10, 2), (3, 3), (6, 3),
(10, 5)}, (b) {2, 4}, (c) {(3, 2), (1, 3), (4, 5)}, (d) None of the
above, , Directions, , (Q. Nos. 52-55) Consider the,
universal set S = {0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and, A = { 1, 2,
3, 4}, B = {2, 3, 5,6}, C = {2, 3, 7}, then, , 52. The value of
A′ is, (a) {0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, (c) {5, 6}, , (b) {2, 3}, (d) {7, 8}, ,
53. The value of ( A − B)′ is, (a) {0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, (c)
{2, 6, 7, 8, 9}, , (b) {1, 2, 5}, (d) None of these, , 54. The
value of A′∩ B is, (a) {2, 3}, (b) {5, 6}, , (c) {1, 3}, , (d) {1,
4}, , 55. The value of B′ − A′ is, (a) {1, 4}, (b) {2, 3}, , (c)
{6, 5}, , (d) {4, 2}, , Directions (Q. Nos. 56-60) Read the
following, passage and give answer., (NDA 2011 I),
The students of a class are offered three languages,
(Hindi, English and French). 15 students learn all the,
three languages whereas 28 students do not learn
any, language. The number of students learning Hindi
and, English but not French is twice the number of
students, learning Hindi and French but not English.
The, number of students learning English and French
but, not Hindi is thrice the number of students
learning, Hindi and French but not English. 23
students learn, only Hindi and 17 students learn only
English. The, total number of students learning French
is 46 and the, total number of students learning only
French is 11., 56. How many students learn precisely
two languages?, (a) 55, (b) 40, (c) 30, (d) 13, 57. How
many students learn atleast two languages?, (a) 15, (b)
30, (c) 45, (d) 55, 58. What is the total strength of the
class?, (a) 124, (b) 100, (c) 96, (d) 66, 59. How many
students learn English and French?, (a) 30, (b) 43, (c)
45, (d) 73, 60. How many students learn atleast one
language?, (a) 45, (b) 51, (c) 96, (d) None of these, 61.
For a set A, consider the following statements, I. A ∪ P
( A) = P ( A), (NDA 2010 I), II. { A} ∩ P ( A) = A, III. P ( A)
− { A} = P ( A), Where P denotes power set., Which of
the statements given above is/ are correct?, (a) I only,
(b) II only, (c) III only, (d) I, II and III

Page 141 :
Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (a), (d), (a), (d),
(d), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (d), (b), (a), (d), (c), , 3., 13., 23.,
33., 43., , (b), (b), (d), (b), (b), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (c),
(d), (d), (a), (c), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (d), (d), (d), (d), (c), ,
6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (d), (d), (d), (c), (c), , 7., 17., 27., 37.,
47., , (d), (d), (d), (a), (b), , 8., 18., 28., 38., , (c), (c), (b), (c), ,
9., 19., 29., 39., , (b), (a), (a), (a), , 10., 20., 30., 40., , (c),
(a), (a), (b), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., 52., , (d), (a), (d), (a), (c),
(a), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., 53., , (a), (b), (a), (a), (a), (a), , 4.,
14., 24., 34., 44., 54., , (c), (c), (d), (b), (c), (b), , 5., 15., 25.,
35., 45., 55., , (c), (d), (c), (c), (a), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46.,
56., , (b), (c), (d), (c), (a), (c), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., 57., , (c),
(d), (d), (a), (a), (c), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., 58., , (b), (d), (d),
(c), (c), (a), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., 59., , (c), (c), (c), (c), (a),
(a), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., 60., , (d), (d), (c), (d), (a), (c), ,
Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., 61., , (d), (d), (d), (b), (c),
(a), (b), , Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. If (a , b) ∈ A × B,
then a ∈ A , b ∈ B, so a = 1, 2, A = {1, 2}, 2. ( A ∪ B) = {1,
2, 3, 4} and A ∩ B = { 3}, ∴ ( A ∪ B) × ( A ∩ B) = {(1, 3), (2,
3), (3, 3), (4, 3)}, 3. If A = B, then A ∩ B = A ∪ B, so A ∩ B
⊆ A ∪ B., 4. n ( A − B) = n ( A ) − n ( A ∩ B) = 8 − 2 = 6, 5.
The power set is a set of all subsets. So, it contain 2n,
elements., 6. Given, n ( A ) = 4, n (B) = 3, We know that,
the total number of relations from two, finite sets A to
B is given by = 2n( A)⋅n(B ) = 24 × 3 = 212., 7. If φ is a
null set, then its other representation is { }., i.e.,, φ = { }.,
8. Given, A = { a , b, c}, Number of subsets of A = 2n =
23 = 8, {where, n = number of elements in A, n = 3},
Proper subset of A = 2n − 1 = 8 − 1 = 7, ∴, 9. Q A = {1,
2, 5, 6} and B = {1, 2, 3}, ∴ A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2,
1), (2, 2), (2, 3),, (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3)},
and B × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 5),
(2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 5), (3, 6)}, ( A × B) ∩ (B × A ) =
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}, 10. We have, A = B ∪ C, ∴ E −
(E − (E − (E − (E − A )))), = E − (E − (E − (E − A c ))), = E −
(E − (E − A )), = E − (E − A c ) = E − A = A c, , A c = (B ∪
C )c, ∴, A c = Bc ∩ C c, , …(i), , [Q E − A c = A ], [from Eq.
(i)], , 11. Given that, there are two sets A and B, which
contains 3, and 6 elements each., ∴ We have, n ( A ∪ B)
= n ( A ) + n (B) − n ( A ∩ B), = 3 + 6 − 0 = 9 [Q n ( A ) = 3,
n (B) = 6], or, n ( A ∪ B) = 3 + 6 − 1 = 8, or, n ( A ∪ B) = 3 +
6 − 2 = 7, or, n ( A ∪ B) = 3 + 6 − 3 = 6, [Q These are 4
possibilities of n ( A ∩ B)], 12. Total number of students
= 100, Number of students having Science = 70,
Number of students having Mathematics = 60,
Number of students having both Science and,
Mathematics = 40, Now, number of students having
Science only, = 70 − 40 = 30, Number of students
having Mathematics only, = 60 − 40 = 20, Thus,
number of students having Science only,,
Mathematics only and both subjects = 30 + 20 + 40 =
90, Number of students, who have not taken Science,
Mathematics both of the subjects, = 100 − 90 = 10,
13. We have, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, and, R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2),
(2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2)}, (i) R is not reflexive, since (3, 3) ∈ R.,
(ii) R is symmetric, since for each (a , b) ∈ R, we have (b,
a ) ∈ R e.g., (2, 3) ∈ R (3, 2) ∈ R,, (iii) R is not
transitive, since for any (a , b) ∈ R and, (b, c) ∈ R, we do
not find (a , c) ∈ R e.g., (1, 3) ∈ R,, (3, 2) ∈ R but (1, 2) ∉
R., (iv) R is not anti-symmetric, since for any (a , b) ∈ R
and, (b, a ) ∈ R, we do not have a = b., e.g., (1, 3) ∈ R, (3,
1) ∈ R but 1 ≠ 3., Hence, R is only symmetric.

Page 142 :
15, , Sets, Relations and Functions, 14. Q A, B and C
are non-empty sets, such that A ∩ C = φ., ∴ ( A × B) ∩ (C
× B) = ( A ∩ C ) × B = φ × B = φ, 15. Q A = {4n + 2 : n ∈ N
}, = {6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, K }, and, B = {3n : n ∈ N }, =
{3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, K }, ∴, A ∩ B = {6, 18, 30, K },
= {6 + (n − 1)12|n ∈ N }, = {12n − 6|n ∈ N }, 16. Q A ∩ B =
φ, ∴ A − B = A − ( A ∩ B), Now,, B − A′ = φ, and, B∩ A=φ,
or, B − A′ = B ∩ A, and, ( A − B) ∩ B = A ∩ B, , (given), (Q
A − B = A ), , 17. Since, the sets A and B are not known,
then cardinality, of the set A∆B cannot be
determined., 18. If A and B are finite sets, then, n ( A −
B) = n ( A ) − n ( A ∩ B), 19. Q A = {1, 2, 3} and R = {(1, 1),
(2, 2), (3, 3)}, This relation is reflexive, since 1 R1, 2 R2
and 3 R3., 20. We have, X = {multiples of 2}, Y =
{multiples of 5} and Z = {multiples of 10}, ∴ X ∩ (Y ∩ Z ),
= X ∩ {multiples of 5} ∩ {multiples of 10}, = X ∩
{multiples of 10}, = {multiples of 2} ∩ {multiples of 10},
= {multiples of 10} = Z, ∴ X ∩ (Y ∩ Z ) = Z, , 29. A = { − 2,
− 1, 0, 1, 2},, Since, R = {(x, y ): y =|x|}, ∴ − 2R 2, − 1R 1,
0R 0, 1R 1 and 2R2 satisfies relation, y =| x|on A., 30. A
= {2, 3, 4, 5}, if a ∈ A ,then (a , a ) ∈ R for every a.So, R is,
reflexive., 31. Q A ∪ B = B ∩ C, From above strong
inference is A ⊆ B ⊆ C., e.g., A = { a }, B = { a , b},C = { a ,
b, c}, A ∪ B = { a , b}, B ∩ C = { a , b}, x, 32. Given function,
f (x) = 2, x +1, For the function f (x) is one-one, f (x1 ) =
f (x2), x1, x2, , =, x12 + 1 x22 + 1, , x1x22 + x1 =
x12x2 + x2, , x1x2(x1 − x2) − (x1 − x2) = 0, , (x1 −
x2)(x1x2 − 1) = 0, , x1 = x2 and x1x2 ≠ 1, So, the
function is one-one., x, Let, yx2 + y = x, y= 2, x +1, ,
, , 21. Since, number of elements in X be n , then the
number, 2, of relations on X and 2n ., 22. | x| < 1 − 1
< x < 1 (In this interval no natural number, will satisfy
it). So, it is a null set., 23. Q n ( A ) = 3 and n (B) = 2, ∴
Number of relations from A to B = 2[ n( A) × n(B )], =
2(3 × 2) = 26 = 64, 24. Since, intelligency is not defined
for students in a class., i.e., Not a well defined
collection., 25. A = P ({1, 2}) = { φ , {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}, From
above, it is clear that, {1, 2} ∈ A, , B, , +, –∞, , –, –1/2, ,
1/2, , +, +∞, , 1 1 , y∈ − ,, ~ {0}, 2 2 , 1 1 , Here,
the range of f (x) = − ,, ~ {0}, 2 2 , and, codomain =
R, Range ≠ Codomain, , ∴ f (x) is not onto., Hence, f
(x) is one-one but not onto., 33. Given, A = { −1, 2, 5, 8}
and B = {0, 1, 3, 6, 7}, , 26. Here, A and B are any two
sets and U be the universal, set., A, , x2 y − x + y = 0, 1
± 1 − 4 y2, x=, ; 1 − 4 y2 ≥ 0, 2y, (1 − 2 y)(1 + 2 y) ≥ 0, (2
y − 1)(2 y + 1) ≤ 0, , U, , A ∩ (A ∪B), , 27. A = {3, 5, 9, 1}, B
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, , Clearly, option (d) is not
correct., 28. y = ex and y = e− x only common solution
at (0, 1), so, A ∩ B is singleton set., , ∴, , R = {( −1, 0), (2,
3), (5, 6)}, , (Q R = A is one less than from B), Hence,
total number of elements in R is 3., , 34. Now, n ( A − B)
= n ( A ) − n ( A ∩ B), , 47 = 115 − n ( A ∩ B), , n ( A ∩
B) = 68, ∴, n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n (B) − n ( A ∩ B), = 115 +
326 − 68 = 373, , 35. The number of elements in
power set of A is 1., , [Q P ( A ) = 20 = 1], , ∴, , , , P{ P
( A )} = 21 = 2, P{ P{ P ( A )}} = 22 = 4, P{ P{ P{ P ( A )}}} =
24 = 16

Page 143 :
16, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 36. Given, N a = { ax| x ∈
N }, ∴, N 12 = {12, 24, 36, 48, K }, and, N 8 = {8, 16, 24,
K }, ∴, N 8 ∩ N 12 = {24, 48, K }, = N 24, 37. From the
given figure clearly,, Area of shaded portion = ( A ∪ B)c
+ ( A ∩ B), We are given, | E | = 42,| A | = 15,| B| = 12
and |( A ∪ B)| = 22, Now,|( A ∪ B)|c = | E | − |( A ∪ B)|=
42 − 22 = 20, Also, we know that, |( A ∪ B)| = | A | + | B|
− |( A ∩ B)|, |( A ∩ B)| = | A | + | B| − |( A ∪ B)|= 15 + 12
− 22 = 5, ∴ Area of shaded portion = 20 + 5 = 25, 38.
Given that, n (U ) = 700, n ( A ) = 200, n (B) = 300, and,
n ( A ∩ B) = 100, We know that,, n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n
(B) − n ( A ∩ B), = 200 + 300 − 100 = 400, Now, n ( A′ ∩
B′ ) = n (U ) − n ( A ∪ B), = 700 − 400 = 300, 39. Given,,
A = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81}, and, B = {2, 4, 6, ...},
Now,, A ∩ B = {4, 16, 36, 64}, ∴ The cardinality of (A ∩
B), = Number of elements in (A ∩ B) = 4, 40. X = {(4n −
3n − 1)| n ∈ N }, and, Y = {9 (n − 1)| n ∈ N }, , X = {0, 9,
54, K }, and, Y = {0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 54, K }, ∴, X ∪ Y = {0, 9,
18, 27, 36, 54, ... } = Y, 41. The total number of
elements common in ( A × B) and, (by property), (B × A
) is n 2., 42. Total number of proper subsets of a finite
set with n, elements = 2n − 1, (by property), 43. ∴
Given that, A ∪ B = A ∪ C, and, A∩ B= A∩C, Then, let A
= { a , b}, B = { a , c}, and, C = { a , c}, , A ∪ B = { a , b, c},
A ∪ C = { a , b, c}, A ∩ B = { a }, A ∩ C = { a },, ∴ For B = C,
, A∪ B= A∪C, and, A∩ B= A∩C, 44., , A, , B, , C, , In the
above Venn diagram, shaded area shows, A − (B − C ) .,
A, , B, , C, , In the above Venn diagram, horizontal lines
mean, ( A − B) and vertical lines mean ( A ∩ C )., Total
shaded portion = ( A − B) ∪ ( A ∩ C ), ∴ ( A − B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
= A − (B − C ), 45. n (T ) = 65, n (C ) = 84,, n (T ∪ C ) =
120 and n (T ∩ C ) = x, Q, n (T ∪ C ) = n (T ) + n (C ) − n (T
∩ C ), , 120 ≥ 65 + 84 − x, x ≥ 149 − 120 ≥ 29, and, x ≤
n (T ) x ≤ 65, ∴, 29 ≤ x ≤ 65, 46. Q A and B are two
sets satisfying A − B = B − A , which, is possible only, if
A = B., 47. Let n ( A ) = m, n (B) = n, The total possible
subsets of A and B are 2m and 2n ,, respectively.,
According to the given condition,, 2m − 2n = 56, n, m−
n, , 2 (2, − 1) = 23 (23 − 1), , n = 3, m − n = 3 m =
6, n = 3, , Level II, 1. We know that by the definition of
subsets, if A = B, Then, A ∪ B = A ∩ B, ∀ A , B ∈ X, [Q n (
A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n (B) − n ( A ∩ B)], and by De-Morgan’s
law ( A ∪ B)c = A c ∩ Bc, 2. For first statement i.e., all
poets (P) are learned people, (L) and from second
statement all poets who learned, people (L) are happy
(H)., P L, , L, H, , P LH, , ∴Venn diagram represents both
in (d)., 3. R is relation defined on N × N by (a , b) R (c, d )
if and, only if ad = bc, then R is, (i) Reflexive Since, for
any a , b ∈ N, , ab = ba (a , b) R (a , b), (ii) Symmetric
Let (a , b) R (c, d ) ad = bc bc = ad, (Q
commutativity of natural numbers), cb = da, , (c, d
) R (a , b), (iii) Transitive Let (a , b) R (c, d ) and (c, d ) R (e,
f ), , ad = bc and cf = de, , ade = bce acf = bce

Page 144 :
17, , Sets, Relations and Functions, (cancellation law),
, af = be, , (a , b) R (e, f ), Hence, from above
observations, we conclude that R is, an equivalence
relation on N × N ., 4. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 3, 5},
Now, (x, y) = ordered pair of A × B, where x ∈ A and, y
∈ B., The ordered pairs (x, y) such that x < y are, (1, 2),
(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5)., 5. Q f (x) = cos 2x
− sin 2x, [Q f (x) = a cos x + b sin x − a + b ≤ f (x) ≤ a + b ],
2, , 2, , 2, , 2, , − 1 + 1 ≤ cos 2x − sin 2x ≤ 1 + 1, − 2 ≤ cos
2x − sin 2x ≤ 2, So, Range of f (x) is [− 2 , 2 ]., 1, 1 , , 6.
Union of the closed sets 2 + , 10 −, , n = 1, 2, ... is, n, n
, , (2, 10)., 7. Q = sin θ + cos θ, Which is of the
form Q = a sin θ + b cos θ, then, , ∴, , Symmetric, Q,
1R2 but 2R1, ∴ R is not a symmetric relation.,
Transitive, Q, 1R2, 2R3 1R3, ∴ R is a transitive
relation., 13. Given that, xSy is defined relation,, if x2 +
y2 = 1 and yS x is defined relation, if, y2 + x 2 = 1, ,
x2 + y2 = 1, Hence, xS y yS x, ∴The relation S is
symmetric relation., 14. F (n ) = Set of all divisor of a
natural number n., F (20) = {1, 2, 4, 5, 10}, F (16) = {1, 2,
4, 8}, Now,, ∴, ∴, , F (20) ∩ F (16) = {1, 2, 4}, F ( y) = {1, 2,
4}, = set of all divisor of a natural number y, y=4, , − a 2
+ b2 ≤ Q ≤ a 2 + b2, , 15. In the given figure marked
region represents the people, who can speak Hindi,
English and Kannada only., , − 1 + 1 ≤Q ≤ 1 + 1, − 2
≤Q≤ 2, , 16. It is clear from the graph that f (x) = ex , ∀
x ∈ R is, one-one but not onto. Since, range ≠
Codomain, so f (x) is, into., y, , 8. The shaded portion
represents in the given figure is, ((P ∩ Q ) − R) ∪ ((P ∩ R)
− Q )., 9. Since, on the set of real numbers, R is a
relation defined, 1, 2 3, by xRy if and only if 3x + 4 y =
5 for which 1R and R ., 2, 3 4, 1, 1, i.e.,, 1R, 3 ⋅ 1 + 4 ⋅
= 5,, 2, 2, 2 3, 2 3, and, R 3 × + ×4 =5, 3 4, 3 4, Hence,
both the statements II and III are correct., 10. Q M =
Set of men and R is a relation is son of defined on, M.,
Reflexive relation aRa., Since, a cannot be a son of a.,
Symmetric relation, aRa bRa, which is also not
possible., Transitive relation aRb, aRc cRa, which is
not possible., , y = ex, x, , x′, , y′, , 17. Since, on taking a
straight line parallel to x-axis, the, group of given
function intersect it at many points., ∴ f (x) is many-
one., And as range of f (x) = Codomain, ∴ f (x) is onto.,
Hence, f (x) is many-one onto., 18. An injective
function means one-one., In option (d), f (x) = − x., For
every values of x, we get a different value of f., Hence,
it is injective., , 11. Q A = { n 2 : n ∈ N } and B = { n3 : n ∈
N }, A = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 49, 64, 81, K }, B = {1, 8, 27, 64,
125, K }, A ∩ B = {1, 64, ... }, ∴ A ∩ B must be a proper
subset of {m6 : m ∈ N }, , 19. Q (a , a ), (b, b), (c, c) ∈ R, ∴
R is a reflexive relation., But (a , b) ∈ R and (b, a ) ∉ R., ∴
R is not a symmetric relation., Also, (a , b), (b, c) ∈ R, ,
(a , c) ∉ R, ∴ R is not a transitive relation., , 12. (a) Q R =
{(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}, Reflexive, Q,
1R1, 2R2, 3R3, ∴ R is a reflexive relation., , 20. Let us
consider a and b ∈ (α ∩ β ) × (ξ ∩ η), a ∈ (α ∩ β ) and b
∈ (ξ ∩ η), (a ∈α ) and (a ∈β ) and (b ∈ ξ ) and (b ∈ η),
(a ∈ α and b ∈ η) and (a ∈ β and b ∈ ξ )

Page 145 :
18, , NDA/NA Mathematics, ab ∈ (α × η) and ab ∈ (β
× ξ ), ∴ ab ∈ (α × η) ∩ (β × ξ ), (α ∩ β ) × (ξ ∩ η) = (α × η)
∩ (β × ξ ), , 21. In a Euclidean plane, orthogonality of
lines is not an, equivalence relation., , 28., 29., , 22. We
define AE c B by the open sentence : A is cardinally,
equivalent to B on the family of sets. Then, the
relation, E c on family of set is an equivalence relation,
which is, true., , 30., , 23. Let y = 2x + 5, , 31., , , ∴, , y −
5 = 2x, g −1 (x) =, , x=, , x−5, 2, , y−5, = g −1 ( y), 2, ,
24. Since, 3 ∈ A, But (3, 3) ∉ R, So, it is not reflexive.,
and (3, 4) ∈ R and (4, 3) ∈ R, But (3, 3) ∉ R, So, it is also
not transitive., Hence, R is neither reflexive nor
transitive., 25. Since, f (−1) = f (1) = 235, i.e., two real
number 1 and –1 have the same image., So, the
function is not one-one and let, y = (x2 + 1)35 x = (
y)1/35 − 1, Thus, every real number has no pre image.
So, the, function is not onto., Hence, the function is
neither one-one nor onto., 26. Q R = {(x, y)| xy > 0, x, y
∈ N }, Reflexive, Q, x, y ∈ N, ∴, x, x ∈ N x2 > 0, ∴ R is
reflexive., Symmetric, Q, x, y ∈ N, and, xy > 0 yx > 0,
∴ R is also symmetric., Transitive, Q, x, y, z ∈ N xy >
0, yz > 0 xz > 0, ∴ R is also transitive., Thus, R is an
equivalence relation., 27. For reflexive, aRa a
divides a, ∴ R is reflexive., For symmetric, aRb a
divides b, bRa b divides a, which may not be
possible., ∴ R is not symmetric., For transitive, aRb a
divides b b = ka, bRc b divides c c = lb, Now, c =
lka, , 32., , 33., , a divides c aRc aRb, bRc cRa,
Thus, R is transitive., Both the statements are
incorrect., A − P ( A) = A, Which is correct as A and P (
A ) are disjoint sets., We know that,, [( A ∪ B) ∩ C ]′ = (
A ∪ B)′ ∪ C′ = ( A′ ∩ B′ ) ∪ C′, = A′ ∩ B′ ∪ C′ (by De-
Morgan’s law), Let us consider an example., Let A = { a ,
b, c} and B = { a , b, c, d }, Here, 3 elements are common
in A and B., Now,, A × B = {(a , a ), (a , b), (a , c), (a , d ), (b,
a ), (b, b),, (b, c), (b, d ), (c, a ), (c, b), (c, c), (c, d )}, B × A =
{(a , a ), (a , b), (a , c), (b, a ), (b, b), (b, c),, (c, a ), (c, b), (c, c),
(d , a ), (d , b), (d , c)}, here common element in ( A × B)
and (B × A ) is 9 i.e.,, (3) 2., So, in general, if A and B are
two non-empty sets having, ‘n’ elements in common,
then (n) 2 is the common, elements in the sets A × B
and B × A., A = { − 1, 1}, B = { − 1, 1, − i , i }, A − B = φ, B −
A = { − i , i }, ∴, ( A − B) ∪ (B − A ) = { − i , i }, ∴n ( A ∪ B ∪ C
) = n ( A ) + n (B) + n (C ) − n ( AB) − n (BC ), , − n(CA) + n(
ABC ), = 80 (number of families reading atleast, one
newspapers A, B and C), ∴ Total number of families =
100, So, 20 families do not read any newspaper., 34.
2mn = 64 mn = 6, ∴ The possible value of m and n
are 2 and 3., 35. If elements are not repeated, then
number of elements, in A1 ∪ A2 ∪ ...∪ An is 30 × 5. But
each element is used, 30 × 5, 10 times so, S =, = 15.
Similarly, if elements in, 10, B1 , B2, ... , Bn are not
repeated, then total number of, elements is 3n but
each element is repeated 9 times so,, 3n, S=, = 15 n
= 45., 9, 36. U = { x : x5 − 6x4 + 11x3 − 6x2 = 0} = {0, 1,
2 , 3}, A = { x : x2 − 5x + 6 = 0} = {2 , 3}, and, B = { x : x2 −
3x + 2 = 0} = {2 , 1}, A ∩ B = {2 }, ∴ ( A ∩ B)′ = U − ( A ∩ B),
= {0, 1, 2 , 3} − {2 } = {0, 1, 3}, 37. Q R is a relation
defined on the set 2 of integers as, follows, mRn m
+ n is odd., (I) We know that the sum of two odd and
even numbers, is an even number. Thus, it may be
reflexive or not., (II) If m and n are numbers, such that,
mRn m + n is odd.

Page 146 :
19, , Sets, Relations and Functions, Thus, nRm n + m
is odd., ∴ This relation is symmetric, (III) This relation
is not transitive., Therefore, only (II) statement is
correct., 38. R is not anti-symmetric., 39. Q A = {(x, y) x
+ y ≤ 4} and B = {(x, y) x + y ≤ 0}, ∴ A ∩ B = {(x, y) x + y ≤
0}, , 40. The correct relation is (R1 ∩ R2)−1 = R1−1 ∪
R2−1., 41. Since, the number of elements in set A is 4.,
∴ Number of elements in P ( A ) = 24 = 16., So, the
number of elements in A × P ( A ) = 4 × 16 = 64., , 42. Q,
f (x) = x| x|, If, f (x1 ) = f (x2), , x1 | x1 | = x2| x2|, , x1
= x2, ∴ f (x) is one-one., Also, range of f (x) = codomain
of f (x), ∴ f (x) is onto., Hence, f (x) is both one-one and
onto., , ∴ (2, 6) ∈ R, (2, 10) ∈ R, (3, 3) ∈ R, (3, 6) ∈ R, (5,
10) ∈ R, Thus, R = {(2, 6), (2, 10), (3, 3), (3, 6), (5, 10)}, ,
and, , 49. Clearly, domain (R) = {2, 3, 5}, 50. Range (R) =
{3, 6, 10}, 51. By definition, R−1 = {(6, 2), (10, 2), (3, 3),
(6, 3), (10, 5)}, 52. A′ = { x : x ∈S and x ∉ A } = {0, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9}, 53. A − B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∉ B} = {1, 4}, ( A − B)′ =
S − ( A − B) = S − {1, 4}, = {0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, 54. A ′ ∩ B
= {0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ∩ {2, 3, 5, 6} = {5, 6}, 55. B′ = S − B = S −
{2, 3, 5, 6} = {0, 1, 4, 7, 8, 9}, A′ = S − A = S − {1, 2, 3, 4} =
{0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, ∴ B′ − A′ = {0, 1, 4, 7, 8, 9 } − {0, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9} = {1, 4}, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 56-60), The total
number of students learning French = 46, H, , 43. Q A
⊆ X and B ⊆ X, ∴, {( A ∩ (X − B))} ∪ B, (Q X − B = B′ ), = ( A
∩ B′ ) ∪ B = ( A ∪ B) ∩ (B′ ∪ B), = ( A ∪ B) ∩ X = A ∪ B, , 23, ,
2x, , 17, , E, , 15, , x, , 3x, 11, F, , 28, , 44. Given that, U = {
x ∈ N : 1 ≤ x ≤ 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 3, 6, 10},
Now, A − B = {1, 4}, ∴ Complement of (A − B), = ( A − B)
′ = U − ( A − B), = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, , 56. The
number of students learning precisely two, languages,
= x + 2x + 3x, = 6x = 6 × 5 = 30, , 45. Both A and R are
true and R is the correct explanation, of A., Q x2 is
never negative but it can be positive or zero., , 57. The
number of students learning atleast two languages, =
x + 2x + 3x + 15, = 6x + 15 = 30 + 15 = 45, , 46. Since,
{(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)} is identity relation and,
identity relation is always equivalence relation. So, it
is, transitive., By definition of transitive relation., aRb,
bRc cRa, ∀ a , b, c ∈ A, ∴ A and R are both correct
and R is the correct, explanation of A., , 58. The total
strength of the class, = 28 + 23 + 17 + 11 + x + 2x + 3x
+ 15, = 79 + 6x + 15 = 79 + 30 + 15 = 124, , 47. We
know by the property of relation, the total number of,
relation from set A to set B is 2n( A)⋅ n(B )., So, Both A
and R are true and R is the correct, explanation of A.,
48. Recall that a /b stands for ‘a divides b’. For the
elements, of the given sets A and B, we find that 2/6,
2/10, 3/3, 3/6, and 5/10., , , , , 15 + 11 + x + 3x =
46, 4x = 20 x = 5, , 59. The number of students learn
English and French, = 15 + 3x = 15 + 15 = 30, 60. The
number of students learn atleast one of the,
languages, = 124 − 28 = 96, 61. Let A = {1, 2} and { A } =
{{1, 2}}, , P ( A ) = {{1}, {2}, {1, 2}, φ },, Then,, A ∪ P ( A) ≠
P ( A), and, { A } ∩ P ( A ) = {{1, 2}} ∩ {{1}, {2}, {1, 2}, φ }, =
{1, 2} = A

Page 147 :
Complex Numbers, Imaginary Numbers, Square root
of a negative real number is imaginary, number, while
solving equation x 2 + 1 = 0, we get, x = ± − 1 which is
imaginary. So, the quantity − 1 is, denoted by ‘i’ called
'iota'. Thus, i = − 1. e.g., −3 , − 5, are imaginary
numbers. Each imaginary number can be, expressed
as a product of a real number and i., %, , i =, , − 1 , i 2 =
− 1, i 3 = − i and i 4 = 1., , %, , If m is an integer, then, i 4
m = 1, i 4 m + 1 = i , i 4 m + 2 = − 1 and i 4 m + 3 = − i ., ,
%, , i 4m + i 4m + 1 + i 4m + 2 + i 4m + 3 = 0, , %, , 'i' is
neither positive, zero nor negative., , Example 1. If a <
0, b > 0, then the value of a ⋅ b is, (a) | a | b i, (c) ab i, , (b)
| b | a i, (d) | ab | i, , Solution (a) As we can only multiply
the positive values in, square root., ∴, a ⋅ b = −| a| b , as
a < 0 and b > 0., = − 1 ⋅ | a| b = i | a| b = | a| b i, , Complex
Numbers, A number of the form ( x + iy ), where x and
y are real, numbers and i = − 1 is known as complex
number. It is, denoted by z, ∴, z = x + iy, x is known as
real part of number z and it is denoted by, Re(z), y is
known as imaginary part and it is denoted by, Im (z).,
%, , %, , The set of all complex numbers is denoted by
C. The order, relation ‘ greater than’ and ‘less than’ are
not defined in C. Thus,, the inequality like 7i > 3i or i<0
have no meaning., A complex number z is purely real,
if Im(z ) = 0 and it is said to be, purely imaginary, if Re(z
) = 0. The complex number 0 = 0 + i 0, is both purely
real and purely imaginary., , 2, , Equality of Complex
Numbers, Two complex numbers x1 + iy1 and x2 + iy2
are said to, be equal if and only if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2.,
i.e., z1 = z 2 Re ( z1 ) = Re ( z 2 ) and Im ( z1 ) = Im ( z
2 ), , Example 2. The real part of, (a), , 1, 2, , (b), , 1, 3, , 1,
is, 1− cos θ + i sin θ, (c) 2, , (d) 3, , 1, 1 − cos θ + i sin θ, 1,
=, 2, 2 sin (θ /2) + 2 i sin (θ /2) cos (θ /2), 1, =, 2 sin (θ
/2) [(sin (θ /2) + i cos (θ /2)], 1, =, 2 i sin (θ /2) [(cos (θ
/2) − i sin (θ /2)], −i, =, [cos (θ /2) + i sin (θ /2)], 2 sin (θ
/2), 1, sin (θ /2), 1, is, Thus, real part of, =, 1 − cos θ + i
sin θ 2 sin (θ /2) 2, , Solution (a), , Operation of
Complex Numbers, Addition of Complex Numbers,
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z 2 = x2 + iy2 are two complex,
numbers, then, z1 + z 2 = x1 + iy1 + x2 + iy2 = ( x1 + x2
) + i ( y1 + y2 ), , Re( z1 + z 2 ) = Re( z1 ) + Re( z 2 ),
and Im( z1 + z 2 ) = Im( z1 ) + Im( z 2 ), , Properties of
Addition of Complex Numbers, 1. Closure property If
z1, z 2 ∈C , then z1 + z 2 ∈ C., 2. Commutative law If z1
, z 2 ∈ C, then z1 + z 2 = z 2 + z1., 3. Associative, law, If,
then, z1 , z 2 , z3 ∈ C,, ( z1 + z 2 ) + z3 = z1 + ( z 2 + z3 )

Page 149 :
22, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Solution (a) If − 3 + i x2y
and x2 + y + 4 i are conjugate complex, , 11. | z1 ± z 2|2
= ( z1 ± z 2 ) ( z1 ± z 2 ), =| z1|2 +| z 2|2 ± ( z1z 2 + z1z 2
), , numbers, then, − 3 + ix y = x + y + 4 i, 2, , , , 2, , =|
z1|2 +| z 2|2 ± 2 Re( z1z 2 ), , − 3 + ix y = x + y − 4 i, 2, ,
2, , 12. | z1 + z 2| =| z1|2 +| z 2|2, 2, , On comparing
real and imaginary parts, we get, − 3 = x2 +y, −4, and,
x2y = − 4 or y = 2, x, On putting the value of y in Eq. (i),
we get, 4, − 3 = x2 − 2 x4 + 3x2 − 4 = 0, x, , ( x2 + 4)
( x2 − 1) = 0 x2 − 1 = 0, , ...(i), ...(ii), , (Q x2 ≠ − 4), , ,
x= ±1, From Eq (ii), we get y = − 4 when x = ± 1, ∴, x =
1, y = − 4 or x = − 1, y = − 4, , Example 6. If z is a
complex number satisfying the, relation| z + 1| = z + 2
(1 + i ) , then the value of z is, 1, 1, (b) (1 − 4 i), (a) i, 3, 2,
1, 1, (c) (1 + 4 i), (d) i, 2, 2, , Solution (b) Let z = x + iy, ,
Modulus of a Complex, Number, Let z = x + iy be any
complex number. Then,, | z| = ( x 2 + y 2 ) is called the
modulus of the complex, number z, where modulus|z|
represents distance of z from, origin., Y, , ∴, , | x + iy +
1| = x + iy + 2 (1 + i), , , , ( x + 1) 2 + y 2 = ( x + 2) + i(y +
2), , , , ( x + 1) 2 + y 2 = x + 2 and y + 2 = 0, , , , ( x + 1)
2 + 4 = ( x + 2) 2 and y = − 2, , , , 2x + 5 = 4x + 4 and y
= − 2, 1, x = and y = − 2, 2, 1, z = (1 − 4 i), 2, , , ∴, ,
Argument of a Complex Number, , Imaginary axis, , z =
(x + iy), y, , x, , Real axis, , X, , Let z = x + iy is a complex
number, then argument of, complex number is
denoted by arg (z)., y, arg( z ) = tan− 1, ∴, x, Argument
of z is not unique. General value of, argument of z is
2nπ + θ., , |z| = x 2 + y 2 = {Re( z )} 2+ {Im( z )} 2, , Y, ,
Properties of Modulus of Complex Numbers, ,
Imaginary axis, , O, , 13. | z1 + z 2|2 +|z1 − z 2|2 = 2
{|z1|2 +|z 2|2 }, , If z , z1 , and z 2 are complex numbers,
then, 1. | z|≥ 0 | z| = 0, iff z = 0 and| z|> 0 ,iff| z| ≠ 0, 2.
−| z|≤ Re( z ) ≤| z| and −| z|≤ Im( z ) ≤| z|, 3. | z| =| z | =| −
z| =| − z |, , O, , z = (x + iy), , θ, Real axis, , X, , 4. zz =| z|2,
5. | z1z 2| =| z1|| z 2|, , Principal Value of Argument, , |z
|, z, 6. 1 = 1 , z 2 ≠ 0, z 2 | z 2|, , The value of θ of the
argument, which satisfies, inequality − π < θ < π is
called the principal value of, argument., Principal,
values, of, the, argument, θ , π − θ , − π + θ , − θ
according as the complex number, on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd
or 4th quadrant., | y|, Here,, θ = tan− 1, | x|, , 7. | z1 ± z
2|≤| z1| +| z 2|, 8. | z1 ± z 2|≥|| z1| −| z 2||, 9. | z n | =|
z|n, 10. || z1| −| z 2||≤| z1 + z 2|≤| z1| +| z 2|, , the, the,
are, lies

Page 150 :
23, , Complex Numbers, , (arg z = π – θ), , Geometrical
Representation, , (arg z = θ), , Let X ′OX and YOY ′ be
the coordinate axes and O be, the origin. Then, any
complex number z = a + ib = ( a , b), may be
represented by a unique point P whose coordinates,
are (a, b)., The representation of complex number as
points in a, plane forms an Argand diagram., , θ, θ, , θ,
θ, (arg z = –π + θ), , (arg z = – θ), , 1 π, =, 1 4, π, e.g., arg (
− 1 − i ) = − π +, 4, π, e.g., arg (1 − i ) = −, 4, π, e.g., arg ( −
1 + i ) = π −, 4, e.g.,, , %, %, %, %, , Y, , arg (1 + i ) = tan− 1,
, P (x, y ), y, X´, , X, , x, , O, , Y´, , Argument of 0 is not
defined., If z1 = z 2 , then | z1 | = | z 2 | and arg (z1 ) =
arg (z 2 ) ., π, π, Argument of purely imaginary number
is or − ., 2, 2, Argument of purely real number is 0 or
π., , Properties of Argument of Complex Numbers, If z
, z1 and z 2 are three complex numbers, then, 1. arg( z
) = − arg( z ), 2. arg( z1z 2 ) = arg( z1 ) + arg( z 2 ), 3. arg(
z1 z 2 ) = arg( z1 ) − arg( z 2 ), z , 4. arg 1 = arg( z1
) − arg( z 2 ), z2 , 5. | z1 + z 2|2 =| z1|2 +| z 2|2 + 2|
z1|| z 2| cos (θ1 − θ 2 ), where θ1 = arg( z1 ) and θ 2 =
arg( z 2 ), or | z1 + z 2|2 =| z1|2 +| z 2|2 + 2 Re( z1 z 2 ),
6. | z1 − z 2|2 =| z1|2 +| z 2|2 − 2| z1|| z 2| cos (θ1 − θ 2
), where θ1 = arg( z1 ) and θ 2 = arg( z 2 ), or| z1 − z 2|2
=| z1|2 +| z 2|2 − 2 Re( z1 z 2 ), 7. | z1 + z 2| =| z1 − z 2|
arg( z1 ) − arg( z 2 ) =, , π, 2, , 8. | z1 + z 2| =| z1| +| z
2| arg( z1 ) = arg( z 2 ), z, 9. | z1 + z 2|2 =| z1|2 +| z
2|2 1 is purely imaginary., z2, , The plane on which
complex numbers are represented, is known as the
Complex plane or Argand’s plane or, Gaussian plane.,
Let a be a real number. Then, we can write, a = a + i ⋅ 0
= ( a , 0), Clearly, ( a , 0) lies on x-axis., Thus, a purely
real number will be represented by, some point on x-
axis, therefore x-axis is called the real axis., Similarly,
purely imaginary numbers lie on y-axis., So, y-axis is
called the imaginary axis., The complex number z = a +
ib is known as the affix of, the point ( a , b) which it
represents., , Polar Form of a Complex, Number, Let X
′OX and YOY ′ be the coordinate axes. Let, z = a + ib
be represented by a point P ( a , b)., Draw PM ⊥ OX .
Then, OM = a and PM = b. Join OP., Let OP = r and ∠
XOP = θ. Then, a = r cos θ and, b = r sin θ., ∴, z = a + ib
= r (cos θ + i sin θ ), On comparing real and imaginary
parts, we get, Y, , Example 7. If z = x + iy satisfies arg( z
− 1) = arg( z + 3i),, then the value of ( x − 1) : y is, 1, 1,
(b), (a), 4, 2, , (c), , 1, 3, , (d), , P(a, b), r, , 1, 6, , X´, , b, , θ, O
a, , M, , X, , Solution (c) arg [( x − 1) + iy ] = arg [( x + i (y
+ 3)], , , ∴, , tan − 1, , y, y+3, = tan − 1, x −1, x, xy = (
x − 1) ( y + 3) 3 ( x − 1) = y, x −1 1, =, y, 3, , Y´, , and, , a
= r cos θ, b = r sin θ, , ...(i), ...(ii)

Page 152 :
25, , Complex Numbers, If b is negative, then from Eq.
(ii) x and y are of, different sign., 1 , i.e.,, a + ib = ±
[ a 2 + b2 + a ], 2 , 1 ,−i [ a 2 + b2, 2 , ,
, − a ] , , , Example 10. If 1, ω and ω 2 are the cube
roots of unity, then, the value of (2 − ω) (2 − ω 2) (2 −
ω10) (2 − ω11) is, (a) 15, (b) 25, (c) 49, (d) 40, , Solution
(c) Now, (2 − ω) (2 − ω 2) (2 − ω10) (2 − ω11), = (2 − ω)
(2 − ω 2) (2 − ω 9 ⋅ ω) (2 − ω 9 ⋅ ω 2), = (2 − ω) (2 − ω 2)
(2 − ω) (2 − ω 2), = [(2 − ω) (2 − ω 2)]2 = [ 4 − 2 (ω + ω
2) + ω3 ]2, , Example 9. The square root of (3 − 4 i) is,
(a) ± (2 − i), , Solution (a) Let, , (b) ± 3i, , (c) ± (3 − i), , 3 −
4 i = x − iy, then, 3 − 4i = ( x − iy), , (3 − 4 i) = ( x − y ) −
(2xy) i, , , ∴, , 2, , Important Results, , 2, , , and, , = ( 4
+ 2 + 1) 2 = 7 2 = 49, , (d) ± ( 4 − i), , 1. x + x + 1 = ( x − ω
) ( x − ω 2 ), 2, , 2, , 2. x 2 − x + 1 = ( x + ω ) ( x + ω 2 ), , 2, ,
x −y =3, , ...(i), , 3. x 2 + xy + y 2 = ( x − ωy ) ( x − ω 2 y ), ,
2xy = 4, , ...(ii), , 4. x 2 − xy + y 2 = ( x + ωy ) ( x + ω 2 y ), ,
2, , 5. x 2 + y 2 = ( x + iy ) ( x − iy ), , x2 + y 2 = ( x2 − y 2)
2 + 4x2 y 2, , 6. x 3 + y 3 = ( x + y ) ( x + ωy ) ( x + ω 2 y ), ,
= 9 + 16 = 5, x2 + y 2 = 5, , ...(iii), , On solving Eqs. (i)
and (iii), we get, x2 = 4 and y 2 = 1, ∴, x = ± 2 and y = ±
1, Since, xy > 0 , it follows that x and y are of the same
sign., ∴, x = 2 ,y =1, or, x = − 2 ,y = −1, Hence,, 3 − 4 i = ±
(2 − i), , Cube Roots of Unity, x = 3 1 x3 − 1 = 0, ( x −
1) ( x 2 + x + 1) = 0, −1+ i 3 −1− i 3, Therefore,, x = 1,, ,,
2, 2, If second root be represented by ω , then third
root will, be ω 2., ∴ Cube roots of unity are 1, ω , ω 2
and ω , ω 2 are, called the imaginary cube roots of
unity., Let, , , Properties of Cube Roots of Unity, 1. 1
+ ω r + ω 2r = 0, if ‘ r ’ is not a multiple of ‘3’, = 3, if ‘ r ’ is
a multiple of ‘3’, 2. ω3 = 1 or ω3 r = 1, 3. ω3 r + 1 = ω ,
ω3 r + 2 = ω 2, 4. It always forms an equilateral
triangle, 5. z3 − 1 = ( z − 1) ( z − ω ) ( z − ω 2 ), 6. Roots
of equation z 2 + z + 1 = 0 are ω and ω 2, 7. Cube roots
of –1 are − 1, − ω , − ω 2, 8. ω = ω 2 and ω 2 = ω, 9. a +
bω + cω 2 = 0 a = b = c, if a , b and c are real,
numbers., , 7. x 3 − y 3 = ( x − y ) ( x − ωy ) ( x − ω 2 y ), 8.
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − xy − yz + zx, = ( x + ωy + ω 2 z ) ( x + ω 2
y + ωz ), = (ωx + ω 2 y + z ) (ω 2 x + ωy + z ), = (ωx + y +
ω 2 z ) (ω 2 x + y + ωz ), 9. x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3 xyz, = ( x +
y + z ) ( x + ωy + ω 2 z ) ( x + ω 2 y + ωz ), , nth Roots of
Unity, Let z = 11/ n . Then,, z = (cos 0° + i sin 0° )1/ n, ,
, , , , , , z = (cos 2rπ + i sin 2rπ )1/ n , r ∈ Z, 2rπ,
2rπ, + i sin, , r = 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , ( n − 1), z = cos, n, n, [Using
De-Moivre’s theorem], z=e, z=, , i 2rπ, n, , , r = 0, 1, 2, ...
, ( n − 1), , i 2π, { e n }r , r, , z = αr , α =, , = 0, 1, 2, ... , ( n −
1), , i 2π, e n, , , r = 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , ( n − 1), , Thus, nth roots
of unity are, 1, α , α 2 , ... , α n − 1 , where α = e, , i 2π, n, ,
= cos, , 2π, 2π, + i sin, n, n, , Properties of nth Roots of
Unity, , i 2π, nth roots of unity form a GP with
common ratio e n, , 1., ., 2. Sum of nth roots of unity is
always zero., 3. Sum of pth powers of nth roots of
unity is zero, if p is, not a multiple of n.

Page 153 :
26, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 4. Sum of pth powers of
nth roots of unity is n, if p is a, multiple of n., 5.
Product of nth roots of unity is ( − 1)n − 1., , z=, %, , 1 +
α + α 2 + ... + α n − 1, 1 − α n 1 − (cos 2 π + i sin 2 π), =,
=, =0, 1−α, 1−α, , %, , %, , %, , 1 ⋅ α ⋅ α 2 K α n −1 = (−1)
n − 1, %, , Example, , 11. If, , the fourth roots of unity,
z1, z 2, z3 and z 4 , then the value of z12 + z 22 + z32 +
z 42 is, (a) 4, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) 5, 1/ 4, , Solution (b) 1, , ,
∴, , 11/ 4, z12, , = (cos 2πr + i sin 2πr), πr, πr, ; r = 0 ,1, 2
, 3, = cos, + i sin, 2, 2, = 1, i , − 1, − i., , Distance between
Two Points, Distance between two points P ( z1 ) and
Q( z 2 ) = PQ, =| z 2 − z1|, , %, , z1, If z1 , z 2 and z3 will
be collinear, then z 2, z3, , Q (z2), , Distance of a point
P(z ) from origin = | z |., Three points A(z1 ), B(z 2 ) and
C(z3 ) will be collinear, if, AB + BC = AC, i.e.,, | z1 − z 2 |
+ | z 2 − z3 | = | z1 − z3 |, A (z1), , B (z2), , C (z3), ,
Section Formulae, If R( z ) divides the joining of P ( z1 )
and Q( z 2 ) in the ratio, m : n., (a) If R( z ) divides the
line segment PQ internally,, mz 2 + nz1, then, z=, m+n,
(b) If R( z ) divides the line segment PQ externally,,
then, , z1, , 1, , z2 1, z3, , =0, , 1, , Equation of Circle, (a)
Equation of a circle with centreC( z 0 ) and radius, r is,
| z − z 0| = r, , r, C (z0), , + z 22 + z32 + z 42 = 12 + i 2 + (
−1 ) 2 + ( − i) 2 = 0, , Application in Coordinate,
Geometry, , %, , z1 + z 2, ⋅, 2, If z1 , z 2 and z3 are the
vertices of a triangle, then centroid of the, z + z 2 + z3,
triangle = 1, ., 3, If R(z ) is mid–point of PQ, then z =, ,
are, , 1/ 4, , P (z1), , mz 2 − nz1, m−n, , %, , P (z), , If the
centre of circle is at the origin, then equation of circle
is, | z | = r., , General Equation of Circle, The general
equation of a circle is zz + az + az + b = 0,, where a ∈ C
and b ∈ R., Centre of this circle is – a and radius is | a|2
− b., , Example 12. If| z + 1| = 2 | z − 1,, | then the locus
described, by the point z in the argand diagram is a, (a)
straight line, (b) circle, (c) parabola, (d) None of these, ,
Solution (b) Given, | z + 1| = 2| z − 1|, Put, ∴, , z = x + iy, |
x + iy + 1| = 2| x + iy − 1|, , , , |( x + 1) + iy| = 2|( x − 1) +
iy|, , , , ( x + 1) 2 + y 2 = 2 [( x − 1) 2 + y 2], x2 + y 2 −
6x + 1 = 0, , Hence, it represents a equation of circle.

Page 154 :
27, , Complex Numbers, , Comprehensive Approach,
n, , n, n, , π , if amp( z) > 0, amp( z) − amp( − z) = , − π
, if amp( z) < 0, log e( z) = log e| z | + i amp( z), Triangle
of the vertices P( z1), Q( z 2) and R( z3 ) will be an
equilateral, triangle, if, 1, 1, 1, +, +, =0, z1 − z 2 z 2 − z3,
z3 − z1, or, , n, , If z +, , n, , n, , n, , 1., , a + a2 + 4, 1, = a,
then maximum value of | z | =, z, 2, −a+, , a2 + 4, , 2, (iz)
= − iz , Re(iz) = − Im( z) and Im(iz) = Re( z), If z1 and z 2
are two complex numbers, such that z1 + z 2 or z1z 2
is a, real number, then it is not necessary that z1 and z
2 are conjugate to, each other., The order relation is
not defined on the set C of all complex, numbers as it
is not a complete ordered field. Thus, the statements, ,
a + ib +, , 2. a + ib −, , z12 + z 22 + z32 = z1z 2 + z 2z3 +
z3 z1, , and minimum value of | z | =, , n, , n, , z1 > z 2
and z1 < z 2 have no meaning unless z1 and z 2 both
are, purely real., Since, | z |2 = [Re( z)]2 + [Im( z)]2 ,
therefore Re ( z) ≤ | z |,, Im( z) ≤ | z |., For any a, b ∈ R, ,
n, , n, , n, , n, , a − ib = 2 { a 2 + b 2 + a}, a − ib = i 2 { a 2 +
b 2 − a}, , The one and only one case in which, | z1 | + |z
2 | + ... + | z n | = | z1 + z 2 + ... + z n |, is that the
numbers z1 , z 2 , ...., z n have the same amplitude., The
sum and product of two complex numbers are real,
simultaneously if and only if they are conjugate to
each other., If three points z1 , z 2 and z3 are
connected by relation, az1 + bz 2 + cz3 = 0, where a +
b + c = 0, then the three points, are collinear., If three
complex numbers are in AP, then they lie on a straight
line, in the complex plane.

Page 155 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. The value of (1 + i )5 × (1 − i )5 is,
(a) − 8, (b) 8i, (c) 8, (d) 32, 2. Inequality a + ib > c + id
can be explained only when, (a) b = 0, c = 0, (b) b = 0, d
= 0, (c) a = 0, c = 0, (d) a = 0, d = 0, 3. For the complex
number z, are from z + z and z z is, (a) a real number,
(b) an imaginary number, (c) both are real, (d) both are
imaginary numbers, 4. The product of two complex
number each of unit, , modulus is also a complex
number, of, (a) unit modulus, (b) less than unit
modulus, (c) greater than unit number, (d) None of the
above, 5. The values of x and y satisfying the equation,
(1 + i ) x − 2 i ( 2 − 3i ) y + i, = i are, +, 3+ i, 3− i, (a) x = −
1, y = 3, (b) x = 3, y = − 1, (c) x = 0, y = 1, (d) x = 1, y = 0,
6. The complex number z = x + iy, which satisfy the, z −
5i, equation, = 1 lie on, z + 5i, (a) real axis, (b) the line y
= 5, (c) the line y = 3, (d) None of these, 3 + 2 i sin θ,
will be real, if θ is, 7., 1 − 2 i sin θ, π, (a) 2nπ, (b) nπ +, 2,
(c) nπ, (d) None of these, 8. If α and β are imaginary
cube roots of unity, then, 1, is equal to, α4 + β4 +, αβ,
(a) 3, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) 2, 9. The points represented by the
complex numbers, 5, 1 + i , − 2 + 3i , i on the Argand
diagram are, 3, (a) vertices of an equilateral triangle,
(b) vertices of an isosceles triangle, (c) collinear, (d)
None of the above, 10. The amplitude of sin, (a), , π, 5, ,
(b), , 2π, 5, , π, π , , + i 1 − cos is, , 5, 5 , π, π, (d),
(c), 10, 15, , 11. What is the argument of (1 − sin θ ) + i
cos θ? ( i = −1 ), (NDA 2011 II), , π θ, (a), −, 2 2, π θ, (c),
−, 4 2, , π θ, (b), +, 2 2, π θ, (d), +, 4 2, , 12. If α and β are
the complex cube roots of unity, then, what is the
value of (1 + α )(1 + β )(1 + α 2 )(1 + β 2 )?, (NDA 2011
II), , (a) –1, (c) 1, , (b) 0, (d) 4, , 13. If z = 1 + cos, (a) 2 cos,
, π, 5, , π, π, + i sin , then| z| is equal to, (NDA 2011 I), 5,
5, π, π, π, (b) 2 sin, (c) 2 cos, (d) 2 sin, 5, 10, 10, , 14. If ω
is the imaginary cube root of unity, then, ( 2 − ω + 2 ω
2 )27 is equal to, (NDA 2011 I), 27, 27, 2, (b) − 3 ω, (a)
3 ω, (c) 327, (d) −327, 6, , 3 + i , 15. What is the value
of , ?, 3 − i , (a) –1, , (b) 0, , 6i, 16. If x + iy = 4, 20, ,
−3i, 3i, 3, , ( x − iy ) ?, (a) 3 + i, (c) 3i, 17. If A + iB =, value
of A?, (a) – 8, , (c) 1, , (NDA 2010 II), , (d) 2, , 1, −1 , then
what is the value of, i, (NDA 2010 II), , (b) 1 + 3i, (d) 0, 4
+ 2i, , where i = −1, then what is the, 1 − 2i, (NDA 2012
I), , (b) 0, , (c) 4, , (d) 8, , π , π , 18. If xr = cos r + i
sin r , then x1 ⋅ x2 ... ∞ is, 2 , 2 , (a) –3, (b) –2, (c)
–1, (d) 0, 19. If x = a + b, y = aα + bβ and z = aβ +
bα,where α and, β are complex cube roots of unity,
then xyz is equal to, (b) a3 + b3, (a) a 2 + b2, 3 3, (d) a3
− b3, (c) a b, 20. Given that the equation z 2 + ( p + iq )
z + r + is = 0,, where p, q , r and s are real and non-zero
root, then, (a) pqr = r 2 + p2s, (b) prs = q 2 + r 2 p, (c)
qrs = p2 + s2q, (d) pqs = s2 + q 2r

Page 156 :
29, , Complex Numbers, 21. The cube roots of unity,
when represented on the, Argand plane from the
vertices of a /an, (a) equilateral triangle, (b) isosceles
triangle, (c) right angled triangle (d) None of these, 22.
What is the value of ( −1 + i 3 )48?, (a) 1, (c) 224, , (b) 2,
(d) 248, ω, , 1, 23. What is the value of 2, 3, , (b) x + iy, ,
2ω 2, , 2ω 2, , 4 ω3 , where ω is the, , 3ω, , 6ω, , cube
roots of unity?, (a) 0, (c) 2, 1+ x+, 24. If x 2 + y 2 = 1,
then, 1+ x−, (a) x − iy, , (NDA 2010 II), , 3, , 4, , (NDA
2010 II), , (b) 1, (d) 3, iy, is equal to, iy, (NDA 2010 I), (c)
2x, (d) − 2iy, , 25. What is the least positive integer n
for which, n, 1 + i , , = 1?, 1 − i , (NDA 2010 I),
(a) 16, (b) 12, (c) 8, (d) 4, 26. If α is a complex number,
such that α 2 + α + 1 = 0,, then what is the value of
α31?, (NDA 2009 II), (c) 0, (d) 1, (a) α, (b) α 2, , 32. If ω
is the cube root of unity, then what is the, conjugate of
2ω 2 + 3i ?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) 2 ω − 3i, (b) 3 ω + 2i, (c) 2
ω + 3i, (d) 3 ω − 2i, 33. If z is a complex number, such
that z + z −1 = 1, then, what is the value of z 99 + z −99
?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) 1, (b) –1, (c) 2, (d) –2, 34. What is
the value of, (a) 1 + i, , ( 3 + i), (1 + 3i ), , (b) 1 − i, , 35. If,
2x = 3 + 5i , then, 2x3 + 2x 2 − 7x + 72 ?, (a) 4, , (b) – 4, ,
?, (NDA 2009 I), , 3(1 − i ), ( 3 − i), (d), 2, 2, , (c), what, , is,
, the, , value, , of, , (NDA 2009 I), , (c) 8, , (d) –8, , 36. The
principal argument of −1 − i is, π, π, 3π, (b) −, (c) −, (a),
4, 4, 4, , (d), , 5π, 4, , 37. The modulus and amplitude of
1 + cos θ + i sin θ ,, respectively are, θ θ, θ θ, (a) 2 sin ,,
(b) 2 cos ,, 2 2, 2 2, θ θ+π, θ π −θ, (d) 2 sin ,, (c) 2 cos ,, 2,
2, 2, 2, , 27. If α , β and γ are the cube roots of p ( p < 0),
then for, xα + γβ + zγ, is equal to, any x , y and z,, xβ +
yγ + zα, 1, 1, (b) (1 + i 3 ), (a) ( − 1 + i 3 ), 2, 2, 1, (c) (1 − i
3 ), (d) None of these, 2, , 38. If i = − 1, what is the value
of i ?, , 28. If a and b are real numbers between 0 and 1,
such, that the points z1 = a + i , z 2 = 1 + ib and z3 = 0
form, an equilateral triangle, then, (a) a = b = 2 + 3, (b)
a = b = 2 − 3, (c) a = 2 − 3 , b = 2 + 3 (d) None of these, ,
40. What is the value of ( − − 1 )8n + 1 + ( − − 1 )8n + 3
,, where n is a natural number?, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2 − 1, (d)
− 2 − 1, , 29. Let z1 and z 2 be two complex numbers
with α and β as, their principal arguments, such that α
+ β > π , then, principal arg( z1z 2 ) is given by, (a) α + β
+ π, (b) α + β − π, (c) α + β − 2π, (d) α + β, 30. If ω is a
complex cube root of unity, then the value of, ω 99 +
ω100 + ω101 is, (a) 1, , (b) –1, , 31. What is the
modulus of, (a) 5, (c) 3, , (c) 3, 1 + 2i, 1 − (1 − i )2, (b) 4,
(d) 1, , (d) 0, ?, , (NDA 2009 II), , (a), , 1− i, 2, , (b), , 1+ i, 2,
, (c), , 2+ i, , (d), , 2, , 2− i, 2, , 39. If ω is a complex cube
root of unity and, 1 + ω n + ω 2n = 0, what is the value
of n?, (a) 3, , (b) 5, , (c) 6, , (d) 9, , 41. If ω, is, a, cube,
root, of, unity, and, p = a + b, q = aω + bω 2 , and r = aω
2 + bω ;then what, is the value of pqr?, (a) a 2b + ab2,
(b) a 2 + ab + b2, 3, 3, (d) ( a + b)3, (c) a + b, 42. If ω is a
complex non-real cube root of unity, then ω, satisfies
which one of the following equations?, (NDA 2008 I), ,
(a) x − x + 1 = 0, (c) x 2 + x − 1 = 0, 2, , (b) x + x + 1 = 0,
(d) x 2 − x − 1 = 0, 2, , 43. What is the value of i + − i ?,
(a), (c) ±, , 2, 1+ i, 2, , (b) 0, (d) ±, , (NDA 2007 I), , 1− i, 2

Page 157 :
30, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Level II, 1. If z is a
complex number, such that, imaginary, then, (a)| z| = 0,
(c)| z|> 1, , z −1, is purely, z +1, , (b)| z| = 1, (d)| z|< 1, , 2.
The points z1 , z 2 , z3 and z 4 in the complex plane
are, the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, if
and, only if, (a) z1 + z 4 = z 2 + z3, (b) z1 + z3 = z 2 + z 4,
(d) None of these, (c) z1 + z 2 = z3 + z 4, 3. If z be the
conjugate of the complex number z, then, which of the
following relations is false?, (b) z ⋅ z =| z |2, (a)| z| =| z |,
(c) z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2, , (d) arg ( z ) = arg ( z ), , 4. For any
two complex numbers z1 and z 2 and any real,
numbers a and b; |( az1 − bz 2 )|2 +|( bz1 + az 2 )|2 is,
equal to, (a) ( a 2 + b2 ) (| z1| +| z 2|), (b) ( a 2 + b2 ) (|
z1|2 +| z 2|2 ), (c) ( a 2 + b2 ) (| z1|2 −| z 2|2 ), (d) None
of the above, 5. Consider the following statements,
1 − 3i , I. The value of , , 2 , , 36, , − 1 − 3i , + ,
, 2, , , , 36, , is 2., , II. The modulus of 2 i − − 2 i is 2.,
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?,
(a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) None of
these, 1 + 2i, 2− i, 6. If z =, , then what is the value of, −,
2− i, 1 + 2i, z 2 + zz ? ( i = −1 ), (NDA 2011 II), (a) 0, , (b)
–1, , (c) 1, , (d) 8, , 7. The smallest positive integral
value of n for which, n, 1 − i , , is purely imaginary
with positive imaginary, 1 + i , part is, (NDA 2011 II),
(a) 1, (b) 3, (c) 4, (d) 5, 8. What is the value of (1 + i ) + (1
− i ) , where i = −1 ?, (a) – 8, (b) 8, (NDA 2011 II), (c) 8 i,
(d) − 8 i, 5, , 5, , 9. The moduli of two complex numbers
are less than, unity, then the modulus of the sum of
these complex, numbers is, (a) less than unity, (b)
greater than unity, (c) equal to unity, (d) any of (a), (b)
and (c), , 10. The maximum value of | z|, where z
satisfies the, 2, condition z +, = 2 is, z, (b) 3 + 1 (c) 3, (d)
2 + 3, (a) 3 − 1, 11. If 1, ω , ω 2 , ω3 ,... , ω n − 1 are the n
, nth roots of unity,, then (1 − ω ) (1 − ω 2 ) K (1 − ω n −
1 ) equals to, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) n, (d) n 2, 12. If z1 and z 2
be complex numbers, such that z1 ≠ z 2 and, | z1| =| z
2|. If z1 has positive real part and z 2 has, ( z + z2 ),
negative imaginary part, then 1, may be, ( z1 − z 2 ), (a)
purely imaginary, (b) real and positive, (c) real and
negative, (d) None of these, 13. The region of the
complex plane for which, z −a, = 1 [Re( a ) ≠ 0] is, z+a,
(a) x-axis, (b) y-axis, (c) the straight line x = a, (d) None
of the above, 14. Common roots of the equations z3 +
2z 2 + 2z + 1 = 0, and z1985 + z100 + 1 = 0 are, (a) ω ,
ω 2, (b) ω , ω3, 2, 3, (c) ω , ω, (d) None of these, 15. If
complex numbers z1 , z 2 and z3 represent the,
vertices A, B and C, respectively of an isosceles ∆,
ABC of which ∠C is right angled, then correct,
statement is, (a) z12 + z 22 + z32 = z1z 2z3, (b) ( z3 −
z1 )2 = z3 − z 2, (c) ( z1 − z 2 )2 = ( z1 − z3 ) ( z3 − z 2 ),
(d) ( z1 − z 2 )2 = 2 ( z1 − z3 ) ( z3 − z 2 ), 16. If ω is a
complex cube root of unity and x = ω 2 − ω − 2,, then
what is the value of x 2 + 4x + 7 ?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) –2,
, (b) –1, , (c) 0, , 17. What is the modulus of, (a) 1, , (b), ,
1 + 2i, 1 − (1 − i )2, (c), , 5, , − 1 + i 3 , 18. The value of
, , 2, , , 3, (a) 3, (b), 2, , (d) 1, , 3n, , ?, , 3, , (NDA 2010
I), , (d) 5, , − 1 − i 3 , + , , 2, , , , 3n, , (c) 0, , (d) 2, , is
equal to, , 19. The complex number z, satisfying the
equation, i−z, = 1 lies on, i+z

Page 158 :
31, , Complex Numbers, (a) a circle with the centre (0,
0) and radius 1, (b) the x-axis, (c) the y-axis, (d) the line
y = x + 1, 20. Match List I with List II and select the
correct, answer using the code given below the lists,
(NDA 2008 II), , List I, A., B., C., D., , List II, , A cube root
of unity, A square root of –1, Cube of 1 − i, Square of 1
+ i, , Codes, A B, (a) 4 1, (c) 4 3, , C, 3, 1, , D, 2, 2, , 1., 2.,
3., 4., , A, (b) 2, (d) 2, , −2(1 + i), 2i, i, 1, − (1 + i 3), 2, , B, 1,
3, , C, 3, 1, , D, 4, 4, , 21. For positive whole number of
n, what is the value of, (NDA 2008 II), i 4n + 1?, (a) 1,
(b) –1, (c) i, (d) − i, 22. If ω is complex cube root, then
what is the value of, 1, 1, 1−, −, ?, (1 + ω ) (1 + ω 2 ),
(NDA 2008 II), (a) 1, (b) 0, (c) ω, (d) ω 2, 23. A straight
line is passing through the points, represented by the
complex numbers a + ib and, 1, , where ( a , b) ≠ ( 0, 0).,
(NDA 2008 I), − a + ib, Which one of the following is
correct?, (a) It passes through the origin, (b) It is
parallel to the x-axis, (c) It is parallel to the y-axis, (d) It
passes through ( 0, b), 24. What is the value of,
integer?, (a) 1, , [1 + ( i5 )4n − 1 ]4n + 1, [1 + ( i5 )4n + 1
]4n − 1, , (b) 2, , 25. What is the real part of, 1, (a), 1 +
cos θ, 1, (c) −, 2, , (c) 4, , (c) A = { x + iy x 2 ∈ R x , y ∈ R },
(d) A = { iy y ∈ R }, 28. Which one of the following is
correct? If z and w are, complex numbers and w
denotes the conjugate of w,, then| z + w| =| z − w|
holds only, if, (NDA 2008 I), (a) z = 0 or w = 0, (b) z = 0
and w = 0, (c) z ⋅ w is purely real, (d) z ⋅ w is purely
imaginary, 29. What is the square root of, 3 i , (a) ±
, + , 2 , 2, 1, 3 , (c) ± + i, , 2 , 2, , 1, 3, −i, ?,
(NDA 2008 I), 2, 2, 3 i , (b) ± , − , 2 , 2, 1, 3 , (d)
± − i, , 2 , 2, , 30. Let C be the set of complex
number and z1 ,z 2 are in C., I. arg ( z1 ) = arg ( z 2 )
z1 = z 2, II. | z1| =| z 2| z1 = z 2, Which of the
statements given above is/are correct?, (NDA 2008 I),
, (a) Only I, (c) Both I and II, , (b) Only II, (d) Neither I
nor II, , 31. If 1, ω and ω 2 are the three cube roots of
unity, then, ( aω 6 + bω 4 + cω 2 ), ?, what is the value
of, ( b + cω10 + aω 8 ) (NDA 2007 II), a, (a), (b) b, b, (c)
ω, (d) ω 2, 32. If z = − z , then which one of the
following is correct?, (NDA 2012 I), , , n is a positive,
(d) 5, , 1, ?, 1 + cos θ + i sin θ, 1, (b), 1 − sin θ, 1, (d), 2, ,
26. If a is a real number and z is a complex number,
then, what is the value of ( z + a ) ( z + a ) ?, (a) z 2 + a 2
(b) a 2 − z 2 (c)| z − a|2 (d)| z + a|2, 27. Suppose that A
denotes the collection of all complex, numbers whose
square is a negative real number., Which one of the
following statements is correct?, (a) A ⊆ R, (b) A ⊇ R, ,
(a) The real part of z is zero., (b) The imaginary part of
z is zero., (c) The real part of z is equal to imaginary
part of z., (d) The sum of real and imaginary parts of z
is z., 33. If the complex numbers z1 and z 2 and the
origin form, an equilateral triangle, then z12 + z 22 is
equal to, (a) z1z 2, (c) z 2z1, , (b) z1z 2, (d)| z1|2 =| z
2|2, , 34. If z1 and z 2 are any two complex numbers,
such that, |z1 + z 2| =|z1| +|z 2|, which one of the
following is, correct?, (b) z1 ≥ 0 or z 2 ≥ 0, (a) z1 = αz 2
with α ∈ R, (c) z1 = αz 2 with α > 0, (d)|z1| =|z 2|, α +
iβ , ?, 35. If α and β are real, what is the value of , β
+ iα , 1, (a) 0, (b), 2, (c) 1, (d) 2

Page 159 :
32, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 36. What is the value of,
[( −1 + i 3 )/ 2], , 10, , (a) 1, , + [( −1 − i 3 )/ 2] ?, 10, , (b) –
1, , (c) 2, , (NDA 2007 I), , (d) 0, , 37. If ω denotes the
cube root of unity, then what is the, real root of the
equation x3 − 27 = 0 ?, (NDA 2007 I), (b) 3 ω, , (a) 3ω, ,
(c) −3ω, , 2, , (d) 3 ω, , 3, , 38. Let O be the origin and
point A be represented by z. If, π, in the anti, OA is
rotated through an angle, 2, clockwise direction
keeping the length of OA same,, then what represents
the new point?, NDA 2007 I), (a) − iz, (b) | z| i, (c) iz, (d)
z, , Directions (Q. Nos. 39-40), , Each of these,
questions contain two statements, one is Assertion
(A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these questions
also has, four alternative choices, only one of which is
the correct, answer. You have to select one of the
codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., (a) Both A and R
are individually true and R is the, correct explanation
of A., (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is
not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is
false., (d) A is false but R is true., , 39. Assertion (A) If
z1 = 3 + −4 and z 2 = 3 + −25 ,, z1/ z 2 is a complex
number., Reason (R) If z1 and z 2 are complex
numbers, then, z1/ z 2 is always a complex number.,
− 1 + − 3 , 40. Assertion (A) , , 2, , , , 29, , − 1 − −
3 , + , , 2, , , , 29, , = −1, , Reason (R) ω 2 = − 1, ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 41-43) Consider the cubic,
equation x3 = 1 whose roots are 1, ω and ω 2 where,
−1+ i 3, ω=, , then, 2, 41. Find the modulii and
arguments of complex number, ω 2, respectively are,
4π, π, (a) 1,, (b) 2,, 3, 3, 4π, 2π, (d) 2,, (c) 3,, 3, 3, 42. The
polar form of complex numbers ω 2 is, 4π, 4π, 2π, 2π,
(a) cos, (b) cos, + i sin, + i sin, 3, 3, 3, 3, π, π, (d) None of
these, (c) cos + i sin, 3, 3, 43. The value of ω17 is, (a) ω
2, (b) 1, , (c) 2, , (d) 3, , Directions (Q. Nos. 44-46), ,
Consider the, statement 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0, where ω is a
cube roots of, unity, then, 44. The value of (1 − ω + ω 2
) (1 − ω 2 + ω 4 ) (1 − ω 4 + ω 8 ) ..., 2n factors, (a) 22n,
(b) 22, (c) 23 n, (d) 2n, 45. Find the value of, (a) − 1, (c)
3, , a + bω + cω 2, c + aω + bω 2, (b) 2, (d) 0, , +, , a + bω
+ cω 2, b + cω + aω 2, , ., , 46. The equation ( x − 1)3 + 8
= 0 in the set C of all, complex numbers are, (b) 1, 2ω +
1, 1 − 2ω 2, (a) − 1, 1 − 2ω , 1 − 2ω 2, 2, (c) 1, 2ω , ω, (d)
1, ω , ω 2, , Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (d),
(d), (a), (d), (c), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (b), (c), (d), (a), (b), ,
3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (c), (c), (a), (d), (a), , 4., 14., 24., 34., ,
(a), (d), (b), (d), , 5., 15., 25., 35., , (b), (c), (d), (a), , 6., 16.,
26., 36., , (a), (d), (a), (c), , 7., 17., 27., 37., , (c), (b), (d), (b),
, 8., 18., 28., 38., , (b), (c), (b), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39., , (c),
(b), (c), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., , (c), (d), (d), (a), , 2., 12.,
22., 32., 42., , (b), (a), (b), (a), (a), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., ,
(d), (b), (a), (a), (a), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (b), (a), (b), (a),
(a), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (a), (d), (d), (c), (a), , 6., 16., 26.,
36., 46., , (d), (c), (d), (b), (a), , 7., 17., 27., 37., , (b), (a), (d),
(d), , 8., 18., 28., 38., , (d), (d), (a), (c), , 9., 19., 29., 39., ,
(d), (b), (b), (a), , 10., 20., 30., 40., , (b), (c), (d), (c), , Level
II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (b), (c), (c), (c), (a)

Page 168 :
3, Quadratic Equations, and Inequalities, Polynomial, ,
Quadratic Identity, , Let a0 , a1 , a2 , ... , an are real
numbers, then, f ( x ) = a0 + a1x + a2x 2 + ... + an x n is
known as polynomial., , If two quadratic expression in
x are equal for all values, of x. This statement of
equality between the two, expressions is called an
identity., , Polynomial a0 + a1x + a2x 2 + K + an x n is
known as a, polynomial of degree n., , Polynomial
Equation, If f ( x ) is a real or complex polynomial, then
f ( x ) = 0 is, known as a polynomial equation., If f ( x )is
a polynomial of degree 2, then f ( x ) = 0 is known, as
quadratic equation. General equation of quadratic,
equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ,where a , b, c ∈ R or C.,
The quadratic equation of the form ax 2 + c = 0 is,
known as pure quadratic equation., , Quadratic
Equation, An equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
where a, b and, c are certain numbers and a ≠ 0 is
called a quadratic, equation., The numbers a , b, and c
are called the coefficients of, the quadratic equation
and the number b2 − 4ac is called, its discriminant.,
Discriminant of a quadratic equation is usually
denoted, by D., , Quadratic Expression, An expression
of the form ax 2 + bx + c,where a , b and c, are some
numbers and a ≠ 0 is called a quadratic, expression., ,
Identical Equations, Two equations are said to be
identical, if they have, same roots., , Roots of an
Equation, The values of the variables satisfying the
given, equation are called its roots i. e. , if f ( x ) = 0 is a
polynomial, equation and f ( a ) = 0, then a is known as
root of the, polynomial equation f ( x ) = 0., %, , An
equation of degree n has n roots real or imaginary., ,
%, , If an equation has a root a +, be a −, , b or a + ib,
then another root will, , b or a − ib, respectively., , %, ,
An odd degree equation has atleast one real root
whose sign is, opposite to that of its last term,
provided that the coefficient of, the highest degree
term is positive., , %, , Every equation of an even
degree whose constant term is, negative and the
coefficient of the highest degree term is positive,, has
atleast two real roots, one positive and one negative., ,
%, , If all the terms of an equation are positive and the
equation, involves no odd power of x, then all its roots
are complex., , Roots of a Quadratic Equation, Roots
of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are, − b + b2 −
4ac, − b − b2 − 4ac, and, , where b2 − 4ac is, 2a, 2a,
known as discriminant and is denoted by D.

Page 169 :
42, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Example 1. The roots of
the equation x2 + | x| − 6 = 0 is, (a) ± 9, (c) ± 3, , (b) ± 2,
(d) ± 4, , Solution (b)| x|2 + | x| − 6 = 0, (| x| + 3) (| x| −
2) = 0 | x| = 2 x = ± 2, , Relation between
Coefficient, and Roots of an Equation, (i) Quadratic
equation Let α and β be the roots, of the quadratic
equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then, b, α +β = −, a, c, and,
αβ =, a, (ii) Cubic equation Let α , β and γ be the roots
of, the cubic equation ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0, then, b, c,
d, and αβγ = −, α + β + γ = − , αβ + βγ + γα =, a, a, a, %, ,
If α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation, ax 2
+ bx + c = 0, then ax 2 + bx + c = a (x − α) (x − β)., , π, P,
Q, . If tan and tan, are, 2, 2, 2, 2, the roots of the
equation ax + bx + c = 0, then which of the, following is
correct?, (a) a + b = 2c, (b) a + b = c, (c) a + b + c = 0, (d)
2 a = b − c, , Example 2. In a ∆ PQR, ∠ R =, , Solution (b)
Q tan, , P, Q, and tan, are the roots of the equation, 2,
2, , ax2 + bx + c = 0, then, P, Q, b, P, Q c, tan + tan, = −
and tan tan, =, 2, 2, a, 2, 2 a, π, π, Also,, ∠R =, ∠P +
∠Q =, 2, 2, P, Q, tan + tan, π, P Q , 2, 2, 1 = tan =
tan + 1 =, P, Q, 2 2 , 4, 1 − tan tan, 2, 2, −b / a,
−b, 1=, 1=, a+ b=c, 1− c / a, a−c, , Equation of
Given Roots, (i) Quadratic equation If the roots of a,
quadratic equation are α and β, then equation will be,
x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0., (ii) Cubic equation If α, β and γ
are the roots of, the cubic equation, then the equation
will be, x3 − (α + β + γ )x 2 + (αβ + βγ + γα ) x − αβγ =
0, , Example 3. If the product of the roots of the
equation, mx 2 + 6 x + (2m − 1) = 0 is − 1, then the
value of m is, 1, 1, 2, (a) m =, (b) m =, (c) m =, (d) m = 2,
3, 2, 3, Solution (a) Let α and β be the roots of the
equation, mx2 + 6x + (2m − 1) = 0 ., 6, ...(i), ∴, α+β=−,
m, 2m − 1, ... (ii), and, αβ =, m, According to the
question,, 2m − 1, 1, −1=, − m = 2m − 1 3m = 1
m =, m, 3, , Nature of Roots, Let the equation is ax 2 +
bx + c = 0, then, 1. if D = b2 − 4ac > 0, then the roots of
equation are real, and distinct., 2. if D = b2 − 4ac = 0,
then the roots of equation are real, and coincident., 3.
if D = b2 − 4ac < 0, then the roots of equation are,
imaginary., 4. if D = b2 − 4ac > 0 and a perfect square,
then the, roots of the equation are rational., 5. if D =
b2 − 4ac < 0 and not a perfect square, then the, roots
of the equation are irrational., , Example, 4. If, the,
roots, of, the, equation, x 2 − 8 x + a 2 − 6 a = 0 are real
and distinct, then all possible, values of a is, (a) − 3 < a
< 2 (b) − 2 < a < 8 (c) − 3 < a < 4 (d) − 4 < a ≤ 1, Solution
(b) Since, the roots of the given equation are real and,
distinct, we must have, D > 0 64 − 4 ( a2 − 6a) > 0
4 [16 − a2 + 6a] > 0, , , −4 ( a2 − 6a − 16) > 0 a2 −
6a − 16 < 0, , , ( a − 8) ( a + 2) < 0 −2 < a < 8, Hence,
the roots of the given equation are real, if a lies,
between −2 and 8., , Symmetric Functions, The
algebraic expressions in α and β which remain,
unchanged when α and β are interchanged, are
known as, symmetric functions in α and β., An
important property of such functions is that they, can
always be expressed in terms of (α + β) and αβ. So,
they, can be evaluated for a given quadratic equation.,
The following relations serve the purpose of useful,
tools for the same., (i) (α 2 + β 2 ) = [(α + β )2 − 2αβ ],
(ii) ( 2 − β )2 = [( 2 + β )2 − 4αβ ]

Page 171 :
44, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 6. If a1 , a2 ,... , an and b1
, b2 ,... , bn are positive real, numbers such that, a1 >
b1 , a2 > b2 ,... , an > bn ,, then, , a1a2a3 ... an > b1b2b3
K bn ., , Arithmetico-Geometric, Mean Inequality, 1. If
a , b > 0 and a ≠ b, then, , 7. If a and b are positive real
numbers such that a < b, and if n is any positive
rational number, then, (a) a n < bn, , (b) a − n > b− n, , (c)
a1/ n < b1/ n, 8. If 0 < a < 1 and n is any positive
rational number,, then, (a) 0 < a n < 1, , (b) a − n > 1, , 9.
If a > 1 and n is any positive rational number, then, (a)
a n > 1, , (a) m > n a m < a n, , (b) m < n a m > a n, ,
11. If a > 1 and m , n are positive rational numbers,
then, (a) m > n a m > a n, , Example 8. If a, b and c are
three distinct positive real, numbers, then, 1 1 1 , ( a
+ b + c) + + is, a b c , , (a) >9, ∴, , and, , (b) (5, 9), ,
, , 2 , , (d) − 8, , , 3 , , and, , Solution (c) Given,|
2x − 3| < | x + 5|, , (b) <4, , (c) >5, , (d) <6, , Solution (a)
We have AM > GM, , (b) m < n a m < a n, , Example 7.
If| 2 x − 3| < | x + 5 |, then x belongs to, (a) ( − 3, 5), − 2
, (c) , , 8 , , 3, , 2. If ai > 0, where i = 1, 2, 3, ... , n ,
then, n, a1 + a2 + ... + an, ≥ ( a1 ⋅ a2K an )1/ n ≥, 1, 1, 1,
n, +, + ...+, a1 a2, an, , (b) 0 < a − n < 1, , 10. If 0 < a < 1
and m , n are positive rational numbers,, then, , 2, a+b,
., > ab >, 1, 1, 2, +, a b, , , , a+ b+ c, > ( abc)1/3, 3, 1 1 1,
+ +, 1/3, a b c, 1 , > , , abc , 3, , a + b + c > 3 (
abc)1/3, 3, 1 1 1 , + + >, a b c ( abc)1/3, 1 1
1 , ( a + b + c) + + > 9, a b c , , , , | 2x − 3| −| x +
5| < 0, , , , 3 − 2x + x + 5 < 0 , x ≤ − 5, , Example 9. For
real positive numbers a, b and c the, , , , 3, 3 − 2x − x
− 5 < 0 , − 5 < x ≤, 2, 3, 2x − 3 − x − 5 < 0 , x >, 2, ,
minimum value of, , , , , , , , x > 8, x ≤ − 5, −2,
3, , −5 < x≤, x>, 3, 2, 3, x < 8, x >, 2, − 2 3 3 , −2 ,
,, , 8 , ∪ , 8 x∈ ,x∈ , , 32 2 , 3, , (a) 5, ,
b +c c + a a+ b, is, +, +, a, b, c, (b) 4, (c) 6, , (d) 3, , 1 a b b c
c a, Solution (c) Q + + + + + , 6 b, , a, , c, , b, , a, , c ,
, a b b c c, ≥ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, b a c b a, a b b c c a , , + +
+ + + ≥6, b a c b a c , a+ b c+ a b+ c, +, +,
Minimum value of, c, b, a, , a , , c , , 1/ 6, , =6

Page 172 :
45, , Quadratic Equations and Inequalities, ,
Comprehensive Approach, n, , n, , n, , If f(α) = 0 and f ′
(α) = 0, then α is a repeated root of the quadratic,
equation f ( x) = 0 and f ( x) = a ( x − α) 2, b, In fact α = −,
2a, For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, 1. One
root will be reciprocal of the other, if a = c, 2. One root
is zero, if c = 0, 3. Roots are equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign, if, b = 0., 4. Both roots are zero, if b = c
= 0, 5. Roots are positive, if a and c are of the same
sign and b is, of the opposite sign., 6. Roots are of
opposite sign, if a and c are of opposite sign., 7. Roots
are negative, if a, b and c are of the same sign., If the
ratio of roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c =
0 be, p : q, then pqb 2 = ( p + q) 2 ac, If one root of the
quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to, the n th
power of the other, then, 1, , (b) whose roots are Aα
and Aβ, is, ax2 + Abx + A 2c = 0, α, β, (c) whose roots
are and , is, A, A, aA 2x2 + bAx + c = 0, 1, 1, (d) whose
roots are and , is, α, β, n, , n, , n, , n, , 1, , ( ac n ) n + 1 + ( a
n c) n + 1 + b = 0, n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , If one root
of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be n times the other,
root, then nb 2 = ac (n + 1) 2, k+1, If the roots of the
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are of the form, k, k+2, and, ,
then ( a + b + c) 2 = b 2 − 4 ac, k+1, If the roots of ax2 +
bx + c = 0 are α and β, then the roots of, 1, 1, cx2 + bx +
a = 0 will be and ., α, β, The roots of the equation ax2 +
bx + c = 0 are reciprocal to, a′ x2 + b ′ x + c ′ = 0, if, ( cc
′ − aa′) 2 = ( ba′ − cb ′) ( ab ′ − bc ′), Let f ( x) = ax2 + bx
+ c, where a > 0. Then,, 1. conditions for both the roots
of f ( x) = 0to be greater than a given, −b, number K are
b 2 − 4 ac ≥ 0; f (K) > 0 ;, > K., 2a, 2. the number K lies
between the roots of f ( x) = 0, if f (K) < 0., 3. condition
for exactly one root of f ( x) = 0 to lie between d and e,,
is f (d ) f ( e) < 0., If the common root of quadratic
equation a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and, a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
is α, then, c a − c2a1, b c − b2c1, or 1 2, α= 1 2, a1b2 −
a2b1, c1a2 − c2a1, If both the roots of the quadratic
equations a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and, a2x2 + b2x + c2 =
0 are common, then, a1 b1 c1, =, =, a2 b2 c2, Let α and
β be the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
that, equation, (a) whose roots are α ± A , β ± A, is, a ( x
m A) 2 + b ( x m A) + c = 0, , n, , n, n, , cx2 + bx + a = 0, If
in ax2 + bx + c, a > 0 and b 2 − 4 ac < 0, then ax2 + bx +
c will, always be positive., If in ax2 + bx + c , a < 0 and b
2 − 4 ac < 0, then ax2 + bx + c will, always be negative.,
If the sum of coefficients of the polynomial equation,
a0 + a1x + a2x2 + K + an xn = 0 is zero, then x = 1will
be the root, of that equation., If the equation is ax2 +
bx + c = 0 such that, a + b + c = 0, then, c, roots of
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 will be1, and if a − b + c = 0,,
a, c, then roots of the equation will be −1, − ., a, If sum
of roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the
sum, b a, of their reciprocal, then ab 2 , bc 2 and ca 2
will be in AP or , and, c b, c, will be in AP., a, If a1 = a2 =
K = an , then AM = GM, If a, b > 0 and a ≠ b, then, m, ,
(a), , am + b m a + b , > , , if m < 0 or m > 1, 2 , 2,
, (b), , am + b m a + b , < , , if 0 < m < 1, 2 , 2, , m, ,
n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , f a > 1and n is any positive rational
number, then, (a) a n > 1, (b) 0 < a − n < 1, If 0 < a < 1
and m,n are positive numbers, then, (a) m > n a m <
a n, (b) m < n a m > a n, (a) if a > 1and x > y > 0, then
log a x > log a y, (b) if 0 < a < 1 and x > y > 0, then log a x
< log a y, If a and b are positive real numbers, then, a+
c a, (a) a < b , > , ∀c > 0, b+ c b, a+ c a, (b) a > b , < ,
∀c> 0, b+ c b, 1, If a is a positive real number, then a +
≥ 2 and if a is a negative, a, 1, real number, then a + ≤
−2., a, | a + b | ≤ | a | + | b | , in general, | a1 + a2 + K + an
|≤| a1| + | a2| + ... + | an|

Page 173 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. If α and β, , are the, 1, 4x + 3x + 7 =
0, then +, α, 3, 3, (a) −, (b), 7, 7, 2, , roots of the
equation, 1, is equal to, β, 3, 3, (c) −, (d), 5, 5, , 2. If the
roots of the equation 3x 2 − 5x + q = 0 are equal,, then
what is the value of q?, (NDA 2011 II), (a) 2, (b) 5 / 12,
(c) 12 / 25, (d) 25 / 12, 3. If the product of the roots of
the equation, ( a + 1) x 2 + ( 2a + 3) x + ( 3a + 4) = 0 be
2, then the, sum of roots is, (a) 1, (b) −1, (c) 2, (d) −2, 4.
If the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 be α and
β,, then the roots of the equation cx 2 + bx + a = 0 are,
1, (a) −α , − β, (b) α,, β, 1 1, (d) None of these, (c), ,, α β,
5. If α and β are the roots of the equation, ax 2 + bx + c
= 0, then the equation, whose roots are, 1, 1, α + and β
+ , is, β, α, (a) acx 2 + ( a + c) bx + ( a + c)2 = 0, (b) abx 2
+ ( a + c) bx + ( a + c)2 = 0, (c) acx 2 + ( a + b) cx + ( a +
c)2 = 0, (d) None of the above, 6. If the equations x 2 −
px + q = 0 and x 2 − ax + b = 0, have a common root
and the roots of the second, equation are equal, then
which one of the following is, correct?, (NDA 2011 II),
(a) aq = 2( b + p), (b) aq = b + p, (c) ap = 2( b + q ), (d) ap
= b + q, 7. The equation x 2 − 4x + 29 = 0 has one root
2 + 5i., What is the other root? ( i = −1 ), (a) 2, , (b) 5, ,
(c) 2 + 5i, , 8. If, one, of, the, roots, a ( b − c) x 2 + b ( c − a
) x + c ( a −, second root?, b( c − a ), (a) −, (b), a( b − c), c(
a − b), (c), (d), a( b − c), , 9. What are the roots of the
equation, 2( y + 2)2 − 5( y + 2) = 12? (NDA 2011 II), (a)
− 7 / 2 , 2, (b) − 3 / 2 , 4, (c) − 5 / 3, 3, (d) 3 / 2, 4, 10. Let
α and β be the roots of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0.,
The equation, whose roots are α19, and β7 is, (NDA
2011 II), , (a) x − x − 1 = 0, (c) x 2 + x − 1 = 0, 2, , (b) x − x
+ 1 = 0, (d) x 2 + x + 1 = 0, 2, , ( x + 1) ( x − 3), , then all
real values of x for, ( x − 2), which y takes real values,
are, (a) −1 ≤ x < 2 or x ≥ 3, (b) −1 ≤ x < 3 or x > 2, (c) 1 ≤
x < 2 or x ≥ 3, (d) None of these, , 11. Let y =, , 12. If 2 +
i 3 is a root of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0,, where p
and q are real, then ( p, q ) is equal to, (a) ( −4, 7), (b) ( 4,
− 7), (c) ( 4, 7), (d) ( −4, − 7), 13. The coefficient of x in
the equation x 2 + px + q = 0, was taken as 17 in place
of 13, its roots were found to, be −2 and −15. The
roots of the original equation are, (a) 3, 10, (b) −3, −
10, (c) −5, − 8, (d) None of these, 14. If p, q and r are
real and p ≠ q, then the roots of the, equation, ( p − q )
x 2 + 5 ( p + q ) x − 2 ( p − q ) = r are, (a) real and equal,
(b) unequal and rational, (c) unequal and irrational, (d)
nothing can be said, 15. If the roots of the equation (
p2 + q 2 )x 2 − 2q ( p + r ) x, + ( q 2 + r 2 ) = 0 be real and
equal, then p, q and r will, be in, (a) AP, (b) GP, (c) HP,
(d) None of these, 16. What is the value of, , (NDA
2011 II), , (d) 2 − 5i, , of, the, equation, b) = 0 is 1, what
is the, (NDA 2011 II), , b( c − a ), a( b − c), c( a − b), −, a(
b − c), , 8 + 2 8 + 2 8 + 2 8 +K∞ ?, (a) 10, (c) 6, , (NDA
2011 II), , (b) 8, (d) 4, , 17. If α and β are the roots of
the equation, x 2 − q (1 + x ) − r = 0, then what is the
value of, (NDA 2012 I), (1 + α ) (1 + β )?, (a) 1 − r, (b) q −
r, (c) 1 + r, (d) q + r

Page 174 :
47, , Quadratic Equations and Inequalities, 18. What is
the solution, x 4 − 26x 2 + 25 = 0 ?, (a) { − 5, − 1, 1, 5},
(c) { 1, 5}, , set, , for, , the, , equation, , (NDA 2011 I), , (b)
{ − 5, − 1}, (d) { − 5, 0, 1, 5}, , 19. If the equations x 2 + kx
+ 64 = 0 and x 2 − 8x + k = 0, have real roots, then
what is the value of k?, (NDA 2010 II), , (a) 4, , (b) 8, , (c)
12, , (d) 16, , 20. If the product of the roots of the
equation, x 2 − 5x + k = 15 is − 3, then what is the
value of k?, (NDA 2010 I), , (a) 12, , (b) 15, , (c) 16, (d)
18, α, β, 21. If the roots of the equation, +, = 1 be
equal, x−α x−β, in magnitude but opposite in sign,
then α + β is equal, to, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) None of
these, 22. If the equation x 2 − bx + 1 = 0 does not
possess real, roots, then which one of the following is
correct?, (NDA 2010 I), , (a) − 3 < b < 3, (c) b > 2, , (b) −
2 < b < 2, (d) b < − 2, , 24. If α and β are the roots of ax
2 + bx + b = 0, then what, β, b, α, equal to?, is, +, +,
(NDA 2009 II), a, β, α, (b) 1, , (c) 2, , (d) 3, , 25. If the
roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are sin α and cos α for, some
α, then which one of the following is correct?, (NDA
2009 II), , (a) a + b = 2ac, (c) b2 − a 2 = 2ac, 2, , 2, , (b) b
− c = 2ab, (d) b2 + c2 = 2ab, 2, , 2, , 26. If x = 2 + 21/3 +
22/ 3 , then what is the value of, x3 − 6x 2 + 6x?, (NDA
2009 II), (a) 1, , (b) 2, , (c) 3, , (b) Only 1, (d) − 2 and − 1, ,
29. If α and β are the roots of the equation, 4x 2 + 3x +
7 = 0,then what is the value of (α −2 + β −2 )?, (NDA
2011 I), , (a) 47 / 49, (c) − 47 / 49, , (b) 49 / 47, (d) − 49 /
47, , 30. If the roots of the equations px 2 + 2qx + r = 0
and, qx 2 − 2 pr x + q = 0 be real, then, (a) p = q, (b) q 2
= pr, 2, (d) r 2 = pq, (c) p = qr, 31. If a < b, then, a, b, (a),
<, ( −2) ( −2), 1 1, (c), <, a b, , a b, >, 2 2, a, b, (d), >, −2 −2,
, (b), , 32. If 2x + 3 y = 17 and 2x + 2 − 3 y + 1 = 5, then
what is the, value of x?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) 3, (b) 2, (c) 1,
(d) 0, 33. What is the value of x satisfying the
equation, 3, , 23. If p and q are the roots of the
equation x 2 − px + q = 0,, then what are the values of
p and q, respectively?, (a) 1, 0, (b) 0, 1, (c) − 2, 0, (d) − 2,
1, , (a) 0, , (a) Only − 2, (c) − 2 and 1, , (d) −2, , 27. The
roots of the equation ( x − p)( x − q ) = r 2, where p,, q
and r are real, are, (NDA 2009 II), (a) always complex,
(b) always real, (c) always purely imaginary, (d) None
of the above, 28. For the two equations x 2 + mx + 1 =
0 and, x 2 + x + m = 0, what is/are the value/values of
m for, which these equations have atleast one
common, root?, (NDA 2009 II), , a − x , a+x, 16 , ?,
=, a + x , a−x, a, a, (b), (a), 2, 3, , (NDA 2009 I), , (c), , a,
4, , (d) 0, , 34. The roots of Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0 are r and s.
For the, roots of x 2 + px + q = 0 to be r 2 and s2 , what
must be, the value of p?, (NDA 2009 I), ( B2 − 4 AC ), (
B2 − 4 AC ), (a), (b), A2, A2, 2, ( 2 AC − B ), (d) B2 − 2 C,
(c), A2, 35. If the roots of the equation x 2 − bx + c = 0
are two, consecutive integers, then what is the value
of, b2 − 4c ?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) 1, (c) –2, , (b) 2, (d) 3, ,
36. If r and s are roots of x 2 + px + q = 0, then what is
the, value of (1/ r 2 ) + (1/ s2 )?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) p2 −
4q, (c), , p2 − 4q, q2, , (b), (d), , p2 − 4q, 2, p2 − 2q, q2, ,
37. If α and β are the roots of x 2 + 4x + 6 = 0, then
what is, the value of α3 + β3 ?, (NDA 2008 II), 2, 2, (b),
(c) 4, (d) 8, (a) −, 3, 3

Page 175 :
48, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 38. The number of, x 2 −
3|x| + 2 = 0, is, (a) 2, (b) 3, , solutions, , of, , (c) 4, , the, ,
equation, , (d) 5, , 39. What is the sum of the squares
of the roots of the, equation x 2 + 2x − 143 = 0 ?, (NDA
2012 I), (a) 170, (b) 180, (c) 190, (d) 290, 40. If the
roots of the equation λ + 8λ + µ + 6 µ = 0, are real,
then µ lies between, (a) −2 and 8, (b) −3 and 6, (c) −8
and 2, (d) −6 and 3, 2, , 41. What is the value of 5 5 5 K
∞ ?, (a) 5, (c) 1, , 2, , (NDA 2008 I), , (b) 5, (d) ( 5)1/ 4, ,
42. One root of the equation x 2 = px + q is reciprocal
of, the other and p ≠ ± 1. What is the value of q?, (NDA
2008 I), , (a) q = − 1, , (b) q = 1, 1, 2, , (d) q =, , (c) q = 0, ,
43. If α and β are the roots of the equation, lx 2 − mx +
m = 0, l ≠ m , l ≠ 0, then which one of the, following
statements is correct?, (NDA 2007 II), (a), , α, β, +, −, β,
α, , m, =0, l, , (b), , α, β, +, +, β, α, , m, =0, l, , (c), , α +β, −,
αβ, , 46. If| x|> 5, then, (a) 0 < x < 5, (c) −5 < x < 5, , (b) x
< − 5 or x > 5, (d) x > 5, , 47. What is the solution set
for the, x 2/ 3 + x1/ 3 − 2 = 0 ?, (a) { −8, 1}, (b) { 8, 1}, (c) {
−8, − 1}, (d) { 8, − 1}, , 49. If α and β are the roots of the
equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then what is the value of, (
aα + b)−1 + ( aβ + b)−1 ?, (NDA 2007 I), a, b, (b), (a), (
bc), ( ac), −b, −a, (d), (c), ( ac), ( bc), 50. If α and β are the
roots of the equation x 2 − 2x − 1 = 0,, then what is the
value of α 2β −2 + α −2β 2 ? (NDA 2007 I), , 2, , (d) The
arithmetic mean of α and β is the same as, their
geometric mean., 44. For what value of k, are the
roots of the quadratic, equation ( k + 1)x 2 − 2( k − 1)x
+ 1 = 0 real and equal?, (NDA 2007 II), , (b) Only k = −
3, (d) k = 0 or k = − 3, , equation, , 48. What is the
polynomial, whose zero is 2 ?, (a) x 2 − 2x + 2, (b) ( x 4 −
2) ( 3 − 4x + 3x3 ), 4, 3, (c) x − 2x + x − 4, (d) x 4 − 3x3 +
3x 2 − 3x + 2, , (a) –2, (b) 0, a c, 51. If < , then, b d, a+b
c+d, (a), <, a−b c−d, , m, =0, l, , (a) Only k = 0, (c) k = 0 or
k = 3, , 45. If the equation x 2 + k2 = 2( k + 1)x has
equal roots,, then what is the value of k?, (NDA 2007
I), 1, 1, (b) −, (c) 0, (d) 1, (a) −, 3, 2, , c , a , (c) <
, d , b , , (c) 30, , (b), , (d) 34, , a−b c−d, <, a+b c+d, ,
2, , 52. If a > b, then, (a) a + 5 > b + 5, (c) a + b < b + 5, ,
(d) None of these, , (b) a − 5 < b − 5, (d) depends on a
and b, , 53. If one of the roots of the equation x 2 + ax
− b = 0 is 1,, then what is the value of ( a − b)?, (NDA
2012 I), (a) −1, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) − 2, , Level II, 1. Let α and
β be the roots of the equation, ( x − a ) ( x − b) = c, c ≠ 0.
Then, the roots of the, equation ( x − α ) ( x − β ) + c = 0
are, (NDA 2011 II), (a) a, c, (b) b, c, (c) a, b, (d) a + b, a +
c, 2. If p, q and r are rational numbers, then the roots
of, the equation x 2 − 2 px + p2 − q 2 + 2qr − r 2 = 0
are, (NDA 2011 I), , (a) complex, (c) irrational, , (b) pure
imaginary, (d) rational, , 3. If, the, roots, of, the,
equation, ( a 2 + b2 ) x 2 − 2b ( a + c) x + ( b2 + c2 ) = 0
are equal,, then which one of the following is correct?,
(NDA 2010 II), , (a) 2b = a + c, (c) b + c = 2a, , (b) b2 = ac,
(d) b = ac, , 4. Which of the following are the two roots
of the, equation ( x 2 + 2)2 + 8x 2 = 6x ( x 2 + 2)?, (NDA
2010 II), (a) 1 ± i, (b) 2 ± i, (c) 1 ± 2, (d) 2 ± i 2

Page 176 :
49, , Quadratic Equations and Inequalities, 5. If α and
β are the roots of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0,, then
which of the following are the roots of the, equation x
2 − x + 1 = 0 ?, (a) α7 and β13, (b) α13 and β7, 20, 20,
(c) α and β, (d) None of these, 6. If α and β be the roots
of the equation, 2x 2 + 2 ( a + b) x + a 2 + b2 = 0, then
the equation,, whose roots are (α + β )2 and (α − β )2,
is, (a) x 2 − 2abx − ( a 2 − b2 )2 = 0, (b) x 2 − 4abx − ( a 2
− b2 )2 = 0, (c) x 2 − 4abx + ( a 2 − b2 )2 = 0, (d) None of
the above, 7. If x 2 − 3x + 2 be a factor of x 4 − px 2 + q,
then ( p, q ) is, equal to, (a) ( 3, 4), (b) ( 4, 5), (c) ( 4, 3), (d)
( 5, 4), 8. If α and β be the roots of x 2 − px + q = 0 and
α ′ , β ′ be, the roots of x 2 − p′ x + q ′ = 0, then the
value of, (α − α ′ )2 + (β − α ′ )2 + (α − β ′ )2 + (β − β ′ )2
is, (a) 2 { p2 − 2q + p′ 2 − 2q ′ − pp′ }, (b) 2 { p2 − 2q + p′
2 − 2q ′ − qq ′ }, (c) 2 { p2 − 2q − p′ 2 − 2q ′ − pp′ }, (d) 2{
p2 − 2q − p′ 2 − 2q ′ − qq ′ }, 9. If one root of the
quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, is equal to the nth
power of the other root, then the, 1, n n +1, , value of (
ac ), , + ( a c), n, , 1, n +1, , is equal to, 1, , (a) b, , (b) −b, ,
(c) b n + 1, , 1, , (d) − b n + 1, , 10. If the difference
between the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0, is 1, then which
one of the following is correct?, (NDA 2012 I), , (a) b2
= a ( a + 4c), (c) a 2 = c( a + 4c), , (b) a 2 = b ( b + 4c), (d)
b2 = a ( b + 4c), , 1, is one of the roots of ax 2 + bx + c =
0,, 2 − −2, where, a, b and c are real, then what are the
values of, a, b and c, respectively?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) 6,
− 4, 1 (b) 4, 6, − 1 (c) 3, − 2, 1 (d) 6, 4,1, , 11. If, , 12. If α
and β are the roots of the quadratic equation, x 2 − x +
1 = 0, then which one of the following is, correct?,
(NDA 2010 I), 4, 4, 5, 5, (a) (α − β ) is real, (b) 2(α + β ) =
(αβ )5, 6, 6, (c) (α − β ) = 0, (d) (α 8 + β 8 ) = (αβ )8, 13. If
p and q are positive integers, then which one of the,
following equations has p − q as one of its roots?,
(NDA 2009 I), (a) x 2 − 2 px − ( p2 − q ) = 0, 2, 2, (b) x −
2 px + ( p − q ) = 0, (c) x 2 + 2 px − ( p2 − q ) = 0, (d) x 2 +
2 px + ( p2 − q ) = 0, , 14. The equation x − 2( x − 1)−1 =
1 − 2( x − 1)−1 has, (a) no roots, (NDA 2009 I), (b) one
root, (c) two equal roots, (d) infinite roots, 15. If a, b
and c are real numbers, then the roots of the,
equation, ( x − a )( x − b) + ( x − b)( x − c) + ( x − c)( x − a )
= 0 are, always, (NDA 2009 II), (a) real, (b) imaginary,
(c) positive, (d) negative, 2, , 16. The solution set of the
equation x log x (1 − x ) = 9 is, (a) { −2, 4}, (b) { 4}, (c) { 0,
− 2, 4}, (d) None of these, 2x, 1, , then, 17. If 2, >, 2x +
5x + 2 x + 1, (a) −2 > x > − 1, (b) −2 ≥ x ≥ − 1, (c) −2 < x <
− 1, (d) −2 < x ≤ − 1, 1, 1, 1, 18. If the roots of the
equation, +, = are, x+ p x+q r, equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign, then the, product of the roots will be,
( p2 + q 2 ), p2 + q 2, (a), (b) −, 2, 2, ( p2 − q 2 ), p2 − q 2,
(d) −, (c), 2, 2, x+2, takes all, 19. If x is real, the
expression, 2x 2 + 3x + 6, values in the interval, 1 1 ,
1 1 , (b) −, (a) , , ,, 13 3 , 13 3 , 1 1 , (c) −
, , (d) None of these, 3 13 , 20. If a < b < c < d, then
the roots of the equation, ( x − a ) ( x − c) + 2 ( x − b) ( x
− d ) = 0 are, (a) real and distinct, (b) real and equal, (c)
imaginary, (d) None of these, 21. If x is an integer and
satisfies 9 < 4x − 1 ≤ 19, then x is, an element of which
one of the following sets?, (a) { 3, 4}, (b) { 2, 3, 4} (NDA
2008 II), (c) { 3, 4, 5}, (d) { 2, 3, 4, 5}, 22. If x is real and x
2 − 3x + 2 > 0, x 2 − 3x − 4 ≤ 0, then, which one of the
following is correct?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) −1 ≤ x ≤ 4, (b) 2
≤ x ≤ 4, (c) −1 < x ≤ 1, (d) −1 ≤ x < 1 or 2 < x ≤ 4, 23. The
numerical value of the perimeter of a square, exceeds
that of its area by 4. What is the side of the, square?,
(NDA 2008 I), (a) 1 unit, (b) 2 units, (c) 3 units, (d) 4
units

Page 177 :
50, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 24. If the equation x 2 +
kx + 1 = 0 has the roots α and β,, then what is the
value of (α + β ) × (α −1 + β −1 )?, (NDA 2008 I), 2, , (a)
k, , (b), , 1, 2, , k, , 2, , (c) 2k, , (d), , 1, ( 2k2 ), , 25. If α and
β are the roots of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0,, then
what is the equation whose roots are α19 and β7 ?,
(NDA 2007 II), , (a) x 2 − x − 1 = 0, (c) x 2 + x − 1 = 0, ,
(b) x 2 − x + 1 = 0, (d) x 2 + x + 1 = 0, , 26. The number
of real solution of the equation, |x|2 − 3|x| + 2 = 0 are,
(a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, 27. Let α and γ be the roots of Ax
2 − 4x + 1 = 0 and β , δ be, the roots of Bx 2 − 6x + 1 =
0. If α, β, γ and δ are in HP,, then what are the values
of A and B, respectively?, (NDA 2009 I), , (a) 3, 8, (c) 3,
–8, , (b) –3, –8, (d) –3, 8, , 28. If x is real, then the
maximum and minimum values, x 2 − 3x + 4, of the
expression 2, will be, x + 3x + 4, 1, (a) 2, 1, (b) 5,, 5, 1,
(d) None of these, (c) 7,, 7, 29. If l , m and n are real and
l ≠ m, then the roots of the, equation ( l − m ) x 2 − 5 ( l
+ m ) x − 2 ( l − m ) = 0 are, (a) complex, (b) real and
distinct, (c) real and equal, (d) None of these, 30. The
number of rows in a lecture hall equals to the, number
of seats in a row. If the number of rows is, doubled and
the number of seats in every row is, reduced by 10,
the number of seats is increased by, 300. If x denotes
the number of rows in the lecture, hall, then what is
the value of x?, (NDA 2007 II), (a) 10, (b) 15, (c) 20, (d)
30, 31. If α and β are the roots of ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0
and α + δ ,, β + δ are the roots of Ax 2 + 2Bx + C = 0,
then what is, ( b2 − ac)/( B2 − AC ) equal to, (NDA
2007 I), 2, , b , (a) , B , ( a 2b2 ), (c), ( A2B2 ), , 2, ,
a , (b) , A , ( ab), (d), ( AB), , 32. How many real
values of x satisfy the equation, (NDA 2007 I), | x| +| x
− 1| = 1 ?, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) Infinite, (d) No value of x, , 33.
If the roots of the equations x 2 − ( a − 1)x + ( a + b) = 0,
and ax 2 − 2x + b = 0 are identical, then what are the,
values of a and b?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) a = 2, b = 4, (b) a =
2, b = − 4, 1, 1, (d) a = − 1, b = −, (c) a = 1, b =, 2, 2, 34. If
− x 2 + 3x + 4 > 0, then which one of the following is,
correct?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) x ∈ ( −1, 4), (b) x ∈ [−1, 4], (c)
x ∈ ( −∞ , − 1) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) (d) x ∈ ( −∞ , 1] ∪ [4, ∞ ), 35. If the
two quadratic equations x 2 − bx + c = 0 and, x 2 − b′ x
+ c′ = 0 have a common root, what is the, value of the
common root ?, b − b′, c − c′, (a), (b), c − c′, b − b′, b −
b′, c − c′, (d), (c), c′ − c, b′ − b, 36. f ( x ) = x 2 + 2ax + 1
and α is a root of the equation, f ( x ) = 0, where a is
real., Which one of the following is correct ?, (a) f(α ) =
0 and f(1 / α ) ≠ 0, (b) f(α ) = 0 and f(1 / α ) = 0, (c) f(α ) ≠
0 and f(1 / α ) = 0, (d) f(α ) ≠ 0 and f(1 / α ) ≠ 0, 37. The
roots of the quadratic x 2 + 4a = 8x − 12a 2 are real,
and unequal. Which one of the following is correct?,
(a) 4 / 3 < a < 2, (b) − 4 / 3 < a < − 1, (c) −4 / 3 < a < 2, (d)
−4 / 3 < a < 1, 38. The sum of the two roots of a
quadratic equation is, 3, λ and the sum of their
squares is 5 µ 2 . Which one of, the following is that
equation ?, 3, , 5, , (a) x 2 − 3 λ x + ( λ 2 − λ 2 ) = 0, 3, , (b)
x 2 − 3 λ x + ( λ 2 + 5 µ 2 ) = 0, 3, , (c) 2x 2 − 2 3 λ x + ( λ
2 − 5 µ 2 ) = 0, 3, , (d) 2x 2 − 2 3 λ x + ( λ 2 + 5 µ 2 ) = 0,
39. The roots of the equation x 2 + px + q = 0 both
real, and greater than 1. If r = p + q + 1, then which one
of, the following is correct?, (a) r must be greater than
0, (b) r must be less than 0, (c) r must be equal to 0, (d)
r may be equal to 0, 40. Which one of the following is
correct?, 7 , 7 , The equation x − , = 3− , , x
− 3 , x − 3 , (a) has only one integral root, (b) has no
roots, (c) has two equal integral roots, (d) has two
unequal integral roots

Page 178 :
51, , Quadratic Equations and Inequalities, 41. One of
the roots of a quadratic equation with real, 1, . Which
of the following, coefficients is, (2 − 3 i), implications
is/are true?, 1, ., I. The second root of the equation will
be, (3 − 2 i), II. The equation has no real root., III. The
equation is 13x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0., Which of the above
is/are correct ?, (a) Only I and II, (b) Only III, (c) Only II
and III, (d) I, II and III, , A. 6 x2 + 7 x − 10 = 0, , C. 3 x2 +
5 x + 3 = 0, , Select the correct answer using the code
given below, (a) Only I and II, (b) I, II and III, (c) Only II,
(d) Only I, 43. Which one of the following sets has all
elements as, odd positive integers?, (a) S = { x ∈ R x3 −
8x 2 + 19x − 12 = 0}, (b) S = { x ∈ R x3 − 9x 2 + 23x − 15
= 0}, (c) S = { x ∈ R x3 − 7x 2 + 14x − 8 = 0}, (d) S = { x ∈ R
x3 − 12x 2 + 44x − 48 = 0}, solutions, , of, , 45.
Consider the following statements, I. If the quadratic
equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0 such, that a + b + c = 0,
then roots of the equation, c, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 will be 1,
., a, II. If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is a quadratic equation such,
that a − b + c = 0, then roots of the equation will, c, be
−1, ., a, Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d)
Neither I nor II, , List II, (Their roots), , List I,
(Equations), , B. x + 1 = 5, x 2, , 42. Given, 4a − 2 b + c =
0, where a , b, c ∈ R, which of the, following statements
is/are not true in general?, I. ( x + 2) will always be a
factor of the expression, ax 2 + bx + c., II. ( x − 2) will
always be a factor of the expression, ax 2 + bx + c., III.
There will be a factor of the expression, ax 2 + bx + c
different from ( x + 2)., , 44. What is the number of
real, |x 2 − x − 6| = x + 2 ?, (a) 4, (b) 3, (c) 2, (d) 1, , 46.
Match List I (equations ) with List II (their roots ), and
select the correct answer using the codes given,
below the lists., , Codes, A B, (a) 3 4, (c) 1 4, , C, 2, 2, , 1.
6, 40, 13, 2. − 5 + i 11 −5 − i 11, ,, 6, 6, 3. −2, 5, 6, 4. 2, 1,
2, , A, (b) 3, (d) 1, , B, 1, 3, , C, 2, 2, , 47. Let a , b ∈ {1, 2,
3}. What is the number of equations of, the form ax 2
+ bx + 1 = 0 having real roots?, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 5, (d) 3,
48. If 3 <| x|< 6, then x belongs to, (a) ( −6, − 3) ∪ ( 3, 6),
(b) ( −6, 6), (c) ( −3, − 3) ∪ ( 3, 6), (d) None of these, 1 1,
49. If < , then, a b, (a) | a|>| b|, (b) a < b, (c) a > b, (d)
None of these, 2, 50. x + < 3, then x belongs to, x , ,
(a) ( −2, − 1) ∪ (1, 2), (b) ( −∞ , − 2) ∪ ( −1, 1) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ), (c) (
−2, 2), (d) ( −3, 3), 51. x 2 − 3|x| + 2 < 0, then x belongs
to, (a) (1, 2), (b) ( −2, − 1), (c) ( −2, − 1) ∪ (1, 2), (d) ( −3,
5), 52. The set of values of x satisfying the inequalities,
( x − 1) ( x − 2) < 0 and ( 3x − 7) ( 2x − 3) > 0 is, 7 , (a)
(1, 2), (b) 2 , , 3 , 7 , 3 , (d) 1, , (c) 1, , 3 ,
2 , 53. log2 x > 4, then x belongs to, (a) x > 4, (b) x >
16, (c) x > 8, (d) None of these

Page 179 :
52, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Directions (Q. Nos. 54-
58), , Each of these, questions contain two statements,
one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason (R). Each of
these questions also has, four alternative choices,
only one of which is the correct, answer. You have to
select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below.,
Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is
the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are
individually true and R is not, the correct explanation
of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is
true., 54. Assertion (A) One root of the equation, 7x 2
+ 5x + 7 = 0 is reciprocal of the other., Reason, (R) For,
the, quadratic, equation, ax 2 + bx + c = 0 one root will
be reciprocal of the, other, if a = c., 55. Assertion (A)
The common root of the quadratic, equation 2x 2 − 3x
− 5 = 0 and x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0 is −1., Reason (R) If the
common root of the quadratic, equation a1x 2 + b1x +
c1 = 0 and a2x 2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is, α, then, c a − c2a1, .,
α= 1 2, a1b2 − a2b1, 56. Assertion (A) The real
quadratic equation whose, one root is 2 − 3 is x 2 − 4x
+ 1 = 0., Reason (R) If an equation has a root 2 − 3,
then, another root will be 2 + 3., 57. Assertion (A) For
b = − 5, x + 3 is a factor of, x3 + 2x 2 + bx − 6 ., Reason
(R) If f ( x ) is a polynomial and f ( a ) = 0,, then x − a is a
factor of f ( x )., 58. Assertion (A) The equation x 2 +
2ax − b2 = 0 can, have repeated roots, where a and b
are real numbers., Reason (R) The equation Ax 2 + Bx
+ C = 0 will, have repeated roots when the
discriminant becomes, zero., , Directions (Q. Nos. 59-
61), , Consider the, quadratic equation 2x 2 − 8x + 3 =
0, whose roots are α, and β, then, 59. The sum and
product of the roots are, respectively is, 3, (a) 3, 4, (b)
4,, 2, 3, (d) 4, 7, (c) 5,, 2, 60. The value of α3 + β3 is, (a)
46, (b) 40, (c) 30, (d) − 18, 1, 1, 61. The quadratic
equation, if roots are and , is, α, β, (b) x 2 − 4x + 3 = 0,
(a) 3x 2 − 8x + 2 = 0, (c) 3x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0, (d) None of
these, , Directions (Q. Nos. 62-64), , Consider,
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, then condition that, , the, ,
62. One roots is the reciprocal of the other roots is, c,
(a) a = c, (b) a = −, 2, (c) 2b = a, (d) b = a, 63. One roots is
n times the other root is, (b) ab2 ( n + 1)2, (a) ac ( n +
1)2 = b2n, 2, 2, (d) 4a 2 = b2, (c) ac ( n + 2) = b, 64. One
root is the square of the other root, (a) ca 2 + c2a −
3abc = − b3 (b) a + b + c = 0, (d) None of these, (c) a3 +
b3 + c3 = 0, , Directions (Q. Nos. 65-66) The equation
formed, by multiplying each root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 by
2 is, x 2 + 36x + 24 = 0., (NDA 2012 I), 65. What is the
value of b : c?, (a) 3 : 1, (b) 1 : 2, (c) 1 : 3, , (d) 3 : 2, , 66.
Which one of the following is correct?, (b) bc = 36a 2,
(a) bc = a 2, 2, (c) bc = 72a, (d) bc = 108a 2, , Answers,
Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., , (a), (a), (a), (d), (a), (d), ,
2., 12., 22., 32., 42., 52., , (d), (a), (b), (a), (a), (a), , 3., 13.,
23., 33., 43., 53., , (b), (b), (a), (b), (a), (a), , 4., 14., 24.,
34., 44., , (c), (d), (a), (c), (c), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (a), (b),
(c), (a), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (c), (d), (b), (d), (b), , 7.,
17., 27., 37., 47., , (d), (a), (b), (d), (a), , 8., 18., 28., 38.,
48., , (c), (a), (c), (c), (d), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., , (a), (d), (c),
(d), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (d), (a), (b), (c), (d), , 2.,
12., 22., 32., 42., 52., 62., , (d), (c), (d), (b), (c), (d), (a), , 3.,
13., 23., 33., 43., 53., 63., , (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (b), (a), , 4.,
14., 24., 34., 44., 54., 64., , (a), (a), (a), (a), (b), (a), (a), , 5.,
15., 25., 35., 45., 55., 65., , (d), (a), (d), (b), (c), (a), (a), , 6.,
16., 26., 36., 46., 56., 66., , (b), (b), (d), (b), (a), (a), (d), , 7.,
17., 27., 37., 47., 57., , (d), (c), (a), (d), (d), (a), , 8., 18., 28.,
38., 48., 58., , (a), (b), (c), (c), (a), (a), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49.,
59., , (b), (b), (b), (a), (d), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., 60., ,
(a), (a), (d), (b), (a), (a), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51.,
61., , (c), (a), (c), (b), (c), (c), (a)

Page 181 :
54, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 3, ,4, 2, 3, , y + 2 = − ,4,
2, 3, y = − 2 − , 4 –2, , 2, 7, , y = − ,2, 2, 7, ∴ Required
roots are − , 2., 2, , , So,, , z=−, , [from Eq. (i)], , 10. The
given quadratic equation is x2 + x + 1 = 0, −1 ± 1 − 4
−1 ± i 3, x=, =, 2, 2, −1 + i 3 −1 − i 3, x=, ,, 2, 2, or, x = ω,
ω2, i.e.,, α = ω and β = ω 2, 19, 19, , α = ω = (ω3 )6 ⋅
ω = (1)6 ⋅ ω = ω, , β7 = (ω 2)7 = ω14 = (ω3 )4 ⋅ ω 2 =
(1)4 ⋅ ω 2 = ω 2, Now, sum of roots, α 19 + β7 = ω + ω
2 = − 1, (Q 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0), and product of roots, α 19
⋅ β7 = ω ⋅ ω 2 = ω3 = 1, (Q ω3 = 1), So, the required
quadratic equation, whose roots are α 19, and β7, is,
x2 − (α 19 + β7 )x + (α 19 ⋅ β7 ) = 0, , x2 − (−1)x + (1)
= 0, , x2 + x + 1 = 0, (x + 1) (x − 3), . Here, x cannot be
2., 11. We have y =, (x − 2), Either both N r and D
rare positive., ∴, x ≥ − 1, x ≥ 3 and x > 2 x ≥ 3, or N r
is negative and D r is negative, x ≥ −1 and x < 2 −1 ≤
x < 2, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, −1 ≤ x < 2 or x ≥ 3, ,
...(i), ...(ii), , 12. Since, 2 + i 3 is a root of the equation x2
+ px + q = 0., Therefore, 2 − i 3 will be other root.,
Now, sum of the roots, (2 + i 3 ) + (2 − i 3 ) = − p 4 = −
p, and product of roots (2 + i 3 ) (2 − i 3 ) = q, , 7=q,
Hence, ( p, q) = (−4, 7), 13. Let the equation (in
correctly written form) be, x2 + 17x + q = 0, Roots are
−2 and −15. Then, its equation, (x + 2) (x + 15) = 0, ,
x2 + 17x + 30 = 0, On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get q = 30, So, correct equation is x2 + 13x + 30 = 0.,
Hence, roots are −3 and − 10., 14. Given equation is,, (
p − q) x2 + 5 ( p + q) x − 2 ( p − q) − r = 0, Let, A = ( p −
q), B = 5 ( p + q), and, C = − 2 p + 2q − r = − (2 p − 2q + r
), , …(i), , …(ii), , B2 − 4 AC = 25 ( p + q)2 + 4 ( p − q) (2 p
− 2q + r ), = 25 ( p + q)2 + 4{2 ( p − q)2 + rp − rq}, , = 25 (
p + q)2 + 8 ( p − q)2 + 4r ( p − q), Now, it depends on
the value of p, q and r., 15. Given equation is,, ( p2 +
q2)x2 − 2q ( p + r ) x + (q2 + r 2) = 0, Since, roots are
real and equal, then, b2 − 4ac = 0, , 4q2 ( p + r )2 − 4(
p2 + q2) (q2 + r 2) = 0, 2, 2, 2, q ( p + r + 2 pr ) − (
p2q2 + p2r 2 + q4 + q2r 2) = 0, q2p2 + q2r 2 + 2
pq2r − p2q2 − p2r 2 − q4 − q2r 2 = 0, , 2 pq2r − p2r
2 − q4 = 0 (q2 − pr )2 = 0, Hence, q2 = pr. Thus, p, q
and r are in GP., 16. Let y = 8 + 2 8 + 2 8 + 2 8 + K ∞, y =
8 + 2 y y2 = 8 + 2 y, , , y2 − 2 y − 8 = 0, 2, , y −
4y + 2y − 8 = 0, ( y − 4)( y + 2) = 0 y = − 2, 4, ∴
Required value of expression is 4., 17. Given that, α
and β be the roots of the equation, x2 − q(1 + x) − r =
0, , x2 − qx − (q + r ) = 0, Then sum of the roots = q,
i.e.,, α+β=q, and product of the roots = − (q + r ), i. e.,,
αβ = − (q + r ), Now, (1 + α ) (1 + β ) = 1 + (α + β ) + αβ, =
1 + q − (q + r ), =1 − r, , …(i), …(ii), , 18. x4 − 26x2 + 25 =
0 x4 − 25x2 − x2 + 25 = 0, , (x2 − 25)(x2 − 1) = 0,
, (x − 5)(x + 5)(x − 1)(x + 1) = 0, , x = 5, − 5, 1, − 1, ∴
Solution set for the given equation is { −5, 5, − 1, 1}.,
19. Since, the equations x2 + kx + 64 = 0 and x2 − 8x +
k = 0, have real roots., ∴, k2 ≥ 4 × 64, (Q B2 − 4 AC ≥ 0),
…(i), , k ≥ 16, and, 64 ≥ 4k, …(ii), , k ≤ 16, From Eqs.
(i) and (ii), we get, k = 16, 20. Let α and β be the roots
of the equation, x2 − 5x + k − 15 = 0, ∴, αβ = k − 15,
But, (given), αβ = − 3, , −3 = k − 15, , k = 15 − 3 =
12, α, β, 21. Given equation, +, = 1 can be rewritten as,
x−α x−β, , x2 − 2 (α + β )x + 3αβ = 0, Let roots be α′
and − α ′., ∴, α ′ + (− α ′ ) = 2 (α + β ) 0 = 2 (α + β ), ,
α + β =0

Page 182 :
55, , Quadratic Equations and Inequalities, 22. Q
Equation x2 − bx + 1 = 0 has no real roots i.e., it has,
imaginary roots which is possible only, if, b2 − 4 < 0, (Q
B2 − 4 AC < 0), 2, , b <4, , −2 < b < 2, , Now,, , 1, 1 α
2 + β2, + 2=, 2, (αβ )2, α, β, 9, 7, −, (α + β )2 − 2αβ 16 2,
=, =, 49, (αβ )2, 16, 9 − 56, −47 16, 47, = 16 =, ×, =−, 49,
16, 49, 49, 16, , α −2 + β −2 =, , 23. Q p and q are the
roots of x2 − px + q = 0, ∴, p + q = p, pq = q, , q( p − 1)
= 0, , q = 0, p = 1, 24. Since, α and β are the roots of
ax2 + bx + b = 0, b, b, and αβ =, ∴, α+β=−, a, a, b α+β, b,
α, β, ∴, +, +, =, +, a, a, β, α, αβ, − b /a, b, b, b, =0, =, +, =−,
+, a, a, a, b /a, , 30. Given, equations, qx2 − 2 pr x + q =
0., , 2x + 3y = 17, 2, − 3y + 1 = 5, x, 4 ⋅ 2 − 3 ⋅ 3y = 5,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 2x = 8 and 3y = 9, , x = 3
and y = 2, , 32. Q, and, , …(i), , x+ 2, , …(ii), , 3, , On taking
cube of both the sides, we get, (x − 2)3 = 2(1 + 21/3 )3,
x3 − 8 − 6x2 + 12x = 2(1 + 2 + 3 ⋅ 21/3 + 3 ⋅ 22/3 ), x3
− 6x2 + 6x = 14 + 6 ⋅ 21/3 + 6 ⋅ 22/3 − 6x, 14 + 6 ⋅
21/3 + 6 ⋅ 22 /3 − 6(2 + 21/3 + 22/3 ) = 2, , (Q D = B2 −
4 AC ), , = ( p − q )2 + 4 r 2 ≥ 0, Hence, the roots are
always real., 28. Let given equations have common
root α., Then, α 2 + mα + 1 = 0 and α 2 + α + m = 0, 1,
α2, α, , =, =, m2 − 1 1 − m 1 − m, α, 1, =, α =1, , 1
−m 1 −m, α2, 1, Also,, =, m2 − 1 1 − m, , , , , ,
and, , ...(i), ∴, 4q2 − 4 pr ≥ 0 q2 ≥ pr, and from second
4 ( pr ) − 4q2 ≥ 0, ...(ii), , pr ≥ q2, From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we get q2 = pr, 2, 3, 31. Since, 2 < 3 , >, (−2) (−2), On
multiplying or dividing an inequality by a negative,
number on both sides its sign changes., , 26. Given, x −
2 = 21/3 (1 + 21/3 ), , 27. Given, (x − p) (x − q) = r 2, x2
− ( p + q) x + pq − r 2 = 0, Now, D = ( p + q)2 − 4( pq − r
2), , px2 + 2qx + r = 0, , They have real roots., , 25.
Since, sin α and cos α are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0,,
−b, …(i), ∴, sin α + cos α =, ,, a, c, …(ii), and, sin α cos α =,
a, 2, b, [from Eq. (i)], sin 2 α + cos 2 α + 2 sin α cos α
= 2, a, 2c b2, [from Eq. (ii)], =, 1+, , a a2, , b2 − a 2 =
2ac, , , , , , are, , 1 − m = m2 − 1, m2 + m − 2 = 0,
(m + 2)(m − 1) = 0, m = 1 and –2, , 29. Q α and β are the
roots of the equation, 4 x2 + 3 x + 7 = 0, 3, 7, and αβ =,
α+β=−, ∴, 4, 4, , (Q α = 1), , a − x , a+x, 16 , =, a +
x , a−x, , 33., , 4, , , , 4, a − x , 1 , , = , 2 , a
+ x , , , , a−x 1, =, a+x 2, , , , 2a − 2x = a + x, , , , a =
3x x =, , a, 3, , 34. Since, r and s are the roots of Ax2
+ Bx + C = 0, then, B, C, and rs =, r + s=−, A, A, Now, the
roots of x2 + px + q = 0 be r 2 and s2., ∴, r 2 + s2 = − p
and r 2s2 = q, 2, , (r + s) − 2rs = − p, B2 2C, −, =−p, ,
A, A2, B2 − 2 AC, , =−p, A2, 2 AC − B2, , p=, A2, 35.
Let the roots of the equation x2 − bx + c = 0 be α and,
α + 1., ∴, α + (α + 1) = b, , 2α + 1 = b

Page 185 :
58, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Eliminating α, we get,
c , , a , , , a⋅a, , −, , 1, n+ 1, , , , c, , 1, n+ 1, , 1, n+
1, , c , + , a , , + a⋅a, , (a nc), , 1, n+1, , −, , n, n+ 1, ,
n, n, n+ 1 n + 1, , c, , 1, n n+1, , + (ac ), , =−, , b, a, , = −b, =
−b, , 10. Let the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0
are α and, (α − 1) by given condition., b, Then, sum of
the roots = −, a, b, , α + (α − 1) = −, a, b, a−b, 2α = 1 −,
α=, , a, 2a, c, and product of the roots =, a, c, α (α −
1) =, , a, (a − b) a − b, c, , − 1 =, , 2a 2a, a, (a
− b) (− b − a ) c, ⋅, =, , 2a, 2a, a, , − (a 2 − b2) = 4ac,
, b2 − a 2 = 4ac, , b2 = a (a + 4c), 1, 1, 2 + 2i, 11. ∴
Given, root =, =, ×, 2 − −2 2 − 2 i 2 + 2 i, 2 + 2i 2 + 2i, =,
=, 4+2, 6, 2 − 2i, ∴ Another root will be, ., 6, 2 + 2i 2 − 2
2i 4, Thus, sum of roots =, =, +, 6, 6, 6, 2 + 2i 2 − 2i
, and product of roots = , , , 6 6 , 4+2 1, =,
=, 36, 6, ∴ Required equation is, x2 − (sum of roots) x +
(product of roots) = 0, 4, 1, x2 − x + = 0, 6, 6, , 6 x2 −
4 x + 1 = 0, Thus, the values of a , b and c are 6, – 4 and
1,, respectively., 2, , 12. Q α and β be the roots of the
equation x2 − x + 1 = 0, ∴, α + β = 1 and αβ = 1, Now, α
− β = (α + β )2 − 4αβ = 3i, , Now,, and, , 1+ i 3, 1−i 3,
and β =, 2, 2, π, π, α = cos + i sin, 3, 3, π, π, β = cos − i
sin, 3, 3, α=, , 4π, 4π, 4π, 4π, + i sin, − cos, + i sin, 3, 3, 3,
3, (by de-Moivre’s theorem), 4π, = 2i sin, 3, α 4 − β 4
is not real., 5π, 5π, 5π, 5π , , (b) 2(α 5 + β5 ) = 2 cos,
+ i sin, + cos, − i sin, , , 3, 3, 3, 3 , 5π, 1, = 2 ⋅ 2 cos, =
4⋅ = 2, 3, 2, Now,, (αβ )5 = 1, 2(α 5 + β5 ) ≠ (αβ )5,
6π, 6π, 6π, 6π, (c) α 6 − β 6 = cos, + i sin, − cos, + i sin, 3,
3, 3, 3, = 2i sin 2π = 0, 8π, 8π, 8π, 8π, (d)α 8 + β 8 = cos,
+ i sin, + cos, − i sin, 3, 3, 3, 3, 8π, 1 , = 2 cos, = 2 −
= −1, 2 , 3, 8, Now,, (αβ ) = (1)8 = 1, 8, , (α + β 8 ) ≠
(αβ )8, , (a) α 4 − β 4 = cos, , 13. If any equation has p −
q as a root, then the another, root will be p + q., Sum of
roots = p − q + p + q = 2 p,, and product of roots = ( p −
q )( p + q ), = p2 − q, Now, the required equation is, x2
− (sum of roots)x + (product of roots)= 0, , x2 − 2 px
+ ( p2 − q) = 0, 14. Given, x − 2(x − 1)−1 = 1 − 2(x −
1)−1, 2, 2, x−, =1 −, , x=1, x−1, x−1, But x = 1
doesn’t satisfy the given equation., Hence, no roots
exist., 15. Given,, (x − a )(x − b) + (x − b)(x − c) + (x − c)(x
− a ) = 0, , 3x2 − 2(b + a + c)x + ab + bc + ca = 0, Now,,
D = 4(a + b + c)2 − 12(ab + bc + ca ), = 2 a 2 + b2 + c2 −
ab − bc − ca, 1, {(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a )2} > 0, 2,
Hence, roots are always real., =2, , 2, , 16. We have
xlog x (1 − x ) = 9, Taking log on both sides, we get, log
x 9 = log x (1 − x)2, (Q a x = N log a N = x), 2, 2, , 9 =
(1 − x) 1 + x − 2x − 9 = 0, , x2 − 2 x − 8 = 0, , x = −
2, 4, , x=4, (Q x ≠ −2), 2x, 1, 17. Given that,, >, 2 x2 +
5 x + 2 x + 1, 2x, 1, , >, (2x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1)

Page 186 :
59, , Quadratic Equations and Inequalities, , , , ,
, , 2x, 1, −, >0, (2x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1), 2x (x + 1) − (2x +
1) (x + 2), >0, (x + 1) (x + 2) (2x + 1), 2 x 2 + 2 x − 2 x2 −
4 x − x − 2, >0, (x + 1) (x + 2) (2x + 1), −3 x − 2, >0, (x +
1) (x + 2) (2x + 1), , 22. Q, , , +, –∞, , , and, , ,
Equating each factor equal to 0, we have, 2, 1, x = − 2,
− 1, − , −, 3, 2, 2, 1, It is clear that − < x < − or −2 < x < −
1 ., 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 18. Given equation, +, = can be
rewritten as, x+ p x+q r, x2 + x ( p + q − 2r ) + pq − pr −
qr = 0, Let roots are α and −α, then the product of
roots, , −α 2 = pq − pr − qr = pq − r ( p + q ), , …(i), , ...(ii), ,
and sum of roots, 0 = − ( p + q − 2r ), p+ q, ...(iii), r=, ,
2, Solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get, p+ q, 1 , ( p + q) =
− {( p + q)2 − 2 pq}, − α 2 = pq −, 2 , 2, =−, , ( p2 + q
2 ), 2, , 19. Let the given expression be y, i.e., y =, , x2 −
3x + 2 > 0, (x − 1)(x − 2) > 0, , x+2, 2x + 3x + 6, 2, , ,
2x2y + (3 y − 1) x + (6 y − 2) = 0, If, y ≠ 0,, then ∆ ≥ 0 for
real x, i. e. ,, B2 − 4 AC ≥ 0, (3 y − 1)2 − 8 y (6 y − 2) ≥
0 −39 y2 + 10 y + 1 ≥ 0, 1, 1, ≤ y≤, , (13 y + 1) (3 y −
1) ≤ 0 −, 13, 3, If y = 0, then x = − 2 which is real and
this value of y is, included in the above range., 20.
Given equation can be rewritten as, 3x2 − (a + c + 2b +
2d ) x + (ac + 2bd ) = 0, Its discriminant, D = (a + c + 2 b
+ 2 d )2 − 4 ⋅ 3 (ac + 2 bd ), = {(a + 2 d ) + (c + 2 b)}2 − 12
(ac + 2 bd ), = {(a + 2 d ) − (c + 2 b)}2 + 4 (a + 2 d ) (c + 2
b), − 12 (ac + 2 bd ), = {(a + 2 d ) − (c + 2 b)}2 − 8ac + 8ab
+ 8dc − 8bd, = {(a + 2 d ) − (c + 2 b)}2 + 8 (c − b) (d − a ),
Which is positive, since a < b < c < d. Hence, roots are,
real and distinct., 21. Given, 9 < 4x − 1 ≤ 19, , 9 < 4x
− 1, and 4x − 1 ≤ 19, and 4x ≤ 19 + 1, , 9 + 1 < 4x, 5,
and, , x>, x≤ 5, 2, , 5 /2 < x ≤ 5, ∴, x ∈{3, 4, 5}, , {Q x ∈
Z }, , +, +∞, , 2, , x < 1 or x > 2, x2 − 3 x − 4 ≤ 0, (x − 4)(x +
1) ≤ 0, , –∞, , ∴, , , –, 1, , +, –1, , …(i), , –, , +, 4, , −1 ≤ x ≤
4, −1 ≤ x < 1 or 2 < x ≤ 4, , +∞, , …(ii), [from Eqs. (i) and
(ii)], , 23. Let the side of the square = x units, Area of
square = x2 units,, ∴, and perimeter of the square = 4x
units, According to the question,, x2 + 4 = 4 x, 2, , x −
4x + 4 = 0, , (x − 2)2 = 0, , x=2, Side of square = 2
units, ∴, 24. Q The roots of the equations x2 + kx + 1 =
0 are α and β., ∴, α + β = − k and αβ = 1, 1 1 , Now, (α
+ β )(α −1 + β −1 ) = (α + β ) + , α β , α + β , = (α
+ β ) , , αβ , =, , (α + β )2 (− k)2, =, = k2, 1, αβ, , 25.
Since, α and β are the roots of the equation x2 + x + 1
= 0, ∴, α = ω and β = ω 2, ∴, α 19 + β7 = ω19 + ω14 = ω
+ ω 2, (Q ω 2 + ω + 1 = 0 and ω3 = 1), = −1, and, α 19 ⋅
β7 = ω19 ⋅ ω14 = ω33 = 1, ∴ The required equation
whose roots are α 19 and β7 , is, x2 − (α 19 + β7 ) x + α
19 ⋅ β7 = 0, , x2 + x + 1 = 0, 26. We have |x|2 − 3|x| +
2 = 0, |x| − 2|x| − |x| + 2 = 0, , (|x| − 2) (|x| − 1) = 0,
, |x| = 1 and|x| = 2 x = ± 1, ± 2, 27. Since, α and γ
be the roots of Ax2 − 4x + 1 = 0, 4, 1, and αγ =, α+γ=,
∴, A, A, And β and δ be the roots of Bx2 − 6x + 1 = 0., 6,
1, and βδ =, ∴, β+δ=, B, B, Also, α , β , γ and δ are in
HP., 1 1 1, 1, and are in AP., , ,, ∴, α β γ, δ, 1 1 1 1, − = −,
,βαδγ
Page 187 :
60, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 1 1 1 1, − = −, β δ α γ, δ
−β γ −α, =, βδ, αγ, , , , , and, , , (δ + β )2 − 4βδ, (γ
+ α )2 − 4αγ, =, βδ, αγ, 36 4, 16 4, −, −, B2 B = A 2 A, ,
1, 1, A, B, 36 − 4B = 16 − 4 A, , 36 − 4B = 16 − 4 A, ,
4 A − 4B = − 20, It is possible, when A = 3 and B = 8.,
, , 28. Let y =, , c, a, , , , c, a, , 2, , , , , , x2 − 3 x +
4, x2 + 3 x + 4, , , ( y − 1)x2 + 3( y + 1)x + 4( y − 1) = 0,
For x is real, D ≥ 0, 9 ( y + 1)2 − 16 ( y − 1)2 ≥ 0 −7
y2 + 50 y − 7 ≥ 0, 7 y2 − 50 y + 7 ≤ 0 ( y − 7) (7 y −
1) ≤ 0, 1, 1, , y ≤ 7 and y ≥ ≤ y ≤ 7, 7, 7, , , , C,
[from Eq. (iii)], A, C, αβ + (α + β ) δ + δ 2 =, A, 2, C, 2b
bB b B , −, − + − =, a a A a A , A, [from
Eqs. (i) and (iv)], 2, 2, 2b2 2bB b , 2bB C, B , =, − 2
+, + + −, , , , , aA, a, A, aA, A, a, (α + δ )(β + δ )
=, , , , ...(i), , 1, Hence, maximum value is 7 and
minimum value is ., 7, 29. Given equation is (l − m)x2 −
5 (l + m)x − 2 (l − m) = 0, Its discriminant, D = 25 (l +
m)2 + 8 (l − m)2 > 0, Since, l, m and n are real and l ≠ m.,
Hence, roots are real and distinct., 30. Q Number of
rows = x, ∴ Number of seats in each row = x, Thus,
total number of seats = x2, Now, new number of rows
= 2x, and new number in each row = x − 10, Thus, total
number of seats = 2x(x − 10) = 2x2 − 20x, According
to the question, 2x2 − 20x − x2 = 300, , x2 − 20x −
300 = 0, 2, , x − 30x + 10x − 300 = 0, , (x − 30)(x +
10) = 0, , x = 30, (Q x ≠ − 10), 31. Since, α and β are
the roots of ax2 + 2bx + c = 0., 2b, α+β=−, ∴, a, c, and,
…(i), αβ =, a, Also, α + δ and β + δ are the roots of, Ax2
+ 2Bx + C = 0., 2B, …(ii), (α + β ) + 2δ = −, A, C, …(iii),
and, (α + δ )(β + δ ) =, A, 2b, 2B, [from Eqs. (ii) and (i)],
, −, + 2δ = −, a, A, b B, …(iv), δ= −, , a A, , 2, , c b ,
C, B , − + =, A , a a , A, 2, B, C b2 c, −, =, −,
2, A a2 a, A, B2 − AC b2 − ac, =, A2, a2, 2, 2, b − ac, a ,
= , 2, B − AC A , , 32. The given equation is, | x| + |
x − 1| = 1, If x > 0, then given equation becomes, x + x
− 1 = 1 2x = 2 x = 1, If x = 0, then given equation
becomes, 0 + 1 =1, and if x < 0, then the given
equation becomes, − x− x+ 1 =1, , −2 x = 0 x = 0,
Thus, only two real values of x satisfy the given,
equation., 33. Let α and β be the roots of, …(i), x2 − (a −
1)x + (a + b) = 0, and, …(ii), ax2 − 2x + b = 0, From Eq.
(i), we get, α + β = (a − 1) and αβ = (a + b), and from Eq.
(ii), we get, 2, b, and αβ =, α+β=, a, a, 2, (according to
the question), ∴, a −1 =, a, , a 2 − a − 2 = 0 a = − 1,
2, b, and, (according to the question), a+ b=, a, 1, If, a =
− 1, b = and if a = 2, b = − 4, 2, 34. − x2 + 3x + 4 > 0, ,
x2 − 3 x − 4 < 0, , (x − 4)(x + 1) < 0, , –∞, , , , +, –1, , –,
, +, 4, , +∞, , x ∈ (−1, 4), , 35. If α is the common root of
the equation, then, α2 − b α + c = 0, and, α 2 − b′ α + c′
= 0, , ...(i), ...(ii)

Page 188 :
61, , Quadratic Equations and Inequalities, , 1 i.e., 2 + 3
i = 2 + 3 i, then another, 4 + 9 13 13, 2 −3i, 1, 2 3i, ., i.e.,,
root will be, −, 2 + 3i, 13 13, , On subtracting, we get, ,
, , c − c′, α (b′ − b) + (c − c′ ) = 0 α = −, b′ − b, c − c′
, α= , , b − b′ , , 41. If one root is, , 36. Given that f
(x) = x2 + 2ax + 1, Qα is the root of the equation f (x) =
0, ∴, f (α ) = α 2 + 2aα + 1 = 0, 1, 2a, 1 , 1 , and, f
= 2+, + 1 f = 1 + 2aα + α 2 = 0, α , α α, α, 1 ,
∴, f (α ) = 0 and f = 0, α , 37. The given equation is,
x2 + 4a = 8x − 12a 2 or x2 − 8x + 4a + 12a 2 = 0, On
comparing with Ax2 + Bx + C = 0, Here,, A = 1, B = − 8,
C = 4a + 12a 2, Since, the roots are real and unequal.,
So,, B2 − 4 AC > 0 (−8)2 − 4 × 1 × (4a + 12a 2) > 0,
64 − 4 (4a + 12a 2) > 0 64 − 4 × 4 (a + 3a 2) > 0, , 4
− a − 3a 2 > 0 3a 2 + a − 4 < 0, 2, 3a + 4a − 3a − 4 <
0 a (3a + 4) − 1 (3a + 4) < 0, , (a − 1) (3a + 4) < 0, 4,
∴, − < a <1, 3, 38. Let the roots of quadratic equation
be α and β., According to the given condition,, α + β =3
λ, and, α 2 + β2 = 5 µ 2, , ...(i), , (α + β )2 − 2αβ = 5 µ 2
2αβ = 3 λ 2 − 5 µ 2, 1, , αβ = (3 λ 2 − 5 µ 2 ), 2, ∴
Required quadratic equation is, x2 − (α + β ) x + αβ =
0, 1, x2 − 3 λ x + (3 λ 2 − 5 µ 2 ) = 0, , 2, 2x2 − 2 3 λ x
+ (3 λ 2 − 5 µ 2 ) = 0, , , , 39. We know that, if the
roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, are greater than
1, then, …(i), p2 > 4 q, ...(ii), f (1) > 0, p, ...(iii), and, − >1,
2, From Eq.(ii), f (1) > 0, , p+ q + 1 >0, But, r= p+ q+1,
∴, r >0, So, r must be greater than 0., 7 , 7 , 40.
We have x − , ...(i), =3 − , , x − 3 , x − 3 , , x (x
− 3) − 7 = 3 (x − 3) − 7, , (x − 3) (x − 3) = 0, , (x − 3)2
= 0 x = 3, But x = 3 is not satisfied the equation.,
∴The given equation has no roots., , Also, a quadratic
equation has two roots, thus this, equation has only
imaginary roots., ∴ The equation is, x2 − (Sum of
roots) x + (Product of roots) = 0, 4, 1, x2 −, x+, , = 0
13x2 − 4x + 1 = 0, 13, 13, Thus, II and III statements
are correct., 42. Given that, 4a − 2 b + c = 0, where a ,
b, c ∈ R, ∴ (x + 2) is a factor of ax2 + bx + c and there
cannot be a, factor of the expression ax2 + bx + c of
the form (x − 2)., Thus, II statement is not correct., 43.
(a) x3 − 8x2 + 19x − 12 = 0 (x − 1) (x2 − 7x + 12) = 0,
(x − 1) (x − 3) (x − 4) = 0 x = 1, 3 , 4, , Thus, it is not
a set of elements as odd positive, integers., (b) x3 −
9x2 + 23x − 15 = 0 (x − 1) (x2 − 8 x + 15) = 0, (x −
1) (x − 3) (x − 5) = 0 x = 1, 3 , 5, Thus, S will be a set
of elements as odd positive integers., 44. Q |x2 − x − 6|
= x + 2 ± (x2 − x − 6) = x + 2, Take positive sign,,
x2 − 2x − 8 = 0 (x − 4) (x + 2) = 0 x = 4, − 2, Take
negative sign, − x2 + x + 6 = x + 2, , x2 = 4 x = ± 2,
Thus, the number of real relations of, |x2 − x − 6| = x +
2 are 3., 45. I. Given equation is, ax2 + bx + c = 0, put, x
=1, ∴, a + b + c = 0 0 = 0 (a + b + c = 0 given ), Let
another root be α,, c, c, 1 ⋅α =, α=, ∴, a, a, II. Given,
ax2 + bx + c = 0, On putting, x = − 1, we get, a − b + c =
0 0 = 0 (Q a − b + c = 0, given ), Let another root be
α, c, c, α=, 2=, ∴ I., a, a, 46. A. 6x2 + 7x − 10 = 0, − 7 ±
49 + 240 − 7 ± 289, x=, =, ∴, 2 ×6, 12, − 7 ± 17 10 − 24
5, =, =, = ,−2, ,, 12, 12 12 6, 1, 5, B. x +, =, 2 (x2 + 1) =
5x, x 2, , 2x2 − 5x + 2 = 0, 2, , 2x − 4x − x + 2 = 0, ,
2x(x − 2) − 1(x − 2) = 0, 1, (x − 2) (2x − 1) = 0 x = , 2,
,2

Page 189 :
62, , NDA/NA Mathematics, (−5) (1) − (−4) (2), (2) (−3)
− (1) (−3), −5 + 8 3, =, =, = −1, − 6 + 3 −3, , C. 3x2 + 5x −
3 = 0, − 5 ± 25 − 36 − 5 ± − 11, x=, =, ∴, 2(3), 6, − 5 + 11i
− 5 − 11i, =, ,, 6, 6, , α=, , 47. Given equation,, ax2 + bx +
1 = 0, Since, the roots of given equation be real., ∴, b2
− 4a ≥ 0 b2 ≥ 4a, It is possible, if (a , b) is (1, 2), (1, 3)
and (2 , 3) ., ∴The number of equations of the form ax2
+ bx + 1 = 0, will be 3., 48. 3 < |x| < 6 −6 < x < − 3 or
3 < x < 6, ∴, x ∈ (−6, − 3) ∪ (3, 6), 1 1, (if a and b are of
same sign), 49., <, a>b, a b, 3, 1 2, e.g.,, (inequality
changes), <, 2>, 2, 2 3, −1, 1, or, (inequality remain
same), < 3 −2 <, 2, 3, 1, 1, If, <, 5 < | − 2| which
is not true., (−2) 5, 2, 50. −3 < x + < 3, x, (x2 + 2) x, ,
−3 <, <3, x2, , −3x2 < (x2 + 2) x < 3x2, (x ≠ 0), 2, x
(x + 3x + 2) > 0 and x (x2 − 3x + 2) < 0 (x ≠ 0), , x (x +
1) (x + 2) > 0 and x (x − 1) (x − 2) < 0, …(i), , x ∈ (−2, −
1) ∪ (0, ∞ ), …(ii), x ∈ (−∞ , 0) ∪ (1, 2), From Eqs. (i) and
(ii), x ∈ (−2, − 1) ∪ (1, 2), 51. x2 − 3| x| + 2 < 0, , (| x| −
1) (|x| − 2) < 0, , 1 < | x| < 2, , −2 < x < − 1 or 1 < x <
2, ∴, x ∈ (−2, − 1) ∪ (1, 2), 52. (x − 1) (x − 2) < 0 1 < x <
2, , 3, 7, and, (3x − 7) (2x − 3) > 0 x < or x >, 2, 3,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 3, 1<x<, 2, , ... (i), …(ii), , 53.
logb a > c a > b , if b > 1, So,, log 2 x > 4 x > 24 x
> 16, c, , 54. We know that the roots of quadratic
equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 will be reciprocal to each
other, if a = c., , Thus, the roots of the equastion 7x 2 +
5x + 7 = 0 will, be reciprocal to each other., 55. Let α
be the common root of the quadratic equation, 2x2 −
3x − 5 = 0 and x2 − 3x − 4 = 0, then, c a − c2a1, α= 1 2,
a1b2 − a 2b1, , Thus, both A and R are true and R is the
correct, explanation of A., 56. Since, one root is 2 − 3,
then the another root will be, 2 + 3., Now, sum of
roots = 2 − 3 + 2 + 3 = 4, and product of roots = (2 − 3 )
(2 + 3 ) = 4 − 3 = 1, 57. Assertion f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + bx −
6, when b = − 5, then, f (x) = x3 + 2x2 − 5x − 6, when x
= − 3, then f (−3) = − 27 + 18 + 15 − 6 = 0, ∴ (x + 3) is
one factor of x3 + 2x2 − 5x − 6., ∴Both A and R are
individually true and R is the correct, explanation of
A., 58. Both A and R are individually true and R is the
correct, explanation of A., (− 8), 59. The sum of roots =
−, =4, 2, 3, and product of roots =, 2, 60. α 3 + β3 = (α +
β )3 − 3αβ (α + β ), 3, = (4)3 − 3 × (4) = 64 − 18 = 46, 2,
1 1, 1 1 , 61. x2 − + x + ⋅ = 0, α β , α β, 1, α +
β , , x2 − , =0, x+, αβ , αβ, , , 1 , 4 , x2
− x+ = 0, , 3 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 8, 2, 2, , x −
x+ =0, 3, 3, , 3x2 − 8x + 2 = 0, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 62-
64), We have, ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, Let α and β be the
roots of this equation. Then,, −b, α+β=, a, c, and, αβ =,
a, 1, c, 62. Let β =, , then αβ = 1 = 1, α, a, , c=a, , ...
(i), ... (ii), , 63. Let β = n α , putting β = nα in Eqs. (i) and
(ii), we get, −b, c, and nα 2 =, α + nα =, a, a, c, −b, and α
2 =, α (n + 1), , a, na

Page 191 :
4, , Sequence and, Series, Definitions, , Arithmetic
Progression, , Sequence, , A sequence is called an
arithmetic progression, if the, difference of any two
consecutive terms is constant. The, constant
difference of terms is known as common, difference., ,
A succession of numbers formed and arranged in a,
definite order according to a certain definite rule is
called a, sequence. A sequence is said to be finite or
infinite according, of the number of distinct terms in it
is finite or infinite., The number 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ... form a
sequence, given by, the rule tn = ( 2n + 1)., , The
difference of any two consecutive terms of a, a + d ,, a
+ 2d, … is constant, then this series is known as,
arithmetic progression., Its first term is a and common
difference is d., , Series, By adding the terms of a
sequence we obtain a series., A series is finite or
infinite according as the number of, terms added is
finite or infinite., , Progressions, Sequences following
certain patterns are called, progressions., , nth term of
a series, Tn = a + ( n − 1) d, Last term of a series, l = a + (
n − 1) d, Sum of n terms of a series,, n, S n = [2a + ( n −
1) d ], 2, n, = (a + l), 2, , Important Results, 1. If a
constant is added to or subtracted from each term of
an AP,, then the resulting sequence is also an AP with
the same, common difference., 2. If each term of a
given AP is multiplied or divided by a non-zero,
constant k, then the resulting sequence is also an AP
with, common difference kd or d/k , where d is the
common difference, of the given AP., 3. In a finite AP,
the sum of the terms equidistant from the, beginning
and end is always same and is equal to the sum of, first
and last term i. e. , ak + an − (k − 1 ) = a1 + an for all, k =
1, 2, 3, K , ( n − 1), 4. Three numbers a, b and c are in
AP iff 2b = a + c., 5. If the sum of three consecutive
terms of an AP is given, it is, convenient to assume
them as a − d, a and a + d, where the, common
difference is d., 6. If the sum of four consecutive terms
of an AP is given, it is, convenient to assume them as a
− 3d, a − d, a + d and a + 3d,, where the common
difference is 2d ., , 7. Tn = S n − S n − 1 ( n ≥ 2)., 8. If Tn =
pn + q, then it will form an AP of common difference p,
and first term is p + q ( n = 1)., 9. If the terms of an AP
are chosen at regular intervals, then they, form an AP.,
10. A sequence is an AP iff its nth term is of the form
An + B i. e. , a, linear expression in n. The common
difference in such a case is, A i. e. , the coefficient of n.,
11. If the pth term of an AP is q and the qth term is p,
then its, ( p + q)th term is zero and nth term is ( p + q −
n )., 12. If the pth term of an AP is q and the qth term is
p, then its, ( p + q)th term is zero and nth term is ( p + q
− n )., 13. If in an AP, S p = q and S q = p, then, S p + q =
− ( p + q).

Page 192 :
65, , Sequence and Series, , Example 1. If the ratio of
the sums of m and n terms of an, AP is m 2: n2, then
the ratio of mth and nth terms is, (a) (2m − 1) : (2n − 1),
(b) (2m + 1) : (2n − 1), (c) (2n − 1) : (2m − 4), (d) None of
these, Solution (a) Let a be the first term and d be the
common, difference, then, , , , , ∴, , m, [2a + (m −
1) d ], m2, S m m2, = 2, = 2 2, n, Sn n, n, [2a + (n − 1) d
], 2, 2a + (m − 1) d m, =, 2a + (n − 1) d, n, 2an + n (m − 1)
d = 2am + m (n − 1) d, 2a (n − m) = (n − m) d d = 2a,
Tm a + (m − 1) d 2m − 1, =, =, Tn, a + (n − 1) d, 2n − 1, ,
Arithmetic Mean of Two, Quantities, Let a and b be
two quantities, then arithmetic mean of, a+b, ., a and b
is A =, 2, %, , If A1 , A2 , A3 ,..., An are arithmetic mean
between a and b, then, an + b, a + nb, a (n − 1) + 2b, A1
=, , A2 =, ,...., An =, n+1, n+1, n+1, , %, , The sum of n
arithmetic mean between two quantities a and b is, n
times of arithmetic mean of a and b, i.e.,, a + b , =
nA, A1 + A2 + ... + An = n , , 2 , , , Example 2.
There are n arithmetic means between 3 and, 17. If
the ratio of the last mean to the first mean is 3 : 1,
then, the value of n is, (a) 5, (b) 4, (c) 6, (d) 1, Solution
(c) Let A1, A2, A3 ,... , An be n arithmetic means,
between 3 and 17, then, 3, A1, A2 ... , An , 17 are in AP.,
Let d be the common difference., 14, ∴, 17 = 3 + (n + 2
− 1) d d =, n +1, ∴, , A1 = a + d = 3 +, , and, , An = 3 +, ,
Given that,, , , , 14, 3n + 17, =, n +1, n +1, , 14n 17n
+ 3, =, n +1, n +1, , An 3, =, A1 1, 17n + 3, =3, 3n + 17, n
=6, , Geometric Progression, A sequence is known as
geometric progression, if the, ratio of any term to its
previous term is constant., If a1 , a2 , a3 , ... , an are in
GP., a2 a3, a, Then,, =, =K= n = r, a1 a2, an − 1, where, r
is known as common ratio of GP., nth term of GP, Tn =
ar n − 1, Last term of GP, l = ar n − 1, Sum of n terms of
GP,, a (r n − 1), a (1 − r n ), , when r > 1 =, , when r < 1,
Sn =, r −1, 1−r, Sum of infinite terms of GP,, a, ,
where|r|< 1, S∞ =, 1−r, , Important Results, 1. If all the
terms of a GP be multiplied or divided by the same,
non-zero constant, then it remains a GP with the
same, common ratio., 2. The reciprocals of the terms
of a given GP form a GP., 3. If each terms of a GP be
raised to the same power, the resulting, sequence also
forms a GP., 4. In a finite GP the product of the terms
equidistant from the, beginning and the end is always
same and is equal to the, product of the first and the
last term., 5. Three non-zero numbers, a, b and c are in
GP, if b2 = ac., 6. If the terms of a given GP are chosen
at regular intervals, then, the new sequence so
formed also forms a GP., 7. If a1 , a2 , a3 , K , an , . . . is a
GP of non-zero, non-negative, terms, then log a1 , log
a2 , . . . , log an , . . . is an AP and, vice-versa., 8. The
geometric mean G of two non-zero numbers a and b
is, given by ab. It is to be noted that a, G and b are in
GP. If, a1 , a2 , . . . , an are n non-zero numbers, then
their geometric, mean is given by G = ( a1 a2 . . . an )1 /
n ., 1, is 1., 9. The product of n geometric mean
between a and, a, 1 / (n + 1 ), b , 10. If n GM’s are
inserted between a and b, then r = , ., a , 11. The
odd number of terms in a GP should be taken as, a a a,
. . . , ar 3 , ar 2 , ar, a, , 2 , 3 ,…, while the even number of,
r r r, terms in a GP should be taken as,, a a a, . . . ar5 , ar
3 , ar, , 3 , 5 , . . ., r r r, 12. Let the first term of a GP be
positive, then if r > 1, then it is an, increasing GP, but if
r is positive and less than 1 i. e. ,0 < r < 1,, then it is a
decreasing GP., 13. Let the first term of GP be
negative, then if r > 1, then it is a, decreasing GP, but if
0 < r < 1, then it is an increasing GP.

Page 193 :
66, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Example 3. The number
which should be added to the, numbers 2, 14, 62, so
that the resulting numbers may be in, GP is, (a) 1, (b) 2,
(c) 3, (d) 4, Solution (b) Let the number x be added,
then, x + 2, x + 14, x + 62 be in GP, ( x + 14) 2 = ( x + 2)(
x + 62), , ∴, , , Recurring Decimals, If in a decimal
fraction, a set of figures is repeated or a, figure is
repeated, then the fraction is called recurring, 2,
decimal. e.g., = 0.66666 ... = 0.6, 3, , Example 6. Find
the value of 0.14189, 17, 148, 13, (c), 148, , x + 196 +
28x = x + 64x + 124, 2, , , , (a), , 36x = 72 x = 2, ,
Example 4. If the ratio of the sum of first three terms
and, the sum of the first six terms of a GP be 125 :
152, then the, common ratio r is, 3, 5, 2, 3, (a), (b), (c),
(d), 5, 3, 3, 2, , Solution (a) According to the given
condition,, ∴, , (r3 − 1) 152 = 125 (r 6 − 1), , , , (r3 − 1)
152 = 125 (r3 − 1) (r3 + 1), 3, 5, , Geometric Mean of
Two, Quantities, If three numbers a, G,and b are in GP,
we say that G is, the geometric mean between a and
b., Thus, G is the GM between a and b., a, G and b
are in GP., G b, , =, G 2 = ab i.e., G = ab, a G, %, , If
G1 , G2 ,K , Gn are n geometric means between a and
b, then, b , G1 = a , a , , %, , 1 / (n + 1 ), , b , , G2
= a , a , , 2 / (n + 1 ), , b , ,...,Gn = a , a , , n / (n
+ 1 ), , (d) None of these, , = 0.14 + 0.00189 +
0.000000189 + ..., 14, 1, , 1, =, + 189 5 + 8 + ... , ,
10, 100, 10, , S3 125, =, S 6 152, , 152 = 125 (r3 + 1)
125 r3 = 27 r =, , , , 1 / 10 5 7, 1 10 3 , 7, +
189 , =, + 189 5 ×, 3 , 50, 999 , 1 − (1 / 10 ) 50,
10, 7, 189, 7, 7, =, +, =, +, 50 999 × 100 50 3700, 7, 7,
21, =, +, =, 50 25 × 148 148, =, , Harmonic
Progression, A sequence a1 , a2 ,K , an of non-zero
numbers is called, a, harmonic, progression,, if, the,
sequence, 1 1 1, 1, ,, ,, ,K ,, ,... is an arithmetic
progression., a1 a2 a3, an, 1 1 1, The sequence 1, , , ,…
is a HP, because the, 3 5 7, sequence 1, 3, 5, 7,… is an
AP., 1, nth term of HP, Tn =, 1, 1, 1 , + ( n − 1) , − ,
a1, a2 a1 , a1a2, =, a2 + ( n − 1) ( a1 − a2 ), nth term
from the end of HP,, , Product of n geometric means
between a and b is equal to the, nth power of
geometric mean of a and b., i.e.,, G1 , G2 , K , Gn = (ab)
n / 2 = G n ., , 1, 1, 1 , − ( n − 1) , − , an, a2 a1 ,
a1a2an, =, a1a2 − an ( n − 1) ( a1 − a2 ), , (d) 18, 4, ,
Solution (b) Let the numbers be a and b., Then,, , ∴, ,
a+ b, = 34 and ab =16, 2, a + b = 68 and ab = 256, , ( a −
b) = ( a + b) 2 − 4ab = (68) 2 − 4 × 256 = 60, , On
solving, a + b = 68 and a − b = 60, we get, a = 64 and b
= 4., Hence, the required numbers are 64 and 4., , 1, , T
′n =, , Example 5. Two numbers whose arithmetic
mean is 34, and the geometric mean is 16 are, (a) 60,
3, (b) 64, 4, (c) 20, 4, , 21, 148, , Solution (b) Let S =
0.14189, , a(r3 − 1) / (r − 1) 125, , where r is the
common ratio., =, a(r 6 − 1) / (r − 1) 152, , ∴, , (b), , %, , −,
, 1, 1, 1, 1, +, =, +, Tn, T ′n, a1, an, , %, , Any term of HP
cannot be zero., , Example 7. The second term of HP is,
1, . The 10th term of the HP is, 5, 3, (a) 25, (b), 25, , (c), ,
25, 3, , 1, and its 5th term is, 3, , (d) 40

Page 194 :
67, , Sequence and Series, , Solution (b) In the given
HP,, 1, 1, and 5th term =, 3, 5, The corresponding AP
has, Second term = 3 and 5th term = 5, Let a and d be
the first and common difference of this AP, then, ...(i),
a+ d =3, and, ...(ii), a + 4d = 5, 7, 2, On solving Eqs. (i)
and (ii), we get a = and d =, 3, 3, 2 25, 7, 10th term of
the AP = a + 9d = + 9 × =, ∴, 3, 3, 3 , 3, Hence,
10th term of the given HP =, 25, second term =, ,
Harmonic Mean of Two, Quantities, Let two
quantities are a and b, 2ab, harmonic mean of a and b
=, a+b, , respectively, then, , H1 , H 2 ,K , H n are n
harmonic mean between a and b, then, bn + a, an + b, ,
K, H n =, H1 =, (n + 1) ab, (n + 1) ab, , %, , a, , Example 8
The value of n for which , , , n+1, , +b, , a +b, ,
harmonic mean between a and b is, (a) 4, (b) −1, (c) 5, ,
n, , n + 1 , n, , is the, , , A=, , , , A > G > H and G 2 =
AH ., , Arithmetico-Geometric Series, A series of the
form a, ( a + d ) r ,( a + 2d ) r 2 ,... is called, an
arithmetico-geometric series., Sum of n terms of an
arithmetico-geometric series,, Sn =, , a, dr (1 − r n − 1 )
[a + ( n − 1) d ] r n, +, −, 1−r, 1−r, (1 − r )2, , Sum of
infinite terms of an arithmetico-geometric, series,, a,
dr, ,|r|< 1, S∞ =, +, 1 − r (1 − r )2, , Example 9. Find the
sum of infinity of the series, 1 − 3x + 5 x 2 − 7x3 + .... ∞,
when| x|<1, 1− x, 1+ 2 x, (a), (b), 2, (1+ x), (1+ x) 2, 1−
2x, (c), (d) None of these, (1+ x) 2, , Solution (a) Let S ∞
=1 + 3( − x ) + 5 ( − x) 2 + 7( − x)3 + ... ∞ ...(i), ( − x) S ∞
= ( − x ) + 3 ( − x) 2 + 5( − x)3 + ... ∞, (1 + x) S ∞ = 1 + [ −
2x + 2x2 − 2x3 + ... ∞ ], − 2x , 2x, 1− x, =1+ , = 1 −
(1 + x ) = 1 + x, 1 − ( − x) , , 2 ab, Solution (b) We
know that, HM between a and b =, ., a+b, , ∴, , , ,
, , , , an + 1 + b n + 1, 2ab, =, n, n, a+ b, a +b, ( an +
1 + b n + 1) ( a + b) = 2ab ( an + b n), an + 2 + ab n + 1 +
ban + 1 + b n + 2 = 2ban + 1 + 2ab n + 1, an + 2 − ban +
1 = ab n + 1 − b n + 2, an + 1( a − b) = b n + 1 ( a − b), an
+ 1 = b n + 1, [Q a − b ≠ 0 ], a , , b , , n+1, , 0, ,
a ,=1= ∴n + 1 = 0 n = −1, b , , ...(ii), ,
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get, , (d) 3, , an + 1
+ b n + 1 , But , is HM between a and b., an + b n
, , a+b, 2ab, , G = ab and H =, a+b, 2, , ∴, , , , S∞ =, , 1−
x, (1 + x) 2, , Method of Difference, Sometimes the nth
term of a series cannot be, determined by the
methods discussed so far. If a series is, such that the
difference between successive terms are, either in AP
or in GP, then we determine its nth term by, the
method of difference and then find the sum of the
series, by using the formulae for Σn , Σn 2 and Σn3 .
The method of, difference is illustrated in the
following examples., , Example 10. The sum to n terms
of the series, , Relation among Arithmetic, Mean,
Geometric Mean and, Harmonic Mean, If a and b are
two real numbers and A, G and H are, arithmetic
mean, geometric mean and harmonic mean,,
respectively., , 3 + 15 + 35 + 63 + K is, n, (a) ( 4n2 + 6n
− 1), 3, (c) 2n − 4, , (b), , 1 2, ( 4n + 5n − 4), 2, , (d) n2 −
5n + 6, , Solution (a) The difference between the
successive terms are, 15 − 3 = 12, 35 − 15 = 20 , 63 −
35 = 28, ..., Clearly, these difference are in AP.

Page 195 :
68, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Let Tn be the nth term
and S n denote the sum to n terms of, the given series.,
Then,, …(i), S n = 3 + 15 + 35 + 63 + ... + Tn − 1 + Tn,
Also,, …(ii), S n = 3 + 15 + 35 + K + Tn − 1 + Tn,
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get, 0 = 3 + [12 + 20
+ 28 + K + (Tn − Tn − 1)] − Tn, (n − 1), , Tn = 3 +, [2 ×
12 + (n − 1 − 1) × 8], 2, = 3 + (n − 1 ) [12 + 4n − 8], , Tn
= 3 + (n − 1) ( 4n + 4) = 4n 2 − 1, ∴, , n, , n, , n, , n, , k =1, ,
k =1, , k =1, , k =1, , S n = Σ Tk = Σ ( 4k2 − 1) = 4 Σ k2 − Σ
1, n, n (n + 1) (2n + 1) , 2, =4 , − n = ( 4n + 6n − 1),
6, 3, , , , %, , %, , %, , %, , Example 11. The sum of
serise 12 ⋅ 2 + 2 2 ⋅ 3 + 32 ⋅ 4 + ... to n, terms is, , n3(n
+ 1)3 (2n + 1), 24, n (n + 1) (3n2 + 7n + 2), (b), 12, n(n +
1), (c), [n(n + 1) + (2n + 1)], 6, (d) None of the above, (a),
, Sum to n terms of Special, Series, 1. Sum of first n
natural numbers, n ( n + 1), 2, 2. Sum of squares of n
natural numbers, n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1), = 12 + 22 + 32 +
42 + K + n 2= Σn 2 =, 6, 3. Sum of cubes of n natural
numbers, = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + K + n3, = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
+ K + n = Σn =, , Sum of cubes of n natural numbers is
divisible by sum of natural, numbers., 1, 1, 1, 1, n, +, +,
+K+, =, 1⋅ 2 2⋅ 3 3⋅ 4, n (n + 1) n + 1, 1, 1, 1, +, +K+, 1⋅
2⋅ 3 2⋅ 3⋅ 4, n (n + 1) (n + 2), 1, 1, = −, 4 2 (n + 1) (n + 2),
n (n + 1) (n + 2), 1 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 + ... n (n + 1) =, 3, , Solution
(b) Hence nth term of the given series is, Tn = n 2 (n +
1) = n3 + n 2, ∴, , S n = ΣTn = Σn3 + Σn 2, 2, , n(n + 1)
n(n + 1)(2n + 1), +, 2 , 6, n(n + 1) n(n + 1 ) 2n +
1 , =, +, 2, 2, 3 , =, , 2, , = Σn 3 =, , n 2( n + 1)2 n (
n + 1) , 2, = , = [Σn ], 4, 2, , , =, , n (n + 1)(3n 2 + 7n
+ 2), 12, , Comprehensive Approach, n, , n, n, , n, n, , n, ,
If a, b , c and d ,... are in GP, they are also in continued
proportion, a b c, 1, i. e., = = = K = (say)., b c d, r, If a, b
and c are in AP, then xa , xb and xc will be in GP ( x ≠ ±
1)., If an AP consists of n(odd terms) and its middle
term is m, then the, sum of the AP is mn., If pth , qth
andrth terms of a GP are in GP, then p , q and r are in
AP., If first term of a GP of n terms is a and last term is
l. Then, the, product of all the terms of the GP, is ( al) n
/ 2., If a, b and c are in AP as well as in GP, then a = b =
c., , n, , n, , n, , n, n, , a, b and c are in AP, GP or HP
according as,, , a−b a a, a, = , or ., b−c a b, c, , If n th term
of a series is Tn = an2 + bn + c , then sum of its n terms,
is given by Sn = a Σn2 + b Σn + cn. In general Sn = ΣTn .,
The sum of all possible products of the first n natural
numbers, 1, taken two at a time is, n (n2 − 1) (3n + 2).,
24, 1 + 3 + 5 + K to n terms = n2., 2 + 4 + 6 + .... to n
terms = n (n + 1)

Page 196 :
Exercise, Level I, 1, 1, , − , 1 , K is −128?, (NDA 2011 I),
4, 2, (a) 9th, (b) 10th, (c) 11th, (d) 12th, 1, 1, 2. What is
the sum of 3 +, +, + K? (NDA 2011 I), 3 3 3, 1. Which
term of a series, , (a), , 3, 2, , (b), , 3 3, 2, , (c), , 2 3, 3, , (d),
, 3, , . ., , 3. The value of 0.4 2 3 is, 419, (a), 990, 417, (c),
990, , 419, 999, 417, (d), 999, , (b), , 4. If b2 , a 2 and c2
are in AP, then a + b, b + c and c + a, will be in, (a) AP,
(b) GP, (c) HP, (d) None of these, 5. If the ratio of the
sum of n terms of two AP’s be, ( 7n + 1) : ( 4n + 27),
then the ratio of their 11th terms, will be, (a) 2 : 3, (b) 3
: 4, (c) 4 : 3, (d) 5 : 6, , 1, 1, 1, be consecutive terms of
an, ,, and, b− c c− a, a−b, AP, then ( b − c)2 , ( c − a )2 and
( a − b)2 will be in, (a) GP, (b) AP, (c) HP, (d) None of
these, , 11. If, , 12. If the sum of the roots of the
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, be equal to the sum of the
reciprocals of their, squares, then bc2 , ca 2 and ab2
will be in, (a) AP, (b) GP, (c) HP, (d) None of these, 13. α
and β are the roots of the equation x 2 − 3x + a = 0,
and γ and δ are the roots of the equation, x 2 − 12x +
b = 0. If α , β , γ and δ form an increasing, GP, then ( a ,
b) is equal to, (a) ( 3, 12), (b) (12, 3), (c) ( 2, 32), (d) ( 4,
16), 14. If A be an arithmetic mean between two
numbers, and S be the sum of n arithmetic means
between the, same numbers, then, (a) S = nA, (b) A =
nS, (c) A = S, (d) None of these, , 6. If the pth term of an
AP be q and qth term be p, then, its rth term of an AP
will be, (a) p + q + r, (b) p + q − r, (c) p + r − q, (d) p − q −
r, , 15. The 59th term of an AP is 449 and the 449th
term is, 59. Which term is equal to 0 (zero)?, (NDA
2010 I), , 7. The interior angles of a polygon are in AP.
If the, smallest angle be 120° and the common
difference be, 5, then the number of side is, (a) 8, (b)
10, (c) 9, (d) 6, , 16. If x 2 , y 2 and z 2 are in AP, then y +
z , z + x and x + y, are in, (NDA 2009 II), (a) AP, (b) HP,
(c) GP, (d) None of these, , 8. If the sum of first 10
terms of an arithmetic, progression with first term p
and common difference, q , is 4 times the sum of the
first 5 terms, then what is, the ratio of p : q?, (a) 1 : 2,
(b) 1 : 4, (c) 2 : 1, (d) 4 : 1, 9. The sum of an infinite
geometric progression is 6. If, the sum of the first two
terms is 9/2, then what is the, first term?, (NDA 2010
II), (a) 1, (b) 5/2, (c) 3 or 3/2, (d) 3 or 9, 10. The sum of n
terms of three AP’s is whose first term is, 1 and
common differences are 1, 2 and 3 are, S1 , S 2 and S3
, respectively. Then, the true relation is, (b) S1 + S3 =
2S 2, (a) S1 + S3 = S 2, (c) S1 + S 2 = 2S3, (d) S1 + S 2 =
S3, , (a) 501st term, (c) 508th term, , (b) 502nd term,
(d) 509th term, , 17. If x, 2x + 2 and 3x + 3 are the first
three terms of a GP,, then what is its fourth term?,
(NDA 2009 II), (a) − 27/2 (b) 27/2, (c) − 33/2, (d) 33/2,
1, 1, 3, 18. Which term of the sequence 20, 19 ,18 ,17
,…, is, 4, 2, 4, the first negative term?, (NDA 2009 II),
(a) 27th, (b) 28th, (c) 29th, (d) No such term exists, 19.
In an AP, the mth term is 1/n and nth term is 1/m.,
What is its (mn)th term?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) 1/(mn), (b)
m/n, (c) n/m, (d) 1, 20. If G be the geometric mean of x
and y, then, 1, 1, is equal to, + 2, 2, 2, G −x, G − y2, 1, 2,
(c) 2, (d) 3 G 2, (b) 2, (a) G 2, G, G

Page 197 :
70, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 21. If n geometric means
be inserted between a and b,, then the nth geometric
mean will be, n, , b , (b) a , a , , b n − 1, (a) a
, a , , n −1, n, 1, , n, , b n, (d) a , a , , b n + 1,
(c) a , a , , 31. If the mth term of HP be n and nth
term be m, then, the rth term will be, r, mn, (a), (b), mn,
r +1, mn, mn, (d), (c), r, r −1, , 22. If |x|< 1, then the sum
of the series, 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + 4x3 + K ∞ will be, 1, 1, 1,
1, (d), (b), (c), (a), 2, 1− x, 1+ x, (1 + x ), (1 − x )2, , 32. The
geometric mean and harmonic mean of two, non-
negative observations are 10 and 8, respectively.,
Then, what is the arithmetic mean of the,
observations?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) 4, (b) 9, (c) 12.5, (d)
25, , 23. If a1/ x = b1/ y = c1/ z and a , b and c are in GP,
then, x , y and z will be in, (a) AP, (b) GP, (c) HP, (d) None
of these, , 33. If loga x , logb x and logc x be in HP, then
a , b and c are, in, (a) AP, (b) HP, (c) GP, (d) None of
these, , 24. If the arithmetic mean of two numbers be
A and, geometric mean be G, then the numbers will
be, (a) A ± ( A2 − G 2 ), (b) A ± A2 − G 2, A ± ( A + G) ( A
− G), (c) A ± ( A + G ) ( A − G ) (d), 2, 25. The nth term of
the series, 13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33, +, +, + ... will be, 1,
1+ 3, 1+ 3+ 5, n 2 + 2n + 1, (b), (a) n 2 + 2n + 1, 8, n 2 +
2n + 1, n 2 − 2n + 1, (c), (d), 4, 4, 26. What is the 15th
term of the series 3, 7, 13, 21, 31,, 43, …, (NDA 2008
II), (a) 205, (b) 225, (c) 238, (d) 241, 27. If the AM and
GM of two numbers are 5 and, 4 respectively, then
what is the HM of those, numbers?, (NDA 2008 II), 5,
16, 9, (b), (c), (d) 9, (a), 4, 5, 2, 28. Which one of the
following is correct?, 1, 1, 1 1, If, +, = + , then a, b and c
are in, b− c b− a a c, (NDA 2008 I), (a) AP, , (b) HP, , (c)
GP, , (d) None of these, , 29. If a , b and c be in GP, then
log a n , log bn and log cn, will be in, (a) AP, (b) GP, (c)
HP, (d) None of these, 30. If, , a n + 1 + bn + 1, , be the
harmonic mean between a and, , a +b, b, then the
value of n is, (a) 1, (b) −1, n, , n, , (c) 0, , (d) 2, , 34. If 1, x,
y, z and 16 are in geometric progression, then, what is
the value of x + y + z?, (NDA 2007 II), (a) 8, (b) 12, (c)
14, (d) 16, 35. If the nth term of an arithmetic
progression is 3n + 7,, then what is the sum of its first
50 terms?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) 3925, (c) 4175, , (b)
4100, (d) 8200, , 36. The sum of integers from 1 to
100 that are divisible, by 2 or 5 is, (a) 3000, (b) 3050,
(c) 4050, (d) None of these, 37. If the geometric mean
between a and b is, a n + 1 + bn + 1, , then the value of
n is, a n + bn, 1, (a) 1, (b) −, 2, 1, (c), (d) 2, 2, 38. If a , b
and c are in AP and|a|,|b|,|c|< 1, and, x = 1 + a + a 2 + ...
∞, y = 1 + b + b2 + ... ∞, z = 1 + c + c2 + K ∞, Then, x , y
and z shall be in, (a) AP, (b) GP, (c) HP, (d) None of
these, 39. If a1 , a2 , a3 ,... , an are in AP, where ai > 0
for all i,, then the value of, 1, 1, 1, is, +, + ... +, a1 + a2,
a2 + a3, an − 1 + an, (a), (c), , n −1, a1 + an, n −1, a1 −
an, , (b), (d), , n +1, a1 + an, n +1, a1 − an

Page 198 :
71, , Sequence and Series, 40. If A1 , A2 ; G1 , G2 and
H 1 , H 2 be two AM’s, GM’s and, HM’s between two
quantities, then the value of, G1G2, is, H 1H 2, A1 +
A2, H1 + H 2, A1 + A2, (c), H1 − H 2, (a), , A1, H1, A1,
(d), H1, , (b), , −, +, −, −, , A2, H2, A2, H2, , 41. The sum
to n terms of the infinite series, 1 ⋅ 32 + 2 ⋅ 52 + 3 ⋅ 72
+ ... ∞ is, n, (a), ( n + 1) ( 6n 2 + 14n + 7), 6, n, (b), ( n + 1) (
2n + 1) ( 3n + 1), 6, (c) 4n3 + 4n 2 + n, (d) None of the
above, 42. If a , b and c are in GP and, log a − log 2b, log
2b − log 3c and log 3c − log a are in, AP, then a , b and c
are the length of the sides of a, triangle which is, (a)
acute angled, (b) obtuse angled, (c) right angled, (d)
equilateral, 43. The sum of the first and third term of
an arithmetic, progression is 12 and the product of
first and second, term is 24, then first term is, (a) 1, (b)
8, (c) 4, (d) 6, 44. If 1 / 4, 1 / x , 1 / 10 are in HP, then
what is the value of, x?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) 5, (b) 6, (c) 7,
(d) 8, 45. If y = x − x 2 + x3 − x 4 + ... ∞, then value of x
will be, 1, y, (b), (a) y +, y, 1+ y, y, 1, (d), (c) y −, 1− y, y, 46.
Which of the following statement is correct?, (a) If to
each term of an AP a number is added or, subtracted,
then the series so obtained is also, an AP., (b) The nth
term of geometric series whose first term, is a and
common ratio r, is ar n − 1., (c) If each term of a GP be
raised to the same power, the resulting terms are in
GP., (d) All of the above, 1, 47. The sum of the first n
terms of the series, 2, 3 7 15, + + +, + Kis, 4 8 16, (a) 2n
− n − 1, (b) 1 − 2n, −n, (c) n + 2 − 1, (d) 2n − 1, 48. If a x =
b y = cz , where a , b and c are in GP and, a , b, c, x , y , z
≠ 0; then x , y and z are in, (a) AP, (b) GP, (c) HP, (d)
None of these, , 49. If the number of terms in an AP is
2n + 1, then the, ratio of the sum of the odd terms to
the sum of even, terms is, n +1, n, n2, n +1, (a), (c), (b),
(d), n +1, n, n +1, 2n, 50. The sum of the series, is equal
to, 1, 1, (b), (a), 6, 3, , 1, 1, 1, +, +, +K∞, ( 3 × 5) ( 5 × 7) ( 7
× 9), (c) −, , 51. If a , b and c are in GP, then, (a), (c), , 1, 3,
, (d), , 1, , +, , 1, , a −b, b2, 1, (b) 2, b − c2, 1, (d) 2, b − a2, ,
1, c2 − b2, 1, c2 − a 2, , 2, , 2, , is, , −1, , 52. What, , does, ,
represent?, (a) AP, (c) HP, , the, , series, , 5, 6, , 1+ 32 +
3+, , 1, 3 3, , +........, , (NDA 2012 I), , (b) GP, (d) None of
these, , 21π , 11π , 283π , 53. The numbers
tan −, and cot , , tan , , 4 , , 6 , 6 , are in,
(a) AP, (b) GP, (c) HP, (d) None of these, 54. If the pth ,
qth and rth terms of a GP are again in GP,, then which
one of the following is correct?, (a) p, q and r are in AP.,
(b) p, q and r are in GP., (c) p, q and r are in HP., (d) p, q
and r are neither in AP nor in GP nor in HP., 55. The
geometric mean of two numbers is 6. Their, arithmetic
mean A and harmonic mean H satisfy the, equation,
90 A + 5H = 918, Which one of the following is
correct?, (a) A = 10, (b) A = 1 / 5; A = 10, (c) A = 5 ; A =
10, (d) A = 1 / 5; A = 5, 56. An even number of AM’s are
inserted between two, numbers whose sum is 13/6. If
the sum of means, exceeds their number by 1, what is
the number of, means?, (a) 8, (b) 18, (c) 12, (d) 6, 57. A
man saves ` 135 in the first year ` 150 in the second,
year and in this way he increases his savings by ` 15,
every year. In what time will his total savings be `,
5550 ?, (a) 20 yr, (b) 25 yr, (c) 30 yr, (d) 35 yr, 58. If the
AM and HM of two numbers are 9 and 4, respectively,
then what is their GM?, (a) 13/2, (b) 6, (c) 3, (d) 2

Page 199 :
72, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Level II, 1. If S n = nP +, ,
n ( n − 1), Q, where S n denotes the sum of, 2, the first
n terms of AP, then the common difference is, (a) P +
Q, (b) 2P + 3Q, (c) 2Q, (d) Q, , 12. If p, q and r are in an
AP, then which one of the, following points shall the
straight line px + qy + r = 0, always pass through?, (a)
(1, 2), (b) ( 2, 1), (c) (1, − 2), (d) ( 2, − 1), , 2. If x > 1, y > 1
and z > 1 are in GP, then 1 / (1 + log x ),, 1 / (1 + log y )
and 1 / (1 + log z ) are in, (a) AP, (b) HP, (c) GP, (d) None
of these, , 13. The sum of the first nine terms of an
arithmetic, progression is 171. Which one of the
following, statements is nor correct about this AP?, (a)
The sum of the first and the ninth terms can be,
determined, (b) No terms of the AP can be
determined, (c) The first term of the AP cannot be
determined, (d) The common difference cannot be
determined, , 3. If the sequence { sn } is a geometric
progression and, s2s11 = s p s8 , then what is the
value of p? (NDA 2012 I), (a) 1, (b) 3, (c) 5, (d) Cannot
be determined, 4. If p, q and r are in AP as well as GP,
then which one, of the following is correct?, (NDA
2012 I), (a) p = q ≠ r, (b) p ≠ q ≠ r, (c) p ≠ q = r, (d) p = q =
r, 5. If the sum of the first ten terms of an arithmetic,
progression is four times the sum of the first five,
terms, then the ratio of the first term to the common,
difference is, (a) 1 : 2, (b) 2 : 1, (c) 1 : 4, (d) 4 : 1, 6. If n !,
3 × ( n !) and ( n + 1) ! are in GP, then the value of, n will
be, (NDA 2011 II), (a) 3, (b) 4, (c) 8, (d) 10, 7. What is
the 10th common term between the series, (NDA
2011 II), 2 + 6 + 10 + ... and 1 + 6 + 11 + ...?, (a) 180, (b)
186, (c) 196, (d) 206, 8. If the 10th term of a GP is 9
and 4th term is 4, then, what is its 7th term?, (NDA
2011 II), (a) 6, (b) 14, (c) 27/14, (d) 56/15, 9. If a, b, c, d,
e and f are in AP, then ( e − c) is equal to, which one of
the following?, (NDA 2011 II), (a) 2( c − a ), (b) 2( d − c),
(c) 2( f − d ), (d) ( d − c), 10. If the arithmetic and
geometric means of two, numbers are 10 and 8
respectively, then one number, exceeds the other
number by, (NDA 2011 II), (a) 8, (b) 10, (c) 12, (d) 16,
11. What is the sum of numbers lying between 107
and, 253, which are divisible by 5?, (a) 5220, (b) 5210,
(c) 5200, (d) 5000, , 14. If 5 ( 3a − 1 + 1), 6 ( 22a − 3 + 2)
and 7 ( 5a − 2 + 5) are in, AP, then what is the value of
a ?, (a) 7, (b) 6, (c) 5, (d) 3, 15. Two numbers x and y are
given. Let A denote the, single AM between them and
S denote the sum of n, AM’s between them. On which
one of the following, does S / A depend ?, (a) n, (b) n , x,
(c) n , y, (d) n , x , y, 16. Let x be one AM and g1 and g2
be two GM’s between y, and z. Then, what is the value
of g13 + g32 ?, (a) xyz, (b) xy 2z, 2, (c) xyz, (d) 2xyz, 17.
If A, G and H denote AM, GM and HM, respectively,
between two numbers and G is thrice as great as H ,, (
A + H ) (G + H ), ?, then what is the value of, ( A − H ) (G
− H ), (a) 3/2, (b) 5/2, (c) 3, (d) 5, 18. In a GP of positive
terms, any term is equal to, one-third of the sum of
next two terms. What is the, common ratio of the GP?,
(NDA 2011 I), (a), (c), , 13 + 1, 2, 13 + 1, 3, , (b), , 13 − 1,
2, , (d), , 13, , 19. Which one of the following option is
correct?, (NDA 2011 I), , (a), (b), (c), (d), , sin2 30°, sin2
45° and sin2 60° are in GP., cos2 30°, cos2 45° and
cos2 60° are in GP., cot2 30°, cot2 45° and cot2 60°
are in GP., tan2 30°, tan2 45° and tan2 60° are in GP., ,
20. The arithmetic mean of two numbers exceeds
their, geometric mean by 2 and the geometric mean
exceeds, their harmonic mean by 1.6. What are the
two, numbers?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) 16, 4, (b) 81, 9, (c)
256, 16, (d) 625, 25

Page 200 :
73, , Sequence and Series, 21. A square is drawn by
joining mid-points of the sides, of a square. Another
square is drawn inside the, second square in the same
way and the process is, continued indefinitely. If the
side of the first square, is 16 cm, then what is the sum
of the areas of all the, squares?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) 256
sq cm, (b) 512 sq cm, (c) 1024 sq cm, (d) 512/3 sq cm,
22. If the AM and GM between two numbers are in
the, ratio m : n, then what is the ratio between the
two, numbers?, (NDA 2010 II), (a), , (c), , m + m2 − n 2,
m − m2 − n 2, m2 − n 2, , m+n, (b), m−n, m 2 + n 2 − mn,
, (d), , m2 + n 2, , m 2 + n 2 + mn, , 23. If the sum of n
terms of a series is a quadratic, expression in n , then
the series is in, (a) GP, (b) HP, (c) AP, (d) neither in GP
nor in HP nor in AP, 24. What is the sum of the first 50
terms of the series, (1 × 3) + ( 3 × 5) + ( 5 × 7) + ... ?, (a)
171650 (b) 26600 (c) 26650, (d) 26900, 25. Which
one of the following statement is correct?, The
numbers log6 7, log42 7 and log294 7 are in, (a) AP, (b)
GP, (c) HP, (d) None of these, 2, , 3, , 26. What is the
value of 76/ 7 ⋅ 76/ 7 ⋅ 76/ 7 ... upto ∞?, (a) log7 ( 6 / 7),
(b) 6, (c) 6 / 7, (d) 7, 27. What is the sum of the integers
from 1 to 100 that are, divisible by 2 or 5?, (a) 3600,
(b) 3550, (c) 3050, (d) 2550, 28. If the AM and HM of
two numbers be 27 and 12, respectively, then what is
their GM equal to?, (NDA 2010 I), , (a) 12, , (b) 18, , (c)
24, , (d) 27, , 29. What is the sum of all natural
numbers between 200, and 400 which are divisible by
7?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) 6729, (b) 8712, (c) 8729, (d)
9276, 30. Let a, b and c be in AP., Consider the
following statements, 1 1, 1, I., are in AP., ,, and, ab ca,
bc, 1, 1, 1, II., and, are in AP., ,, b+ c, c+ a, a+ b, Which of
the statements given above is/are correct?, (a) I only,
(b) II only, (NDA 2010 I), (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I
nor II, , 31. If p times the pth term of an AP is q times
the qth, term, then what is the ( p + q )th term equal
to?, (a) p + q, (b) pq, (NDA 2010 I), (c) 1, (d) 0, 2, , 3, , y
y , y ,+ + + ... , where| y|< 2 , what is, 2 , ,
, 2, 2, y equal to?, x−1, x−1, 2x − 2, 2x + 1, (c), (b), (d),
(a), x, 2x, x, 2x, , 32. If x = 1 +, , 33. What is the product
of first 2n + 1 terms of a, geometric progression?, (a)
The ( n + 1) th power of the nth term of the GP, (b) The
( 2n + 1) th power of the nth term of the GP, (c) The (
2n + 1) th power of the ( n + 1) th term of, the GP, (d)
The nth power of the ( n + 1) th term of the GP, 34.
Natural numbers are divided into groups as (1),, (2, 3),
(4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9, 10) and so on. What is the sum, of the
numbers in the 11th group?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) 605,
(b) 615, (c) 671, (d) 693, 35. In a geometric
progression with first term a and, common ratio r,
what is the arithmetic mean of first, five terms?, (NDA
2009 I), (a) a + 2r, (b) ar 2, (c) a(r5 − 1) / (r − 1) 5, (d)
a(r5 − 1) / [6(r − 1)], 36. If the number of terms of an
AP is ( 2n + 1), then what, is the ratio of the sum of the
odd terms to the sum of, even terms?, (NDA 2008 II),
2, n, n, n +1, n +1, (b), (d), (a), (c), n +1, n +1, n, 2n, 37. If
the sum of ‘n’ terms of an arithmetic progression is, n
2 − 2n, then what is the nth term?, (NDA 2008 II), (a)
3n − n 2, , (b) 2n − 3, , (c) 2n + 3, , (d) 2n − 5, , 38. If a, 2a
+ 2 and 3a + 3 are in GP, then what is the 4th, term of
that series?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) − 13.5, (b) 13.5, (c) − 27,
(d) 27, 39. If the nth term of an arithmetic progression
is 2n − 1,, then what is the sum upto n terms?, (NDA
2008 II), 2, 2, (b) n − 1, (a) n, 1, 2, (d), (c) n + 1, n( n + 1),
2, 40. The arithmetic mean of 4 numbers is 15. The,
arithmetic mean of another 6 numbers is 12. What is,
the arithmetic mean of the combined 10 numbers?, (a)
12.2, (b) 12.8, (NDA 2008 II), (c) 13.2, (d) 13.8

Page 201 :
74, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 41. The product of first
nine terms of a GP is, in general,, equal to which one of
the following?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) The 9th power of the
4th term, (b) The 4th power of the 9th term, (c) The
5th power of the 9th term, (d) The 9th power of the
5th term, 42. If for positive real numbers x, y and z the
numbers, x + y, 2y and y + z are in harmonic
progression, then, which one of the following is
correct?, (NDA 2007 II), (a) x, y and z are in geometric
progression., (b) x, y and z are in arithmetic
progression., (c) x, y and z are in harmonic
progression., (d) None of the above, 43. What is the
sum of the series, (NDA 2007 II), 1 1⋅ 3, 1⋅ 3⋅ 5, + ... ∞
?, +, 1+ +, 8 8 ⋅ 16 8 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 24, 2, 3, 1, (a), (d), (b) 2 3, (c),
2, 3, 2 3, 44. What is the geometric mean of the ratio
of, corresponding terms of two series, where G1 and
G2, are geometric means of the two series? (NDA
2007 II), (a) log G1 − log G2, (b) log G1 + log G2, G1, (d)
G1G2, (c), G2, , Directions (Q. Nos. 45-47), , Each of
these, questions contain two statements, one is
Assertion (A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these
questions also has, four alternative choices, only one
of which is the correct, answer. You have to select one
of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a)
Both A and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., 1, 45.
Assertion (A) 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + ... = ., 3, (NDA 2007
II), , Reason (R) For each positive integer n, let, an = a +
nd, a and d are real numbers. Then,, n, a1 + ... + an =
[2a + ( n + 1)d ]., 2, 46. Assertion (A) If mth term of an
AP is n and nth, term is m, then its ( m + n )th term is
zero., Reason (R) If n th term of an AP is q and qth
term, is p, then its ( p + q )th term is zero and nth term
is, ( p + q − n )., 47. Assertion (A) The product of n
geometric means, 1, between 3 and is 1., 3, Reason (R)
The product of n geometric means, 1, between a and
is 1., a, , 48. Which one of the following is correct? If
the positive, numbers a, b, c and d are in AP, then bcd,
cda, dab, and abc are in, (NDA 2007 II), (a) AP, (b) GP,
(c) HP, (d) None of the above progression, 49. What is
the value of 91/3 ⋅ 91/19 ⋅ 91/ 27 . .. ∞? (NDA 2007
II), (a) 9, , (b) 3, , (c) 91/3, , (d) 1, , 50. If a, b, c and d are
in harmonic progression such that, a > b, then which
one of the following is correct?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) a +
c = b + d, (c) ac = bd, , (b) a + c > b + d, (d) ab = cd, , 51.
Consider the following statements, 2355, I. The value
of 2 . 357 is, ., 999, II. If 1 + cos α + cos2 α + ... ∞ = 2 − 2,
then α is equal, 3π, to, ., 4, Which of the statements
given above is/ are correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only, (c)
Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 52. If b1, b2 and b3
are three consecutive terms of an, arithmetic
progression with common difference d > 0,, then what
is the value of d for which, b32 = b2b3 + b1d + 2 ?,
(NDA 2007 I), 1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) 2, (a), 2, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 53-56), , Consider the series, , A1 = 12 + 22 x +
32 x 2 + 42 x3 + ... ∞, and A2 = 1 +, , 4 9 16, +, +, + ... ∞,
3 32 33, , 53. The sum of the series A1 is, (1 + x ), (1 − x
), (a), (b), (1 + x ), (1 − x )3, 2, (1 − x ), (d) None of these,
(c), 1+ x, 54. The nth term of the series A1 is, (b) n3 x n,
(c) n 2x n, (a) n 2x n −1, 55. The sum of the series A2 is,
1, (b) 12, (c) 13, (a) 4, 2, , (d) nx, (d) 14, , 56. If S1 and S 2
is the sum of the series A1 and A2, then, A1| A2 is, 2 (1
+ x ), 1+ x, (a), (b), 3, 9 (1 − x ), 1− x, 1− x, (1 − x )2, (d),
(c), (1 + x )2, (1 + x )2

Page 202 :
Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., , (b), (b), (c),
(c), (a), (b), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., 52., , (b), (a), (d), (c), (b),
(d), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., 53., , (a), (c), (a), (c), (c), (b), , 4.,
14., 24., 34., 44., 54., , (c), (a), (c), (c), (c), (a), , 5., 15., 25.,
35., 45., 55., , (c), (c), (c), (c), (d), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46.,
56., , (b), (b), (d), (b), (d), (d), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., 57., ,
(c), (a), (b), (b), (c), (a), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., 58., , (a), (b),
(b), (c), (c), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., , (d), (d), (a), (a), (a), ,
10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (b), (b), (b), (a), (a), , 2., 12., 22.,
32., 42., 52., , (b), (c), (a), (c), (a), (c), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43.,
53., , (c), (b), (c), (c), (a), (a), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., 54., , (d),
(d), (a), (c), (c), (a), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., 55., , (a), (a), (c),
(c), (d), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., 56., , (c), (d), (d), (c), (a),
(a), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , (b), (b), (c), (b), (a), , 8., 18., 28.,
38., 48., , (a), (b), (b), (a), (c), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., , (b),
(d), (c), (a), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (c), (a), (c), (c), (a), ,
Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., , (d), (a), (b), (d), (d), (c), ,
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1, 1 1, = −2, ,r = −, 4, 2 4, So,
the given series forms a GP., ∴, Tn = ar n − 1, 1, −128 =
(−2)n − 1, , 4, , (−2)9 = (−2)n − 1, , 9 = n −1, , n =
10, , , , 1. Q a =, , 2., , 3+, , 1, 1, +, +K, 3 3 3, , , , or,
, a , Q S ∞ =, , , 1 − r , , 3 3, 3, =, =, 1, 2, 1−, 3, ⋅ ⋅, ,
3. We have, 0.4 2 3 = 0.4232323 ..., = 0.4 + 0.023 +
0.00023 + 0.0000023 + ... ∞, 4, 23, 23, 23, =, + 3 + 5 +
7 +K∞, 10 10, 10, 10, =, , 1, 1, 4, 23 , , 1+, +, +, +K∞,
10 103 , 102 104, , , , , 4, 23 419, 4, 23 1 , +,
=, =, +, =, , 10 1000 1 − 1 10 990 990, , 102 , 4.
Given that, b2, a 2and c2 are in AP., ∴, a 2 − b2 = c2 − a
2, , , , (a − b) (a + b) = (c − a ) (c + a ) , , a −b c−a, =, c+
a a + b, , b+ c−a −c, a+ b−b−c, =, (c + a ) (b + c) (b + c)(a +
b), 1, 1, 1, 1, −, =, −, c+ a b+ c b+ c a + b, 1, 1, 1, 1, −, =, −,
b+ c a + b c+ a b+ c, 1, 1, 1, are in AP., ,, and, a+ b b+ c,
c+ a, , Therefore, (a + b), (b + c) and (c + a ) are in HP., 5.
Let S n and S′n be the sums of n terms of two AP’s and
T11, and T′11 be the respective 11th terms, then, n,
[2a + (n − 1) d ], 7n + 1, Sn, (given), = 2, =, n, S′n, [2a′ +
(n − 1) d′ ] 4n + 27, 2, (n − 1), a+, d, 7n + 1, 2, , =, (n −
1), n + 27, 4, a′ +, d′, 2, Now, put n = 21, we get, a +
10d, T, 148 4, = 11 =, =, a′ + 10d ′ T ′11 111 3, 6. Given
that, T p = a + ( p − 1) d = q, and, Tq = a + (q − 1) d = p,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, ( p − q), d=−, = −1, ( p − q), ,
...(i), ...(ii), …(iii)

Page 203 :
76, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Putting the value of d in
Eq. (i), then, a + ( p − 1) (−1) = q, …(iv), , a = p+ q −1,
Now, rth term is given by an AP, Tr = a + (r − 1) d = ( p +
q − 1) + (r − 1) (−1), [from Eqs. (iii) and (iv)], = p+ q−r, ,
7. Let the number of sides of the polygon be n. Then,
the, sum of interior angles of the polygon, π, = (2n − 4)
= (n − 2) π, 2, Since, the angles are in AP and a = 120° ,
d = 5, n, Therefore,, S n = [2a + (n − 1) d ], 2, n, [2 × 120
+ (n − 1) 5 ] = (n − 2) 180, , 2, , n 2 − 25n + 144 = 0,
, (n − 9) (n − 16) = 0, , n = 9, 16, Take, n = 16, ∴ T16
= a + 15d = 120° + 15 ⋅ 5° = 195°, which is, impossible
as an interior angle cannot be greater than, 180°.
Hence, n = 9., 8. Since, first term = p, and common
difference = q, According to question,, 10, 5, [2 p + 9q]
= 4 × [2 p + 4q], 2, 2, , 2 p + 9q = 4 p + 8q, , 2p = q
p : q = 1 :2, a, 9. Q, = 6 a = 6(1 − r ), 1−r, 9, and, a + ar
=, 2, 9, , 6(1 − r ) + 6r (1 − r ) =, 2, , 12 − 12r + 12r −
12r 2 = 9, 3 1, r2 =, =, , 12 4, 1, 1, or −, , r=, 2, 2, ,
a = 3 or 9, , …(i), (given), [from Eq. (i)], , 10. Let a1 , a 2,
a3 and d1 , d2, d3 are the first terms and, common
differences of the three AP’s., We have, a1 = a 2 = a3 =
1 and d1 = 1, d2 = 2, d3 = 3,, therefore, n, ...(i), S1 = (n +
1), 2, n, ...(ii), S 2 = [2n ], 2, n, ...(iii), S3 = [3n − 1], 2, On
adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get, n, n, , (2n ) = 2S 2, S1
+ S3 = [(n + 1) + (3n − 1)] = 2, 2, 2, , Hence,
correct relation is S1 + S3 = 2S 2., , 11. Now, we
assume, (b − c)2, (c − a )2 and (a − b)2 are in AP, then
we have, (c − a )2 − (b − c)2 = (a − b)2 − (c − a )2, ...(i),
(b − a ) (2c − a − b) = (c − b) (2a − b − c), 1, 1, 1, Also, if,
are in AP, then, ,, and, b−c c−a, a−b, 1, 1, 1, 1, −, =, −,
c−a b−c a −b c−a, b + a − 2c, c + b − 2a, , =, (c − a ) (b −
c) (a − b) (c − a ), , (a − b) (b + a − 2c) = (b − c) (c + b −
2a ), , (b − a ) (2c − a − b) = (c − b) (2a − b − c), Which
is equal to Eq. (i)., So, our hypothesis is true., 12. Given
equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0 and let the roots are, b, c, α
and β. So, α + β = − and αβ =, a, a, b2 2c, Now,, α 2 + β
2 = (α + β )2 − 2αβ = 2 −, a, a, b2 2c, −, 2, b2 − 2ac, 1, 1
α 2 + β2, Now,, = a 2 a =, + 2=, 2, 2 2, c, c2, α, β, αβ, a2,
According to the given condition,, 1, 1, b b2 − 2ac, α +
β = 2 + 2 − =, a, α, β, c2, 2, 2, 2, , − bc = ab − 2a c,
Hence,, 2a 2c = ab2 + bc2 ab2, ca 2 and bc2 or, bc2,
ca 2 and ab2 be in AP., 13. Since, α , β , γ and δ form an
increasing GP, so αδ = βγ, where,, α <β < γ <δ, We
have,, x2 − 3 x + a = 0, 1, …(i), , x = (3 ± 9 − 4a ), 2, 1,
Also, α < β . Hence, α = (3 − 9 − 4a ) ,, 2, 1, β = (3 + 9 −
4a ), 2, 12 ± 144 − 4b, 2, Similarly, from x − 12x + b = 0
x =, 2, Since, γ < δ, 1, 1, ∴, γ = (12 − 144 − 4b ), δ =
(12 + 144 − 4b ), 2, 2, Substituting the values of α , β , γ
and δ in Eq. (i), we, get, 1, 1, (3 − 9 − 4a ) ⋅ (12 + 144 −
4b ), 2, 2, 1, 1, = (3 + 9 − 4a ) ⋅ (12 − 144 − 4b ), 2, 2,
Only the option (c) i.e., (2, 32) satisfy the equation., 14.
Let the two quantities be a and b and let A1 , A2, K ,
An, be the n, AM’s between them. Then, a , A1 , A2, K ,
An, b, are in AP and let d be the common difference.,
b−a, Now, Tn + 2 = b = a + (n + 2 − 1) d d =, n+1,
Also,, , A1 + A2 + ...+ An = S n + 1 − a

Page 204 :
77, , Sequence and Series, , 1, (b − a ) , −a, (n + 1) 2a
+ (n + 1 − 1), 2, (n + 1) , , n, n, a + b , = [2 a + (b − a
)] = [a + b] = n , = nA, 2 , 2, 2, =, , 15. Let a and d be
the first term and common difference of, the AP., …(i),
∴, a + 58d = 449, and, …(ii), a + 448d = 59, On solving
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, a = 507 and d = − 1, Now,
assume that nth term will be zero., ∴, 0 = 507 + (n − 1)
(−1), , 507 = n − 1, , n = 508, 16. Since, 2 y2 = x2 + z
2, (Q x2, y2 and z 2 are in AP), Let y + z , z + x and x + y
are in HP., 2 ( y + z )(x + y), z+ x=, ∴, y+ z+ x+ y, 2 ( y + z )
(x + y), z+ x=, , 2y + z + x, , , 2 yz + z 2 + zx + 2xy +
xz + x2, = 2 yx + 2 y2 + 2zx + 2 yz, 2, 2, , z + x = 2 y2,
2, 2, x , y and z 2 are in AP., 17. Since, (2x + 2)2 =
x(3x + 3) x2 + 5x + 4 = 0, , x = − 1, − 4, Now, first
term, a = x, 2(x + 1), Second term,, ar = 2(x + 1) r =, x,
2(x + 1) , ∴ Fourth term, ar3 = x , , , x , On
putting, , 3, , x = − 4, we get, 3, , 3, , 27, 3 , 2(−4 +
1) , T4 = − 4 , = −4 × = −, 2 , , 2, −4 , 18.
Given, series can be rewritten as, 77 37 71, 20,, ,, ,, ,K,
4 2 4, This is an AP series., 3, Here,, a = 20, d = −, 4, ∴,
Tn = a + (n − 1) d, 3 , = 20 + (n − 1) − , 4 , 83 3, =,
− n, 4 4, For first negative term, Tn < 0, 83 3, − n <0, ,
4 4, , 83 < 3n, 83, , n>, 3, So, n should be 28.,
Hence, 28th term is the first negative term., , Tm = a +
(m − 1) d, 1, = a + (m − 1) d, n, and, Tn = a + (n − 1) d, 1, =
a + (n − 1) d, , m, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 1,
1, 1, a=d=, ∴ Tmn =, + (mn − 1), =1, mn, mn, mn, , 19.
Given,, , , …(i), , …(ii), , 20. Since, G is the geometric
mean between x and y., ∴, G = xy, 1, 1, 1, 1, Now,, +, =,
+, G 2 − x2 G 2 − y2 xy − x2 xy − y2, 1, 1, 1, 1 1 , =, =,
− + =, (x − y) x y xy G 2, 21. If n geometric means
G1 , G2, K , Gn are to be inserted, between two
positive real numbers a and b, then, a , G1 , G2, ... , Gn ,
b are in GP, then, G1 = ar , G2 = ar 2, K , Gn = ar n, So,, ,
b , b = ar n + 1 r = , a , , 1/( n + 1 ), , b , Now,
nth geometric mean (Gn ) = ar n = a , a , , n/ n+ 1, ,
S = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + K ∞, xS = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + K ∞,
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq.(i), we get, (1 − x) S = 1 + x
+ x2 + x3 + K ∞, 1, 1 1 , S=, =, , (1 − x) 1 − x , (1
− x)2, , 22. Let, , 23. Let a1/ x = b1/ y = c1/ z = k, , a =
kx , b = ky and c = kz, Now, a , b and c are in GP., b2 =
ac k2y = kx ⋅ kz = kx + z 2 y = x + z, , x, y and z
are in AP., a+b, 24. Since,, AM =, =A, 2, and, GM = ab,
, G 2 = ab, Now,, (a − b)2 = (a + b)2 − 4ab, = (2 A )2 −
4G 2 = 4 ( A 2 − G 2), , a − b = ± 2 ( A − G) ( A + G), On
solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get, a = A ± ( A − G) ( A + G),
and, b = A ± ( A − G) ( A + G), 25. We have,, ∴, , 13 13 +
23 13 + 23 + 33, +, +, +…, 1, 1+3, 1+3+5, 13 + 23 + 33
+ K + n3, Tn =, 1 + 3 + 5 + K upto n terms, Σn3, 1 n 2 (n
+ 1)2, =, = ⋅, n, n2, [2 + (n − 1) 2] 4, 2, 1, = (n 2 + 2n + 1),
4, , ...(i), ...(ii), , …(i), …(ii), , ...(iii)

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78, , NDA/NA Mathematics, S = 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + 31 +
K + a n, − S = 3 + 7 + 13 + 21 + K +, an − 1 + an, – – –, –,
–, –, –, 0 = (3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + K + n terms) − a n,
a n = 3 + {4 + 6 + 8 + K + (n − 1) terms }, (n − 1), an =
3 +, {8 + (n − 1 − 1) 2}, 2, (n − 1), =3 +, ⋅ 2 {4 + n − 2}, 2, =
3 + (n − 1)(n + 2), ∴ 15th terms = a15 = 3 + (15 − 1)(15
+ 2), = 3 + 14 ⋅ 17, = 3 + 238 = 241, , 26. Let, , (GM)2,
AM, 16, HM =, 5, , 27. We know that, HM =, ∴, 28., , Let
a, b and c are in HP., 2ac, ∴, b=, a+c, 1, 1, 1, 1, LHS =, +,
=, +, 2ac, 2ac, b−c b−a, −c, −a, a+c, a+c, a+c, a+c, +, =, 2,
2ac − ac − c, 2ac − a 2 − ac, a+c, a+c, +, =, ac − c2 ac − a
2, , (a + c)(2ac − a 2 − c2), − ac (c − a )2, , (a + c)(c − a )2 a
+ c, =, ac, ac(c − a )2, a, c 1 1, =, +, = + = RHS, ac ac c a,
Hence, a, b and c are in HP., 29. If a , b and c are in GP,
then b2 = ac, Taking log on both sides, we get, 2 log e b
= log e a + log e c, , 2n log e b = n log e a + n log e c,
, 2 log e bn = log e a n + log e cn, , log e a n , log e bn
and log e cn be in AP., 2ab, ., 30. Since, harmonic mean
between a and b is, a+b, a n + 1 + bn + 1, 2ab, =, n, n, a,
+b, a +b, , , , , (given), , a n + 2 + abn + 1 + ba n + 1 +
bn + 2 = 2a n + 1b + 2bn + 1a, a n + 1 (a − b) = bn + 1 (a
− b), , , Hence,, , a , , b , , n+ 1, , a , = (1) = ,
b , n = −1, , 0, , for, , HP, therefore the, 1, 1, , nth term
=, n, m, Let a and d be the first term and common
difference of, this AP, then, 1, ...(i), a + (m − 1) d =, n, 1,
...(ii), a + (n − 1) d =, m, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get, 1, 1, a=, ,d =, mn, mn, Now, rth term of AP = a + (r −
1) d, 1, 1, =, + (r − 1), mn, mn, 1 + r −1, r, =, =, mn, mn,
mn, ∴, rth term of HP =, r, , 33. Since, the given series
log a x, logb x and log c x are in, HP., log x log x, log x,
are in HP., ,, and, , log a log b, log c, log a log b, log c,
are in AP., , ,, and, log x log x, log x, , log x a , log x b
and log x c are in AP, , a , b and c are in GP., , =, , , ,
Tm = n , Tn = m, , corresponding AP of mth term =, , 32.
Given that, geometric mean (G ) = 10, and harmonic
mean (H ) = 8, Let A be the arithmetic mean, G2, Then,,
G 2 = AH A =, H, (10)2 100, , A=, =, = 12.5, 8, 8, ,
ac − a 2 + ac − c2 , = (a + c) , , ac(a − c)(c − a ) , =, ,
31. Given,, , 34. Q 1, x, y and z, 16 are in geometric
progression., Here,, a = 1, l = 16, n = 5, l = ar n − 1, 16 =
1 ⋅ r 4 r = 2, ∴, x = 1⋅ r = 2, y = 1 ⋅ r 2 = 4,, z = 1 ⋅ r3 =
8, ∴, x + y + z = 2 + 4 + 8 = 14, 35. Given that, Tn = 3n +
7, S n = ΣTn, = Σ (3n + 7) = 3Σn + 7 Σ1, 3n (n + 1), 3n +
3 + 14 , =, + 7n = n, , , 2, 2, 3n + 17 , =n, 2,
, 3 × 50 + 17 , Now, sum of 50 terms = S50 = 50,
, , 2, 167 , = 50, = 25 × 167 = 4175, 2 , 36.
The sum of integers from 1 to 100 that are divisible by
2, or 5 = sum of series divisible by 2 + sum of series
divisible, by 5 − sum of series divisible by 2 and 5

Page 206 :
79, , Sequence and Series, = (2 + 4 + 6 + K + 100) + (5 +
10 + 15 + ... + 100), − (10 + 20 + 30 + K + 100), 50, 20,
=, {2 × 2 + (50 − 1) 2} +, {2 × 5 + (20 − 1) 5}, 2, 2, 10, −,
[10 × 2 + (10 − 1) 10], 2, = 25 (102) + 10 (105) − 5
(110), = 2550 + 1050 − 550 = 3050, 37. The geometric
mean between a and b = ab, a n + 1 + bn + 1, , =
(ab)1/ 2, a n + bn, a n + 1 − a n + 1/ 2b1/ 2 + bn + 1 −
a1/ 2bn + 1/ 2 = 0, (a n + 1/ 2 − bn + 1/ 2) (a1/ 2 − b1/
2) = 0, n + 1/ 2, a, − bn + 1/ 2 = 0, (Q a ≠ b a1/ 2 ≠ b1/
2), n + 1/ 2, 0, 1, 1, a , a , =1 = n + =0 n = −,
, b , b , 2, 2, , , , , , , ∴, , , , 41. Given,
series is 1 ⋅ 32 + 2 ⋅ 52 + 3 ⋅ 72 + ... ∞, This is an
arithmetic-geometric series whose nth term is, equal
to, Tn = n (2n + 1)2 = 4n3 + 4n 2 + n, , , , z = 1 + c + c2
+ K ∞, 1, z=, 1−c, , and, , , Since, a , b and c are in AP.,
, 1 − a , 1 − b, 1 − c are in AP., 1, 1, 1, are in HP, ,, and,
, 1−a 1−b, 1−c, ∴ x, y and z are in HP., 39. Since, a1 , a
2, a3 , K , a n are in AP., Then , a 2 − a1 = a3 − a 2 = ... = a
n − a n − 1 = d, where, d is the common difference of
the given AP., Also,, a n = a1 + (n − 1) d, Then, by
rationalizing each term, 1, 1, 1, + ... +, +, an + an − 1, a 2
+ a1, a3 + a 2, =, , a 2 − a1, +, a 2 − a1, , a3 − a 2, + ... +,
a3 − a 2, , an − an − 1, an − an − 1, , 1, ( a 2 − a1 + a3 − a
2 + ... + a n − a n − 1 ), d, a n + a1, 1, = ( a n − a1 ) ×, d, a n
+ a1, , , 1, 1 (n − 1) d , a n − a1, n −1, = , =, = ,
d a n + a1 d a n + a1 , a n + a1, =, , 40. Let the two
quantities be a and b. Then, a , A1 , A2 and b, are in AP.,
…(i), ∴, A1 − a = b − A2 A1 + A2 = a + b, Again, a , G1
, G2 and b are in GP., G1, b, ...(ii), =, G1G2 = ab, ∴, a
G2, Also, a , H 1 , H 2 and b are in HP., , n, , n, , 1, n, , 1, ,
∴ S n = Σ Tn = Σ (4n3 + 4n 2 + n ), n, , n, , = 4 Σ n3 + 4 Σ n
2 + Σ n, 1, , 1, , 1, , 2, , 4, n, , n, (n + 1) + n (n + 1) (2n +
1) + (n + 1), =4, 6, 2, , 2, 4, 1 , 2, = n (n + 1) n + n
+ (2n + 1) +, , 6, 2 , n, 2, = (n + 1) (6n + 14n + 7), 6, ,
38. We have, x = 1 + a + a 2 + K ∞, 1, , x=, 1−a, y = 1 +
b + b2 + ... ∞, 1, y=, 1−b, , 1, 1 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 1, − = −, , +,
= +, H1 a b H 2, H1 H 2 a b, H 1 + H 2 a + b A1 + A2,
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)], =, =, H 1H 2, ab, G1G2, G1G2, A
+ A2, = 1, H 1H 2 H 1 + H 2, , 42. Since, a , b and c are in
GP., , b2 = ac, and log a − log 2b, log 2b − log 3c and
log 3c − log a are, in AP., 2 (log 2b − log 3c) = log a −
log 2b + log 3c − log a, , b2 = ac and 2b = 3c b = 2a
/ 3 and c = 4a / 9, 5a, 10a, 13a, Since, a + b =, > c, b + c
=, > a, c + a =, >b, 3, 9, 9, It implies that, a , b and c form
a triangle with a as the, greatest side., Now, let us find
the greatest ∠ A of ∆ABC by using the, cosine
formula,, 29, b2 + c2 − a 2, cos A =, =−, <0, 2bc, 48,
∴The ∠ A is obtuse., 43. Let first 3 terms be a − d , a
and a + d., Now, (a − d ) + (a + d ) = 12 2a = 12 a =
6, and, , (a − d )a = 24 6(6 − d ) = 24, , , , 6 − d =4
d =2, , ∴ First term,, , a − d =6 −2 =4, , 44. Given that, 1
/ 4, 1 / x and 1 / 10 are in HP., 4, x and 10 are in AP.,
∴ Arithmetic mean,, 4 + 10 14, x=, =, = 7., 2, 2, 45.
Given , y = x − x2 + x3 − x4 + K, x, y=, ∴, 1 − (− x), , ,
, , y + yx = x, x(1 − y) = y, x=, , y, 1− y, , 46. All
hypothesis are based on fundamental concepts of,
progressions.Therefore, option (d) is correct.

Page 207 :
80, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 47. Suppose, S n be the
sum of first n terms of given series., 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ,
, , S n = 1 − + 1 − + 1 − + K+ 1 − n , , , 2
, 4 , 8 , 2 , 1, 1, 1, , , = n − + 2 + K + n , 2 2, 2
, 1 1, 1, 1, Here, + 2 + 3 + K + n is a GP series., 2 2, 2, 2,
1, 1, Which has first term a = and common ratio =, 2, 2,
1 , , 1 − n , 1 , 2 = n − 1 + 2−n, ∴, Sn = n −, 1 , 2 ,
1 − , , 2 , 48. We have, a x = by = cz, or, a x = by = cz
= k, , a = k1/ x , b = k1/ y and c = k1/ z, Given that, a ,
b and c are in GP., ∴, b2 = a ⋅ c, , k2/ y = k1/ x ⋅ k1/ z,
2 1 1, , = +, y x z, ∴ x, y and z are in HP., , (say), , 49.
Number of terms in an AP = 2n + 1. We know that,
the, ratio of the sum of the odd terms to the sum of
even, terms is given by, n + 1 sum of odd terms, =, n,
sum of even terms, 50. We have, sum of series is, 1, 1,
1, +, +, +K∞, 3 ×5 5 × 7 7 ×9, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1, Let S =,
− + − + − + .. =, 6, 2 3 5 5 7 7 9, 51. Since, a , b and
c are in GP., , b2 = ac, 1, 1, 1, 1, +, ∴, = 2, +, a 2 − b2
b2, a − ac ac, a, c+ a −c, =, =, ac (a − c), ac (a − c), 1, 1, =,
= 2, 2, ac − c, b − c2, , …(i), [from Eq. (i)], , 52. Given,
series is, 1, 1, +3+, + ..., 3, 3 3, Here, Between each two
consecutive terms, no common, difference and
common ratio are form., Hence, the given series does
not form any series., 11 × 180°, 11π , 53. Now, tan
−, = − tan, , 6 , 6, = − tan 330°, = − tan (360° − 30° ),
1, = tan 30° =, 3, 21 × 180°, 21 π , tan , = tan, 4
, 4, 1+, , = tan 945°, = tan (3 × 360° − 135° ), = tan
(−135° ), = − tan (180° − 45° ), = tan 45°, =1, 283 ×
180° , 283 π , cot , , = cot , , , 6 , 6, = cot
8490° = cot (24 × 360° − 150° ) = − cot 150°, = − cot
(180° − 30° ) = cot 30° = 3, 1, , 1 and 3 are in GP., Q, 3,
∴ Given numbers are in GP., 54. Let pth term is aR p −
1, qth term is aRq − 1 and rth term is, aRr − 1. These
are in GP, then, (aRq − 1 )2 = aR p − 1aRr − 1, , a
2R2q − 2 = a 2R p + r − 2, , R2q − 2 = R p+ r− 2, , 2q
− 2 = p + r − 2, , 2q = p + r, , p, q and r in AP., 55.
Given that, GM = 6, AM =A, HM = H, ...(i), ∴, 90 A + 5H
= 918, We know that, (GM)2 = (AM) × (HM), , (6)2 =
A × H, , AH = 36, 36, , H =, A, 36, in Eq. (i), we get,
On putting H =, A, 36, 90 A + 5 ×, = 918, A, , 90 A 2 −
918 A + 180 = 0, , 5 A 2 − 51 A + 10 = 0, 2, , 5 A −
50 A − A + 10 = 0, , 5 A ( A − 10) − 1 ( A − 10) = 0, ,
(5 A − 1) ( A − 10) = 0, 1, , A = , 10, 5, 13, , 56. Let
the two numbers are a and , − a in which 2n AM, 6,
, are inserted, then the series AP will be, , 13, − a
., a , A1 , A2,... , A2n , , , 6, 13, Here, first term = a,
last term =, −a, 6, Total number of terms = 2n + 2,
Using the relation, Tn = a + (n − 1) d, 13, ∴, − a = a + (2n
+ 1) d, 6, 13 − 12a, , d=, 6 (2n + 1), 13 − 12a, A1 = a +
d = a +, ∴, 6 (2n + 1)

Page 208 :
81, , Sequence and Series, 12na + 6a + 13 − 12a, 6 (2n
+ 1), 12na − 6a + 13, =, 6 (2n + 1), (13 − 12a ), and A2n
= a + 2nd = a + 2n, 6 (2n + 1), 12na + 6a + 26n − 24na,
=, 6 (2n + 1), 26n − 12na + 6a, =, 6 (2n + 1), , 57. Given
a = ` 135, d = ` 15 and S n = ` 5550, Let in n years his
total savings be ` 5550, n, ∴, S n = [2a + (n − 1) d ], 2, n,
5550 = [2 × 135 + (n − 1) 15], , 2, , =, , Now,, , , ,
(given), A1 + A2 + K + A2n = 2n + 1, 2n, [ A1 + A2n ] =
2n + 1, 2, 12na − 6a + 13 + 26n − 12na + 6a , n , =
2n + 1, , , 6 (2n + 1), , , , , 13n = 12n + 6, n =6, , ,
, , 11100 = n [270 + 15n − 15], 15 n 2 + 255n −
11100 = 0, , , , , n 2 + 17n − 740 = 0, n 2 + 37n −
20n − 740 = 0, , , , , (n + 37) (n − 20) = 0, n = 20 yr, ,
(Q n ≠ − 37), , 58. Q AM = 9 and HM = 4, Then,, GM =
AM × HM, = 9 × 4 = 36 = 6, , Level II, n (n − 1), ...(i), Q, 2,
Let us put n = n − 1, then Eq. (i) becomes, (n − 1) (n − 2),
S n − 1 = (n − 1)P +, Q, 2, We know, the nth term is
given by, Tn = S n − S n −1, n (n − 1) , , Tn = nP +, Q,
, , , 2, (, n − 1) (n − 2) , , Q, − (n − 1) P +, , ,
2, n (n − 1), Tn = nP +, Q − (n − 1)P, , 2, (n − 1) (n − 2),
−, Q, 2, , Tn = P (n − n + 1), n (n − 1) (n − 1) (n − 2) ,
+Q, −, , , 2, 2, 2, −, +, n, n, , , , Tn = P + Q (n − 1),
, , 2, ...(ii), , Tn = P + Q (n − 1), ...(iii), , Tn − 1 = P
+ Q (n − 2), From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get, d = Tn − Tn −
1 = P + Q (n − 1) − P − Q (n − 2), =Q, , 1. Given that, S n
= nP +, , 2. Given that, x > 1, y > 1 and z > 1 are in GP or
x, y and z, are in GP., ∴, y2 = xz, Taking log on both
sides, we get, 2 log y = log x + log z, , 2 (1 + log y) = (1
+ log x) + (1 + log z ), Which shows that, 1 + log x, 1 +
log y and 1 + log z are in, AP., 1, 1, 1, are in HP., ∴, ,, and,
1 + log x 1 + log y, 1 + log z, , 3. We know that, in a GP
the product of two terms, equidistant from the
beginning and end is a constant, and is equal to the
product of first term and last term,, i.e., if a1 , a 2, a3 ,
K a ( n − 2) a n − 1 are in GP then, a1a n = a 2a n = a3 a
n − 2 = K, Given that,, S 2 S11 = S pS 8, , (P + 8) = (2 +
11), , p = 13 − 8 = 5, 4. Given that, p, q and r are in
AP., ∴, 2q = p + r, As well as are in GP., ∴, q2 = pr, From
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, p + r = 2 pr, ( p )2 − 2 pr ⋅ r + ( r
)2 = 0, , , ( p − r )2 = 0, p − r =0, , p= r, , , p=r,
From Eq. (ii), we get, q2 = r ⋅ r = r 2 q = r, Now, from
Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get, p=q=r, 5. Sum of n terms of an
AP is given by, n, S n = [2a + (n − 1) d ], 2, ∴ S10 = 5 [2a
+ 9d ], 5, and S5 = [2a + 4d ], 2, According to question,,
5, 5 [2a + 9d ] = 4 × [2a + 4d ], 2, , 2a + 9d = 4a + 8d
d = 2a, a 1, , = a : d = 1 :2, d 2, , …(i), …(ii), , …(iii),
…(iv)

Page 209 :
82, 6. Given that,, n !,3 × (n !) and (n + 1) ! are in GP.,
Then, {3 × (n !)}2 = (n !) × (n + 1) !, , (3)2 (n !) = (n + 1)
!, , 9(n !) = (n + 1) ⋅ (n !), , 9=n+1, , n =8, 7. Let the
series;, Ist, IInd, S1 = 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 + 18 + 22 + 26 +
30 + 34 + 38 + 42, IIIrd, + 46 + K, and S 2 = 1 + 6 + 11 +
16 + 21 + 26 + 31 + 36 + 41, + 46 + K, The number
sequence of common terms in S1,, S1′ = 2 + 7 + 12 + K,
and number sequence of common terms in S 2,, S 2′ =
2 + 6 + 10 + K, Now, we find the 10th term in both S1′
and S 2′, for S1′,, T10 = 2 + (10 − 1) ⋅ 5 = 2 + 45 = 47,
and for S 2′, T10 = 2 + (10 − 1) ⋅ 4 = 2 + 36 = 38, So,
the 47th term in S1 and 38th term in S 2 are the, 10th
common term in both series., For S1, T47 = 2 + (47 −
1) × 4 = 2 + 46 × 4 = 186, and for S 2, T38 = 1 + (38 − 1)
× 5 = 1 + 37 × 5 = 186, 8. Given, 10th term of GP = 9,
T10 = ar(10 − 1) = 9, …(i), , ar 9 = 9, (where, a = first
term; r = common difference), and, 4th term of GP = 4,
…(ii), T4 = ar( 4 − 1) = ar3 = 4, On divide Eq. (i) by Eq.
(ii), we get, ar 9 9, 9, …(iii), =, r6 =, 4, ar3 4, Now, 7th
term of GP is, 9a, …(iv), T7 = ar 6 =, 4, On multiplying
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, (ar 9 )(ar3 ) = 9 ⋅ 4, , a 2r12 =
36, 2 6 2, , a (r ) = 36, 2, 36 × 16, 9 , a 2 = 36
a 2 =, , 4 , 81, 6 ×4, 8, a=, a=, , 9, 3, From Eq.
(iv), we get, 9 8, T7 = × = 2 × 3 = 6, 4 3, 9. Given, a, b, c,
d, e and f are in AP., b−a =c−b, …(i), , b−c=a −b, and, …
(ii), e−d =d −c, On adding both the equations,, (e − c) +
(b − d ) = (a − c) + (d − b), …(iii), , (e − c) = (d − c) + (a +
d ) − 2b, (Q a, b and c are in AP.), , 2b = a + c, ,
NDA/NA Mathematics, From Eq. (iii), we get, , (e − c)
= (d − c) + (a + d ) − (a + c), = (d − c) + (d − c), , (e − c) =
2(d − c), a+b, 10. Arithmetic mean of a and b is, 2, a+b,
= 10, , 2, , a + b = 20, Geometric mean of a and b is
ab, , ab = 8, , ab = 64, Now, we have,, (a − b)2 = (a +
b)2 − 4ab, = (20)2 − 4(64), = 400 − 256 = 144, , a − b
= 12, From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get, a = 16 and b = 4, So,
one number exceeds the other by 12., , (given), …(i),
(given), …(ii), , …(iii), , 11. Number lying between 107
and 253 are 108, 109, 110,, 252 and the number
which are divisible by 5 are 110,, 115, 120,…, 250,
which form an AP., ∴, a = 110, d = 5, l = 250 and n = 29,
29, n, ∴, S = [a + l] =, [110 + 250], 2, 2, 29 × 360, =, = 29
× 180 = 5220, 2, 12. Since, p, q and r are in AP, then 2q
= p + r, , p − 2q + r = 0, Here, the option (c) satisfy the
above condition., 13. Let a be the first term of an AP
and d be the common, difference,, n, S n = [2a + (n − 1)
d ], ∴, 2, Where, n be the number of terms., 9, 9, 171
= [2a + (9 − 1) d ] 171 = (2a + 8d ), 2, 2, 38 = 2a +
8d, From this we conclude that no terms of the AP can
be, determined., 14. Put a = 3 in given term, the term
satisfied the condition, of AP., x+ y, n (x + y), 15. Given
that, A =, ,S =, 2, 2, (x + y), n, S, 2, Now,, =, =n, x+ y, A, 2,
y+ z, 16. Let y, x and z are in AP, then x =, 2, …(i), , 2x
= y + z, and y, g1 g2 and z are in GP

Page 210 :
83, , Sequence and Series, , Then,, , g1 g2, z, =, =, g12
= g2y, y, g1 g2, , , , g13 = g1 g2 y, , and, , , g22, g32, ,
and, , yz = g1 g2, , On solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get, a
= 16 and b = 4, ...(ii), , 21. Required sum, , = g1z, , G, , =
g1 g2z, , ...(iii), , K, , L, , ...(iv), , On adding Eqs. (ii) and
(iii), we get, g13 + g32 = yg1 g2 + zg1 g2 = g1 g2 ( y + z
) = yz ⋅2x, [from Eqs. (i) and (iv)], = 2xyz, 17. Let two
numbers are x and y,, x+ y, 2xy, then, A=, , G = xy , H =,
2, x+ y, G = 3H, 2xy, , xy = 3 ×, x + y = 6 xy, x+ y, , D,
, A, , F, , H, I, B, , J, E, , C, , 1, 1, (16)2 + (16)2 + K ∞, 2, 4, 1
1, , 2 , = (16) 1 + + + K ∞ , 2 4, , , , , 1 , = 162
, = 256 × 2 = 512 sq cm, 1 , 1 − , , 2 , = (16)2 +, ,
(given), , ∴, , x+ y, 2xy , +, , (3H + H ), x + y , ( A + H
) (G + H ) 2, =, ( A − H ) (G − H ), x + y 2xy , −, ,
(3H − H ), 2, x + y , , , , 6 xy, 2xy , +, , , 6 xy
4H 5, 2, ×, =, 6 xy 2xy 2H 2, −, , , 6 xy , 2, , ...
(i), , 18. If a , ar , ar 2, K are in GP, then, 1, According to
question, a = (ar + ar 2) 3 = r + r 2, 3, −1 ± 1 + 4 × 3,
2, , r + r −3 =0 r =, 2, −1 ± 13, 13 − 1, (Q r > 0), r=, =,
, 2, 2, 1, 19. Q, tan 2 30° =, 3, 2, tan 45° = 1 and tan 2
60° = 3, 2, ∴ tan 30° , tan 2 45° and tan 2 60° are in
GP., Because its common ratio is same, i.e., 3., 20. Let
H be the harmonic mean of two numbers., ∴, A = G + 2
and G = H + 1.6, and, A = H + 1.6 + 2 = H + 3.6, We
know that,, AH = G 2, (H + 3.6)H = (H + 1.6)2, , H 2 +
3.6H = H 2 + 2.56 + 3.2H, 2.56, H =, = 6.4, , 0.4, ∴, A
= 6.4 + 3.6 = 10 and G = 6.4 + 1.6 = 8, Let two numbers
are a and b., …(i), ∴, a + b = 20, and, …(ii), ab = 64, We
know that,, (a − b)2 = (a + b)2 − 4ab = 400 − 256 = 144,
…(iii), , a − b = 12, , 22. A : G = m : n, , , a+b m, (a +
b)2 m2, = 2, =, , 4ab, n, 2 ab, n, , …(i), , (a + b)2 − 4ab
m2 − n 2, (by componendo), =, 4ab, n2, (a − b)2 m2 − n
2, …(ii), , =, 4ab, n2, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, (a +
b)2, m2, (a + b), m, , =, = 2, 2, 2, (a − b), (a − b), m − n2,
m − n2, and, , , , 2, 2, (a + b) + (a − b) m + m − n, =, (a +
b) − (a − b) m − m2 − n 2, , (using componendo and
dividendo rule), , , 2, 2, a m+ m −n, =, b m − m2 − n 2, ,
23. Let S n be the sum of n terms of a sequence a1 , a
2, K , a n, of the form An 2 + Bn., We have,, S n = An 2 +
Bn, , S n − 1 = A (n − 1)2 + B (n − 1), Now, a n = S n − S
n − 1, = An 2 + Bn − { A (n − 1)2 + B(n − 1)}, = An 2 + Bn
− { An 2 − 2 An + A + Bn − B}, = 2 An − ( A − B), a n +
1 = 2 A (n + 1) − ( A − B), ∴ a n + 1 − a n = 2 A (n + 1) − (
A − B) − 2 An + ( A − B) = 2 A, Since, a n + 1 − a n = 2 A,
So, the sequence is an AP with common difference
2A., 24. The given series is, (1 × 3) + (3 × 5) + (5 × 7) +
..., Tn = (2 n − 1) × (2 n + 1) = 4n 2 − 1, Sum of series =
4Σn 2 − Σ1

Page 211 :
84, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 4 n (n + 1) (2 n + 1), −n, 6,
2, , 2 (2 n + 3n + 1), − 1 , Sn = n , 3, , , , = 2550 +
1050 − 550, = 3050, , Sn =, , ∴, , 4n 2 + 6n + 2 − 3 , Sn
= n , , 3, , , 2, n (4n + 6n − 1), Sn =, 3, 50 [4(50)2 +
6(50) − 1], S50 =, 3, 50 × (10000 + 300 − 1) 50 ×
10299, =, =, = 171650, 3, 3, , 25. Given series is, log 6
7, log 42 7 and log 294 7, or it can be rewritten as, 1, 1,
1, ,, and, log7 6 log7 42, log7 294, Let us assume the
series log7 6, log7 42, log7 294 are in, AP., ∴, 2 log7 42
= log7 6 + log7 294, , log7 422 = log7 (6 ⋅ 294), ,
(42)2 = 6 ⋅ 294, , 1764 = 1764, ∴Our assumption is
true., If the series log7 6, log7 42 and log7 294 are in
AP., 1, 1, 1, are in HP., The series, ,, ,, log7 6 log7 42
log7 294, Hence, log 6 7, log 42 7 and log 294 7 are in
HP., 6, , 6, , 6, , 7, , 2, , 3, , 26. Let S = 7 , 77 , 77 , K ∞, 6 [1
+ 1 + 1 + K ∞ ], 7 72, , = 77, =, , 6 7 , , 77 6 , , =, ,
, , 1 , , 6 , 1 − 1 , 77 7 , , =7, , 27. Let the sum
of series which are divisible by 2 is, P = 2 + 4 + 6 + K +
100, = 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + K + 50), 50 (50 + 1), = 2⋅, = 2550,
2, Again, let the sum of series which are divisible by 5
is, Q = 5 + 10 + 15 + K + 100, = 5 (1 + 2 + 3 + K + 20),
20 (20 + 1), = 5⋅, = 50 ⋅ 21, 2, = 1050, and the sum of
series which are divisible by both 2, and 5 (i.e., 10) is, R
= 10 + 20 + 30 + ... + 100, = 10 (1 + 2 + 3 + K + 10), 10
(10 + 1), = 10 ⋅, = 50 ⋅ 11, 2, = 550, ∴ Required sum of
integers, =P+Q−R, , 28. Q AM = 27 and HM = 12,, and
we know that,, (GM)2 = (AM) (HM), = 27 × 12, , GM
= 3 × 3 × 2, = 18, 29. The numbers between 200 and
400 which are divisible, by 7, are, 203, 210, 217, …,
399, Now, let the number of terms be n., ∴, 399 = 203
+ (n − 1) 7, 196, = (n − 1) n = 29, , 7, 29, Thus,
required sum =, [203 + 399], 2, 29 × 602, =, 2, = 8729,
1 1, 1, 30. Let, are in AP., ,, and, ab ca, bc, 1, 1, 1, 1, b−c
a−b, =, −, =, −, , , ca ab bc ca, abc, abc, , b − c = a −
b 2b = a + c, a, b and c are in AP., 1, 1, 1, and, are in
AP., Now,, ,, b+ c, c+ a, a + b, 2, 1, 1, ∴, =, +, c+ a, b+ c, a
+ b, 2( b + c )( a + b ) = ( c + a )( a + 2 b + c ), 2( ab +
b + ac + bc ) = ac + 2 bc + c + a, + 2 ab + ac, 2 ab + 2b
+ 2 ac + 2 bc = 2 ac + 2 bc, + 2 ab + c + a, , 2b = a + c,
a, b and c are in AP., Hence, both the statements are
correct., 31. Let a and d be the first term and common
difference of, an AP., According to question, p ⋅ T p = q
⋅ Tq, , p[a + ( p − 1)d ] = q[a + (q − 1)d ], , pa + ( p2 −
p)d = qa + (q2 − q) d, , ( p − q)a = (q2 − p2 + p − q) d,
, ( p − q)a = ( p − q)(− p − q + 1) d, , a = − ( p + q − 1)
d, Now,, T p + q = a + ( p + q − 1) d, = − ( p + q − 1) d + ( p
+ q − 1) d, =0, 2, , 32. x = 1 +, , , , 3, , y y , y , +
+ + ..., 2 , , , 2, 2, 2, 1, x=, x=, y, 2, −y, 1−, 2,
2x−2, 2 x − xy = 2 y =, x

Page 212 :
85, , Sequence and Series, 33. The GP is a , ar , ar 2, ... ,
ar 2n, ∴ P = a ⋅ ar ⋅ ar 2 ⋅ ar3 ⋅ ... ⋅ ar 2n, = a 2n + 1 r(1
+ 2 + ... + 2n), = a( 2n + 1) r, , 2n ( 2n + 1 ), 2, , = a 2n + 1 r
n( 2n + 1) = (ar n )( 2n + 1), = (2n + 1)th power of the (n
+ 1)th term of GP., 34. Given that, the group of natural
numbers, (1), (2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9, 10), K, whose
number of terms in each group are, 1, 2, 4, 7, ..., Let S =
1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + K + tn,, and S =, 1 + 2 + 4 + K + tn − 1 +
tn, –, – – –, –, –, –, 0 = 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 + K + tn − tn − 1 + tn,
tn = 1 + (1 + 2 + 3 + K + (n − 1) terms ), (n − 1), tn = 1 +,
{2 + (n − 2)}, 2, n (n − 1), tn = 1 +, 2, Therefore, the first
term in 11th group of natural, number is, 11 ⋅ 10, t11
= 1 +, = 56, 2, ∴ The 11th group is (56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66)., Sum of the terms of 11th
group, 11, S=, {2 × 56 + (11 − 1) 1}, 2, 11, =, (112 + 10)
= 11 × 61, 2, = 671, 35. First five terms of a geometric
progression are a, ar,, ar 2, ar3 and ar 4., a + ar + ar 2 +
ar3 + ar 4, Mean =, ∴, 5, a (1 + r + r 2 + r3 + r 4 ), =, 5,
r5 − 1 , a , , r −1 , =, 5, a (r5 − 1), =, 5(r − 1), 36. Let
the AP is, a , a + d , a + 2d , ... , a + (2n − 1)d , a + 2nd,
Series of odd terms, a + d , a + 3d , ... , a + (2n − 1) d ,
has n terms., n, Sum = [(a + d ) + { a + (2n − 1)d }], ∴, 2, n,
= [2a + 2nd ], 2, = n [a + nd ], Series of even terms, a , a
+ 2d , a + 4d , ... , a + 2nd, has (n + 1) terms., n+1, Sum =,
∴, [a + (a + 2nd )], 2, , n+1, (2a + 2nd ), 2, = (n + 1)(a + nd
), n+1, So, the ratio =, n, =, , 37. Given,, ∴, , S n = n 2 −
2n, a n = Sn − Sn − 1, = n 2 − 2n − [(n − 1)2 − 2(n − 1)], =
n 2 − 2n − [n 2 + 1 − 2n − 2n + 2], = 2n − 3, , 38. Q a , 2a
+ 2 and 3a + 3 are in GP., ∴, (2a + 2)2 = a (3a + 3), 2, ,
4a + 4 + 8a = 3a 2 + 3a, , a 2 + 5a + 4 = 0, , (a + 4)(a
+ 1) = 0, , a = −1 or – 4, Let the 4th term is x., a, 3a +
3, =, ∴, 2a + 2, x, (3a + 3)(2a + 2), , x=, a, When,, a = −
4, x = − 13.5, and, when a = − 1, x = 0, So, the 4th term
is –13.5., 39. Given, a n = 2n − 1, ∴, , n, , n, , k =1, n, , k
=1, , S n = Σ a k = Σ (2n − 1), = 2 Σ (n − n ), k =1, , n (n +
1), −n, 2, = n2 + n − n = n2, , =2⋅, , 40. Arithmetic mean
of the combined, , 4 × 15 + 6 × 12, x n + x2n2 , 10
numbers =, Q x12 = 1 1, , , 10, n1 + n2 , where, n1
= 4, x1 = 15 and n2 = 6, x2 = 12, 60 + 72, =, = 13.2, 10,
41. First nine terms of a GP are a , ar , ar 2, ... , ar 8., ∴,
P = a ⋅ ar ⋅ ar 2 K ar 8, 8, , = a 9 ⋅ r1 + 2 + ... + 8 = a 9 ⋅ r
2, = a9 ⋅ r, , 8 ⋅9, 2, , (1 + 8 ), , = a 9r36, , = (ar 4 )9 = (T5
)9, = 9th power of the 5th term, 42. Q x + y, 2 y and y +
z are in harmonic progression., 2(x + y)( y + z ), 2y =, x+
y+ y+ z, , 2 y(x + 2 y + z ) = 2(xy + xz + y2 + yz ), ,
2xy + 4 y2 + 2 yz = 2xy + 2xz + 2 y2 + 2 yz, , 2 y2 =
2xz, , y2 = xz, x, y and z are in geometric
progression.

Page 213 :
86, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 43. The given series is, ,
1, 1 ⋅3, 1 ⋅3 ⋅5, +, +, +K∞, 8 8 ⋅ 16 8 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 24, On
comparing this series with, n (n − 1) 2, S = 1 + nx +, x +
K ∞ , we get, 2!, 1, …(i), nx =, 8, n (n − 1) 2 1 ⋅ 3, …(ii),
and, x =, 2!, 8 ⋅ 16, S =1 +, , From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get, n (n − 1) 2, 1 ⋅3, x, 2!, 8, = ⋅ 16, 1 1, n 2x2, ⋅, 8 8, n
−1 3, =, n − 1 = 3n, , 2n, 2, 1, n=−, , 2, On putting
this value in Eq. (i), we get, 1, 1, 1 , x=−, − x =,
2 , 8, 4, But, , 1 , , S = (1 + x)n = 1 − , , 4 , 3 , =
, 4 , , −1/ 2, , =, , 47. We know, if n geometrical
means be inserted between, two quantities a and b,
then their product will be (ab)x|2., Both A and R are
individually true and R is the correct, explanation of
A., −1/ 2, , 2, 3, , 44. The geometric mean of the ratio of
corresponding terms, of two series, where G1 and G2
are geometric means of, G, two series is 1 ., G2, 45. 0.3
+ 0.03 + 0.003 +K, = 3 [0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + ...], 3, =,
[0.9 + 0.09 + 0.009 + K ], 9, 1, =, [(1 − 0.1) + (1 − 0.01) +
(1 − 0.001) + ...], 3, 1, =, [n − {0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001 + ...}], 3,
1 , 0.1(1 − (0.1n ) , = n −, , 3 , 0.9, , n 1, n , =, −,
(1 − (0.1) ), 3 27, , Also, a n = a + nd, ∴, a1 + a 2 + K
+ a n, = a + d + a + 2d + K + a + nd, = na + (1 + 2 + K + n )
d, n (n + 1) d, = na +, 2, n, = [2a + (n + 1) d ], 2, Hence, A
is false but R is true., 46. Let the first term of AP = a
and cd = d, Then, mth term = a + (m − 1)d, and nth
term = a + (n − 1)d, , According to question,, a + (m −
1)d = n m{ a + (m − 1)d } = mn, a + (n − 1)d = m, , n{
a + (n − 1)d } = mn, ∴, m{ a + (m − 1)d } = n { a + (n − 1)d
}, , ma + m(m − 1)d = na + n (n − 1)d, (ma − na ) = n (n
− 1)d − m(m − 1)d, (m − n )a = (n 2 − n − m2 + m)d, = {(n
2 − m2) − (n − m)}d, = (n − m)(n + m − 1)d, (m − n )a +
(m − n )(m + n − 1)d = 0, , (m − n ){ a + (m + n − 1)}d =
0, ...(i), , a + (m + n − 1)d = 0, m ≠ n, Now,, (m + n )th
term = a + (m + n − 1)d, =0, Both A and R are
individually true and R is the correct, explanation of
A., , 48. Q a , b, c and d are in AP., 1 1 1, 1, , , , and are
in HP., a b c, d, abcd abcd abcd, abcd, are in HP., ,, ,, and,
, a, b, c, d, , bcd , acd , abd and abc are in HP., , a ,
49. 91/3 91/ 9 91/ 27 K ∞, Q (GP)∞ = 1 − r , , , 1, ,
= 93, , +, , 1, 1, +, + K∞, 9 27, , 1/3, , 1, , = 91 − 1/3 = 93, ,
2, 3, , = 91/ 2 = (3), , 2×, , 1, 2, , =3, , 50. If a, b, c and d
are in HP. Such that a > d , then the only, possible
condition is a + c = b + d., 51. I. 2.357 = 2 + 0.357 +
0.000357 + K, 257 357, =2 + 3 +, + ..., 10, 106, 357, 3,
357 103, = 2 + 10, =2 + 3 ×, 1, 999, 10, 1− 3, 10, 2355,
=, 999, II. Given, 1 + cos α + cos 2 α + K = 2 − 2, 1, 1, 2+
2, ∴, =, ×, 1 − cos α 2 − 2 2 + 2, 2+ 2 2+ 2, =, =, 4 −2, 2, 1,
1 − cos α = 1 +, , 2, 1, 3π, , α =, cos α =, 4, 2, 52.
Since, b1 , b2 and b3 are in AP with common
difference d,, then b2 = b1 + d and b3 = b1 + 2d

Page 214 :
87, , Sequence and Series, Also,, , , , , , b32 =
b2b3 + b1d + 2, , 55., , (b1 + 2d ) = (b1 + d )(b1 + 2d ) +
b1d + 2, 2, , b12, , + 4d 2 + 4b1d = b12 + 2b1d + b1d +
2d 2 + b1d + 2, 2d 2 = 2 d 2 = 1, d = ± 1 or, , d =1, ,
53. The given series is not an arithmetic geometric
series,, since 12, 22 ,32 ,42... are not in AP., However,
their successive differences (22 − 12), (32 − 22),, (42 −
32) , ... i.e., 3, 5, 7, ... are in AP., So, the above process
will be repeated twice, S ∞ = 1 + 4x + 9x2 + 16x3 + ...
∞, xS ∞ = x + 4x2 + 9x3 + ... ∞, On subtraction,, , =1+, ,
(1 − x)S ∞ = 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 + ... ∞, x(1 − x)S ∞ = x +
3x2 + 5x3 + ... ∞, On subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (iii),
we get, (1 − x)2S ∞ = 1 + 2x + 2x2 + 2x3 + ... ∞, = 1 +
2x(1 + x + x2+ ... ∞ ), 1, 1+ x, = 1 + 2x, =, 1−x 1−x, (1 +
x), S∞ =, (1 − x)3, 2 n−1, , 54. The nth term of the series
A1 is tn = n x, , ...(i), …(ii), , 4 9 16, +, +, + ... ∞, 3 32 33, 1,
1 4, 9, S ∞ = + 2 + 3 + ... ∞, 3, 3 3, 3, On subtraction, we
get, 2, 5 5, 7, S∞ = 1 + + 2 + 3 + K ∞, 3, 3 3, 3, 2, 1 3, 5, S
∞ = + 2 + 3 + ... ∞, 9, 3 3, 3, On subtracting the two
series, we get, 2 2, 2, 4 , ⋅ S ∞ = 1 + + 2 + 3 + ... ∞,
9 , 3 3, 3, S∞ = 1 +, , ...(iii), …(iv), , =1+, , 2 , 1 1, , 1 +
+ 2 + ... ∞ , , 3 , 3 3, 2, 1, =2, ×, 1 , 3 , 1 − , , 3 , ,
9, 4, 1, =4, 2, , S∞ = 2 ×, , ., , (1 + x), S1 (1 − x)3 2(1 + x),
56., =, =, 9, S2, 9(1 − x)3, 2

Page 215 :
5, , Logarithms, Logarithm, , 9. a > 1, then, , If a is a
positive real number, other than 1 and a x = m,, then x
is called the logarithm of m to the base a. It is, denoted
by loga m. Thus, a x = m x = loga m, 23 = 8 log2 8
= 3, , e.g.,, %, %, %, , If x < 0, then loga x is imaginary., If
x = 0, then loga x is meaningless., loga x exists, if and
only if x > 0, a > 0 and a ≠ 1., , Properties of
Logarithms, , (a) loga x > p x > a p, (b) 0 < loga x < p
1 < x < a p, 10. If 0 < a < 1, then, (a) loga x > p 0 < x
< a p, (b) 0 < loga x < p a p < x < 1, , Graph of y = log a
x, y, , 1. a log a x = x ; a ≠ 0, ≠ 1, x > 0, 2. a logb x = x logb
a ; a > 0, b > 0, ≠ 1, x > 0, , O, , 3. loga a = 1, loga 1 = 0 ; a
> 0, ≠ 1, 4. loga x =, , y, y = logax, a>1, , 0<a<1, (1, 0), x, ,
O, , x, , y = loga x, , 1, ; x , a > 0, ≠ 1, logx a, , 5. loga x =
logb x ⋅ loga b =, , logb x, ; a , b > 0, ≠ 1, x > 0, logb a, , 6.
For m , n > 0, a > 0 and ≠ 1, (a) loga ( m ⋅ n ) = loga m +
loga n, m , (b) loga = loga m − loga n, n , (c) loga
( m n ) = n loga ( m ), , Example 1. If a = log 2 3, b = log 2
5, c = log7 2, then the, value of log140 63 in terms of a,
b, c is, 2 ac + 1, a +1, (a), (b), 2c + bc + 1, b +1, ac + 1, (d)
None of these, (c), 2b +1, , Solution (a) log140 63 =, , 7.
For x > 0, a > 0, ≠ 1, (a) loga n x =, , 1, loga x, n, , m , (b)
loga n x m = loga x, n , , (b) loga x < loga y , if 0 < a
< 1, , =, , 2 log 2 3 + log 2 7, 2 log 2 2 + log 2 5 + log 2 7, ,
=, , 2a + 1/ c, 2ac + 1, =, 2 + b + 1 / c 2c + bc + 1, ,
Example 2. If log10 1+ x + 3 log10 1 − x, , 8. For x > y >
0, (a) loga x > loga y , if a > 1, , log 2 63 log 2 (3 × 3 × 7),
=, log 2 140 log 2(2 2 × 5 × 7), , = log10 1 − x2 + 2, then
the value of x is, , (a) 4, (c) 5, , (b) −99, (d) None of these

Page 216 :
89, , Logarithms, , =, , Solution (d) log10 ( x + 1)1/ 2 +
log10 (1 − x)3/ 2, = log10 (1 − x2)1/ 2 + log10 100, , log
a + log b + log c, =1, log a + log b + log c, , 4. If x = 9 is a
root of the equation, , , , ( x + 1)1/ 2 (1 − x)3 / 2 = (1 −
x2)1/ 2 × 100, , Example, , , , 1 − x (1 − x − 100) = 0, ,
8 ax , log π ( x 2 + 15 a 2) − log π ( a − 2) = log π , ,
then the other, a − 2 , root is, (a) 12, (b) 15, (c) 13, (d)
10, , 2, , , x = ± 1, x = − 99, but, x ≠ ±1, − 99, Thus,
there is no value of x which satisfy the given
equation., , 1, +, 1+ log b a + log b c, 1, 1, is, +, 1+ log c a
+ log c b 1+ log a b + log a c, (b) 2, (d) 4, , Example 3.
The value of, , (a) 1, (c) 3, , 1, 1, Solution (a), +, 1 + log b
a + log b c 1 + log c a + log c b, 1, +, 1 + log a b + log a c,
log b, log c, =, +, log a + log b + log c log a + log b + log c,
log a, +, log a + log b + log c, , Solution (b) log π ( x 2 +
15 a 2) − log π ( a − 2), 8ax , = log π , , a − 2 , ,
, , , x2 + 15a2 , 8ax , log π , , = log π , a, −,
2, a − 2 , , , x2 + 15a2 = 8ax, x2 − 8ax + 15a2 = 0, ,
, ( x − 5a) ( x − 3a) = 0, , x = 3a = 9 a = 3, Another
root x = 5a = 5 × 3 = 15

Page 217 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. If log2 x = 4, then x is equal to, (a)
16, (b) 4, (c) 2, , (d) 64, , 2. What is the value of, 3 ,
27 , 9 , log10 − log10 + log10 ?, 4 ,
32 , 8 , (a) 3, (c) 1, , (NDA 2011 I), , (b) 2, (d) 0, , 13. If
a , b and c are the pth, qth and rth terms, respectively,
of a GP, then ( q − r ) log a + (r − p) log b + ( p − q ) log c,
is equal to, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) −1, (d) abc, (log27 9)(log16
64), 14. What is the value of, ?, log4 2, (NDA 2009 II),
(a) 1, , 3. If log3 log4 x > 0, then, (a) x > 1, (c) x > 64, , (b)
x > 4, (d) None of these, , 4. If log10 x < 1, then, (a) 0 < x
< 10, (c) x < 10, , (b) x > 10, (d) 0 ≤ x < 10, , (NDA 2011
II), , 7. If log3 [log3 (log3 x )] = log3 3, then what is the
value of, x?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) 3, (b) 27, (c) 39, (d) 327,
8. If a , b and c are in GP, then logax x , logbx x , logcx x,
are in, (a) GP, (b) HP, (c) AP, (d) None of these, 9. The
value of x satisfying, log10 1 + x + 3 log10 1 − x =
log10 1 − x 2 + 2 is, (a) −1 < x < 1, (b) x = 0, (c) No
solution, (d) None of these, a + b 1, 10. If loge , =
(loge a + loge b), then, 2 2, b, (a) a = b, (b) a =, 2, b,
(c) 2a = b, (d) a =, 3, 11. If logax x , logbx x, logcx x are in
AP,, a , b, c, x ∈ (1, ∞ ), then a , b and c are in, (a) AP, (b)
GP, (c) HP, (d) None of these, , (c) 4, , (d) 8, , 16. The
number of solutions of log2 ( x − 1) = 2 log2 ( x − 3), is,
(a) 2, (b) 1, (c) 6, (d) 7, , 5. If y = 21/ log x ( 8) , then x is
equal to, (a) y, (b) y 2, 3, (c) y, (d) None of these, 6.
What is the value of log2 (log3 81)?, (a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 4,
(d) 9, , (b) 2, , 15. If (logx x )(log3 2x )(log2x y ) = logx x 2
, then what is the, value of y?, (NDA 2009 II), 9, (b) 9,
(c) 18, (d) 27, (a), 2, , where, , 12. If 2 log( x + 1) − log( x
2 − 1) = log 2 , then x equals to, (a) 1, (b) 0, (c) 2, (d) 3, ,
17. If log2 x + log2 y ≥ 6, then the least value of ( x + y )
is, (a) 4, (b) 8, (c) 16, (d) 32, 18. If 4log 9 3 + 9log 2 4 =
10log x 83 , then x is, (a) 4, (b) 9, (c) 10, (d) None of
these, 19. The least value of 2 log10 x − logx ( 0.01) for
x > 1 is, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 4, (d) 6, log3 9, ?, 20. What is the
value of 2 log8 2 −, 3, (NDA 2012 I), (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2,
(d) 1 / 3, 21. If x > 1 and log2 x , log3 x , logx 16 are in
GP, then what, is the value of x?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) 9,
(b) 8, (c) 4, (d) 2, 22. If log10 ( x + 1) + log10 5 = 3, then
what is the value of x?, (a) 199, (b) 200, (NDA 2009 I),
(c) 299, (d) 300, 23. Solution of the equations x log x 2
= log3 ( x + y ) and, x 2 + y 2 = 65 is, (a) x = 8, y = 1, (b) x
= 1, y = 8, (c) ( x = 8, y = 1); ( x = 1, y = 8), (d) None of the
above, 24. The identity, loga n logb n + logb n logc n +
logc n loga n is, loga n logb n logc n, logabc n, (a), (b),
logabc n, loga n, logb n, (d) None of these, (c), logabc n

Page 218 :
91, , Logarithms, 25. If log4 7 = x , then log7 16 is equal
to, (a) 2 / x, (b) x 2, (c) x, (d) 2x, 26. The value of e(log10
tan 1° + log10 tan 2° + .... + log10 tan 89° ) is, equal to,
(a) 0, (b) 1, 1, (c) e, (d), e, , 27. If the logarithm of a
number of the base 8 is 6, then, the number is, 8, (a)
48, (c) 6 8, (b), (d) 512, 6, 28. Find the value of log5, 2,
1, (b), (a), 3, 3, , 5, , 5., , (NDA 2007 I), , 1, (c), 2, , (d) 2, ,
Level II, 1. If x < 0, y < 0, then log ( xy ) is equal to, (a)
log x + log y, (b) log ( − x ) + log( − y ), (c) − log x − log y, ,
2. If y = a, , 1, 1 − log a x, , (d) None of these, 1, , and z =
a 1 − log a y , then x is equal to, 1, , 1, , (b) a z + log a z, ,
(a) a 1 + log a z, 1, , (c) a 1 − log a z, , (d) None of these, ,
3. If log10 2 , log10 ( 2 − 1), log10 ( 2x + 3) are three,
consecutive terms of an AP, then which one of the,
following is correct?, (NDA 2011 II), (a) x = 0, (b) x = 1,
(c) x = log2 5, (d) x = log5 2, x, , , , 1, equals, 4. What
is log ( a + a 2 + 1 ) + log , a + a2 + 1 , , , to?, (NDA
2011 I), (a) 1, (b) 0, 1, (c) 2, (d), 2, 5. The least value of n
in order that the sum of first n, 2, 3, 3 3 , 3 , terms
of the infinite series 1 + + + + .... ,, 4 , 4 4 ,
should differ from the sum of the series by less than,
10−6 is, (Given, log10 2 = 0.30103, log10 3 =
0.47712), (a) 14, (b) 27, (c) 53, (d) 57, 6. Which of the
following is not true?, 1, 1, (a), +, >2, log3 π log4 π, (b)
log3 5 is an irrational number, 10, (c) log 8 x =, x =
16, 3, (d) If logx ( a 2 + 1) < 0, ( a ≠ 0), then 0 < x < 1, 7.
The number of solution (s) of the equation, log2( x 2 −
1) = log1/ 2 ( x − 1) = a real number, is, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2,
(d) 3, , 8. The value of 22 − log 2 5 is equal to, (a) 4/5,
(b) 5/4, (c) 2/5, (d) 5/2, r , 9. If logr 6 = m and logr 3 =
n , then logr is equal to, 2 , log2 r, (b) 1 − logr 2,
(a), 2, (c) 1 − m − n, (d) 1 − m + n, 1 2, 10. If log8 m +
log8 = , then m is equal to, 6 3, (a) 24, (b) 18, (c) 12, (d)
4, 11. If a x = b y = cz and logb a = logc b, then which
one of, the following will hold true?, (b) x 2 = yz, (a) y 2
= xz, (d) y = xz, (c) z 2 = xy, log, 12. What is the value of,
, log, , (a) logαβ (α ), (c) logαβ (αβγ ), , αβ, αβγ, , (H ), (H
), , ?, , (NDA 2010 I), , (b) logαβγ (αβ ), (d) logαβ (β ), ,
13. If logk x log5 k = 3, then what is the value of x?, (a)
k5, (c) 243, , (b) 5k3, (d) 125, , 14. For what value(s) of
x is, , (NDA 2009 II), , (NDA 2007 II), , log10 ( 999 + x −
3x + 3 ) = 3 ?, (a) 0, (b) Only 1, (c) Only 2, (d) 1, 2, 2, , 15.
The positive solution of the equation, logx + 3 ( x 2 +
6x + 9) + log5 x + 2 ( 6x 2 − 6x ), = log2x − 1 ( 8x3 − 12x
2 + 6x − 1) is, (a) 9, (c) 5, , (b) 6, (d) 2, , 16. How many
number of digits are there in 298?, (Given that log10 2
= 0.30103), (a) 98, (b) 99, (c) 30, (d) 29

Page 219 :
92, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 17. If x , y and z are
distinct positive numbers different, from, 1, such, that
(log y x logz x − logx x ) +, (logx y logz y − log y y ) +
(logx z log y z − logz z ) = 0., What is the value of xyz ?,
(a) 2, (b) 1, (c) − 1, (d) 0, 18. If log30 8 = a and log30 5 =
b, what is the value of, log30 8?, (a) 3 (1 + a + b), (b) 3 (1
− a + b), (c) 3 (1 + a − b), (d) 3 (1 − a − b), 19. What, is,
the, least, integral, value, 2 log10 x − logx ( 0.01)?, (a)
0, (b) 2, (c) 4, (d) 3, 20. What is the value of log, , b, , of, ,
a log( c)1/3 b log( a )1/ 4 ?, , (a) 12, (b) 24, (c) 1/12, (d)
1/24, log x log 36 log 64, 21. If, =, =, , what are the
values of x, log 5, log 6, log y, and y, respectively?, (a) 8,
25, (b) 25, 8, (c) 8, 8, (d) 25, 25, 22. If x (log10 | x |) = 2,
what is the value of x?, (a) Only 2, (c) 2 or –2, , (NDA
2008 I), , (b) Only –2, (d) 1 or –1, , Codes, (a) Both A
and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., 25.
Assertion (A) If x , y , z > 0 and x ≠ 1, y ≠ 1, z ≠ 1 such,
that, log x log y log z, , then x x y y z z = 1, =, =, y−z z−x
x− y, Reason (R) If log12 18 = a and log24 54 = b, then,
ab + 5( a − b) = 1, 26. Assertion (A) If x is a positive real
number different, from unity such that loga x , logb x
and logc x are in, AP, then c2 = ( ca )log a b, Reason (R)
If x = 2002! ,, 1, 1, 1, 1, then, =4, +, +, + ...... +, log2002
x, log2 x log3 x log4 x, 27. Assertion (A) If f ( x ) = log x ,
then f ( x ) > 0, ∀ x > 0., Reason (R) f ( x ) = log x is
defined for all x > 0., (NDA 2008 I), , 23. What is the
number of digits in the numeral form of, 817 ?, (NDA
2007 I), (a) 51, (b) 16, (c) 15, (d) 14, 24. If (log3 x )2 +
(log3 x ) < 2 , then which one of the, following is
correct?, 1, 1, (a) 0 < x <, (b) < x < 3, 9, 9, 1, (c) 3 < x < ∞,
(d) ≤ x ≤ 3, 9, , Directions (Q. Nos. 25-27), , Each of
these, questions contain two statements, one is
Assertion (A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these
questions also has, four alternative choices, only one
of which is the correct, answer. You have to select one
of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 28-30) Let us consider, log 2 =
0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, 81, 25, 16, is, 28. The value of
7 log, + 5 log, + 3 log, 80, 24, 15, (a) 0.3010, (b) 0.3512,
(c) 0.412, (d) None of the above, 70, 22, 7, is, 29. The
value of log, + log, − log, 33, 135, 18, (a) − 0.512, (b)
0.4213, (c) 0.3010, (d) None of these, 30. The value of
32 − log3 ( 4 × log 36) is, (a) 1.45, (b) 0.69, (c) 1.2, (d)
3.2, , Answers, Level I, 1. (a), 11. (b), 21. (a), , 2. (d), 12.
(d), 22. (a), , 3. (b), 13. (a), 23. (a), , 4. (a), 14. (c), 24. (a), ,
5. (c), 15. (b), 25. (a), , 6. (a), 16. (b), 26. (b), , 7. (d), 17.
(c), 27. (d), , 8. (b), 18. (c), 28. (a), , 9. (c), 19. (c), , 10. (a),
20. (a), , 2. (c), 12. (c), 22. (c), , 3. (c), 13. (d), 23. (b), , 4.
(b), 14. (d), 24. (b), , 5. (c), 15. (d), 25. (b), , 6. (c), 16. (c),
26. (c), , 7. (a), 17. (b), 27. (d), , 8. (a), 18. (d), 28. (a), , 9.
(d), 19. (c), 29. (a), , 10. (a), 20. (b), 30. (a), , Level II, 1.
(b), 11. (a), 21. (b)

Page 220 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. Q log 2 x = 4, ∴ x = 24 =
16, 9, 27, 3, 2. log10 − log10, + log10, 8, 32, 4, 9 32 3, =
log10 ×, × = log10 1 = 0, 8 27 4, 3. log3 log 4 x > 0, log
4 x > 1 x > 41 x > 4, y = 21/log x ( 8), , , y = 2log 8
x y = 2, , , , x = y3, , log 3 x, 2, , 6. Given, log 2 (log3
81), = log 2 {log3 (3)4 }, = log 2 {4 log3 3}, = log 2 (4), =
log 2 (2)2, = 2 log 2 2, =2× 1= 2, , , , , , (Q log3 3 =
1), (Q log 2 2 = 1), , log3 [log3 [log3 x]] = log3 3, , log3
[log3 x] = 3, , log3 x = 33, , log3 x = 27, , x = 327,
1, 1, 8. log ax x =, log ax x =, log x ax, 1 + log x a, , 7., ,
13. a = αβ p − 1 , b = αβ q − 1 , c = αβ r − 1, (where α is
first term of GP and β is common ratio ), Take
logarithm, ...(i), log a = log α + ( p − 1) log β, ...(ii), log b =
log α + (q − 1) log β, ...(iii), log c = log α + (r − 1) log β,
Put values of log a , log b and log c from Eqs. (i), (ii), and
(iii) in (q − r ) log a + (r − p) log b + ( p − q) log c, we, get
0., (log 27 9)(log16 64), 14., log 4 2, , If a , b and c are in
GP., , log x a , log x b, log x c are in AP., , 1 + log x a ,
1 + log x b, 1 + log x c are in AP., 1, 1, 1, are in HP., ,, ,, ,
1 + log x a 1 + log x b 1 + log x c, , , , , =, , ( 1 − x2 ) (1
− x) = 100 1 − x2, 1 − x (1 − x − 100) = 0, 2, , , x = ± 1,
x = − 99, But x = − 99, ± 1 do not satisfy domain., So,
no solution exist., a + b 1, 10. log e , = (log e a +
log e b), 2 2, a+b, , = ab, 2, a + b − 2 ab = 0, , , a
= b, , a=b, , log3 3 (32) log 42 (4)3, log 22 (21/ 2), , 2,
3, log3 3 × log 4 4, 1, 3, 2, =, = =4, 1, 1, log 2 2, 2 ×2, 4, ,
log ax x, logbx x, log cx x are in HP., , 9. log10 ( 1 + x (1
− x)3/ 2) = log10 (100 1 − x2 ), , , 1 + log x a , 1 + log x
b, 1 + log x c are in AP., log x a , log x b, log x c are in AP.,
a , b, c are in GP., , 12. By definition, x ≠ 1, − 1, Given
equation is, 2 log (x + 1) − log (x2 − 1) = log 2, (x + 1)2,
= log 2, log 2, , x −1, x+1, =2 x=3, , x−1, , 4. log10
x < 1 0 < x < 10, 5., , 11. log ax x, logbx x and log cx x
are in AP., 1, 1, 1, are in HP., , ,, ,, 1 + log x a 1 + log x b
1 + log x c, , 15. (log x x)(log3 2x)(log 2x y) = log x x2, ,
1 (log3 2x)(log 2x y) = 2, , log3 y = 2, , y = 32 y =
9, 16., , (Q log x x = 1), , log 2 (x − 1) = 2 log 2 (x − 3),
log 2 (x − 1) = log 2 (x − 3)2, , (x − 1) = (x − 3)2 x2 −
7x + 10 = 0 x = 2, 5, Since, x = 2 does not satisfy the
equation., Hence, x = 5 is only solution., , 17., Now,, ,
, log 2 xy ≥ 6 xy ≥ 26, x+ y, ≥ xy, 2, x+ y, ≥ 23 x + y
≥ 24 = 16, 2, , [Q AM ≥ GM ]

Page 221 :
94, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 18. 4, , log 2 3, 3, , 2, , +
9log 2 2 = 10log x 83 41/ 2 + 92 = 10log x 83, , , , 2
+ 81 = 10, 83 = 10, x = 10, 1, 19. 2 log10 x − log x,
= 2 log10 x + 2 log x 10, 100, 1 , , = 2 t + ≥ 4,
where t = log10 x, , t , log x 83, , log x 83, , 1, 1, log3 9
= 2 log( 23 ) 2 − log3 (3)2, 3, 3, 2, 1, = log 2 2 − ⋅ 2 log3
3, 3, 3, 1, b = log a b, log a bn = n log a b, log a a = 1), n,
2, 2, 2 2, = (1) − (1) = − = 0, 3, 3, 3 3, , 20. 2 log 8 2 −, , (Q
log an, , 21. Q log 2 x, log3 x, log x 16 are in GP., ∴, (log3
x)2 = log 2 x ⋅ log x 16, , (log3 x)2 = log 2 16, , (log3
x)2 = 4 log 2 2, , log3 x = 2 x = 32 = 9, , , , ∴, ,
xlog x 2 = 2 = log3 (x + y), x + y = 9, x2 + y2 = 65, x = 8,
y = 1 or x = 1, y = 8, x = 8, y = 1, , [Q logm n =, log n c +
log n a + log n b, log n a log n b log n c, log a n logb n log
c n, log n (abc), =, =, log abc n, log n a log n b log n c, ,
(but x ≠ 1), , 1, ], log n m, , =, , 25. We have, log 4 7 = x,
∴, log7 16 = log7 4 × 4, = log7 42, , , 1 , Q log e a =
log e , a , , 1, 1 2, =2 ×, =2 × =, log 4 7, x x, , = 2 log7
4, , 26. e(log10 tan 1° +, , 22. Given, log10 (x + 1) +
log10 5 = 3, , log10 5(x + 1) = 3, , 5(x + 1) = (10)3
5x + 5 = 1000, , 5x = 995 x = 199, 23., , 24. log a n
logb n + logb n log c n + log c n log a n, 1, 1, 1, =, +, +,
log n a log n b log n b log n c, log n c log n a, , log10 tan
2° + ... + log10 tan 89 °), , = elog10 (tan 1° tan 2° ... tan
89° ), = elog10 {tan (90° − 89° ) ⋅ tan (90° − 88° ) .... tan
89° }, = elog10 (cot 89° ⋅ cot 88° .... tan 89° ), = elog10
1 = e0 = 1, 27. Suppose the number be x., ∴, log 8 x = 6,
, x = ( 8 )6 = (81/ 2)6 = 83 = 512, log 5, log 5, log 5, 2,
28. log5 5 5 =, =, =, =, log 5 5 log 5 + 1 log 5 3 log 5 3, 2,
2, , Level II, 1. log xy = log|x| + log| y|, Now, as x < 0,|x|
= − x and y < 0,| y| = − y, ∴, log xy = log (− x) + log (− y),
2. From the given relation, we have, a = y1 − log a x =
z1 − log a y, ∴, log a a = (1 − log a x) log a y, and, log a a
= (1 − log a y) log a z, log a y(1 − log a x) = 1 and log a
z (1 − log a y) = 1, 1, , log a y =, 1 − log a x, 1, and, log a
z =, 1 − log a y, 1, 1 − log a x, 1, ∴log a z =, =, =, 1, 1 − log
a y 1 −, − log a x, 1 − log a x, 1, 1, Now,, =, = log a x, 1 −
log a z 1 + 1 − log a x, log a x, 1, , log a x =, , 1, x = a
1 − log a z, 1 − log a z, , 3. Given that,, log10 2, log10
(2x − 1), log10 (2x + 3) are in AP., Then, 2 log10 (2x −
1) = log10 2 + log10 (2x + 3), , log10 (2x − 1)2 =
log10 (2x + 1 + 6), , (2x − 1)2 = (2x + 1 + 6), 2x, , 2 +
1 − 2 ⋅ 2x = 2 ⋅ 2x + 6 22x − 4 ⋅ 2x − 5 = 0, , (2x )2
− 4(2x ) − 5 = 0, Let, …(i), y = 2x, 2, , y − 4 y − 5 = 0
y3 − 5 y + y − 5 = 0, , ( y − 5)( y + 1) = 0, , y = − 1, 5,
[from Eq. (i)], , 2x = − 1, 5, , x = log 2 (−1), log 2 (5),
[but x ≠ log 2 (−1)], , x = log 2 (5), , , 1, , 4. log (a +
a 2 + 1 ) + log , a + a2 + 1 , , , = log (a +, , a 2 + 1 ) +
log (a +, , a 2 + 1 )− 1, , = log (a +, , a 2 + 1 ) − log (a +, , a2
+ 1) = 0

Page 222 :
95, , Logarithms, 3 , 1− , 4 , 3 3 , 5. 1 + + +
.... + n terms =, 3, 4 4 , 1−, 4, , n, , 9. We have,, log r 6
= m and log r 3 = n, r , ∴ log r = log r r − log r 2,
2 , , 2, , 2, , and, , 1+, , 3 3 , 1, =4, + + .... + ∞ terms
=, 3, , , 4, 4, 1−, 4, n, , 3 , 1− , 4 , According to
the question,, = 4 − 10−6, 1, 4, n, n, 3, 10−6, 3, 1, ,
, 1− = 1 − (10−6 ) =, 4 , 4 , 4, 4, 3 ,
n log10 = log10 10−6 − log10 4, 4 , , , , , n
(0.47712 − 2 × 0.30103) = − 6 − 2 × (0.30103),
6.60206, , n=, = 53, 0.12494, 1, 1, 6. (a), +, = log π 3 +
log π 4 = log π 12 > 2, log3 π log 4 π, , = 1 − (m − log r
3), [Q log r 6 = m m = log r (3 × 2) m = log r 3 + log
r 2], = 1 − (m − n ), =1 −m + n, 1 2, 10. We have, log 8 m
+ log 8 =, 6 3, m 2, log 8 =, , 6 3, m, , = 823,
6, , m = 6 × 823, = 6 × 4 = 24, a x = by = cz, x log a = y
log b = z log c, log a y, =, log b x, y, logb a =, x, log b z, =,
log c y, z, log c b =, y, , 11. If, Then,, ∴, , 12 > π, (b) log3 5
is an irrational number., 10, (c) log 8 x =, x = ( 8 )10/3
= 25, 3, x = 32, (d) log x (a 2 + 1) < 0, a ≠ 0, , a2 + 1
> 1, So, log is negative., Hence, base is (0, 1)., 2, , 7.
Now, log 2 (x2 − 1) =, , , and, , , Then, according to
given condition, logb a = log c b, y z, =, ∴, x y, , log e (x2
− 1), log e 2, , , log, , = log (x − 1), log (x − 1), log1/ 2 (x
− 1) =, log 1 / 2, 2, , =, , 12., , αβ, αβγ, , H, H, , =, , = 22 ⋅
2− log 2 5 = 22 2log 2 (5 ), , −1, , αβ, , , 1 , , Q log a
b =, logb a , , , 1, , log a, Q log am b =, , m, , 13.
Given, log5 k log k x = 3, , log5 x = 3, , , , , [Q a
log a x = x], , αβγ, , logH, , = log αβ αβγ, , x = 53, x =
125, , 14. log10 {999 +, , 8. We have, 22 − log 2 5, ,
logH, , = log αβ αβγ, 1, = log αβ (αβγ ), 2, 1 /2, =, log αβ
(αβγ ), 1 /2, , log (x − 1), log 1 − log 2, , = − log (x − 1),
log 2 (x2 − 1) − log1/ 2 (x − 1) = real number, log (x2
− 1) + log (x − 1) = real number, , log [(x2 − 1) (x − 1)]
= real number, or, (x2 − 1) (x − 1) = real number, or, x =
1, − 1 real number, But x = 1, − 1 does not satisfy the
equation., ∴It has no solution., , = 22 (5)−1, 22 4, =, =, 5
5, , log, , y2 = zx, , , , , , , 999 +, , x2 − 3 x + 3 } =
3, x2 − 3x + 3 = 1000, , x2 − 3x + 3 = 1, x2 − 3 x + 3 = 1,
x2 − 3 x + 2 = 0, x2 − 2 x − x + 2 = 0, , , b ,

Page 223 :
96, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , , , , x(x − 2) − 1(x −
2) = 0, (x − 1)(x − 2) = 0, x = 1, 2, , 21., , 15. We have,
log( x + 3 ) (x2 + 6x + 9) + log(5 x + 2) (6x2 − 6x), = log(
2x − 1) (8x3 − 12x2 + 6x − 1), log(5 x + 2) (6x2 − 6x),
= log( 2x − 1) (2x − 1)3 − log( x + 3 ) (x + 3)2, log(5 x
+ 2) (6x2 − 6x) = 3 log( 2x − 1) (2x − 1), − 2 log( x + 3 ) (x
+ 3), 2, log(5 x + 2) (6x − 6x) = 3 − 2, , (5x + 2) =
6x2 − 6x, 2, , 6x − 11x − 2 = 0, , (x − 2) (6x + 1) = 0,
, x = 2, − 1 /6, Thus, the positive value of equation is
2., 16. Let y = 298, Taking log on both sides, we get,
log10 y = 98 log10 2, = 98 × 0.30103 = 29.50094,
∴The number of digits in 298 = 30, 17. (log y x log z x −
log x x) + (log x y log z y − log y y), + (log x z log y z − log
z z ) = 0, log x log x log y log y, , ⋅, − 1 + , ⋅, − 1 ,
, log y log z log x log z, , log z log z, , + , ⋅, −
1 = 0, log, x, log, y, , , (log x)2, (log y)2, (log z )2, +, +,
−3 =0, log y log z log x log z log x log y, , , , (log x)3
+ (log y)3 + (log z )3 − 3 log x log y log z = 0, Q If a3 +
b3 + c3 − 3abc = 0, , , , then a + b + c = 0, , , log
x + log y + log z = 0, , log xyz = 0, , xyz = e0 = 1, , log
x log 36 log 64, =, =, log 5, log 6, log y, log x 2 log 6,
Now,, =, log 5, log 6, , , and, , , 2 log y = 2 log 8
y = 8, 10log10 | x | = 2 log10 | x| = log10 2, , 22. Q,
, , | x| = 2 x = 2 or –2, , 23. Let x = 817 x = 251,
Taking log on both sides of above equation, we get, log
x = 51 log 2 = 51 × 0.3010 = 15.381, Number of terms
in 817 = 15 + 1 = 16, ∴, (log3 x)2 + (log3 x) < 2, , (log3
x)2 + (log3 x) − 2 < 0, , (log3 x + 2) (log3 x − 1) < 0, ,
−2 < log3 x < 1, 1, , < x<3, 9, log x log y log z, 25. Let,
=, =, =λ, y−z z−x x− y, 24., , log x = λ ( y − z ), log y = λ
(z − x), log z = λ (x − y), , x log x + y log y + z log z, = λx
( y − z ) + λy (z − x) + λz (x − y) = 0, , log xx + log yy +
log z z = 0, , log (xx yy z z ) = 0, , xx yy z z = 1, log 18
log (32 × 2), We have a = log12 18 =, =, log 12 log (22 ×
3), 2 log 3 + log 2, =, 2 log 2 + log 3, and b = log 24 54 =,
, 2 × 15 , 18. Now, log30 8 = log30 23 = 3 log30 ,
15 , , Let, , = 3 [1 − {log30 5 + log30 3}] = 3 (1 − a − b),
1, 19. 2 log10 x − log x (0.01) = 2 log10 x − log x, 100, 2
log10 10, 2, = 2 log10 x +, = 2 log10 x +, log10 x, log10
x, , ∴, , x + 2y , ab + 5 (a − b) = , , 2x + y , , x + 3
y , , , 3x + y , , x2 + 5xy + 6 y2, (2x + y) (3x + y), ,
(3x2 + 7xy + 2 y2) − (2x2 + 7xy + 3 y2) , +5 , , (2x +
y) (3x + y), , , x2 + 5 yx + 6 y2 + 5 (x2 − y2) 6x2 + 5xy
+ y2, =1, =, = 2, (2x + y) (3x + y), 6x + 5xy + y2, , a log
c1/ 3 b log a1/ 4 c, log a, log b, log c, ⋅, ⋅, 1, 1, 1, log b,
log c, log a, 2, 3, 4, = 2 × 3 × 4 = 24, , log 2 = x and log 3
= y, then, 2y+ x, 3y + x, and b =, a=, 2x+ y, 3x + y, , =, , ∴
The least integral value is 4., b, , log 54 log (33 × 2) 3
log 3 + log 2, =, =, log 24 log (23 × 3) 3 log 2 + log 3, , x
+ 2y x + 3y , + 5 , −, , 2x + y 3x + y , , (log10 x)2 +
1 , =2 , ≥4, log10 x , 20. log, , log x = log 25, x =
25, 2 log 6, log 64, =, log 6, log y, , =, , ∴, , A and R are
both correct but R is not the correct, explanation of A.

Page 224 :
97, , Logarithms, 26. Since, log a x, logb x and log c x
are in AP. Therefore,, 2 logb x = log a x + log c x, 2, 1, 1,
, =, +, log x b log x a log x c, 2, log x a + log x c, =, ,
log x b, log x a log x c, 2 log x a ⋅ log x c = log x a log x
b + log x c ⋅ log x b, 2 log x c ⋅ log x a = (log x a + log x
c) log x b, 2 log x c ⋅ log x a = log x (ca ) ⋅ log x b, log x
b, , 2 log x c = log x (ca ) ⋅, log x a, , , , , log x c2 =
log x (ca ) ⋅ (log a b), log x c2 = log a b ⋅ log x (ca ), log x
c2 = log x {(ca )log a b }, c2 = (ca )log a b, , We have,, 1,
1, 1, 1, +, +, + ....+, log 2 x log3 x log 4 x, log 2002 x, =
log x 2 + log x 3 + log x 4 + .....+ log x 2002, , , 1, Q
log a = log a b , b, , , = log x (2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4...2002), = log x
(2002 !) = log x x = 1, ∴A is correct but R is wrong., f (1)
= log 1 = 0, f (x) = 0 at x = 1 > 0, ∴, f (x) = log x, and, f
(x) ≥ 0, ∀ x > 0, Thus, A is false but R is true., 16, 25, 81,
28. 7 log, + 5 log, + 3 log, 15, 24, 80, 7, , 5, , = log[228 −
15 − 12 × 510 − 7 − 3 × 312− 7 − 5 ], = log (21 × 50 ×
30 ) = log 2 = 0 . 3010, 70, 22, 7, 29. log, + log, − log, 33,
135, 18, 7, 70 22 , = log , ×, − log, 33 135 , 18,
70 22 , ×, , , = log 33 135 , 7, , , , 18 , 70 22
18 , 8 , = log , ×, × = log , 33 135 7 , 9 , =
log 8 − log 9 = log 23 − log 32, = 3 log 2 − 2 log 3, = 3(0
.3010) − 2 (0 .4771), = 0 .9030 − 0 . 9542 = − 0 .5120,
30. 32 × 3log 3( 4 × log 36), , 27., , 16 , 25 , 81 ,
= log + log + log , 15 , 24 , 80 , , 16
7 25 5 81 3 , = log × × , 80 ,
24 , 15 , , 3, 5, 7, 24 , 52 , 34 , = log
, × 3, × 4, , 2 × 3 , 2 × 5 , 3×5 , ,
, 28, 10, 12, 2, , 5, 3, = log 7 7 × 15, × 12 3 , 5, ×,
×, ×, 3, 5, 2, 3, 2, 5, , , , −1, , = 9 × (4 × log 36)− 1 =, , 9,
4 × log (6)2, 9, 9, =, =, 4 × 2 log 6 8 (log 2 + log 3), 9, 9,
=, =, = 1 .45, 8 (0 .4771 + 0 .3010) 8 × 0 .7781, =, , 3, , 9,
4 × log 36

Page 225 :
6, , Matrices, Matrix, A set of mn numbers (real or
complex) arranged in the, form of a rectangular array
having‘ m ’ rows and‘ n ’ columns, is called m × n matrix
[to be read as m by n matrix]., It is usually written as,
a11, a, A = 21, M, a, m1, , , a22 K a2n , , M,
M, , am 2 K amn , , a12 K a1n, , It is represented by
A = [aij ]m × n ., The numbers a11 , a21 ,... etc., are
called elements of the, matrix. The element aij
belongs to ith row and jth column., 2, 7 , 3, , e.g., A =
5 − 4, 6 is a 3 × 3 matrix., , , 8 − 12 , 4, %, ,
Matrix is simply arrangement of numbers, it doesn’t
have any, value, e.g., [7] ≠ 7., , Types of Matrices, 1. Null
matrix or zero matrix The m × n matrix, whose all
elements are zero is called a null matrix of, order m ×
n. It is usually denoted by O., 2. Row matrix Any 1 × n
matrix which has only one, row and n columns is
called a row matrix., e.g., X = [ 2 7 8 5]1 × 4 is a row
matrix., 3. Column matrix Any m × 1 matrix which has,
only one column and m rows is called a column,
matrix., 1 , e.g.,, Y = 3 is a column matrix., ,
5 3 × 1, , 4. Upper triangular matrix A square
matrix, A = [aij ]n × n is called an upper triangular
matrix, if, aij = 0 whenever i > j., , e.g.,, , a11 a12, 0 a,
22, A= , M, M, 0, 0, , , a13 K a1n , a23 K a2n , ,
M, M , 0 K ann n × n, , 5. Lower triangular matrix A
square matrix, A = [aij ]n × n is called a lower
triangular matrix, if, aij = 0 whenever i < j., , e.g.,, , a11,
a, A = 21, M, a, n1, , 0, , , , , M, , L ann n ×
n, , 0, , K 0, , a22 0, , K 0, , M M, an 2 an 3, , 6. Square
matrix A matrix of order m × n in which, m = n (i.e., the
number of rows is equal to the number, of columns) is
called a square matrix. The elements, aij of a square
matrix A = [aij ]n × n , for which i = j, i.e.,, the elements
a11 , a22 ,... , ann are called the diagonal, 0 1 2 3 , 2
3 1 0 , is a square, elements. The matrix A = , 5 0 1
1 , 0 0 1 2 , , , matrix of order 4. The elements 0,
3, 1, 2 are the, diagonal elements of A., 7. Diagonal
matrix A square matrix A = [aij ]n × n is, called a
diagonal matrix, if aij, 0 0 K, a11, 0 a 0 K, 22, e.g.,,
A= , M M, M, 0, 0 0 L, , , = 0 for all i ≠ j., 0 , 0 , ,
M , ann , , Also, represented by diagonal ( a11 , a22
,... , ann )., , 8. Scalar matrix A diagonal matrix whose
diagonal, elements are equal, is called a scalar matrix.,
k 0 0 , e.g.,, A = 0 k 0 , , , 0 0 k , (Identity
matrix is a scalar matrix)

Page 226 :
99, , Matrices, , 9. Unit matrix or identity matrix A
square, matrix each of whose principal diagonal
element is ‘ 1’, and each of whose non-diagonal
element is equal to, zero, is called a unit matrix or an
identity matrix and, is denoted by I . I n will denote a
unit matrix of order n., 1 0 0 , 1 0 , e.g.,, I3 = 0 1
0 and I 2 = , , , , 0 1 , 0 0 1 , , 10.
Determinant of a matrix Let A be a square, matrix.
The determinant formed by the element of A, is said
to be determinant of matrix A. This is denoted, by| A|.,
3 4 5, 3 4 5 , e.g.,, A = 6 7 8 , then | A|= 6 7 8, , ,
2 −3 5, 2 − 3 5 , 11. Equality of two matrices Two
matrices, A = [aij ] and B = [bij ] are said to be equal, if,
(i) they are of the same size., (ii) the elements in the
corresponding places of the, two matrices are the
same, i.e.,aij = bij for each, pair of subscripts of i and j.
If two matrices A and, B are equal, then we write A =
B., , Operation in Matrices, Addition of Two Matrices,
Let A and B be two matrices of same order m × n.
Then, their sum is defined to be the matrix of order m
× n, obtained by adding the corresponding elements
of A, and B., a , b , a, b, e.g.,If, A = 11 12 and B =
11 12 , a21 a22 , b21 b22 , Then,, , a + b a + b
, A + B = 11 11 12 12 , a21 + b21 a22 + b22 , ,
Properties of Matrix Addition, 1. Matrix addition is
commutative If A and B, be two m × n matrices, then A
+ B = B + A., , 2. Matrix addition is associative If A, B, C
be, three matrices each of the order m × n, then, ( A +
B) + C = A + ( B + C )., , 3. Existence of additive identity
If O be the, m × n matrix each of whose elements is
zero, then, A + O = A = O + A for every m × n matrix A,
O is called, additive identity., , Subtraction of Two
Matrices, If A and B be two m × n matrices, then we
define, A − B = A + ( − B)., a12 , a, e.g., If, A = 11, ,
a21 a22 , and, Then,, , Multiplication of a Matrix by a
Scalar, Let A be an m × n matrix and k be any scalar.
Then the, matrix obtained by multiplying every
element of A by k is, called scalar multiple of A and is
denoted by kA., , Properties of Scalar Multiplication, If
A and B be two matrices and k and m are scalars,,
then, (a) k ( A + B) = kA + kB, (b) ( k + m ) A = kA + mA,
(c) ( k ⋅ m ) A = k ( mA) = m ( kA), (d) ( − k) A = − ( kA) =
k( − A), (e) ( −1) A = − A, , Multiplication of Two
Matrices, Let A = [aij ]m × n and B = [bij ]n × p be two
matrices such, that the number of columns in A is
equal to the number of, rows in B. Then the m × p
matrix C = [cij ]m × p such that, n, , cij = Σ aik bkj = ai 1
b1 j + ai 2 b2 j + ... + ain bnj, k=1, , is called the product
of the matrices A and B in that order, and we write C =
AB., , Properties of Matrix Multiplication, 1. Matrix
multiplication is associative. If A, B, C are, m × n , n × p,
p × q matrices respectively. Then,, ( AB) C = A ( BC ), 2.
Multiplication of matrices is distributive over,
addition of matrices A ( B + C ) = AB + AC, 3. The
multiplication of matrices is not always,
commutative., 4. Whenever AB and BA both exist and
are matrices of, the same order, it is not necessary
that AB = BA., 0 , 0 1 , 1, e.g., If, , B= , A= , , , 1
0 , 0 − 1 , Then,, , 4. Existence, , of additive inverse
Let, A = [aij ]m × n . Then the negative of the matrix A
is, defined as the matrix [− aij ]m × n and is denoted by
− A., , b , b, B = 11 12 , b, b, 21 22 , a11 − b11
a12 − b12 , A− B = , , a21 − b21 a22 − b22 , , and,
Thus,, , 1 0 0 1 0 1 , AB = , , = , , 0 − 1
1 0 −1 0 , 0 0 − 1 , 0 1 1, BA = , , = , , ,
1 0 0 − 1 1 0 , AB ≠ BA

Page 227 :
100, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 5. The product of two
matrices may be a zero matrix, when none of them is a
zero matrix., 0 0 , 1 0 , 0 1 , e.g.,If A = , and B =
0 0 , then AB = 0 0 while, 0, 0, , , , , , ,
neither A nor B is a null matrix., 6. In the case of
matrix multiplication if AB = 0, then it, does not
necessarily imply that A = 0 or B = 0 or, BA = 0., 7. If
AB = BA A and B are square matrices., 8. AI n = A (I
n is an identity matrix of size n × n and A is, any matrix
of size m × n)., 9. If A is matrix of order n × n, then, AI n
= A = I n A, , A11, A, Then, adj ( A) = 12, M, A,
1n, , A21 K An 1 , A22 K An 1 , , M, M, , A2n, An
2 , , Properties of Adjoint A, 1. If A be n rowed
square, ( adj A) A = A ( adj A) =| A|I n, , matrix,, , then, ,
2. adj( AB) = adj( B) ⋅ ( adj A), 3. ( adj A)′ = adj A′, 4. adj(
adj A) =| A|n − 2 A, where A is a non-singular, matrix.,
2, , 1 0 1 , Example 1. If A = 0 0 0 , then the value of
A 2 is, , , 1 0 1 , (a) 3A, (b) 2A, (c) 4A, (d) 5A, ,
Solution (b), , 1, A2 = 0, , 1, 1, = 2 0, , 1, , 0
1 101 202 ,00 000 = 000 , , , ,
01 101 2 0 2 , 0 1 , 0 0 = 2A, , 0 1 , ,
Transpose of a Matrix, Let A = [aij ]m × n . Then n × m
matrix obtained from A, by changing its rows into
columns and columns into rows is, called the
transpose of A and is denoted by A′ or by AT , i.e.,, AT
= [a ji ]n × m ., e.g.,, , 1 2 3 , 1 4 7 , T, , , If A = 4 5 6 ,
then A = 2 5 8 , , , , , 7 8 9 , 3 6 9 , ,
Properties of Transpose of a Matrix, , 5. | adj( adj A)|=|
A|( n − 1) , where A is a non-singular, matrix., 6.
Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix., ,
Singular and Non-singular, Matrix, A square matrix A
is said to be non-singular matrix, according as | A|≠ 0.
Thus, the necessary and sufficient, condition for a
matrix to be invertible is that it is, non-singular. A
square matrix A is said to be singular, matrix, if it is not
non-singular matrix., , Inverse of a Square Matrix, Let
A be any n-rowed non-singular matrix. Then a, matrix
B, such that AB = BA = I n , is called inverse of A.,
Existence of Inverse The necessary and, sufficient
condition for a square matrix A to possess the, inverse
is that| A|≠ 0. Inverse of the matrix A is denoted by,
adj( A), A−1 and A−1 =, ., | A|, , Properties of Invertible
Matrices, , 1. ( A′ )′ = A, , 2. ( A + B)′ = A′ + B′, , 1. ( AB)
−1 = B−1 A−1, , 3. ( kA)′ = kA′, , 4. ( AB)′ = B′ A′
(Reversal law), , 2. ( ABC )−1 = C −1B−1 A−1, , Adjoint
of a Square Matrix, Let A = [aij ]n × n be any matrix.
The transpose B′ of the, matrix B = [ Aij ]n × n ′ , where
Aij denoted by the cofactor of, the element aij in the
determinant| A|, is called the adjoint, of the matrix A
and is denoted by the symbol adj (A)., Thus, the
adjoint of a matrix A is the transpose of the, matrix
formed by the cofactors of A., a11 a12 K a1n , a, a
K a 2n , , e.g., If, A = 21 22, M , M M, a, ann ,
n 1 an 2, , 3.|adj A|=| A|n − 1, 1 2 3 , Example 2. The
inverse of 2 3 4 is, , , 3 4 6 , 1 , 1 0 0 , −2 0,
(b) 0 1 0 , (a) 0, 3 −2 , , , , , 0 0 1 , 1 −2 1
, 4 0 1 , (d) None of these, (c) 1 2 3 , , , 1, 6, 7,
,

Page 229 :
102, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 2. Skew-symmetric
matrix, A square matrix A = [aij ] is called skew-
symmetric, matrix, if aij = a ji for all i, j or AT = − A., h
g , 0, – h, e.g.,, 0, f , , , – g – f 0 , All principal
diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric, matrix are
always zero because for any diagonal, element., aij = −
aij aij = 0, , Properties of Symmetric and, Skew-
symmetric Matrices, (i) If A is a square matrix, then A
+ A T , AA T , A T A are, symmetric matrices, while A −
AT is skew-symmetric, matrix., (ii) If A, B are two
symmetric matrices, then, (a) A ± B, AB + BA are also
symmetric matrices,, (b) AB − BA is a skew-symmetric
matrix,, (c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.,
(iii) If A, B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then, (a)
A ± B, AB − BA are skew-symmetric matrices,, (b) AB +
BA is a symmetric matrix., (iv) Every square matrix A
can uniquely be expressed as, sum of a symmetric and
skew-symmetric matrix, , 1, 1, i.e.,, A = ( A + AT
) + ( A − AT ) ., , 2, 2, , Test of Consistency by,
Using Matrices, System AX = B be a system of n linear
equations in n, unknowns., 1. If | A|≠ 0, then the
system is consistent and has a, unique solution and
solution is X = ( A−1B)., 2. If | A|= 0 and ( adj A) B = 0,
then the system is, consistent and has infinitely many
solutions., 3. If | A|= 0 and ( adj A) B ≠ 0, then the
system is, inconsistent., , Example 5. If x + y + z = 6, x −
y + z = 2, 2 x + y − z = 1, then, the value of x, y and z is,
respectively, (a) 1, 2, 3, (b) 1, 2, −1 (c) 2, 1, 3, 1, , 1
x , , 6 , , , 2, , 1, , , −1 z , , , −1 , ,
Solution (a) 1 −1 1 y = 2 A X = B, 1, Here,,
A = 1, , 2, 1, ∴, | A| = 1, , 2, 0, , and adj (A) =
3, , 3, , Example 4. If A and B be symmetric
matrices of the same, order, then AB − BA will be, (a)
symmetric matrix, (c) null matrix, , 1, , (d) 2, 2, 3, , ∴, ,
(b) skew-symmetric matrix, (d) None of these, Now,, ,
Solution (b) Since, A, B are symmetric matrices., ∴, ∴, ,
A = A′ and B = B′, ( AB − BA)′ = ( AB)′ − (BA)′ = B′ A′ −
A′ B′, = − ( A′ B′ − B′ A′ ) = − ( AB − BA), Hence, ( AB −
BA) is a skew-symmetric matrix., , , , 1 , −1 1 , , 1
−1 , 1 , 1 1 1 1, , , −1 1 = 0 −2 0 = 6 ≠ 0, , ,
1 −1 0 −1 −3 , 2, 2 , −3 0 , , 1 −2 , 2 , 0 2,
adj( A) 1 , A− 1 =, = 3 −3 0 , , | A|, 6 , 3 1 −2 , 2
6 x 1 , 0 2, 1, X = A− 1B; X = 3 − 3 0 2
y = 2 , ,6 , 31−2 1 z
3 , x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, 1, , Comprehensive Approach,
n, n, n, n, n, , n, n, , ( AB) −1 = B−1 A −1, A + A ′ is always
a symmetric matrix., A − A ′ is always a skew-
symmetric matrix., AA′ is always a symmetric matrix.,
The matrix B′ AB is symmetric or skew-symmetric
matrix, according as A is symmetric or skew-
symmetric., All positive integral powers of a
symmetric matrix are symmetric., Positive odd
integral powers of skew-symmetric matrix are, skew-
symmetric and positive even integral powers of, skew-
symmetric matrix are symmetric., , n, n, n, , n, n, n, n, ,
The inverse of a symmetric matrix is symmetric., The
inverse of a diagonal matrix is diagonal., If A and B are
symmetric matrices of order n, then ABA is a,
symmetric matrix., Every orthogonal matrix is
invertible., Every invertible matrix is not necessary
orthogonal., If A is an orthogonal matrix, then A −1 is
also orthogonal., Determinant of a skew-symmetric
matrix of odd order is zero and, of even order is a non-
zero perfect square.

Page 230 :
Exercise, Level I, 2 6 1 , 1. The matrix , is of order,
1 9 3 , (a) 3 × 2, (b) 2 × 3, (c) 6 × 9, (d) 2 × 1, 3 5 , 1
2 , 2. If A = , , B = x −4 and A + B =, 5, 6, , , , ,
value of x must be, (a) 6, (b) 1, (c) 0, , 4 7 , 6 2 , then
the, , , (d) –1, , 2 4 , 3. The matrix , does not
have an inverse, if x is, −8 x , equal to, (a) 16, (b) –16,
(c) 8, (d) – 6, 1 2 , 2, 4. If A = , and A − kA − I 2 = 0,
then the value of k, 2 3 , is equal to, (a) 4, (b) – 4, (c)
8, (d) – 8, i 0 , n, 5. If A = , ; i = −1 ,then A is equal
to, 0 i , (a) A for n = 4, (b) − A for n = 6, (c) −I for n = 5,
(d) I for n = 8, 0 2, 6. If A = , 2 1, the matrix, −14 6,
(a) , 4 5, −14 −6, (c) , 4 −5, , 3 , and B =, 4 ,
−2 , 2 , 3 , 2 , , 5 10, 7. The matrix −2 −4, ,
−1 −2, (a) –3, (b) 3, (c) 0, (d) for any value of, , 7 6
3 , 1 4 5 , then 3 A − 2B is, , , 14, (b) , −4, 14,
(d) , 4, , −6 −3 , −5 −2 , 6 −3 , 5 −2 , , 3 , 6 is a
singular matrix equal to, , b , , b, , α β , 8. If the
matrix A = , , β α , 2, is such that A = I , then which
one of the following is, correct?, (NDA 2011 I), (a) α =
0, β = 1 or α = 1, β = 0, (b) α = 0, β ≠ 1 or α ≠ 1, β = 1, (c)
α = 1, β ≠ 0 or α ≠ 1, β = 1, (d) α ≠ 0, β ≠ 0, , −1 2 , 3 ,
9. If A = , and B = , AX = B,then X is equal to, , 2
−1 , 1 , 5 , 1 5 , 1, (c), (a) [0 7], (b), [5 7] (d) , 3
7 , 3, 7 , 1 2 , −1, 10. If A = , , then A is equal
to, 3, 5, −, , , 2 , 5, 11 11 , −5 −2 , (b) , (a) , ,
3, 1 , −3 1 , − , , 11 , 11, 2 , 5, −, −, , 5 2 ,
11 , (d) , (c) 11, , , 3, 1, 3 −1 , − , −, 11 , 11,
3 −3 4 , 11. The adjoint matrix of 2 −3 4 is, , ,
0 −1 1 , 4 8 3 , 1 −1 0 , , , (a) 2 1 6, (b) −2 3
−4 , , , , , 0 2 1 , −2 3 −3 , 11 9 3 , 1 −2
1 , , , (c) 1 2 8, (d) −1 3 3 , , , , , 6 9 1 ,
−2 3 −3 , 12. The values of x , y , z in order, if the
system of, equations, 3x + y + 2z = 3,, 2x − 3 y − z = −
3,, x + 2 y + z = 4, are, (a) 2, 1, 5 (b) 1, 1, 1 (c) 1, –2, –1
(d) 1, 2, –1, 1 2 −1 , 13. If A = 3 0 2 , B =, , , 4 5
0 , 5 1 −3 , (a) 3 2 6 , , , 14 5 0 , 1 2 4 ,
(c) 5 6 7 , , , 2 3 5 , , 1 0 0 , 2 1 0 , then AB
is, , , 0 1 3 , 1 0 0 , (b) 0 1 0 , , , 0 0 1 ,
(d) None of these, , 1 0 , α 0 , and B = , 14. If A = ,
, , 2 1 , 1 1 , 2, such that A = B, then what is the
value of α?, (a) −1, (b) 1, (NDA 2011 I), (c) 2, (d) 4

Page 231 :
104, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 1, 15. If 2, , 4, ,
−3, −8, 2, , 2 , 5 is not an invertible matrix, then
what, , λ , , is the value of λ?, (a) −1, (b) 0, , (NDA
2010 II), , (c) 1, , (d) 2, , 16. If a matrix A is such that 3
A3 + 2 A2 + 5 A + I = 0,, then what is A−1 equal to?,
(NDA 2010 II), (a) − ( 3 A2 + 2 A + 5), (b) 3 A2 + 2 A +
5I, (c) 3 A2 − 2 A − 5I, (d) − ( 3 A2 + 2 A + 5I ), 1 2 3
8 , 17. What must be the matrix X, if 2X + , ?, = ,
3 4 7 2 , 1 −3 , 1 3 , (b) , (a) , , , 2, −, 1, 2
−1 , , , 2 −6 , 2 6 , (d) , (c) , , , 4 −2 , 4 −2 ,
111 x 0 , x , , , , , , , 18. If 1 −2 −2 y = 3
, then y is equal to, , , , 131 z
4 , z , 0 , 1 , 5 , 1 , (a) 1 , (b) 2 , (c)
−2 , (d) −2 , , , , , 1 , −3 , 1 ,
3 , 1 1 0 , 19. For the matrix A = 1 2 1 , which
of the following, , , 2 1 0 , is correct?, (a) A3 + 3
A2 − I = 0, (b) A3 − 3 A2 − I = 0, 3, 2, (c) A + 2 A − I = 0,
(d) A3 − A2 + I = 0, a 2 , 20. The value of a for which
the matrix A = , is, 2 4 , singular, if, (a) a ≠ 1, (b) a =
1, (c) a = 0, (d) a = − 1, 21. A and B are two matrices
such that AB = A and, BA = B, then what is the value of
B2?, (NDA 2012 I), (d) −1, , (a) B, (b) A, (c) 1, where, I is
the identity matrix., 0 − i , − i, i, 22. If P = 0 − i i
and Q = 0, , , , i 0 , i, − i, equal to, 2, −2 2
, , , (b) −1, (a) 1 −1, , , , −1, 1 −1 , 1, 2
−2 , (d) 0, (c) , , , −1 1 , 0, , i , 0 , then PQ is,
, − i , −2 , 1 , , 1 , 0 0 , 1 0 , , 0 1 , , a, 23.
What is the order of the product [x y z ] h, , g, (a) 3
× 1, (c) 1 × 3, , (b) 1 × 1, (d) 3 × 3, , h, b, f, , g x , f
y , ,c z , , (NDA 2012 I ), , 0 , i, 0 − i ,
0 1 , 24. If A = , , B= , , C= , , , then, , 0 − i , − i
0 , −1 0 , which one of the following is not correct?
(NDA 2010 II), (a) A2 = B2 (b) B2 = C 2 (c) AB = C (d)
AB = BA, 25. If A is a square matrix, then what is, adj (
AT ) − ( adj A)T equal to?, (a) 2| A|, (c) Null matrix, ,
(NDA 2010 II), , (b) 2| A| I, (d) Unit matrix, , 5, 26. Let
A = , 2, , 6 1 , . Let there exist a matrix B such, −1
5 , 35 49 , that AB = , .What is B equal to? (NDA
2010 I), 29 13 , 2 6 3 , 5 1 4 , (b) , (a) , , , 5 1
4 , 2 6 3 , 2 5 , 5 2 , (d) 6 1 , (c) 1 6 , , , , ,
3 4 , 4 3 , , cos θ sin θ , 27. The adjoint of ,
is equal to, sin θ cos θ , cos θ − sin θ , cos θ sin
θ , (a) , (b) , , , −, sin, θ, cos, θ, , sin θ cos θ , ,
cos θ − sin θ , cos θ sin θ , (d) , (c) , , , −, sin, θ,
cos, θ, sin θ cos θ , , , 0 1 , 4, 28. If a matrix A = ,
, then A is equal to, 1, 0, , , 1 0 , (a) , , 0 1 , , 1
1 , (b) , , 0 0 , , 0 1 , (d) , , 1 0 , , 0 0 , (c) , ,
1 1 , , cos α − sin α , 29. The inverse of the matrix ,
, is, sin α cos α , cos α sin α , cos α sin α , (b) ,
(a) , , , − sin α cos α , sin α cos α , − cos α, (c) ,
sin α, , sin α , cos α , , cos α, (d) , sin α, , sin α , −
cos α , , 3 2 , 30. If A = , , then A⋅ adj (A) is equal
to, 1 4 , 0 10 , 10 0 , (b) , (a) , , , 10 0 , 0
10 , 0 0 , 10 10 , (d) , (c) , , , 10 10 , 0 0

Page 232 :
105, , Matrices, 1 −2 , 5 4 , 31. If , X = 1 3 ,
then X is equal to, 1, 1, , , , , 3 14 , 3 14 , (b) ,
(a) , , , −4 −17 , −4 17 , −3 14 , −3 −14 , (d) ,
(c) , , , 4 17 , 4 17 , 32. The matrix X satisfies
the following equation, 1 1 , 1 3 , 0 1 X = 0
−1 ., , , , , Which one of the following represents
X ?, 1 −4 , 1 4 , (b) , (a) , , , −, 1, 0, , 1 0 , , 1
4 , (c) , , 0 −1 , , 1 −2 , (d) , , 0 −1 , , 0 1 2 ,
33. The matrix M = 1 2 3 and its inverse N = [n ij ]., ,
, 3 1 1 , What is the element n 23 of the matrix N
?, (a) 2, (b) –2, (c) 1, (d) –1, 34. If X and Y are the
matrices of order 2 × 2 each and, 0 , 9 13 , −7, and
3X + 2Y = , 2X − 3Y = , , , then, 4 13 , 7 −13 ,
what is Y equal to?, (NDA 2009 II), 1, (a) , −2, 3,
(c) , −1, , 3 , 1 , 2 , 5 , , 1, (b) , 2, 3, (d) , 1, ,
3 , 1 , 2 , −5 , , 1 2 , 35. Let A = , = [aij ], where
i, j = 1, 2. If its inverse, 3 4 , matrix is [bij ], what is
b22?, (NDA 2010 I), 3, 1, (d) −, (a) − 2, (b) 1, (c), 2, 2, ω
0 , 36. If A = , , where ω is cube root of unity, then,
0 ω , what is A100 equal to?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) A,
(b) − A, (c) Null matrix, (d) Identity matrix, 1 −2 −3 ,
37. If A = 2, 1 −2 , then which one of the following, ,
, 2, 1 , 3, is correct?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) A is
symmetric matrix., (b) A is anti-symmetric matrix., (c)
A is singular matrix., (d) A is non-singular matrix., ,
cos θ sin θ , 38. What is the type of the matrix , ?,
− sin θ cos θ , (a) Skew-symmetric, (b) Symmetric, (c)
Orthogonal, (d) Singular, 39. If a matrix A has inverses
B and C, then which one of, the following is correct?,
(NDA 2012 I), (a) B may not be equal to C, (b) B should
be equal to C, (c) B and C should be unit matrices, (d)
None of the above, 19 24 , 3 2 , and AC = , 40. If
matrices A = , , then the, , 37 46 , 4 5 , matrix C
is equal to, , 19, 3 12 , 5 4 , (b) , (a) , , 37 46
, 2 6 , , , 4, 5 , 3 5 , 3 4 , (d) , (c) , , , 4 6 ,
5 6 , 1 2 3 , 2 0 0 , , , 41. If A = 0 2 0 , B = 0 1
2 , then what is the value, , , , , 0 0 1 , 0 0
2 , of det (AB) ?, (a) 4, (b) 8, (c) 16, (d) 0, 3 6 , 5 2 ,
42. If A + B = , and A − B = 0 −1 , then what is, , ,
0 9 , the value of AB?, 4 12 , 4 −4 , 0 4 , 4 4 ,
(d) , (c) , (b) , (a) , , , , , 0 20 , 0 20 , 4 4 ,
0 4 , 1 −2 , and I is a 2 × 2 identity matrix, then, 43.
If X = , 3 , 0, X 2 − 2X + 3I equals to which one of
the following?, (NDA 2008 I), , (a) −I, , (b) −2X, , (c) 2X, ,
(d) 4X, , 3 1 , −1, 2, 44. If A = , and A + 7I 2 = 5 A,
then what is A ?, −1 2 , 1 2 −1 , 1 2 1 , (a) , (b) ,
, 1, 3, 7 , 7 −1 3 , , (c), , 1 2 1 , 7 −1 3 , , (d), ,
1 −2 1 , 7 −1 −3 , , 45. If A = [aij ]m × n and B =
[bij ]n × p are the two matrices,, then their product AB
will be of order, (a) m × n, (b) m × p (c) n × p, (d) n × n, 2,
46. If A is a square matrix such that A = 1, where, I is,
the identity matrix, then what is the value of A−1?,
(NDA 2012 I), , (a) A + 1, (c) A, , (b) Null matrix, (d)
Transpose of A

Page 233 :
106, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 1 0 , 2x 0 , −1, 47. If
A = , and A = −1 2 , then what is the, x, x, , , , ,
value of x?, (NDA 2007 I), 1, 1, (c) 1, (d) 2, (b), (a) −, 2, 2,
3 2 , 48. If A = , , then what is A ( adj A) equal to?,
1 4 , (NDA 2009 I), 0 , 10, 0 10 , (b) , (a) , ,
0 , 0 10 , 10, 1 , 10, 1 10 , (d) , (c) , , , 1 ,
1 10 , 10, 2 , −1, A= , 3 , 6, , 1, 49. If A is any 2
× 2 matrix such that , 0, then what is A equal to?, ,
0 , ,, 3 , , (NDA 2007 I), , −5, (a) , −2, , 1 , 2 , ,
−5, (b) , 1, , −2 , 2 , , −5, (c) , 2, , −2 , 1 , ,
5, (d) , −2, , 2 , −1 , , 50. If a matrix A is symmetric
as well as anti-symmetric,, then which one of the
following is correct?, , (a), (b), (c), (d), , A is a diagonal
matrix., A is a null matrix., A is a unit matrix., A is a
triangular matrix., , (NDA 2009 II), , 1 2 3 2 , 51. If
2X − , , then X is equal to, = , 7 4 0 −2 , 1 2 ,
2 2 , (b) , (a) , , , 7/ 2 2 , 7 4 , 2 2 , (c) , ,
7/ 2 1 , , (d) None of these, , 52. If A is a square
matrix, then A + AT is, (a) non-singular matrix, (b)
symmetric matrix, (c) skew-symmetric matrix, (d) unit
matrix, 3 4 , 53. If A = , , then A ⋅ ( adj A) is equal
to, 5 7 , (a) A, (b) | A|, (c) | A|I, (d) None of these, 54.
For two invertible matrices A and B of suitable,
orders, the value of ( AB)−1 is, (a) ( BA)−1 (b) B−1 A−1
(c) A−1B−1 (d) ( AB ′ )−1, , Level II, x + y 2x + z 4 7
, 1. If , , then the values of, = , x − y 2z + w 0
10 , x , y , z , w are, (a) 2, 2, 3, 4, (b) 2, 3, 1, 2, (c) 3, 3, 0,
1, (d) None of these, 0 2 , 2. If A = , and kA =, 3
−4 , k, a , b are respectively, (a) −6, − 12, − 18, (c) −6, −
4, − 9, , 0 3a , 2b 24 , then the values of, , , (b)
−6, 4, 9, (d) −6, 12, 18, , 3. Assuming that the sum and
product given below are, defined, which of the
following is not true for, matrices?, (a) A + B = B + A,
(b) AB = AC does not imply B = C, (c) AB = O implies A
= O or B = O, (d) ( AB) ′ = B ′ A ′, 1 1 , 100, 4. If A = ,
, then A is equal to, 1, 1, , , (a) 2100 A, (c) 100 A, ,
(b) 299 A, (d) 299 A, , cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ , 5. Inverse of
the matrix , is, sin 2 θ cos 2 θ , , cos 2 θ − sin 2
θ , (a) , , sin 2 θ cos 2 θ , cos 2 θ sin 2 θ , (c) , ,
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ , , cos 2 θ sin 2 θ , (b) , , sin 2 θ −
cos 2 θ , cos 2 θ sin 2 θ , (d) , , − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ , ,
1, 1 , 2 − x, , 6. If the matrix A =, 1, 3− x, 0 is
singular,, , , −3, − x , −1, then what is the
solution set S?, (NDA 2011 I), (a) S = { 0, 2, 3}, (b) S = {
−1, 2, 3}, (c) S = { 1, 2, 3}, (d) S = { 2, 3}, 7. Consider the
following statements in respect of, symmetric
matrices A and B, I. A + B is symmetric., II. AB is
symmetric., III. AB + BA is symmetric., IV. AB − BA is
symmetric., Which of the statements given above are
correct?, (a) I and II, (b) I and III, (c) II and III, (d) II and
IV, 8. If A be a real skew-symmetric matrix of order n
such, that A2 + I = 0, I being the identity matrix of the,
same order as that of A, then what is the order of A?,
(a) 3, (b) Odd, (c) Prime number, (d) None of these

Page 234 :
107, , Matrices, 9. A matrix X has ( a + b) rows and ( a +
2) columns and a, matrix Y has ( b + 1) rows and ( a + 3)
columns. If both, XY and YX exist, then what are the
values of a, b, respectively?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) 3, 2, (b)
2, 3, (c) 2, 4, (d) 4, 3, a 0 , 1 2 , and B = , 10. Let A =
, , where a and b are, , 0 b , 3 4 , positive
integers, then which one of the following is, correct?,
(NDA 2009 I), (a) There exists more than one but
finite number of, BS’s such that AB = BA, (b) There
exists exactly one B such that AB = BA, (c) There exist
infinitely many B’s such that, AB = BA, (d) There
cannot exist any B such that AB = BA, cos θ − sin θ ,
11. If A = , , then which of the following, sin θ cos θ
, statements is not correct?, (a) A is orthogonal
matrix, (b) A ′ is orthogonal matrix, (c) determinant (
A) = 1, (d) A is not invertible, 0 −1 , 1 2 , and B = ,
12. A = , , then what is the value of, , 1 2 , 1 1 ,
(NDA 2012 I), B−1 A−1?, −1 3 , 1 −3 , (b) , (a) , ,
, 1 −2 , −1 2 , −1 −3 , −1 3 , (d) , (c) , , , 1
−2 , −1 −2 , 2 1 , 13. The multiplicative inverse of
matrix , is, 7 4 , −4 −1 , 4 −1 , (b) , (a) , , ,
7 −2 , −7 −2 , 4 −1 , 4 −7 , (d) , (c) , , , −7 2
, 7 2 , 14. A( α ), A(β ), , cos α, = , sin α, cos β, = ,
sin β, , − sin α , cos α , − sin β , ., cos β , , Which
one of the following is correct?, (a) A( − α ) A( −β ) = A(
α + β ), (b) A( − α ) A(β ) = A(β − α ), (c) A( α ) + A( −β ) =
A{ − (β − α )}, (d) A( α ) + A(β ) = A( α + β ), 15. A matrix
obtained from a unit matrix by a single, elementary
operations is known as, (a) unit matrix, (b) identity
matrix, (c) elementary matrix, (d) None of these, , 3 −
2 i 3 + 5 i , , then adj (A) is equal to, 16. If A = , 3 − 2
i , 2, −2 , 2 , 3 − 2i, 3 − 2 i, (b) , (a) , , , −3 −
5 i 3 − 2 i , 3 + 5 i 3 − 2 i , 3 − 2 i −3 − 5 i , (c) , 3 − 2
i , −2, , 3 − 2 i 3 + 5 i , (d) , −3 + 2 i , −2, , 17.
If A and B are two matrices such that AB = A and, BA =
B, then which one of the following is correct?, (NDA
2008 II), , (a) ( A ) = A, (c) ( AT )2 = ( A−1 )−1, T 2, , T, ,
a, 18. If adj ( A) = , −1, −1, of| A |?, (a) 1, , (b) ( A ) = B,
(d) None of these, T 2, , T, , 0 , and ab ≠ 0,then what is
the value, b , , (b) ab, , (NDA 2008 II), , (c), , 1, ab, , (d),
, 1, ab, , 19. If l + m + n = 0, then the system of
equations, −2x + y + z = l; x − 2 y + z = m; x + y − 2z = n
has, (a) a trivial solution, (NDA 2008 II), (b) no
solution, (c) a unique solution, (d) infinitely many
solutions, 20. Which one of the following is correct in
respect of the, matrix, 0 −1 , 0, (NDA 2009 I), A = 0
−1, 0 ?, , , 0, 0 , −1, (a) A−1 does not exist, (c) A
is a unit matrix, , (b) A = ( −1)I, (d) A2 = I, , 21. If A is a
square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar,, then adj
( kA) is equal to which one of the following?, (a) k
adj(A), (b) k2adj (A), (c) kn − 1 adj(A), , (d) kn adj(A), ,
22. If A is a non-singular matrix of order n × n, then,
which one of the following is equal to | adj (A) |?, (b) |
A|n, (a) | A|n + 1, (d) | A|, (c) | A|n − 1, x , 23. If M =
y and G = [3 4 5] are two matrices, then, , z ,
which one of the following is correct?, (a) In the
product matrix MG = [hij ], the element h32, is 5y, (b)
In the product matrix MG = [hij ], the element h32, is
3x + 4 y + 5z, (c) In the product matrix MG = [hij ], the
element h32, is 4z, (d) In the product matrix MG = [hij
], the element h32, does not exist

Page 235 :
108, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 0 1 , 24. A = , , then
which one of the following is equal to, 0 0 , ( aI +
bA)n ?, (b) a n + na n − 1 bA, (d) a n I + bn An, , (a) a n I +
na n − 1 bA, (c) a n I + a n − 1 bA, , 25. A is a non-
singular matrix such that A−1 = AT , then, which one
of the following represents A? Here, AT, denotes the
transpose of A, 1 2 2 , 1 2 2 , 1 , 1 , , (b), (a), 2 1
−1, 2 1 −2 , , , 3 , 3 , −2 2 −1 , −2 2 −1 , 1
2 2 , 1 2 2 , 1 , 1 , , (d), (c), 2 1 1, 2 1 −2 , , , 2 ,
2 , −2 2 −1 , 2 2 −1 , 1 2 , 26. The matrix A =
, satisfies which one of the, 2 2 , following
polynomial equations?, (NDA 2007 II), 2, 2, (a) A + 3 A
+ 2I = O, (b) A + 3 A − 2I = O, (c) A2 − 3 A − 2I = O, (d)
A2 − 3 A + 2I = O, 1, 27. If , 0, 1, (a) , 0, , 3 , A=,
1 , , 1, 0, , , −1 , , then what is the matrix A?, 1 ,
(NDA 2008 II), , −3 , 2, (b) , 1 , 0, , 2 , 2 , , −4,
(c) , 1, , −1 , 1, (d) , 0 , 0, , −4 , 1 , , 28. Under
what condition does A( BC ) = ( AB) C hold,, where A,
B, C are three matrices?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) AB and BC
both must exist, (b) Only AB must exist, (c) Only BC
must exist, (d) Always true, −1, , 5 0 x −1 , 29. If
, = , then which one of the, 0 7 − y 2 ,
following is correct?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) x = 5, y = 14, (b)
x = − 5, y = 14, (c) x = − 5, y = − 14, (d) x = 5, y = − 14,
30. Which one of the following matrix equations is
not, correct?, (a) ( AB)′ = A′ B′, (b) ( ABC )′ = C ′ B′ A′,
(c) ( A + B)′ = A′ + B′, (d) ( λA)′ = λA′, 31. If A and B are
symmetric matrices of the same order,, then AB is, (a)
always symmetric, (b) never symmetric, (c) symmetric
only when AB = BA, (d) symmetric only when A = B,
0 7 4 , 32. The matrix −7 0 −5 is, , , −4 5 0 , ,
(a) symmetric, (c) non-singular, 0, 33. What is the
inverse of 0, , 1, 1 0 0 , (a) 0 1 0 , , , 0 0
1 , 1 , 0, −1, , (c), 0 , 0 −1, , , 0 −1 , 0, , (b),
(d), 0, 1, , skew-symmetric, orthogonal, 1 , (NDA 2009
I), 0 ?, , 0 0 , 0 0 1 , (b) 0 1 0 , , , 1 0 0 , ,
0 0 −1 , (d) 0 −1, 0 , , , 0 , −1 0, 0 , 1, 2 −1 ,
2, and B = , 34. If A = , , then ( A + B) is not, , 1, 1, 0,
1, −, −, , , , , equal to, (a) A2 + AB + BA + B2, (b) A2
+ 2 AB + B2, 2, 2, (c) A + AB + BA + B I, (d) A2I + AB +
BA + B2, 0 1 , 2, 35. If A = , = (α I + βA) , then the
values of α and β, −1 0 , are given by, i, i, 1, 1, (a) α =,
(b) α =, ,β =, ,β =, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, (c) α = β = ±, (d) α = − β
= ±, 2, 2, , 36. If the least number of zeroes in a lower
triangular, matrix is 10, then what is the order of the
matrix?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) 3 × 3, (c) 5 × 5, 1, 37. If
the inverse of 0, , 0, , (b) 4 × 4, (d) 10 × 10, p q , 1
− p, 1, x 0 is 0, , , 0, 0 1 , 0, , what is the value
of x?, (a) 1, , (b) Zero, , − q , 0 , then, , 1 , (NDA
2007 II), , (c) −1, , (d), , 1 1, +, p q, , 3 2 , 4 11 , and A
= , 38. If AB = , , then what is the, , 5 , 1 2 , 4,
value of the determinant of the matrix B?, (NDA 2007
II), , 1, (a) 4, (b) − 6, (c) −, (d) − 28, 4, −2 3 , 2 −3 , and
B = , 39. A = , are two 2 × 2 matrices., , −1 2 , 1
−2 , For the integral values of k, which one of the,
following is correct?, (a) A2k + B2k = O, (b) A2k + 1 −
B2k + 1 = O, 2k, 2k, (c) A − B = O, (d) A3 k − B3 k = O,
40. How many matrices of different order can be
formed, out of 36 elements (using all the elements at a
time)?, (a) 4, (b) 5, (c) 8, (d) 9

Page 236 :
109, , Matrices, 3 2 0 , 41. If B = 2 4 0 which one of
the following is correct, , , 1 1 0 , in respect of
the adjoint of B?, 0 0 −2 , (a) The adjoint of B has a
unique value 0 0 −1 , , , 0 0 8 , 0 0 0 , (b)
The adjoint of B has a unique value 0 0 0 , , , −2
−1 8 , (c) The adjoint of B can have many possible
values,, since|B|= 0, (d) The adjoint of B does not exist,
since| B|= 0, 42. If 1, ω , ω 2 are the cube roots of
unity, for what value of, 1 ω m , m is the matrix ω
m 1 singular?, , , m 1 ω , (a) 0, , (b) 1, , (c) ω, , (d)
ω 2, , 43. The sum and product of matrices A and B
exist., Which of the following imlications are
necessarily, true?, (NDA 2012 I), I. A and B are square
matrices of same order., II. A and B are non-singular
matrices., Select the correct answer using the code
given below, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d)
Neither I nor II, x x2 1 + x2 , , , 44. If A = y y 2 1 +
y 2 , where x, y, z are distinct., z z 2 1 + z 2 , , ,
What is| A|?, (NDA 2007 I), 2, 2, (a) 0, (b) x y − y x +
xyz, (c) ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x ) (d) xyz, 45. Under which
of the following condition(s), will the, 0 0 q , matrix
A = 2 5 1 be singular?, , , 8 p p , I. q = 0, II. p =
0, III. p = 20, Select the correct answer using the code
given below, (NDA 2007 I), , (a) I and II, (c) I and III, , (b)
Only III, (d) I or III, , 46. Consider the following
statements, I. Every zero matrix is a squar matrix., II. A
matrix has a numerical value., III. A unit matrix is a
diagonal matrix., Which of the above statements
is/are correct?, (NDA 2007 I), , (a) Only II, (c) Both II
and III, , (b) Only III, (d) Both I and III, , 47. Let A and B
be two matrices of order n × n. Let A be, non-singular
and B be singular. Consider the, following, I. AB is
singular., II. AB is non-singular., IV. A−1B is non-
singular., III. A−1B is singular., Which of the above
is/are correct?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) I and III, (c) I only, , (b)
II and IV, (d) III only, , 48. Consider the following
statements, I. The inverse of a square matrix, if it
exists, is, unique., II. If A and B are singular matrices of
order n, then, AB is also a singular matrix of order n.,
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?,
(a) I only, , (b) II only, , (c) Both I and II, , (d) Neither I
nor II, , (NDA 2011 I), , 49. Consider the following
statements in respect of a, square matrix A and its
transpose AT, I. A + AT is always symmetric., II. A − AT
is always anti-symmetric., Which of the statements
given above is/are correct?, (a) I only, , (b) II only, , (c)
Both I and II, , (d) Neither I nor II, , (NDA 2010 II), , 50.
Consider the following statements, I. If A′ = A, then A
is a singular matrix, where A′ is, the transpose of A., II.
If A is a square matrix such that A3 = I , then A is, non-
singular., Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only, (NDA 2010 I), (c) Both I
and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 51. Let A = [aij ]m × m be a
matrix and C = [cij ]m × m be, another matrix where cij
is the cofactor of aij . Then,, what is the value of| AC|?,
(NDA 2007 II), (a) | A|m − 1 (b) | A|m, , (c) | A|m + 1 (d)
Zero, , 52. Consider the following statements in
respect of, symmetric matrices A and B, (NDA 2009 I),
I. AB is symmetric., II. A2 + B2 is symmetric., Which of
the above statement(s) is/are correct?, (a) I only, (b) II
only, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 3 4 0 , 53.
Consider a matrix M = 2 1 0 and the following, , ,
3 1 k , statements, Statement (A) Inverse of M
exists., Statement (B) k ≠ 0, Which one of the
following in respect of the above, matrix and
statement is correct?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) A implies B,
but B does not imply A, (b) B implies A, but A does not
imply B

Page 237 :
110, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Reason (R) The product
of two matrices can never, be equal to an identity
matrix., (NDA 2007 I), , (c) Neither A implies B nor B
implies A, (d) A implies B as well as B implies A, 54.
Consider the following statements in respect of the,
square matrices A and B of same order, I. A and B are
non-zero and AB = 0, Either| A| = 0 or| B| = 0, II., AB
= 0 A = 0 or B = 0, Which of the above statements
is/are correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only ( NDA 2011 II), (c)
Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 2 3 x 5 , 55. In
respect of the equation , , = , 46 y c−5 ,
correctly match List I with List II and select the,
correct answer using the code given below the lists,
List I, List II, (Value of c), (Nature of the equation), A. 5,
1. The equation has no solution, B. 10, 2. The equation
has a unique solution, C. 15, , 3. The equation has an
infinite set of, solutions, , 4. The equation has two
infinite sets of, independent solutions, , Codes, A B, (a)
4 2, (c) 2 2, , C, 3, 4, , A, (b) 1, (d) 4, , B, 1, 1, , Each of
these, questions contain two statements, one is
Assertion (A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these
questions also has, four alternative choices, only one
of which is the correct, answer. You have to select one
of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, ,
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the,
correct explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are
individually true but R is not, the correct explanation
of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is
true., 5 10 , is invertible., 56. Assertion (A) M = ,
8 , 4, Reason (R) M is singular., (NDA 2009 I), 3 , ,
B=, 4 , , 1, 0, , , 0 , , then, 1 , (NDA 2007 I), ,
Reason (R) In the above, AB = BA., cos α, 58.
Assertion (A) If A = , cos α, cos α, B= , sin α, ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 60-62), 1 2 3 , A = 3 4 5 ,, , ,
6 7 9 , , Consider the matrix, 1 1 −1 , B = 2 − 3 4
, , , 3 − 2 3 , , 60. The inverse of the matrix A is,
− 1/ 2 − 3/ 2 1 , 1 0 0 , (b) 0 1 0 , (a) − 3/ 2 9/ 2 −
2 , , , , , 3/ 2 − 5/ 2 1 , 0 0 1 , 4 5 7 , (c)
8 9 10 , (d) None of these, , , 0, 2, 3, , , 61. Find
the value of| A − B|., (a) − 50, (c) − 49, , C, 3, 3, ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 56-59), , 2, 57. Assertion (A) If A
= , 1, ( A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + 2 AB., , 1 2 , 59.
Assertion (A) A = , is neither symmetric nor, 5 9 ,
anti-symmetric., Reason (R) The matrix A cannot be
expressed as a, sum of symmetric and anti-symmetric
matrices., , sin α , and, sin α , cos α , , then AB ≠ I .,
sin α , , 62. Find the value of AB., 14 − 11 16 , (a)
26 − 19 28 , , , 47 − 33 49 , 14 − 11 16 , (c)
− 26 19 28 , , , 47 − 33 49 , , (b) − 51, (d) None
of these, − 14 − 11 − 16 , (b) 26 − 19 28 , , ,
47 − 33 49 , (d) None of these, , Directions (Q. Nos.
63-65), , Consider the, simultaneous equations, x + y +
z = 6; x + 2 y + 3z = 10;, x + 2 y + λz = µ, Then, for what
values of λ , µ the simultaneous, equations posses, ,
63. A unique solution, if, (a) λ ≠ 3, (c) λ = 2, , (b) λ = 3,
(d) λ ≠ 4, , 64. An infinite number of solutions, if, (a) µ=
10, (b) µ = 5, (c) µ = 15, (d) µ = 20, 65. No solution, if, (a)
µ ≠ 10, (b) µ = 10, (c) µ = 20, (d) µ = 15

Page 238 :
Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., , (b), (b), (a),
(c), (b), (c), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., 52., , (b), (d), (b), (c), (d),
(b), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., 53., , (b), (a), (b), (d), (c), (c), , 4.,
14., 24., 34., 44., 54., , (a), (b), (c), (c), (a), (b), , 5., 15., 25.,
35., 45., , (d), (c), (c), (d), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (c),
(d), (c), (a), (c), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , (d), (a), (a), (d), (b), ,
8., 18., 28., 38., 48., , (a), (b), (a), (c), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39.,
49., , (b), (b), (b), (b), (c), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (b), (b),
(a), (c), (b), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., 52., 62., , (c), (b), (c), (b),
(d), (b), (a), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., 53., 63., , (c), (d), (c), (b),
(a), (d), (a), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., 54., 64., , (b), (a), (a), (b),
(a), (d), (a), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., 55., 65., , (d), (a), (b), (c),
(c), (b), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., 56., , (a), (c), (c), (c), (b),
(d), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., 57., , (b), (d), (d), (a), (b), (a), , 8.,
18., 28., 38., 48., 58., , (d), (a), (a), (b), (a), (c), , 9., 19., 29.,
39., 49., 59., , (b), (d), (c), (c), (c), (c), , 10., 20., 30., 40.,
50., 60., , (c), (d), (a), (d), (b), (a), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31.,
41., 51., 61., , (a), (d), (c), (c), (b), (b), (b), , Hints &
Solutions, Level I, 2 6 1 , 1. Let A = , , 1 9 3 , ∴
The given matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns. Then, the
given matrix is of order (2 × 3)., 1 2 , 3 5 , 2. We
have, A = , , B = x −4 , 5, 6, , , , , Now,, But, ,
7 , 4, A+ B= , , +, x, 5, 2, , , 4 7 , A+ B= , , 6 2
, , …(i), (given)…(ii), , On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get 5 + x = 6, , , , x=1, , , , 2x + 32 = 0 2x = − 32
x = − 16, 1 2 , 4. We have, A = , , 2 3 , 1 2 1 2
5 8 , , A2 = , , = , , 2 3 2 3 8 13 , , , A
2 − kA − I 2 = 0, 5 8 , 1 2 1 0 , 8 13 − k 2 3 −
0 1 = 0, , , , , , , i3, i 0 i 0 i 2 0 , 2, ,
A, A, =, A2 = , ⋅, =, , , , , , 2, 0 i 0 i 0i ,
0, n, , , i, 0, ∴ An = , n , 0 i , 1 0 , For n = 8, we
get I = , , 0 1 , , ∴, , 0 2 3 , 7, 6. We have, A = , ,
B = 1, 2, 1, 4, , , , 0 6 9 , ∴, 3A = , , 6 3 12 ,
14 12 6 , and, 2B = , , 2 8 10 , 0 6 9 14, ∴ 3 A
− 2B = , − , 6 3 12 2, −14 −6 3 , = , −5 2 , 4,
, 2 4 , 3. We have, A = , , −8 x , Since, the matrix
does not have an inverse., A is singular. | A | = 0, 2
4, ∴, =0, −8 x, , ∴, , 5 − k 8 − 2k 1 0 , 8 − 2k 13 −
3k = 0 1 , , , , , 5 − k =1 k =4, i 0 , 5. We
have, A = , , i = −1, 0 i , , , (given), , 0 , , i3 , , 6
3 , 4 5 , , 12, 8, , 6 , 10 , , 5 10, 5 10 3 , , , 7.
The matrix −2 −4 6 is singular, if −2 −4, , , −1 −2,
−1 −2 b , −1 (60 + 12) + 2 (30 + 6) + b (−20 + 20)
= 0, , −72 + 72 + 0b = 0, The given matrix is
singular for any value of, , 3, 6 =0, b, , b.

Page 239 :
112, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 8. Q, , α, A= , β, , β ,
α , , α, ∴ A2 = , β, , =3, β α 2 + β 2, =, α
2αβ, , β α, α β, , , , = 3 (−3 + 2) − 1 (2 + 1) + 2
(4 + 3), , 2, , = − 3 − 3 + 14 = 8, 5 , 7 T −1 3, −1 −3,
, 7 , 1, adj ( A ) = 3, − 5 = −3 1, , , , , 7 −11 ,
7 −5 −11 , 5, , A =I, 2, , Now,, , , 2αβ , , α +
β2 , , 2αβ 1, =, α + β 2 0, , α 2 + β 2, , 2αβ,
, 2, , 0 , 1 , , α 2 + β 2 = 1, αβ = 0, , A −1 =, , , , α = 0,
β = 1 or β = 0, α = 1, −1 2 , 3 , 9. A = , and B =
1 , −, 2, 1, , , , 1 −1 −2 1 1 2 , −1, A =− , =, 3
−2 −1 3 2 1 , AX = B X = A −1B =, , Q, , =, 10.
Q, , 1, 3, , =, , , , −5 −2 , ∴| A | =, = − 5 − 6 = − 11 and
adj ( A ) = , , 3 −5, −3 1 , 2, , Hence, A −1 =, , 1, 1,
adj ( A ) = −, | A|, 11, , 1, =, 11, , 5, 5 2 11, 3 −1 =
3, , , 11, , −5 −2 , −3 1 , , , 2 , 11 , 1 , −
, 11 , , T, 1 −2 −2 , 3 −3 4 , 11. Q A = 2 −3 4 ,
adj ( A ) = −1 3, 3 , , , , , 0 −4 −3 , 0 −1 1 ,
, 12. Given equations are, 3x + y + 2z = 3, 2x − 3 y − z =
− 3, , Let, , x + 2y + z = 4, 2 , 3 1, 3 , x , , , , , A
= 2 −3 −1 , B = −3 , X = y , , , , , 1 , 1 2,
4 , z , 3 1, 2, | A | = 2 −3 −1, 1 2, 1, , …(i), …(ii), …
(iii), , − 3 − 9 + 20 , 1 , 1, −9 − 3 + 28 =, 8, 8 ,
21 + 15 − 44 , , 3 , −3 , , 4 , , 8 , 16
, , −8 , , x 1 , y = 2 x = 1, y = 2, z =
− 1, , z −1 , −1 , 1 0, 2 and B = 2 1,
, , 0 , 0 1, 2 −1 1 0 0 , 0 2 2 1 0 , , , 5 0
0 1 3 , 1 + 4 + 0 0 + 2 − 1, = 3 + 0 + 0 0 + 0 +
2, , 4 + 10 + 0 0 + 5 + 0, , 1 2, 13. Q A = 3 0, , 4
5, 1, AB = 3, , 4, , 0 , 0 , , 3 , , 0 + 0 − 3 51
−3 , 0 + 0 + 6 = 3 2 6 , , , 0 + 0 + 0 14 5 0
, , α, Q A= , 1, , 0 , α 0 α 0 , A2 = , , ,
1 , 1 1 1 1 , α2, 0 , , A2 = , 1 , +, α, 1, ,
α2, 0 1 0 , 2, But, A2 = B , = , α = 1, α + 1
1 2 1 , and, α + 1 =2 α =1, 1 −3 2 , 15. Since,
the matrix 2 −8 5 is not an invertible, , , 2 λ ,
4, matrix, i.e., it should be a singular matrix., 1 −3 2,
2 −8 5 = 0, ∴, , 14., , 1 −1 0 , = −2 3 −4 , , , −2
3 −3 , , and, , 5 , −1 3, 1 , X = A B=, −3 1, 7 , , 8 ,
7 −5 −11 , , 1 1 2 3 , 3 2 1 1 ,, 3+
2 1 5 , 6 + 1 = 3 7 , , , , , 5 , −1 3, 1, 1, adj
( A ) = −3 1, 7 , , | A|, 8 , 7 −5 −11 , −1, , Now,, ,
1 2 , A= , , 3 −5 , 1, , 2 −3, 2 −1, −3 −1, −1, +2, 1 2,
1 1, 2, 1, , 4, , , , , 2, , λ, , 1 (−8λ − 10) + 3 (2λ − 20)
+ 2 (4 + 32) = 0, −8λ − 10 + 6λ − 60 + 72 = 0, −2 λ + 2 =
0 λ=1

Page 240 :
113, , Matrices, , , , a 2 , 20. For matrix A = , to
be singular,, 2 4 , a 2, =0, 2 4, , 3 A3 + 2 A 2 + 5 A + I =
0, , 16. Q, 3, , 3A A, , −1, , + 2A A, 2, , −1, , + 5 AA, , −1, ,
−1, , =0, , −1, , =0, , + IA, , , , 3 A I + 2 AI + 5I + A, , , ,
A −1 = − (3 A 2 + 2 A + 5I ), , 2, , 1 2 3 8 , 17. Given
that, 2X + , = , , 3 4 7 2 , It can be rewritten as,,
3 8 1 2 , 2X = , − , , 7 2 3 4 , 2 6 , 1 3 ,
, 2X = , = 2 2 −1 , 4, −, 2, , , , , 1 3 , , X = ,
, 2 −1 , 1 x 0 , 1 1, , 18. Given that, 1 −2
−2 y = 3 , , ,1 z 4 , 1 3,
We have, to use option, to satisfy the given condition.,
x 1 , Now, let y = 2 satisfy it, , z
−3 , 1 1 1 + 2 − 3 0 , 1 1, 1 −2 −2 2
= 1−4+6 = 3 , , , ,1 −3 1+
6−3 4 , 1 3, where option (b) satisfy the
conditions., Alternative Method, 1 x 0 , 1 1, 1
−2 −2 y = 3 , , ,1 z 4 , 1
3, x + y + z 0 , x − 2 y − 2z = 3 , , , ,
x+3y+z 4 , On comparing both sides, we get,
x+ y+ z =0, x − 2 y − 2z = 3, and, x + 3y + z = 4, On
solving equations., we get, x = 1, y = 2 and z = − 3, ∴, ,
19. Q, , ∴, , x 1 , y = 2 , , z
−3 , 1 1 0 , A = 1 2 1 , , , 2 1 0 , 7 9 3 ,
2 3 1 , 2, 3, , , A = 5 6 2 and A = 15 19 6 , , , , ,
9 12 4 , 3 4 1 , , Hence,, , A3 − 3 A 2 − I = 0, , …
(i), …(ii), …(iii), , , , 4a − 4 = 0, , , , a =1, , 21. Given
that, AB = A, and, BA = B, Now,, B2 = B ⋅ B, = (BA ) ⋅ B,
= B ⋅ ( AB), = B⋅ A, =B, 0 − i , i, 22. P = 0 − i, i , , , 0
, i, − i, i , − i, and, Q= 0, 0 , , , i − i , 0 − i
− i, i, PQ = 0 − i i 0, , , 0 i, − i i, , ... (i),
...(ii), [from Eq. (ii)], [from Eq. (i)], [from Eq. (ii)], , i , 0 ,
, − i , , − i 2 − i 2 i 2 + i 2 , , , = i2, − i2 , 2, 2, i,
−i , , , 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 2 −2 , = −1, 1 = −1 1 ,
, , ,1 −1 1 , −1, a h g , x , y , 23.
Here, [x y z ]1 × 3 h b f , , , , g f c 3 × 3 z
3 × 1, Order of matrix = 1 × 3 : 3 × 3 : 3 × 1 = 1 × 3 :
3 × 1 = 1 × 1, 0 , i, 0 1 , 24. Q A = , ,B = , , , 0 −
i , −1 0 , −i , 0, and, C= , i, −, 0 , , 0 −1 i0
0 − i , , AB = , =, =C, 0 0−i −i0 ,
−1, AB = C, , Hence,, , (adj AT ) = (adj A )T, , 25. Q, ,
(adj AT ) − (adj A )T = Null matrix, 26., , 5, A= , 2, ,
1 , −1 5 2 × 3, 5 2 , and let B = 1 6 , , , 4 3
3 × 2, 6

Page 241 :
114, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , ∴, , 5 2 , 1 , 1 6 , ,
5 , 4 3 , 10 + 36 + 3 , 25 + 6 + 4, 35, = , = ,
, 10 − 1 + 20 4 − 6 + 15 2 × 2 29, , 5, AB = , 2, ,
Now,, , 6, −1, , 49 , 13 , , cos θ sin θ , A= , , sin θ
cos θ , C11 = cos θ ,, C12 = − sin θ, Here,, C 21 = − sin
θ, C 22 = cos θ, cos θ − sin θ , adj ( A ) = , ∴, , − sin
θ cos θ , 0 1 , 28. We have, A = , , 1 0 , Since, A
is an identity matrix ., 1 0 , So,, A4 = , , 0 1 , , X =
A −1B, 1 −4 1 −2 1 − 4 −2 − 12 , = , , = , ,
−1 5 1 3 −1 + 5 2 + 15 , −3 −14 , = , 17 ,
4, , x y1 , X = 1, , then, x2 y2 , 1 3 x1 y1
1 1 , 0 1 x y = 0 −1 , , , 2, 2 , x1 + 3x2
y1 + 3 y2 1 1 , , =, y2 0 −1 , x2, x1 +
3x2 = 1, y1 + 3 y2 = 1, x2 = 0, y2 = − 1, , x1 = 1, y1 =
4, 1 4 , Thus,, X = , , 0 −1 , , 27. Let, , 32. Let, , 29.
Let, , 0 1 2 , 33. Given that, the matrix M = 1 2 3 , ,
, 3 1 1 , and its inverse, = N = [nij ], , N = M −1, ,
, , ∴, 30. Here,, ∴, ∴, , 31. Here,, Let, ∴, , cos α − sin α
, A= , , sin α cos α , 2, 2, | A |= cos α + sin α = 1,
cos α sin α , adj (A) = , , − sin α cos α , cos α sin
α , 1, adj ( A ) = , A −1 =, , | A|, − sin α cos α , 3 2 ,
A= , , 1 4 , 4 −2 , adj ( A ) = , , −1 3 , 3 2
4 −2 , A adj ( A ) = , , , 1 4 −1 3 , 12 − 2 − 6 +
6 , = , , 4 − 4 −2 + 12 , 10 0 , = , , 0 10 , 5
4 , 1 −2 , 1 1 X = 1 3 , , , , , 5 4 , 1 −2 ,
A= , , B = 1 3 , 1, 1, , , , , | A| = 5 − 4 = 1 ≠ 0, , So,
A is non-singular and therefore invertible., , The given
system is, , , Now,, ∴, ∴, , A, , −1, , AX = B, ( AX ) = A
−1B ( A −1 A )X = A −1B, , I X = A −1 B X = A −1B,
1, adj (A), A −1 =, | A|, 1 −4 , adj ( A ) = , , −1 5 ,
1 1 −4 1 −4 , =, A −1 = , 1 −1 5 −1 5 , ,
Now,, , M −1 =, , adj (M −1 ), |M |, , C11 = (2 − 3) = − 1,
C12 = − (1 − 9) = 8 ,, C13 = (1 − 6) = − 5, C 21 = − (1 −
2) = 1, C 22 = (0 − 6) = − 6,, C 23 = − (0 − 3) = 3, C31 =
(3 − 4) = − 1, C32 = − (0 − 2) = 2,, C33 = (0 − 1) = − 1,
and | M | = 0 (2 − 3) − 1(1 − 9) + 2 (1 − 6), = 8 − 10 = − 2,
−1 8 −5 , ∴Cofactor matrix = 1 −6 3 , , , −1 2
−1 , T, −1 8 −5 , , , Transpose of cofactor matrix
= adj (M ) = 1 −6 3, , , −1 2 −1 , −1 1 −1 , adj
(M ) = 8 −6 2 , , , −5 3 −1 , adj (M ), M −1 =, ∴,
|M |, 1, 1 , 1, −, 2, 2, 2 , , M −1 = − 4, 3 −1 , 5,
3, 1 , −, , , 2, 2, 2 , 1 1 , 1, −, n11 n12 n13 , 2,
2 2 , n, = −4, n, n, 3, −1 , , 22, 23 , 21, 5, 3,
1 , n, n, n, , 31, −, 32, 33 , , 2, 2 2 , On
comparing, we get n23 = − 1

Page 242 :
115, , Matrices, 0 , −7, 34. Given, 2X − 3Y = , …(i), ,
−, 7, 13, , , 9 13 , and 3X + 2Y = , …(ii), , 4 13 ,
On multiplying Eq. (i) by 3 and Eq. (ii) by 2 and,
subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get, 0 , 9 13 ,
−7, 3Y = 2 , − 3 7 −13 , 4, 13, , , , , 26 , 39,
, 13Y = , 65 , −13, 3 2 , , Y = , , −1 5 , T, ,
2 , 4 −3 , 4 −2 , , adj ( A ) = , = −3, 4 , −, 2, 1,
1 , , , , | A| = 4 − 6 = − 2, 1 4 −2 , adj ( A ) , −1,
∴, A −1 = − , Q A =, , , −, 3, 1, 2 , | A| , , 1 4 −2
, [bij ] = − , , 1 , 2 −3, 1, b22 = −, , 2, ω 0 ,
36. Given, A = , , 0 ω , 0 , ω 0 ω 0 ω 2,
Now,, = , A2 = , , , , , ω2 , 0 ω 0 ω 0, 0
ω 0 ω3, 0 , ω 2, A3 = , = , , , 2 0, ω 0, ω
, ω3 , 0, Similarly,, 0 (ω3 )33 ⋅ ω, 0, , ω100,
= , A100 = , , 100 , 3 33, ω , (ω ) ⋅ ω , 0, 0, 0
ω 0 , 1 ⋅ ω, = , =, (Q ω3 = 1), ⋅ 1 0 ω , 0, ω, ,
=A, 1, 35. Q A = , 3, and, , 39. We know that , every
matrix possesses a unique inverse., ∴ B and C should
be equal., 3 2 , 40. Given that, A = , , 4 5 , 5 −2
, 1, (15 − 8) −4 3 , 19 24 , 1 5 −2 , and AC =
, = , , 7 −4 3 , 37 46 , 19 24 , , A −1 AC = A
−1 , , 37 46 , 120 − 92 , 1 5 −2 19 24 1 95
− 74, C= , = , , , , 7 −4 3 37 46 7 −76 +
111 −96 + 138 , 1 21 28 3 4 , = , =, 7 35 42
5 6 , , ∴, , 2 0 0 , 1 2 3 , 41. Given that, A = 0 2
0 and B = 0 1 2 , , , , , 0 0 2 , 0 0 1 , 2 0
0 1 2 3 2 4 6 , AB = 0 2 0 0 1 2 = 0 2 4 , ,
, , , 002 001 0 0 2 , 2 4 6, 2 4, = 2
(4) = 8, ∴ adj ( AB) = 0 2 4 = 2, 0 2, 0 0 2, 5 2 , 3 6 ,
42. Given that, A + B = , and A − B = 0 −1 , 0 9 ,
, , ∴, , , cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ, ∴ AA′ = , − cos θ sin θ +
cos θ sin θ, − sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ , , sin 2 θ + cos
2 θ, , 1 0 , = , =I, 0 1 , So, this type of the matrix
is orthogonal., , 1, 2, , 5 2 3 6 , , + , , 0
9 0 −1 , , =, , 1, 2, , 8 8 4 4 , 0 8 = 0 4 , ,
, , , 1 5 2 3 6 , −, , , 2 09 0 −1 ,,
1 2 −4 1 −2 , =, 2 0 10 05 , 44 1
−2 , AB = , , , 0 4 0 5 , 4 −8 + 20 , = , 20 ,
0, =, , | A | = 1 (1 + 4) + 2 (2 + 6) − 3 (4 − 3), , = 5 + 16 −
3 = 18 ≠ 0, Hence, it is non-singular matrix., cos θ sin
θ , 38. Let A = , , − sin θ cos θ , cos θ − sin θ ,
A′ = , , sin θ cos θ , , A=, , B=, , and, , 37. Here, we
see that its diagonal elements are not zero, so, it is not
anti-symmetric matrix., Now,, , A −1 =, , ∴, , 43. Q, ∴, ,
1, X = , 0, 1, X2 = , 0, 1, = , 0, , 4 12 , = , ,
0 20 , −2 , 3 , −2 1 −2 , 3 0, 3 , −2 − 6
1 −8 , =, 9 0, 9

Page 243 :
116, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 1 −8 , 1 −2 , 1 0 , ∴
X 2 − 2X + 3I = , −2 , +3 , , , , 3 , 9 , 0, 0, 0 1 ,
0 , 1 −8 −2 +4 3, = , + 0 −6 + 0, 0, 9, 3 ,
, , , −8 + 4 , 1 − 2 + 3, = , − 6 + 3 , 0, 9, , 2
−4 , 1 −2 , = 2X, = , = 2 0, 0, 6, 3 , , , , 3 1 ,
A= , , −1 2 , , 44. We have,, , 2x, x, , , 0 1 0
1, =, x −1 2 0, 2x 0 1, , 0 2x = 0, ,
, On comparing, we get 2x = 1, 1, , x=, 2, 3 2 , 48.
Q A = , , 1 4 , ∴A (adj A ) = I 2 | A |, 1 0 3 2, 1, = ,
1 4 = 0, 0, 1, , , , 1 0 , 10, = , × 10 = 0, 0
1 , , , A 2 + 7I 2 = 5 A, , ∴, , A 2 ⋅ A −1 + 7I 2 A −1 = 5
AA −1, , , , A + 7 A −1 = 5 I 2, , , , 7 A −1 = 5 I 2 − A, ,
, , A −1, , , , 5 0 3 1 , = , − , , 0 5 −1 2 ,
1 0 3 1 , =5 , − , , 0 1 −1 2 , 1 2 −1 , = , 7
1 3 , , 1, 49. Let , 0, , 45. We know that, if A = [a
ij ]m × n and B = [bij ]n × p are the, two matrices, then
the product matrix AB is of order, m × p., , B −1 =, , 1
3, 3 0, , T, , 0 , 3, = , , 1 , 0, −2 , 1 , , 2 , −1,
A= , 3 , 6, , 1, Now, , 0, , A −1 ⋅ A 2 = A −1 ⋅ 1, ,
, , , A, , −1, , ( A ⋅ A) = A, , −1, , ( A A) ⋅ A = A, , , , −1,
, 1 ⋅ A = A −1, , , , A −1 = A, 2x, A= , x, , (Q A ⋅ 1 =
A), , −1, , , , 47. Given,, , , , (Q A −1 A = 1), , 0 , 1,
and A −1 = , , x , −1, , 0 , 2 , , , , −1 0 , , Q
BA = , , 6, 3, , , , , , , 1, −, 0, , , , , A = B −1 ,
, , 6 3 , , 0 , 3 , , , 51., , 2, , T, , x − x , x, adj (
A ) = , = −x, 0, 2, x, , , , adj ( A ), −1, A =, | A|, , 0 ,
2x , , 1 x 0 , 2x2 − x 2x , 1, , 0, 2x, , = , ,
1, − 1, , x, 2x, , 1, 0, , , 1, 1, But, ∴ =1 x=, A −1
= , , 2, 2x, −1 2 , Alternative Method, We know
that,, AA −1 = I, A −1 =, , −2 −1, 3 6, −2 , 1 ,
, 0 1 −3 − 12, =, 3 3 6, , −6 , 3 , , 50. Since, A′
= A and A′ = − A, , | A | = 2x − 0 = 2x, 2, , 1 3, 3 0,
−5, = , 2, , A=, , −2 , 1 , , , 1, −1, Q B = | B| adj
(B) , , , , Given, condition is A 2 = 1, , 46. Q, , 0 , (12 −
2), 1 , 0 , 10 , , 2 , = B, | B| = 3, 3 , , 3, and adj (B)
= , −2, ∴, , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , , , , , A = − A A =0,
1 2 3 2 , 2X − , = , , 7 4 0 −2 , 3 2 1 2 ,
2X = , + , , 0 −2 7 4 , 2 2 , 4 4 , X = , 2X
= , , , 7 / 2 1 , 7 2 , , 52. A + AT is a square
matrix., Now,, , ( A + AT )T = AT + ( AT )T = AT + A, ,
Hence, A + AT is symmetric matrix., 53. Q | A | = 1, 3
4 7 −4 1 0 , 1 0 , ∴ A adj ( A ) = , −5 3 = 0
1 = 1 0 1 =| A | I, 5, 7, , , , , , , 54. Given
that, square matrices A and B are of same order., We
know that, if A and B are non-singular matrices of, the
same orders, then ( AB)−1 = B−1 A −1.

Page 244 :
117, , Matrices, , Level II, x + y 2x + z 4 7 , 1. Q ,
= , , x − y 2z + w 0 10 , , x+ y=4, , …(i), , x−
y=0, , …(ii), , 2x + z = 7, , …(iii), , 2z + w = 10, , …(iv), , On
solving these equations, we get, x = 2 , y = 2 , z = 3, w =
4, 2. Q, , , 0, kA = , 2b, 0 2k 0, 3k −4k =
2b, , , , , , 3a , 0 2 0 3a , k , = , , 24
, 3 −4 2b 24 , 3a , 24 , , 2k = 3a , 3k = 2b, −
4k = 24, 2k, 3k, a=, ,b=, ,k = −6, 3, 2, , , ∴, , 3. If AB = O,
then A and B may be equal to O individually., It is not
necessary any condition., 1 1 , 4., A= , , 1 1 , 1
1 1 1 , 1 1 , A2 = A ⋅ A = , =2 , , , , , 1 1 1
1 , 1 1 , , ∴, , A4 = 2 A ⋅ 2 A = 4 A2 = 4 × 2 A = 8 A, , =
2A, (Q A 2 = 2 A ), , A 4 = 23 A, Similarly,, , A100 = 299
A, , cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ , 5. Given that, A = , , sin 2 θ
cos 2 θ , 2, 2, ∴, | A | = |cos 2θ + sin 2θ | = 1, cos 2 θ
sin 2 θ , and adj ( A ) = , , − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ , 1 cos
2 θ sin 2 θ cos 2 θ sin 2 θ , ∴, A −1 = , =, 1 − sin 2
θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ , 6. Since, the given
matrix is, 1 , 1, 2 − x, 0 , A= 1, 3−x, , , −3, − x ,
−1, This matrix is singular., ∴, | A| = 0, 1, 1, 2−x, 0
=0, 3−x, , 1, −1, , , 2−x, 0, , −3, , −x, 1, −x, , 1, −x = 0, ,
−1, −3 − x, (2 − x)(x2 − 3x) + 1(x) + 1(− x) = 0, , 7. If A
and B are two symmetric matrices, then A + B and, AB
+ BA are also symmetric matrices., ∴ Option (b) is
correct., 8. Let the real symmetric matrix of order 2 is,,
0 a , A= , , −a 0 , 0 , 0 a 0 a −a 2, A2 = ,
= , , , , 2 , −a 0 −a 0 0 −a , 0 1 0 1 − a
2, 0 , −a 2, + , = , A2 + I = , , , 2 , 0, 1, 1 − a2 ,
0, 0 −a , Here, when a = ± 1, then A 2 + I = 0, , a
= − 4, b = − 9, k = − 6, , ∴, , , (2 − x)(x)(x − 3) = 0, , x =
2, 0, 3, Hence, solution set S = {0, 2, 3}, , So, the given
relation A 2 + I = 0 is not always true for, even order.,
Now, let the real symmetric matrix of order 3 is,, a, b ,
0, , c , 0, A = −a, , , − b − c 0 , a b 0 a b ,
0, 2 , A = − a 0 c −a 0 c , , , , − b − c 0
− b − c 0 , − bc, −a 2 − b2, ac , , , 2, 2, = − bc, −a
− c, − ab , ac, − ab, − b2 − c2 , , − bc, , −a 2 − b2
+ 1, − ac, , , 2, 2, − ab, A +I= , − bc, − a − c2 + 1, ≠0,
2, 2, , ac, − ab, − b − c + 1 , , 2, So, the given relation
A + I = 0 also is not always true, for an odd order., So,
none of the option is true., 9. The order of a given
matrices are, [X ]( a + b) × ( a + 2) and [Y ]( b + 1) × ( a +
3 ), As [XY ] and [YX ] exist., ∴, a + 2 = b + 1 and a + 3 =
a + b a = 2, b = 3, 1 2 , a 0 , 10. Let, A= , and B
= 0 b , 3, 4, , , , , 2b , 1 2 a 0 a, ∴, AB = ,
0 b = 3a 4b , 3, 4, , , , , a 0 1 2 a 2a ,
and BA = , , = , , 0 b 3 4 3b 4b , If, AB =
BA, 2b a 2a , a, , 3a 4b = 3b 4b a = b, ,
, , From the above it is clear that there exist
infinitely, many B’s such that AB = BA.

Page 245 :
118, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , cos θ − sin θ , 11.
Since, A = , , sin θ cos θ , cos θ − sin θ, = cos 2 θ +
sin 2 θ = 1 | A | ≠ 0, | A| =, sin θ cos θ, ∴ A is invertible
and A is orthogonal matrix as well as A′, is orthogonal
matrix. So, option (d) is not correct., 1 2 , 0 −1 , 12.
Given, A = , and B = , , , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 2, Here,|
A|=, = 1 − 2 = −1, 1 1, 1 −1 1 −2 , adj ( A ) = ,
= , , −2 1 −1 1 , 1 −2 , adj A, A −1 =, = − 1 ,
, |A|, −1 1 , 0 −1, Here,|B| =, = 0 − (−1) = 1, 1 2, , =
(3 − 2 i ) A12 = (−1)1 + 2 (2) = − 2, A21 = (−1)2 + 1 (3 +
5i ) = − (3 + 5i ), ∴, , , 17. Given that,, AB = A and BA =
B, (a), AT = ( AB)T = BT AT, ( AT )2 = (BT AT )(BT AT ),
= ( AB)T ( AB)T = AT ⋅ AT = ( AT )2, (b) ( AT )2 = (BT AT )
(BT AT ) = ( AT BT )( AT BT ), = (BA )T (BA )T = BT BT =
(BT )2, (c) A −1 = ( AB)−1 = B−1 A −1, , , ', , 2 −1 2
1 , adj (B) = , = , , 1 0 −1 0 , 2 1 , adj (B), B
−1 =, =1⋅ , , |B|, −1 0 , 2 1 , B −1 = , , −1 0 ,
21 −1 2 −2 + 1 4 − 1 , ∴B−1 A −1 = , , ,
= , −1 0 1 −1 1 + 0 −2 + 0 , −1 3 , B −1 A
−1 = , , 1 −2 , 2 1 4 −1 , 13. Inverse of A = , ,
= , 74 −7 2 , − sin α , − sin β , cos α, cos β,
14. Q A( α ) = , and A(β ) = , , cos α , cos β , sin
α, sin β, cos α sin α , ∴, A( − α ) = , cos α , − sin
α, cos β sin β , and A( −β ) = , cos β , − sin β, sin
α cos β sin β , cos α, A( − α ) A( − β ) = , sin, α,
cos, α − sin β, cos β , −, , cos α sin β + sin α cos
β , cos α cos β − sin α sin β, = , , − sin α cos β −
cos α sin β − sin α sin β + cos α cos β , sin (α + β ) ,
cos (α + β ), = , −, +, sin, (, α, β, ), cos (α + β ) , , = A( α
+ β ), 15. We know that a matrix obtained from a unit
matrix by a, single elementary operation is known as
unit matrix., 3 − 2 i 3 + 5 i , T, 16. We have, A = ,
and let adj (A ) = B ,, 2, 3, −, 2, i, , , where B is the
cofactor matrix of A., ∴ We have to find, A11 , A12 ,
A21 , A22, , , A11 = (−1)1 + 1 (3 − 2 i ), , A22 = (−1)2 +
2 (3 − 2 i ) = (3 − 2 i ), −2 , 3 −2i, B= , , −3 − 5 i 3 −
2 i , 3 − 2 i −3 − 5 i , adj ( A ) = BT = , 3 − 2 i , −2,
, [Q Aij = (−1)i + j a ij ], , 18., , ( A −1 )−1 = (B−1 A −1 )−1
= AB = A, , For 2 × 2 matrix,, | A | = |adj ( A )|= (ab − 0) =
ab =, ∴, , A −1 =, , adj ( A ) 1 a, =, ⋅ , ab −1, | A|, , 1,
(ab) = 1, ab, 1, 1 , −2, , 19. Here, A = 1 −2, 1 ,, , , 1
−2 , 1, l , x , B = m and X = y , , , n
, z , 1, 1, −2, −1, | A| = − 2, ∴, 1, 1 −2, , a, , 0, , −1, ,
b, , 0 , , b , , | A −1 | =, , 1, 1, +1, −2, −2, , 1, 1, , = − 2(4
− 1) − 1 (−2 − 1) + 1 (1 + 2), = −6 + 3 + 3 = 0, 3 3 3 ,
Now, adj ( A ) = 3 3 3 , , , 3 3 3 , 3 3 3 l , l
+ m + n , 0 , , , , , , , Q (adj A ) B = 3 3 3 m = 3 l
+m+n=3 0 , , , , , , 333 n , l
+ m + n , 0 , ∴ (adj A ) ⋅ B = 0, (Q l + m + n = 0),
So, the given system of equations has an infinitely,
many solutions., 0 −1 , 0, 20. Q, 0 , A = 0 −1, , ,
0 , 0, −1, 0 −1, 0, ∴, 0 = − 1(−1) = 1 ≠ 0, | A| = 0, −1,
−1, , 0, , 0

Page 246 :
119, , Matrices, ∴ A −1 exists., Now,, , , , 0 −1 0,
0, 2, , 0 0, A = 0 −1, , , 0 −1, 0, −1, 1 0
0 , = 0 1 0 , , , 0 0 1 , A2 = I, , 21. Let A = [a ij ]n,
, , 0, −1, 0, , a 2 2ab a b a3 3a 2b , = , = , , , a
2 0a 0, a3 , 0, 1 0 , 2 0 1 , 3, 2, = a3 ,
+ 3a b 0 0 = a I + 3 ⋅ a bA, 0, 1, , , , , Continue in
this process, we get, (aI + bA )n = a n I + na n − 1 bA, ,
−1 , 0 , , 0 , , 25. Given that, A is non-singular
matrix such that, A −1 = AT, , ×n, , kA = [ka ij ]n, , ×n, , ,
where k is scalar., , We know that, A adj ( A ) =| A |I n, ,
, , AA −1 = AAT, , , , AAT = I, , …(i), , (kA ) adj (kA ) = |
kA |I n, kA adj (kA) = kn | A |I n, (since| kA | = kn | A |),
, , A adj (kA ) = kn, , −1, , | A|I n, , Now,, , …(ii), , From
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, adj (kA ) = kn, , −1, , adj ( A ), , 22.
A square matrix A is said to be non-singular according,
as,, A adj ( A ) = | A | I n, , | A||adj ( A )|=| A|n (Q order
of matrix is n × n), |adj (A)| = | A |n − 1, , x , 23.
Given that, M = y , and G = [3 4 5]1 × 3, , z 3
× 1, x , M = y , [3, , z 3 × 1, 3x 4x, 3 y 4 y,
, , 3z 4z, , 3x 4x 5x , 4 5]1 × 3 = 3 y 4 y 5 y =
[hij ]3 × 3 (say), , , 3z 4z 5z , 5x h11 h12 h13
, 5 y = h21 h22 h23 , , , 5z h31 h32 h33
, , h32 = 4z, 0 1 , 24. Given that, A = , , 0 0 ,
1 0 , 0 1 a b , aI + bA = a , + b , , = , , 0 1 ,
0 0 0 a , 2, Now, (aI + bA ), = (aI + bA ) ⋅ (aI + bA ),
a b a b , = , , , 0 a 0 a , a 2 2ab a 2 0
0 2ab , = , = , +, a 2 0a2 0 0 , 0, 1 0 ,
0 1 , 2, = a2 , + 2ab , , = a I + 2abA, 0 1 , 0 0 ,
Similarly, (aI + bA ) = (aI + bA ) ⋅ (aI + bA ), 3, , 2, , 1 2
2 , 1, 1 , 1, 2 1 −2 AT = 2, , 3 , 3 , −2 2 −1 ,
2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, , , 1, 1, AAT = 2 1 −2 2 1, , ,
3, 3 , −2 2 −1 2 −2, 1 + 4 + 4 2 + 2 − 4, 1 , =, 2
+ 2 −4, 4+1+4, 9 , −2 + 4 − 2 −4 + 2 + 2, 9 0 0 1 0
0 , 1 , = 0 9 0 = 0 1 0 = I, , , 9 , 0 0 9 00
1 , A=, , Let, , Replacing A by kA, we get, , (Q AA −1 =
I), 2 −2 , 1, 2 , , −2 −1 , −2 , 2 , , −1 , −2 + 4 − 2
, −4 + 2 + 2 , , 4 + 4 + 1 , , , , AAT = I, , 1, 26.
Given that, A = , 2, 1, , ∴, A2 = , 2, 5, = , 6,
Now,, , , , 2 , 2 , 2 1 2 1 + 4 2 + 4 , =, 2 2
2 2+44+4 ,6 ,8 , 56 36 20 ,A2−
3 A − 2I = , − , − , , 6 8 6 6 0 2 , 5 − 3 − 2 6
− 6 − 0 0, = , = , 6 − 6 − 0 8 − 6 − 2 0, A 2 − 3 A
− 2I = O, , 1, 27. Let B = , 0, Now,, , 3 , 1 −1 , and
C = , ,, , 1 , 1 , 0, | B| = 1 − 0 = 1, T, 1 0 , 1 −3 ,
= , adj (B) = , , 1 , −3 1 , 0, adj (B), B −1 =, | B|,
1, B −1 = , 0, , Then,, , BA = C, , Now,, , , −3 , 1 , ,
−1, , B BA = B−1C A = B−1C, 1, = , 0, , −3 1,
1 0, , −1 1, =, 1 0, , −4 , 1 , , 0 , 0

Page 247 :
120, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 28. To hold the
condition A (BC ) = ( AB) C, AB and BC both must
exist., 29. We know that,, a, c, , , b , d , , −1, , 5,
0, , , 0 , 7 , , −1, , ∴, , =, , 1, ad − bc, , d, −c, , , =, , 1
7, 35 0, , 0 , 5 , , −b , a , , −1, , 5 0 x −1 ,
Hence, , = , 07 −y 2 ,1 70 x
−1 , , =, 35 0 5 −y 2 , , , 1, 35, ,
(given), , 7x −1 , −5 y = 2 , , , , On
comparing, 5y, 7x, =2, = − 1 and −, , 35, 35, , x = − 5
and y = − 14, , , , 30. Among the given matrix
equations, ( AB)′ = A′ B′ is wrong, [Q ( AB)′ = B′ A′ (by
transposed matrices)], 31. We know that, if A and B
are symmetric matrices of the, same order, then AB is
symmetric only when AB = BA., [Q A matrix A is said
to be symmetric, if A′ = A, i.e., a ij = a ji ], 0, 7, 4, −, −, 0,
7, 4, , , , , 32. Let A = −7 0 −5 A′ = 7 0, 5 =−
A, , , , , −4 5 0 , 4 −5 0 , So, it is skew-
symmetric matrix., , 0, 33. Let A = 0, , 1, , 1 , 0 ,
, 0 , , 0, 1, 0, , ∴, | A| = − 1, Cofactors of A, 1 0, a11 =,
= 0, a12 = −, 0 0, 0 1, 0, a 21 = −, = 0, a 22 =, 0 0, 1, 0 1,
0, a31 =, = − 1, a32 = −, 1 0, 0, 0, adj ( A ) = 0, ,
−1, Hence, A −1 =, , 0, −1, 0, , A 2 + 2 AB + B2 ≠ ( A +
B)2, , 1 0 , 0 1 , 35. Now, α I + βA = α , +β , , , 0
1 , −1 0 , α 0 0β αβ ,= , + , = , , 0α
−β 0 −β α , α β α β α 2 − β 2, 2αβ , ∴ (α
I + βA )2 = , −β α = −2αβ α 2 − β 2 , −, β, α, ,
, , , Since, it is given, 0 1 , 2, A= , = (α I + βA ),
−1 0 , 0 1 α 2 − β 2, 2αβ , ∴, −1 0 = −2αβ α
2−β2 , , , , α2−β2=0 α2=β2 α=β
and 2αβ = 1, 1, 1, , 2α 2 = 1 α 2 =, ∴α =β = ±, 2, 2,
36. If the least number of zeroes in a lower triangular,
matrix is 10, then order of the matrix is 5 × 5., , 0, , 0, ,
1, , 0, 1, 0, , 1, 0, , = 0, a13 =, , = − 1, a 23 = −, = 0, a33 =, ,
0 0, 0 1, , 0, , 1, , 1 0, 0 0, 1, , 0, , =0, , T, , −1 , 0 −1 , 0,
, , 0 and adj ( A ) = 0 −1 0 , , , , 0 , 0 , −1 0, ,
0, −1, 0, , −1 0, 0 = 0, , 0 1, , 0, 1, 0, , a, b,
, A = d, g, , k, , = −1, e.g.,, , =0, , 1, adj ( A ), | A|, ,
0, 1, =− 0, 1 , −1, , 0 , 2 −1 , 1, 34. We have, A =
, and B = , , , 0 1 , −1 −1 , 3 −1 , ∴, A+ B= ,
, −1 0 , 3 −1 3 −1 10 −3 , ( A + B )2 = ,
, = , , −1 0 −1 0 −3 1 , Now, A 2 + 2 AB +
B2, 0 , 2 −1 2 −1 , 2 −1 1, = , 0 1 + 2 0 1
−1 −1 , 0, 1, , , , , , , 0 1, 0 , 1, + , , ,
, −1 −1 −1 −1 , 2 1 0 , 4 −3 6, = , + −2
−2 + 0 1 , 0, 1, , , , , 11 −1 , = , , −2 0 , ,
1 , 0 , , 0 , , 0, c, e, h, l, , o, 0, , 0, , f, i, m, , 0, , 0, j, n, ,
0 , 0 , , 0 , 0 , , o , , Q Number of zero’s in lower
triangular matrix, n (n − 1) 5 × 4, =, =, = 10, 2, 2, 1, 37.
Let A = 0, , 0, , p, x, 0, , q , 1, 0 and B = 0, , , 1
, 0, , −p, 1, 0, , | B| = 1(1) + p(0) − q(0) = 1, C11 = 1,
C12 = 0, C13 = 0, C 21 = p, C 22 = 1, C 23 = 0, C31 = q,
C32 = 0, C33 = 1, , −q , 0 , , 1

Page 248 :
121, , Matrices, , ∴, , 1, adj (B) = p, , q, , 0, 1, 0, ,
1 p, = 0 1, , 0 0, adj, (B), B −1 =, | B|, 1 p, −1, B =
0 1, , 0 0, , 39. Here, A = − B ( A )2k = (− B)2k,
A 2k = B 2k A 2k − B 2k = O, , T, , 0 , 0 , , 1 , , 40.
Total possible order of matrices using 36 elements
are, 1 × 36, 2 × 18, 3 × 12, 4 × 9,6 × 6, 9 × 4, 12 × 3, 18
× 2 ,, 36 × 1., , q , 0 , , 1 , , So, total number of
matrices are 9., 0 0 , 0, 3 2 0 , 41. B = 2 4 0 adj
(B) = 0, 0 0 , , , , , −2 −1 8 , 1 1 0 , , q ,
Thus,, 0 , , 1 , But B is inverse of A, therefore A =
B−1, (according to question), q 1 p q , , x 0 = 0
10 , , ,01 0 0 1 , , x=1, Alternative
Method, Given, B is the inverse of A, then, BA = I, 1 −
p − q 1 p q 1 0 0 , 0, 1, 0 0 x 0 = 0 1 0 , ,
, , , 0, 1 001 0 0 1 , 0, 1 p − px 0
1 0 0 , 0, , 1, 0 = 0 1 0 , , , , 0, 1 00
1 , 0, 1, 0, , 0, , p, , On comparing, we get x =
1, 4 11 , 3, 38. Given that, AB = , and A = 1, 4, 5,
, , , T, , , , m = − (1 + ω ) = − (−ω 2 ) = ω 2; m = ω 2, ,
43. The sum and product of matrices A and B exist, if
A and, B are square matrices of same order. It is not,
necessarily that A and B are non-singular matrices for,
addition and product of two matrices., x x2 1 + x2 ,
, , 44., A = y y2 1 + y2 , , , 2, 1 + z2 , z z, , x
x2 1 + x2, | A| = y, , y2, , 1 + y2, , z, , z2, , 1 + z2, , 2 , 2 ,
, 2 −1 , 2 −2 , adj ( A ) = , = −1, −, 2, 3, 3 , ,
, , 1, 1, , , −, , 1 2 −2 2, adj ( A ) , 2, −1, −1,
= , ∴A =, , Q A =, , , 3 1, 3 , 6 − 2 −1, | A| ,
−, 4, 4 , 4 11 , Now,, AB = , 5 , 4, 4 11 , , B =
A −1 , 5 , 4, 1 , 1, −, 2, 2 4 11 , = , , 3 4,
5 , − 1, 4, 4 , 11 5 , , −, 2 −2, , 2 2 0 3 , = ,
= , , −1 + 3 − 11 + 15 2 1 , , 4, 4 , 0 3, Hence,, |
B| =, = 0 − 6 = −6, 2 1, , | A|= 6 − 2 = 4,, , 42. The given
matrix is singular, if, 1 ω m, 1+ω+m ω m, ω m 1 =0 1
+ ω + m m 1 =0, m 1 ω, 1+ω+m 1 ω, 1 ω m, (1 + ω +
m) 1 m 1 = 0 1 + ω + m = 0, 1 1 ω, , x− y, , (x − y)(x +
y), , (x − y)(x + y), , = y−z, , ( y − z )( y + z ), , ( y − z )( y + z
), , z, , 1 + z2, (use operations R1 R1 − R2 , R2 R2
− R3 ), 1 x+ y x+ y, y+ z, = (x − y)( y − z ) 1 y + z, z, , z, =0,
, 2, , z2, , 1 + z2, , (Q two rows are identical), , 0 0 q ,
45. A = 2 5 1 , , , 8 p p , I. For q = 0, 0 0 0 , . A
= 251 | A | = 0, , , 8 p p , ∴ A is singular., II.
For p = 0, 0 0 q , A = 2 5 5 | A | = − 40q, , , 8
0 0 , ∴ A is not singular.

Page 249 :
122, , NDA/NA Mathematics, III. For p = 20, 0, A =
2, , 8, , 0, 5, 20, , 5, = 40 − 40 = 0, 8 20, ∴ A is
singular., Thus, codes I and III are correct., | A| = q, ,
46., , 2, , I. Every zero matrix is not necessarily square
matrix., II. A matrix does not have a numerical value
while, every determinant have a numerical value., III.
A unit matrix is a diagonal matrix and scalar, matrix
also., , 47. If A is non-singular and B is singular, then
AB and A −1B, are non-singular because the inverse
of A will exist, when A is non-singular., 48. The inverse
of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique but, if A and B
are singular matrices of order n, then AB is, not a
singular matrix of order n., Hence, only statement I is
correct., 49. We know that, A + AT is always
symmetric and A − AT, is always anti-symmetric., (by
property of transpose), 50. I. It is not necessary that if
A is a symmetric matrix,, then it is singular., II. A3 = I
| A3 | = | I |, , , | A |3 = 1 | A | = 1, , ∴ A is a non-
singular matrix., 51. Let A = [a ij ]m × m be a matrix
and C = [cij ]m × m be, another matrix where cij is the
cofactor of a ij . i.e.,, X = adj ( A ), Q A is a square
matrix., ∴ adj ( A ) = (adj A ) both have the same order.,
, |adj A | = | A |m − 1, | A ||adj A | = | A |m − 1|, ⋅ A|,
, |adj A | = | A |m | AC | = | A |m, 52. Given that, A =
A′ , B = B′, Now, we have AB = A′ B′ = (BA )′,
Therefore, AB is not symmetric., and, A 2 + B2 = ( A′ )2
+ (B′ )2 = ( A 2 + B2 )′, So,, A 2 + B2 is symmetric., 53., ,
Now,, , 2 3 x 5 , 46 y = c−5 2x + 3 y
= 5, , , , 4x + 6 y = c − 5, Put c = 5, then 2x + 3 y
= 5,4x + 6 y = 0, ∴ Equation has no solution., Put c =
10, then 2x + 3 y = 5, 4x + 6 y = 5, ∴ Equation has no
solution., Put c = 15, then 2x + 3 y = 5,4x + 6 y = 10, ∴
Equation has an infinite set of solution., 5 10 , 56., M
= , 8 , 4, 5 10, |M |=, = 40 − 40 = 0, 4, 8, , 55. Given,,
, q , 1 , , 20 , , 3, M = 2, , 3, 3, , 4, 1, 1, 4, , 0 ,
0 , , k , 0, , |M |= 2, , 1, , 3, , 1, , 0 = k(3 − 8) = − 5k, k, ,
So that M is not invertible because M is a singular,
matrix., (R) M is singular matrix., Therefore, A is false
but R is true., 2 3 , 1 0 , 3 3 , 57. Q, A= , ,B = , ,
A+ B= , , , , 1 4 , 0 1 , 1 5 , 12 24 , , ( A + B
)2 = , , 8 28 , 2 3 1 0 2 3 , ∴, AB = , , = ,
,, 1 4 0 1 1 4 , 2 3 2 3 7 18 , A2 = A ⋅ A =
, , = , , 1 4 1 4 6 19 , 1 0 2 3 2 3 ,
and, BA = , , = , , 0 1 1 4 1 4 , 1 0 1 0
1 0 , B2 = B ⋅ B = , , = , , 0 1 0 1 0 1 , 7
18 1 0 4 6 , A 2 + B2 + 2 AB = , + , + , , 7
19 0 1 2 8 , 12 24 , = , , 8 28 , ∴, AB = BA, ∴
( A + B)2 = A 2 + B2 + 2 AB, Hence, both A and R are
individually true and R is the, correct explanation of
A., cos α sin α , cos α cos α , 58. Q, A= , , B = sin
α sin α , cos, α, sin, α, , , , , cos, α, sin, α, cos, α, cos,
α, , , , ∴, AB = , , , cos α sin α sin α sin α ,
cos 2 α + sin 2 α cos 2 α + sin 2 α , = , , 2, 2, 2, 2,
cos α + sin α cos α + sin α , 1 1 , = , (Q sin 2 α +
cos 2 α = 1), , 1 1 , , If k ≠ 0, then inverse of M exists.
Thus, statement A, implies B as well as B implies A.,
54. If AB = 0, then we conclude that A = 0 or B = 0.
But, remember that it is not a necessary condition
that, AB = 0 holds, if A = 0 or B = 0, because that
condition is, also possible when A ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0. If A
and B are, non-zero matrix and AB = 0 | A | = 0 and|
B| = 0., , , AB ≠ I, Sometimes the product of two
matrices can be equal to, an identity matrix., e.g.,, , AA
−1 = I, , Hence, A is true but R is false.

Page 250 :
123, , Matrices, 1, 59. (A) We have, A = , 5, 1, ∴, A′
= , 2, , 2 , 9 , 5 , 9 , , Here,, A ≠ A′ and A ≠ − A′, ∴
It is neither symmetric nor anti-symmetric matrices.,
∴ It is true., (R) We know that the matrix A cannot be
expressed as a, sum of symmetric and anti-symmetric
matrices., It is false., Hence, A is true but R is false., ,
1 − 1 2 − 1 3 + 1 , = 3 − 2 4 + 3 5 − 4 =, , , 6 − 3
7 + 2 9 − 3 , , ∴ | A − B|= 0 − 1 (6 − 3) + 4 (9 − 21) = −
3 − 48 = − 51, 1 2 3 , 1 1 − 1 , , , 2 − 3 4 , 62. ∴
AB = 3 4 5, , , , , 6 7 9 , 3 − 2 3 , 1 −1 −6
−1 + 8 + 9 , 1+4+9, = 3 + 8 + 15 3 − 12 − 10 − 3 +
16 + 15 , , , 6 + 14 + 27 6 − 21 − 18 − 6 + 28 + 27
, 14 − 11 16 , = 26 − 19 28 , , , 47 − 33 49 ,
, Solutions (Q. Nos. 60- 62), 1 2 3, | A|= 3 4 5 = 1 (36 −
35) − 2 (27 − 30) + 3(21 − 24), 6 7 9, = 1 + 6 − 9 = − 2 (≠
0), Since,| A|≠ 0, ∴A is non-singular and hence A −1
exist., Now, the cofactors of the elements of the first
row of, | A|are respectively, 4 5, 3 5 3 4, ,−, ,, 7 9, 6 9 6
7, i.e.,, 1, 3, −3, Again, the cofactors of the elements of
the second row, of| A|are respectively, 2 3 1 3 1 2, ,, ,,
−, 7 9 6 9 6 7, i.e.,, 3, − 9, −5, Again, the cofactors of the
elements of the third row of, | A|are respectively, 2 3,
1 3 1 2, ,−, ,, 4 5, 3 5 3 4, i.e.,, −2 , 4, −2, Hence, the
matrix B, whose elements are the cofactors, of the
corresponding elements of| A|are, 3 − 3 , 1, , C (let)
= 3 − 9 5 , , , − 2 4 −2 , 3 − 2 , 1, , Hence, adj
(A) = transpose of B = 3 − 9 4 , , , − 3 5 −2 , 60.
∴, , 61., , A −1 =, , 1, | A|, , −1 / 2 −3 / 2 1 , 1, adj (A) =,
adj ( A ) = −3 / 2 9 / 2 −2 , , , −2, 3 / 2 −5 / 2 1 ,
1 2 3 1 1 −1 , A − B = 3 4 5 − 2 −3 4 , , , ,
679 3 −2 3 , , 0 1 4 , 1 7 1 , , , 3 9
6 , , Solutions (Q. Nos. 63-65), The matrix form of
the given system is, 1 1 1 x 6 , 123 y =
10 , , , 12λ z µ , The
system admits of a unique solution if and only if the,
coefficient matrix is non-singular i.e., the
corresponding, determinant, 1 1 1 , 1 2 3 ≠0, , ,
1 2 λ , The value of the determinant when
simplified is λ − 3, Thus, the given system has a unique
solution, if λ ≠ 3, and µ may have any value, if λ = 3, we
can write the, system as, 1 1 1 x 6 , 123
y = 10 , , , 123 z µ ,
Which is equivalent to, 1 1 1 x 6 , 012
y = 4 R2 R2 − R1, R R −R, , , 3, 1, 0
12 z µ − 6 3, 1 1 1 x 6 , 012
y = 4 , , , , 000 z µ − 10 ,
This is equivalent to the system of equations, , i.e.,, , x
+ y + z =6, y + 2z = 4, 0 = µ − 10, Hence, the given
system will possess an infinite number, of solutions, if
µ= 10 and the solutions are provided by, the first two
equations. The system will not possess any, solution, if
µ ≠ 10 for in that case the third equation, becomes
false.

Page 256 :
129, , Determinant, , Comprehensive Approach, n, , n, ,
n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, n, n, , n, , det (B) = k det ( A), if B is
obtained from A multiplying one row, ( or column ) of
A by k., det (kA) = k n det( A), where A is a matrix of
order n × n. Hence,, det (kA) = k3 det ( A), where A is a
matrix of order 3 × 3., If A, B ,C are square matrices of
the same order that ith column, ( or row) of A is the
sum of ith columns (or rows) of B and C and all, other
columns (or rows) of A, B and C are identical, then, det
( A) = det (B) + det (C )., If A is a non-singular matrix,
then, 1, det ( A − 1) =, det ( A), 1, i.e.,, |A − 1| =, |A|,
Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd
order is zero and, of even order is a non-zero perfect
square., If A = B + C , then it is not necessary that, det(
A) = det(B) + det(C )., Determinant of a diagonal
matrix = product of its diagonal, elements.,
Determinant of a triangular matrix = product of its
diagonal, elements., Determinant of an unit matrix is
1., Determinant of a null matrix is 0., Symmetric
determinant If equidistant elements to a diagonal of a,
determinant are of same magnitude and sign, then the
determinant, is known as symmetric determinant,
e.g.,, a h g , h b f = abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2,
, , g f c , Skew-symmetric determinant If
equidistant elements to a, diagonal of a determinant
are of same magnitude and opposite in, sign, then the
determinant is known as skew-symmetric,
determinant. e.g.,, , 0 b c , − b, 0 a = 0, , , − c − a
0 , a, 1. b, , c, , n, , c , a = − ( a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc),
, b , 1 1 1 , 2. a b c = ( a − b) ( b − c) ( c − a), , 2, 2,
2, a b c , 1 1 1 , 3. a b c = ( a − b) ( b − c) ( c − a) ( a
+ b + c), , 3, 3, 3, a b c , 1 1 1 , 4. a 2 b 2 c 2 = (
a − b) ( b − c) ( c − a) ( ab + bc + ca), , , 3, 3, 3, a b c ,
f (r) g(r) h( r) , If ∆ r = a, b, c , , , c1 , b1, a1, b, c,
a, , where r ∈ N and a, b , c , a1 , b1 , c1 are constants,
then, n, n, , n, Σ f (r) Σ g(r) Σ h( r), , r = 1, r =1, r =1,
n, 1. Σ ∆ r = a, b, c , r =1, , , c1 , b1, a1, , , n, n,
, n, Π f (r) Π g(r) Π h(r), , r = 1, r =1, r =1, n, , 2. Π ∆
r =, b, a, c , r =1, , , c1 , b1, a1, ,

Page 257 :
Exercise, Level I, a − b b − c c − a , 1. x − y y − z z −
x is equal to, , , p − q q − r r − p , (a) a ( x + y + z ) +
b ( p + q + r ) + c, (b) 0, (c) abc + xyz + pqr, (d) None of
the above, 1, , 2. 1, 1, , (a), , 2, a a − bc , , b b2 −
ac is equal to, c c2 − ab , , , 0, , (c) 3abc, , 9. If a + b + c
= 0, then the solution of the equation, c, b , a − x, c,
b− x, a = 0, is, , , a, c − x , b, 3, (a) 0, (b) ± ( a 2 + b2
+ c2 ), 2, 3 2, 2, 2, (c) 0, ±, ( a + b + c ) (d) 0, ± a 2 + b2 +
c2, 2, , (b) a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc, (d) ( a + b + c)3, , 3. The
system of equations 3x − 2 y + z = 0,, λx − 14 y + 15z =
0, x + 2 y − 3z = 0 has a solution, other than x = y = z =
0 for λ equal to, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 5, 4 20 , 1, 4. The
roots of the equation 1 − 2 5 = 0 are, , , 2, 1 2x 5x
, (a) − 1, − 2, (b) − 1, 2, (c) 1, − 2, (d) 1, 2, 5. The
solution of the simultaneous linear equations, 2x + y =
6 and 3 y = 8 + 4x will also be satisfied by which, one
of the following linear equations?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) x
+ y = 5, (b) 2x + y = 9, (c) 2x − 3 y = 10, (d) 2x + 3 y = 6,
6. The simultaneous equations 3x + 5 y = 7 and, (NDA
2011 II), 6x + 10 y = 18 have, (a) no solution, (b)
infinitely many solutions, (c) unique solution, (d) any
finite number of solutions, x, 7. The roots of the
equation β, , β, independent of, (a) α, (c) γ, , α, x, γ, ,
1 , 1 = 0 are, , 1 , (NDA 2011 II), , (b) β, (d) α, β and
γ, , 8. If| A| = 8, where A is square matrix of order 3,
then, what is| adj A| equal to?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) 16,
(b) 24, (c) 64, (d) 512, , 10. If, the, system, of, equations,
2x + 3 y + 5 = 0, x + ky + 5 = 0, kx − 12 y − 14 = 0 be,
consistent, then value of k is, 12, 1, (a) − 2,, (b) − 1,, 5,
5, 17, 12, (d) 6, −, (c) − 6,, 5, 5, a, b, , a + b + 2c, is
equal to, 11. , 2a + b + c, b, c, , , a + 2b + c , c, a, , (a)
( a + b + c)2, (b) 2 ( a + b + c)2, 3, (d) 2 ( a + b + c)3, (c) ( a
+ b + c), i , 1 + i 1 − i, , 12. 1 − i, i, 1 + i is equal to, ,
, 1 + i 1 − i , i, (a) − 4 − 7i, (b) 8 + 11i, (c) 3 + 7i, (d) 7 +
4i, a, a, b + c, 13. The value of determinant b, c+a, b,
, c, a+, c, (a) abc, (c) 3abc, , , is, , b , , (b) 2abc, (d)
4abc, , 1 −2 , 0, 14. In the determinant −1, 0 3 ,
the value of the, , , 2 − 3 0 , cofactor to its minor
of the element − 3, is, (a) − 1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) 2, b + c a
+ b a , 15. The value of determinant c + a b + c b is
equal to, , , a + b c + a c , (a) a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc,
(b) 2abc ( a + b + c), (c) 0, (d) None of the above

Page 258 :
131, , Determinant, 16. x + ky − z = 0, 3x − ky − z = 0
and x − 3 y + z = 0 has, non-zero solution for k is equal
to, (a) −1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) 2, b2 − ab b − c, , 17.
Determinant ab − a 2 a − b, bc − ac, c−a, , (a) abc ( a
+ b + c), (b), (c) 0, (d), , bc − ac , , b2 − ab is equal to,
, ab − a 2 , 3a 2b2c2, None of these, , 18. If a −1 +
b−1 + c−1 = 0 such that, 1, 1 , 1 + a, 1, 1+ b, 1 =
λ,, , , 1, 1 + c , 1, then what is λ equal to?, (NDA
2011 II), (a) − abc, (b) abc, (c) 0, (d) 1, 19. What is the
value of the determinant, x+ 4 , x+1 x+ 2, x + 3 x +
5, x + 8 ?, , , x + 7 x + 10 x + 14 , (c) 2, (a) x + 2, (b)
x 2 + 2, , a, 21. If l, , p, , b, m, q, , (a) 10, (c) 40, , 3b,
m, q, , 15c , 5n ?, , 5r , , x −6 −1 , 26. One root of
the equation 2 −3x x − 3 = 0, is, , , −3 2x x + 2 ,
(a) 0, (b) 1, (c) −1, (d) 3, 1− i, 27. What is the value of, ,
ω +i, , ω2, ω, , 1 − 2i − ω 2, , ω2 − ω, , 2, , where ω is the
cube root of unity?, (a) − 1, (b) 1, (c) 2, , ω, −i ,, i−ω, ,
(NDA 2009 II), , (d) 0, , 28. If n ≠ 3k and 1, ω , ω 2 are
the cube roots of unity, then, (d) −2, 4, x, 8, , 5 , 7 = 0,,
, x , , (NDA 2011 I), , c , n = 2 , then what is the
value of the, , r , , 6a, determinant 2l, , 2p, , 25.
If ω be a complex cube root of unity, then, 1 ω −ω 2 /
2 , 1 1, 1 is equal to, , , 0 , 1 −1, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c)
ω, (d) ω 2, , (NDA 2011 I), , x, 20. If 5 and 7 are the
roots of the equation 7, , 5, then what is the third
root?, (a) − 12, (b) 9, (c) 13, (d) 14, , x + 1 x + 2 x + 3 ,
24. If x + 2 x + 3 x + 4 = 0, then a , b, c are in, , , x
+ a x + b x + c , (a) AP, (b) GP, (c) HP, (d) None of these, ,
2n, 1, ωn ω , , , ω n has the value, 1, ∆ = ω 2 n,
n, 1 , ω 2n, , ω, , (b) ω, , (a) 0, , (c) ω 2, , (d) 1, , x2 +
x, x +1 x − 2 , 2, , 29. If 2x + 3x − 1, 3x, 3x − 3 =
Ax − 12, then the, 2, 2x − 1 2x − 1 , x + 2x + 3, ,
value of A is, (a) 12, (b) 24, , (c) −12, , (d) −24, , 30. The
system of equations, λx + y + z = 0, − x + λy + z = 0,,
(NDA 2010 I), , (b) 20, (d) 60, , 22. If two rows of a
determinant are identical, then what, is the value of
the determinant?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) − 1, (d)
Can be any real value, ω, x + 1, ω2 , 2, , 23. If ω is a
cube root of unity, then ω, 1 , x+ω, , , 2, 1, x + ω ,
ω, is equal to, (b) x3 + ω (c) x3 + ω 2 (d) x3, (a) x3 + 1, ,
− x − y + λz = 0, will have a non-zero solution, if real,
values of λ are given by, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 3, (d) 3, 2, , 4, ,
31. If 0, , 5, , 0, , 0, , (a) 0, (c) 2, , 0, 16 = 20, then what is
the value of p?, 1+ p, (NDA 2008 II), (b) 1, (d) 5, , 32. If
the system of equations 2x + 3 y = 7 and, 2ax + ( a + b)
y = 28 has infinitely many solutions, then, which one
of the following is correct?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) a = 2b,
(b) b = 2a, (c) a = − 2b, (d) b = − 2a

Page 259 :
132, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 1 , 6i − 3i, 33. Let 4,
3i − 1 = x + iy , then, , , i , 20 3, (a) x = 3, y = 1, (b) x
= 0, y = 0, (c) x = 0, y = 3, (d) x = 1, y = 3, 34. If a , b, c are
positive integers, then the determinant, ab, a 2 + x,
ac , 2, , ∆ = ab, b +x, bc is divisible by, , , bc, c2 +
x , ac, (a) x3, (c) ( a 2 + b2 + c2 ), , (b) x 2, (d) None of
these, , 35. If A and B are square matrices of order 3
such that, |A| = − 1,|B| = 3, then|3AB| is equal to, (a) −
9, (b) − 81, (c) − 27, (d) 81, 36. The value of the
determinant, a1b2 + a2b1, 2a1b1, 2a2b2, ∆ = a1b2
+ a2b1, , a1b3 + a3 b1 a3 b2 + a2b3, (a) 1, (b), (c) 0,
(d), , a1b3 + a3 b1 , a2b3 + a3 b2 , is, , 2a3 b3 ,
2a1a2a3 b1b2b3, a1a2a3 b1b2b3, , a2, c2 , b2, , ,
37. The value of ( a + 1)2 ( b + 1)2 ( c + 1)2 is, , 2 , 2,
2, ( a − 1) ( b − 1) ( c − 1) , a 2 b2 c2 , (a) 4 a b c ,
, , 1 1 1 , a 2 b2 c2 , (c) 2 a b c , , , 1 1 1 , ,
a 2 b2 c2 , (b) 3 a b c , , , 1 1 1 , (d) None of
these, , 38. If x + y + z = 1, then what is the value of, 1,
z, −y, −z, 1, x ?, (NDA 2008 I), 2, , 2, , −x, , y, , 2, , (b) 1, ,
39. What is the determinant, , 1, (a) 1, 1, , a, , a2, , b, , 2,
, c, , a, , a3, , (c) 1, , b, , b3, , 1, , c, , c3, , b, c, , 2, , (d) 2 −
2xyz, , (c) 2, 2, , bc, ca, , a, b, , a, , ab, , c, , c2, , b2 equal
to?, (NDA 2008 I), , 1, , a2, , a3, , (b) 1, , 2, , 3, , b, , 2, , c3,
, 1, , b, c, , (d), , a, , a2, , a3, , b, , b2, , b3, , c, , c2, , c3, , 40.
The equations 2x + 3 y + 4 = 0; 3x + 4 y + 6 = 0 and, 4x
+ 5 y + 8 = 0 are, (a) consistent (with unique solution),
(b) inconsistent, (c) consistent (with infinitely many
solutions), (d) None of the above, 41. For what value
of k, the system of linear equations, x + y + z = 2, 2x + y
− z = 3, 3x + 2 y + kz = 4 has a, unique solution?, (a), (b),
(c), (d), , k is any real number other than zero, k is any
real number, k is any integer, k= 0, , 42. Which one of
the following is correct? The system of, equations,
and, x + y + z = 6,, 2x + y + z = 3, 3x + 2 y + 2z = 9, (a),
(b), (c), (d), , has no solution, has infinite number of
solutions, has only one solution, has only three
solutions, , 1 0 , 1 2 , 43. If A = , , then what is
determinant of, and , 1 0 , 2 3 , (NDA 2012 I),
AB?, (a) 0, , (b) 1, , (c) 10, , (d) 20, , 8 −5 1, 44. If 5 x 1 = 2,
then what is the value of x?, 6 3 1, (NDA 2012 I), (a) 4, ,
(b) 5, , (c) 6, , (d) 8, , 1 x y +, 45. The value of the
determinant 1 y z +, , 1 z x +, (a) x, , (b) y, , 1 + x, ,
46. If 1 + y3, , 3, 1 + z, , (c) z, , z , x , is, , y , (d) 0, ,
x , , y y = 0 and x , y , z are all different, then, , z 2
z , the value of xyz, is, 3, , 1, , (a) 0, , 1, , x, , 2, , 2, , (a) ( x
− y ) ( y − z ) ( z − x ), (c) 1, , (b) 0, (d) − 1, , 47. The value
of z satisfying the equations, 3x + 5 y − 7z = 13, 4x + y
− 12z = 6, 2x + 9 y − 3z = 20,, is, (a) 1, , (b) 2, , (c) −1, , (d)
0

Page 260 :
133, , Determinant, x −3i 1 , 48. If y, 1 i = 6 + 11i
,then, , , 0 2 i − i , (a) x = − 3, y = 4, (b) x = 3, y = 4,
(c) x = 3, y = − 4, (d) x = − 3, y = − 4, y, x, 2, , 49. The
expansion of the determinant x, 5 y3, , 3, 5, x 10 y,
contains which one of the following as a factor?, (a) x −
3, (b) x − y, (c) y − 3, (d) ( x − 3) ( y − 3), , (a) 0, (c) –1, , 3 ,
9 , , 27 , , 50. If ω is the cube root of unity, then what
is one root of, the equation, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) 1, , x2, ,
−2x, , −2 ω 2, , 2, 0, , ω, ω, , −ω, 1, , (b) –2, , = 0?, , (c) 2, ,
(d) ω, , 51. If a, b, c are in GP, then what is the value of,
a, b, a+b, b, c, b+ c ?, (NDA 2008 I), a+b, , b+ c, , 0, , (b) 1,
(d) None of these, , 1 1 1 , 52. What are the factors
of the determinant x y 1 ?, 2, , 2, x y 1 , (a) x − 1, y
− 1 and y − x, (b) x , y and x − y, (c) x − 1, y − 1 and y + x,
(d) x − 1, y + 1 and y + x, − a 2 ab ac , 53. If ab − b2
bc = ka 2b2c2 , then k is equal to, , , bc − c2 , ac,
(a) − 4, (b) 2, (c) 4, (d) 8, 54. If a , b, c are in AP,, x + 2 x
+ 3 x + a , x + 4 x + 5 x + b is, , , x + 6 x + 7 x + c ,
(a) x − ( a + b + c), (b) 9x 2 + a + b + c, (c) a + b + c, (d) 0, ,
then, , the, , value, , of, , Level II, 2r − 1 2 ⋅ 3r − 1 4 ⋅ 5r
− 1 , 1. If Dr = x, y, z , then the value of, , , n, n, n,
2 − 1 3 − 1 5 − 1 , n, , Σ Dr is equal to, , r =1, , (a) 1, (c)
0, , (b) − 1, (d) None of these, , 2. If the system of
equations, ax + y + z = 0, x + by + z = 0 and x + y + cz =
0, where, a , b, c ≠ 1, has a non-trivial solution, then the
value of, 1, 1, 1, is, +, +, 1− a 1− b 1− c, (a) −1, (b) 0, (c)
1, (d) None of these, x b b , x b , are the given, 3.
If ∆1 = a x b and ∆ 2 = , , , a x , a a x ,
determinants, then, d, (b), (a) ∆1 = 3 ( ∆ 2 )2, ( ∆1 ) = 3∆
2, dx, d, (d) ∆1 = 3∆32/ 2, (c), ( ∆1 ) = 2 ( ∆ 2 )2, dx, , 4.
What, a − b, b− c, , c − a, (a), (b), (c), (d), , is the
value, b + c a , c + a b ?, , a + b c , , of, , the, ,
determinant, (NDA 2011 II), , a3 + b3 + c3, 3bc, a3 +
b3 + c3 − 3abc, 0, , p, 5. If 0, , q, , −q, p, 0, , 0 , q =
0, then which one of the following, , p , , is correct?,
(a) p is one of the cube roots of unity, (b) q is one of the
cube roots of unity, p, is one of the cube roots of unity,
(c), q, (d) None of the above, , (NDA 2011 II), , 6. Let A
be an n × n matrix. If det ( λA) = λ s det (A), what, is the
value of s?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) − 1, (d) n

Page 261 :
134, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 7. If ai2 + bi2 + ci2 = 1 (
i = 1, 2, 3) and, ai a j + bi bj + ci c j = 0 ( i ≠ j, i , j = 1, 2, 3),
then the, 2, a1 a2 a3 , value of b1 b2 b3 is, , , c1
c2 c3 , (a) 0, (b) 1/2, (c) 1, (d) 2, 8. In a third order
determinant, each element of the, first column
consists of sum of two terms, each, element of the
second column consists of sum of three, terms and
each element of the third column consists, of sum of
four terms. Then, it can be decomposed into, n
determinants, where n has the value, (a) 1, (b) 9, (c) 16,
(d) 24, a b aα − b , 1, 9. If b c bα − c = 0 and α ≠ ,
then, , , 2, 0 , 2 1, (a) a , b, c are in AP, (b) a , b, c are
in GP, (c) a , b, c are in HP, (d) None of these, 10 ! 11 !
12 !, 10. The value of the determinant 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! is,
, 12 ! 13 ! 14 !, (a) 2 (10 ! 11 !), (b) 2 (10 ! 13 !), (c) 2
(10 ! 11 ! 12 !), (d) 2 (11 ! 12 ! 13 !), 11. If a , b, c be
positive and not all equal, then the value, a b c , of
the determinant b c a is, , , c a b , (a) negative,
(b) positive, (c) depends on a , b, c, (d) None of these,
2a, 12. A = 4b, −2c, , 3r, 6s, −3t, , x, , a, , r, , x, , 2y = λ b, c,
−z, , s, t, , y , then what is, z, , the value of λ?, (a) 12, (b) –
12, , (NDA 2009 II), , (c) 7, , (d) –7, , x, , y+z, , 13. If z, , y, ,
x + y = 0, then which one of the following, , x, , z, , z+x, ,
y, , is correct?, (a) Either x + y = z or x = y, (b) Either x +
y = − z or x = z, (c) Either x + z = y or z = y, (d) Either z +
y = x or x = y, 14. What is the value of, (a) 0, , (b) 1, ,
(NDA 2009 I), , sin 10° − cos 10°, , ?, cos 80° (NDA
2008 II), (c) –1, (d) 1/2, , sin 80°, , 15. If x = cy + bz , y =
az + cx , z = bx + ay (where x , y , z, are not all zero)
have a solution other than, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, then a , b
and c are connected by the, relation, , (a), (b), (c), (d), , a
2 + b2 + c2 + 3abc = 0, a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 0, a 2 +
b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1, a 2 + b2 + c2 − bc − ca − ab = 1, , x,
y, , 1, 16. Determinant 2 sin x + 2x sin y + 2 y is
equal to, , , 3 cos x + 3x cos y + 3 y , (a) sin ( x − y ),
(b) cos ( x − y ), (c) cos ( x + y ), (d) xy sin ( x − y ), N, , 17.
The value of Σ U n ,ifU n, n =1, , (a) 0, (c) − 1, , n, 1, 5 ,
2, , = n 2N + 1 2N + 1 is, , , 3, 2, N, 3, n, N, 3, , , (b)
1, (d) None of these, , a+ b+ c , a+b, a, 18. ∆ = 3a 4a
+ 3b 5a + 4b + 3c where, , , 6a 9a + 6b 11a + 9b +
6c , , a = i , b = ω , c = ω 2 , then ∆ is equal to, (a) i, (b) −
ω 2, (c) ω, (d) − i, , 19. What is the value of k, if, k, k, k, ,
(NDA 2009 I), , b2 + c2, , b+ c, c+a, , c2 + a 2 = ( a − b)( b
− c)( c − a )?, , a+b, , a 2 + b2, , (a) 1, (c) 2, , (b) –1, (d) 0, ,
20. If ( a1 / x ) + ( b1 / y ) = c1 , ( a2 / x ) + ( b2 / y ) = c2,
∆1 =, ∆3 =, , c1, , a1, , b1, , a2, , b2, , , ∆2 =, , b1, , c1, , b2,
, c2, , ,, , a1, , , then ( x , y ) is equal to which one of the,
c2 a2, following?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) ( ∆ 2 /∆1 , ∆3 /∆1 ),
(b) ( ∆3 /∆1 , ∆ 2 /∆1 ), (c) ( ∆1 /∆ 2 , ∆1 /∆3 ), (d) ( − ∆1 /
∆ 2 , − ∆1 /∆3 ), 21. For positive numbers x , y and z,
the numerical value, logx y logx z , 1, , of the
determinant log y x, 1, log y z , is, , , 1 , logz x logz
y, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) loge xyz, (d) None of these, 22. The
value of the determinant, 4x + 2 y 4x + 3 y 4x + 4 y ,
4x + 3 y 4x + 4 y 4x + 5 y is equal to, , , 4x + 6 y
4x + 7 y 4x + 8 y , (a) x + y, (b) x − y, (c) 1, (d) 0

Page 262 :
135, , Determinant, a h g f , 0 b c e , 23. The value
of the determinant , , is, 0 0 d k, , , 0 0 0 l , (a)
gfkl, (b) abhg, (c) abdl, (d) ablc, a1 b1 c1 , 24. If ∆ =
a2 b2 c2 , ∆1, , , a3 b3 c3 , (a) ∆ = ∆1, (c) ∆ = − ∆1,
, a1 + 2b1 − 3c1 b1 c1 , = a2 + 2b2 − 3c2 b2 c2 ,
then, , , a3 + 2b3 − 3c3 b3 c3 , (b) ∆ = − 6∆1, (d) −
6∆ = ∆1, , a b 0 , 25. If the determinant 0 a b = 0,
then, , , b 0 a , (a) a/b is one of the cube roots of
unity, (b) a is one of the cube roots of unity, (c) b is one
of the cube roots of unity, (d) a/b is one of the cube
roots of − 1, 26. If| An × n | = 3 and | adj A| = 243, what
is the value of, n?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) 4, (b) 5, (c) 6, (d) 7,
27. If A is matrix of order 3 × 2 and B is matrix of
order, 2 × 3, then what is | kAB| equal to (where k is
any, scalar quantity)?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) k| AB|, (b) k2|
AB|, (c) k3 | AB|, , (d) | AB|, , 28. Which statement is
correct in the following?, Linear system of equations
2x + 3 y = 4, and 4x + 6 y = 7, has, (NDA 2008 I), (a) no
solution, (b) unique solution, (c) exactly 3 solutions, (d)
infinite many solutions, 29. If in obtaining the solution
of the system of equations, x + y + z = 7; x + 2 y + 3z =
16 and x + 3 y + 4z = 22.By, ∆′, Cramer’s rule, the
value of y is given by , where, ∆, 1 1 1 , ∆ = 1 2 3 ,
then the determinant ∆′ is given by, , , 1 3 4 , 1 1
−7 , 1 1 1 , , , (b) 1 2 −16 , (a) 1 2 3, , , , , 1 3
−22 , 1 3 4 , 1 1 −7 , 1 1 −7 , (c) 2 3 −16 , (d)
1 3 −16 , , , , , 1 4 −22 , 3 4 −22 , 30. The
system of equations 2x + 3 y = 5 and, 10x + 5 y = 50,
(a) has a unique solution, (b) has infinitely many
solutions, (c) is inconsistent, (d) is consistent and has
exactly two solutions, , 31. The value of the
determinant of the inverse of the, − 4 − 5 , matrix ,
, is, 2 , 2, 1, (a), (b) 2, 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, − a2, 32. What is
the value of ab, ac, (a) 4 abc, (c) 4 a 2b2c2, , ab, −b, bc, ,
2, , ac, bc ? (NDA 2012 I), − c2, , (b) 4a 2bc, (d) − 4a
2b2c2, , 33. How many values for k the system of
equations, ( k + 1)x + 8 y = 4k and kx + (k + 3) y = 3k −
1 have an, infinitely many solutions?, (NDA 2007 II),
(a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) None of these, 34. For what value
of p, is the system of equations, p3 x + ( p + 1)3 y = ( p
+ 2)3, (NDA 2007 II), px + ( p + 1) y = p + 2; x + y = 1
consistent?, (a) p = 0, (b) p = 1, (c) p = − 1, (d) For all p >
1, 35. The determinant, , a+ b+ c, 4a + 3b + 2c, , a+b, 3a
+ 2b, , a, 2a, , is, , 10a + 6b + 3c 6a + 3b 3a,
independent of which one of the following? (NDA
2007 II), (a) a and b, (b) b and c, (c) a and c, (d) All of
these, 36. Let A be a square matrix of order n × n,
where n ≥ 2., Let B be a matrix obtained from A with
first and, second rows interchanged. Then, which one
of the, following is correct?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) det ( A)
= det ( B), (b) det ( A) = − det ( B), (c) A = B, (d) A = − B,
37. What should be the value of k so that the system
of, linear equations x − y + 2z = 0, kx − y + z = 0,, 3x + y
− 3z = 0 does not possess a unique solution?, (a) 0, (b)
3, (NDA 2007 I), (c) 4, (d) 5, , Directions (Q. Nos. 38-
40), , Each of these, questions contain two statements,
one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason (R). Each of
these questions also has, four alternative choices,
only one of which is the correct, answer. You have to
select one of the codes (a),(b),(c) and, (d) given below,
Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is
the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are
individually true but R is not, the correct explanation
of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is
true.

Page 263 :
136, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , ab, b2 + c2, ac , 2, 2,
, 38. Assertion (A) If, ab, c +a, bc = ka 2b2c2, , , bc,
a 2 + b2 , ac, then the value of k is 4., Reason (R) Q a
2 + b2 + c2 = 0, , a b c, 44. The value of c a b is, b c a, ,
39. Assertion (A) If A is an n × n matrix, then, det ( mA)
= m n det ( A), where m is any scalar., Reason (R) If U is
a matrix obtained from V by, multiplying any row or
column by a scalar m,, then det (U ) = m det (V)., , 45.
The value of, 1 + 2ω100 + ω 200, , 40. Assertion (A) If
two triangles with vertices ( x1 , y1 ),, ( x2 , y2 ), ( x3 ,
y3 ) and ( a1 , b1 ), ( a2 , b2 ), ( a3 , b3 ) satisfy the,
relation, x1 y1 1, a1 b1 1, x2 y2 1 = a2 b2 1 , then the
triangles are, x3, , y3, , 1, , a3, , b3, , 1, , congruent.,
Reason (R) For the given triangles satisfying the,
above relation implies that the triangles have equal,
area., (NDA 2007 II), 41. Consider the following
statements, (NDA 2007 II), I. If det ( A) = 0, then det (
adj A) = 0., II. If A is non-singular, then det ( A−1 ) =
(det A)−1., Which of the above statements is/are
correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only, (NDA 2007 I), (c) Both I
and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 42. Consider the following
statements, I. If any two rows or columns of a
determinant are, identical, then the value of the
determinant is, zero., II. If the corresponding rows and
columns of a, determinant are interchanged, then the
value of, determinant does not change., III. If any two
rows (or columns) of a determinant, are interchanged,
then the value of the, determinant changes in sign.,
Which of these are correct?, (a) I and II, (b) I and III, (c)
II and III, (d) I , II and III, , Directions (Q. Nos. 43-45), ,
Consider ω is a cube, , root of unity, then, ω ω2, 43.
The value of ω ω 2 1 is, ω2 1 ω, 1, , (a) 0, , (b) 2, , (c) 3, ,
(d) 4, , (a) 1, (c) 3, , (b) 2, (d) None of these, , 1+ω, , 1, ω,
(a), (b), (c), (d), , ω2, + 2ω, ω2, , 100, , 1, 200, , ω, 2 +
ω100 + 2ω 200, , 1, ω, ω2, None of the above, ,
Directions (Q., , Nos., , 46-47) Consider, , the, ,
following system of equations, kx+ y+ z = k−1, x + ky +
z = k − 1, x + y + kz = k − 1, 46. What value of k the
system is inconsistent?, (a) k = 1 or k = − 2, (b) k = 2 or
k = 3, (c) k = 3 or k = 4, (d) None of the above, 47. What
value of k the system is consistent?, (a) k ≠ 1 or k ≠ − 2,
(b) k = 1 or k = 2, (c) k = 3 or k = 4, (d) None of the
above, 48. Match List I and List II and select the
correct answer, using the codes given below the lists.,
List I, x a a, , A., , B., , C., , a x a, a a x, b+ c, a, a, b, c+a, b,
c, c, a+ b, 1 a bc, 1 b ca, 1 c ab, , Codes, A B, (a) 1 3, (c) 1
2, , C, 2, 3, , List II, 1., , ( x + 2 a)( x − a) 2, , 2., , ( a − b) ( b
− c) ( c − a), , 3., , 4abc, , A, (b) 2, (d) 3, , B, 3, 1, , C, 1, 2

Page 264 :
Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., , (b), (d), (d),
(b), (a), (a), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., 52., , (a), (b), (a), (b), (b),
(a), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., 53., , (d), (d), (d), (b), (a), (c), , 4.,
14., 24., 34., 44., 54., , (b), (a), (a), (b), (d), (d), , 5., 15.,
25., 35., 45., , (a), (a), (a), (b), (d), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., ,
(a), (c), (b), (c), (d), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , (a), (c), (d), (a),
(d), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., , (c), (b), (a), (c), (a), , 9., 19., 29.,
39., 49., , (c), (d), (b), (b), (a), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (c),
(a), (a), (c), (c), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (c), (b), (d), (c), (d), ,
3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (b), (b), (c), (b), (a), , 4., 14., 24., 34.,
44., , (c), (b), (a), (c), (d), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (c), (c), (d),
(b), (d), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (d), (a), (c), (b), (a), , 7., 17.,
27., 37., 47., , (c), (a), (c), (d), (a), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., ,
(d), (a), (a), (a), (a), , 9., 19., 29., 39., , (b), (a), (d), (b), , 10.,
20., 30., 40., , (c), (d), (c), (b), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31.,
41., , (c), (a), (a), (a), (c), , Hints & Solutions, Level I, The
system of equations has, (non-trivial) solutions, if ∆ =
0., , a − b b − c c − a , 1. x − y y − z z − x , , , p − q
q − r r − p , 0 b − c c − a , = 0 y − z z − x = 0, , , 0
q − r r − p , (applying C1 C1 + C 2 + C3 ), 1 a, , 2.
1 b, 1 c, , , a 2 − bc , , b2 − ac , , c2 − ab , , 0 a −
b (a − b) (a + b + c) , = 0 b − c (b − c) (a + b + c) , , , c,
c2 − ab, 1, , , 0, , (Q rows R1 and R2 are identical), , 3.
Given system of equations are, 3x − 2 y + z = 0,, λx −
14 y + 15z = 0, and, x + 2 y − 3z = 0, , many, , −2, − 14, ,
, , 3, ∆ = λ, , 1, , , , , 3( 42 − 30) − λ (6 − 2) + 1
(− 30 + 14) = 0, 36 − 4λ − 16 = 0 λ = 5, , 1 , 15 = 0,
, 2 − 3 , , 1, 4 20 , 4. We have, 1 − 2, 5 = 0, , , 2,
1 2x 5x , , , 15 , 0, 6, 0 − 2 − 2x 5 (1 − x2) = 0,
, , 2x, 5 x2 , 1, applying , R1 R1 − R2 , , ,
and R2 R2 − R3, , , (applying R1 R1 − R2, R2
R2 − R3 ), 0 1 a + b + c , = (a − b) (b − c) 0 1 a + b + c
= 0, , , 2, 1 c c − ab , , infinitely, , , , , , , , , 1
, 0, 1, , 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 0 − (1 + x) 1 − x2 = 0, , , x, x2 ,
1, 0, 1, 1 , (1 + x) 0 − 1 1 − x = 0, , , x, x2 , 1, (1
+ x) (2 − x) = 0, x + 1 = 0 or x − 2 = 0, x = − 1, 2

Page 265 :
138, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 5. The given
simultaneous linear equations, 2x + y = 6, 4x − 3 y = −
8, , …(i), …(ii), , , , Multiplying Eq. (i) by 3 and then
adding in Eq. (ii), we, get, , , , 6x + 3 y = 18, 4x − 3 y =
− 8, 10x = 10 x = 1, From Eq. (i), y = 4, This
intersection point (1, 4) satisfies the following,
equation, x + y = 1 + 4 = 5, 6. The simultaneous
equations a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and, a 2x + b2y + c2 = 0
have infinitely many solutions, if, a1 b1 c1, =, = ., a 2 b2
c2, For simultaneous equations 3x + 5 y = 7 and, 6x +
10 y = 18, 3 5, 7, , =, ≠, 6 10 18, 1 1, 7, , = ≠, 2 2 18,
∴ It has no solution., x α 1 , 7. Given, β x 1 = 0, , ,
β γ 1 , , , , , , (− x) {(b − x − c) (c − x − b) − (a − c) (a −
b)} = 0, 3, , , x x2 − (a 2 + b2 + c2) = 0, , , 2, 3 2, x
= 0, x = ±, (a + b2 + c2), 2, , 10. The homogeneous
linear system of equations is, consistent i. e, possesses
non-trivial solutions (one or, many). If, 3, 5 , 2, ∆ ≡ 1,
k, 5 = 0, , , k − 12 −14 , , , 2 (− 14k + 60) − 3 (−
14 − 5k) + 5 (− 12 − k2) = 0, , , , 5k2 + 13k − 102 = 0, ,
, , (5k − 17) (k + 6) = 0, , 17, k = − 6,, 5, b, a, a + b +
2c, 11. Let ∆ = , 2a + b + c, b, c, , a, a + 2b +, c, , , , ,
, c , , Applying C1 C1 + C 2 + C3, , (use operations
R2 R2 − R1 ; R3 R3 − R1 ), α, 1 , x, β − x x − α
0 = 0, , , β − x γ − α 0 , , Expand with respect to
C3, , , (β − x)(γ − α ) − (x − α )(β − x) = 0, , , , (β − x)
{(− α + γ ) − (x − α )} = 0, , , , (β − x) { −α + γ − x + α } =
0, , , , (β − x)(γ − x) = 0, , , , , , b, c, 1, , , a − b =
0, (− x) 0 b − x − c, , , c − x − b , a−c, 0, , x = β, γ, , ∴
Roots of the given equation are independent of α., 8.
Q | A | = 8 and A is a square matrix of order 3., (Q |adj (
A )| = | A |n − 1 when A have order n), ∴ |adj ( A )| = 83
− 1 = 82 = 64, b , c, a − x, 9. Given that a + b + c = 0
and c, a = 0, b−x, , , c − x , a, b, Applying C1
C1 + C 2 + C3, , , b , c, a + b + c − x, a + b + c − x b
− x, a = 0, , , c − x , a, a + b + c − x, , , , b , c, 1, a
= 0, (− x) 1 b − x, , , c − x , a, 1, , b, a, 2 (a + b + c),
, b, = 2 (a + b + c) 2a + b + c, , a + 2b +, a, 2 (a + b + c),
, , , , c , , b, a, 1, , , b, ∆ = 2 (a + b + c) 1 2a + b +
c, , , a, +, b, +, c, a, 1, 2, , , 0, 0 − (a + b + c), , = 2 (a
+ b + c) 0 (a + b + c) − (a + b + c) , , , a, a + 2b + c ,
1, (R1 R1 − R2, R2 R2 − R3 ), 0, 0 − 1, 1, = 2 (a +
b + c)3 0, −1, , a a + 2b +, 1, , , = 2 (a + b + c)3, ,
c , , i , 1 + i 1 − i, 12. Let ∆ = 1 − i, i, 1 + i , , , 1 + i 1
− i , i, Applying C1 C1 + C 2, C 2 C 2 + C3, i , 1,
2, 1 + 2 i 1 + i , = 1, , , 2, 1 − i , 1 + 2 i, = 2 (1 − i +
2 i + 2) − 1 [1 − i (1 + 3i − 2)], + i [2 − (1 + 4 i − 4)], = 2 (3
+ i ) − 1 (−4i + 2) + i (5 − 4i ), = 8 + 11i

Page 266 :
139, , Determinant, a, b + c, , 13., c+ a, b, , c, c, , , −
2b , b , , a + b , [R1 R1 − (R2 + R3 )], = 2c ⋅ b (a +
b − c) − 2b ⋅ c (b − c − a ), = 2abc + 2b2c − 2bc2 − 2b2c
+ 2bc2 + 2abc = 4abc, a, b, a+, , 0 − 2c, = b c + a,
, c, b c, , 14. Ratio of cofactor to its minor of the
element − 3, which is, in the 3rd row and 2nd column
= (− 1)3 + 2 = − 1, b + c a + b a , 15. Let ∆ = c + a b +
c b , , , a + b c + a c , 2, 1 , 2, , (R1 R1 + R2 +
R2), ∆ = (a + b + c) c + a b + c b , , , a, b, c, a, c, +, +, ,
, 0, 1 , 0, C1 C1 − C 2 , = (a + b + c) a − b c − b
b , , , , , C 2 C 2 − 2C3 , −, −, b, c, a, c, c, , , =
(a + b + c) {a 2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca}, = a3 + b3 + c3 −
3abc, 16. It has a non-zero solution, if, , , , , k −1 ,
1, 3 − k −1 = 0, , , 1 , 1 −3, 1(− k − 3) − k (3 + 1)
− 1 (− 9 + k) = 0, − 6k + 6 = 0 k = 1, , b2 − ab b − c bc
− ac , , , 17. Let ∆ ≡ ab − a 2 a − b b2 − ab = 0, ,
bc − ac c − a, ab − a 2 , , b b − c c , , ∆ = (b − a ) (b
− a ) a a − b b , , , c c − a a , b b c , = (a − b)2 a a
b , (C 2 C 2 + C3 ), , , c, c, a, , , =0, (Q two
columns are same), 18. Given, a −1 + b−1 + c−1 = 0, …
(i), +, 1, a, 1, 1, , , 1, 1+ b, 1 = λ, , , 1, 1 + c , 1,
Expand with respect to R1, (1 + a ) {(1 + b)(1 + c)
− 1} − 1 {1 + c − 1}, + 1 {1 − 1 − b} = λ, , (1 + a ) { b + c +
bc} − c − b = λ, b + c + bc + ab + ac + abc − c − b = λ,
, bc + ab + ac + abc = λ, 1 1 1 , , abc + + + abc
= λ, a b c , −1, , abc {(a + b−1 + c−1 ) + 1} = λ, , abc
(0 + 1) = λ[from Eq. (i)], , λ = abc, , x+2, x+5, x + 10, ,
x + 1, 19. x + 3, , x + 7, , x+4 , x+8 , , x + 14 , ,
(use operations, C 2 C 2 − C1 ;C3 C3 − C1 ), x +
113 ,= x+325 , , , x+737 , x+113 ,1
2 , = 2, , , 1 2 , 4, (use operations, R3 R3 − R1;
R2 R2 − R1), = (x + 1)(0) − 1(4 − 8) + 3(2 − 4) = 4 − 6
= − 2, x 4 5 , 20. 7 x 7 = 0, , , 5 8 x , Expand
with respect to R1, , x(x2 − 56) − 4(7x − 35) + 5(56 −
5x) = 0, , x3 − 56x − 28x + 140 + 280 − 25x = 0, , x3
− 109x + 420 = 0, , (x − 5)(x − 7)(x + 12) = 0, , x = −
12, c , a b, 21. Q l m n = 2, , , p q r , c , 6a 3b
15c , a b, , , , ∴ 2l m 5n = 30 l m n = 30 × 2 = 60,
, , , , q, 5r , 2 p, p q r , 22. By property of
determinant, if two row/ column of a, determinant are
identical to each other, then the value of, determinant
should be zero., a b c, a a x, e. g. , a, x, , b c = b, , b, , y =0,
, y z, , c, , z, , c, , ω, x + 1, ω2 , 23. Let ∆ = ω, x + ω2, 1
, , , 2, 1, x + ω , ω, x + 1 + ω + ω2, ω, ω2 , , , 2,
2, = x + 1 + ω + ω x + ω, 1 , , 2, x + ω , 1, , x + 1 +
ω + ω, (C1 C1 + C 2 + C3 ), ω, 1, ω2 , 1 , (Q1 + ω
+ ω 2 = 0), = x 1 x + ω 2, , , 1, x + ω , 1, 2, = x [1 {(x
+ ω ) (x + ω ) − 1} + ω {1 − (x + ω )}, + ω 2 {1 − (x + ω 2)}],
2, 2, 3, = x (x + ωx + ω x + ω − 1 + ω − ωx, − ω 2 + ω 2 −
ω 2x − ω 4 ), 3, =x, (Qω3 = 1)

Page 269 :
142, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 2 , 1 0 , , and B = ,
3 , 10 ,2 10 1+20 30 , , = , = , ,
3 1 0 2 + 3 0 5 0 , 3 0, Then,|AB | =, =3 ×0 −5
×0 =0, 5 0, , 1, 43. Given, A = , 2, 1, Now, AB = ,
2, , 8 −5 1, 44. Given that, 5 x 1 = 2, 6 3 1, Using
operations; R2 R2 − R1 , R3 , R3 − R1, 8, −5 1, −3
x+ 5 0 =2, −2, , 8, , 3 5 13 , and ∆z = 4 1 6 , , , 2 9
20 , , ∴, , 1, x −3i, 48. We have, y, 1, i = 6 + 11i, 2i −i, 0,
, , 0, , 1 (− 24 + 2x + 10) = 2, 2x − 14 = 2, 2x = 16, x=8,
1 x y + z , 45. Let ∆ = 1 y z + x , , , 1 z x + y , On
applying C3 C3 + C 2, 1 x 1 , 1 x x + y + z , , ∆
= 1 y x + y + z = (x + y + z ) 1 y 1 , , , , , 1 z 1 ,
1 z x + y + z , = (x + y + z ) × 0 (Q two columns are
identical), =0, , , , , , , 1 + x3, , 46. 1 + y3, ,
3, 1 + z, , , , , , , x2 x , , y2 y = 0, , z2 z , 1
x2 x x3, 3, , 2, 1 y y + y, 1 2 z 3, z, z,
, x2 x , , y2 y = 0, , z2 z , , x2 x, , y2 + y,
, z 2 z, , x2 x3 , , y2 y3 = 0, , z 2 z3 , , 1 x, , 1
y, 1 z, , , (x − y) ( y − z ) (z − x) (1 + xyz ) = 0, xyz + 1
xyz = – 1., , 47. We have, 3x + 5 y − 7z = 13, 4x + y −
12z = 6, and, 2x + 9 y − 3z = 20, ∆x, ∆y, ∆z, ∴, x=, , y=, ,z
=, ∆, ∆, ∆, where, , 3 5 − 7 , ∆ = 4 1 − 12 , , , −3 ,
2 9, = 3 (− 3 + 108) − 5 (− 12 + 24) − 7 (36 − 2), = 315
− 60 − 238 = 17, , = 3 (20 − 54) − 5 (80 − 12) + 13 (36 −
2), = − 102 − 340 + 442 = 0, ∆z 0, z=, =, =0, ∆ 17, , x (− i
− 2 i 2) + 3 i (− yi ) + 1 (2 yi ) = 6 + 11i, , , , x (− i + 2) + 3
y + 2 yi = 6 + 11i, , , , (2x + 3 y) + i (− x + 2 y) = 6 + 11i,
, On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get, and, ,
2x + 3 y = 6, , ...(i), , − x + 2 y = 11, , ...(ii), , On solving
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x = − 3 and y = 4, x, y, 1, 1, , 1,
3 , 2, 3, 2, , , , 49. x, 5y 3, 5y, 9 = 3xy x, , , , 3, 5
27, 2, 4, x 10 y, , x 10 y 9, , , , , , , (taking
common x from C1 and y from C 2 and 3 from C3 ), 1,
1 , 0, 2, , = 3xy x − 3 5 y, (C1 C1 − C3 ), 3 , 2, ,
4, −, x, y, 9, 10, 9, , , 1, , 1 , 0, , x−3, = 3xy, 5 y2 3 ,
, , 4, (x + 3) (x − 3) 10 y 9 , 1, 1 , 0, 2, , = 3xy (x −
3) 1, 5y, 3 , , , 4, x + 3 10 y 9 , Hence, x − 3 is a
factor of given determinant., 50., , x2, , −2 x, , 2, 0, , ω,
ω, , , , −2ω 2, −ω = 0, 1, x2, 2, , −2x − 2ω 2, 0, , 0, ,
1+ω, , x, 2, , −2x − 2ω, 0, , 0, , −ω 2, , 2, , , , (use
operation, C 2 C 2 + C3 ), −2ω 2, −ω = 0, 1, 2, , −2ω
2, −ω = 0, 1, (Q 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0 and ω3 = 1), , Expand
with respect to R3, x2 −2ω 2, x2, ω2, +1, 2, −ω, 2,
, , −2x − 2ω 2, =0, 0, , ω 2 (− ωx2 + 4ω 2) + ( 4x + 4ω
2) = 0

Page 270 :
143, , Determinant, , , , , , , − x2 + 4ω + 4x +
4ω 2 = 0, − x2 + 4ω + 4x − 4 − 4ω = 0, − x2 + 4x − 4 = 0
x2 − 4x + 4 = 0, (x − 2)2 = 0, x=2, , 51. Q a, b, c are in
GP., ∴, b2 = ac, b, a, Now,, c, b, a+b, , b+ c, , − a 2 ab ac
, 53. Given that, ab − b2 bc = ka 2b2c2, , , bc −
c2 , ac, , , a+b, b+ c, 0, , , , Expanding along R1,, c,
b+ c, b, =a, −b, b+ c, 0, a+b, , b+ c, 0, b, + (a + b), a+b, , c,
b+ c, , = − a (b + c)2 + b (a + b)(b + c), + (a + b)(b2 + bc −
ac − bc), 2, 2, = − a (b + c + 2bc) + b (ab + ac + b2 + bc),
(Q b2 = ac), 2, 2, 2, 2, = − ab − ac − 2abc + ab + 2abc + b
c, (Q b2 = ac), 2, 2, 2, 2, = − ac + b c = − ac + ac = 0, (Q
b2 = ac), 1 1 1 1, 52. Let ∆ = x y 1 = x, , , 2, 2,
2, x y 1 x, , 0, y−x, y2 − x 2, , 0 , 1 − x , , 1 − x2 , ,
1, , 0, 0, , , y−x, = x, 1−x, , , 2, x ( y − x) ( y + x) (1
− x) (1 + x) , 1, = ( y − x) (1 − x) x, , 2, x, , 0 , 1 , , y
+ x 1 + x , 0, 1, , − a 2 ab ac , ab − b2 bc = ka
2b2c2, , , 2, ac bc − c , −a, abc a, , a, , b, c , c
= ka 2b2c2, −b, , b − c , , 1 , 1, − 1, , 1 = ka 2b2c2,
(abc) (abc) 1 − 1, , , 1 − 1 , 1, a 2b2c2 [(− 1) (1
− 1) − 1 (− 1 − 1) + 1 (1 + 1)] = ka 2b2c2, 4a 2b2c2 =
ka 2b2c2 k = 4, x + 2 x + 3 x + a , 54. Let A = x +
4 x + 5 x + b , , , x + 6 x + 7 x + c , Applying C 2
C 2 − C1 , we get, x + 2 1 x +, A = x + 4 1 x +, , x + 6
1 x +, Applying R2 R2 − R1, x + 2 1, 0, , A = 2, ,
0, 4, , , and R3 R3 − R1, x + a , b − a = − 1 (2c − 2a
− 4b + 4a ), , c−a , , = ( y − x) (1 − x) (1 + x − y − x), , ,
A = 2 (2b − c − a ), Since, a , b, c are in AP., a+c, i.e.,, b=,
2, , = ( y − x) (1 − x) (1 − y) = (x − 1) ( y − 1) ( y − x), , ∴, ,
Thus, factor of determinant are x − 1, y − 1 and y − x., ,
a , b , , c , , A = 2 (a + c − c − a ) = 0, , ...(i)

Page 271 :
144, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Level II, 2r−1 2 ⋅ 3r −
1 4 ⋅ 5r − 1 , 1. We have, Dr = x, y, z , , , n, n, n, 2
− 1 3 − 1 5 − 1 , , , , , , n r −1, Σ 2, r = 1, n, Σ Dr =
x, r =1, , n, 2 −1, , , n, , Σ 2 ⋅ 3r − 1, , r =1, , y, 3 −1, n,
, n, , Σ 4 ⋅ 5r − 1, , r =1, , z, , n, 5 −1 , , , 2n − 1 3n
− 1 5n − 1 , n, y, z Σ D r = 0, Σ Dr = x, r =1, , r
=1, n, n, n, 2 − 1 3 − 1 5 − 1 , (Q two rows are same),
n, , 2. Since, the system of equations ax + y + z = 0,, x +
by + z = 0 and x + y + cz = 0, has a non-trivial solution,
a 1 1 , 1 b 1 = 0, , , , 1 1 c , 1 , 1, a, R2
R2 − R1 , 1 − a b − 1, 0 = 0, , , , , , R3 R3 −
R1 , 0, c − 1 , 1 − a, a (b − 1) (c − 1) − 1(1 − a ) (c −
1) − 1 (1 − a ) (b − 1) = 0, On dividing by (1 − a ) (1 − b)
(1 − c), we get, a, 1, 1, +, +, =0, 1−a 1−b 1−c, 1, 1, 1, −1
+, +, =0, , 1−a, 1−b 1−c, 1, 1, 1, , +, +, =1, 1−a 1−b
1−c, x b b , 3. ∆1 = a x b = x3 − 3abx, , , a a x , d,
x b , = x2 − ab, , ∆1 = 3 (x2 − ab) and ∆ 2 = , dx,
a x , d, ∴, (∆1 ) = 3 (x2 − ab) = 3∆ 2, dx, a − b b + c a ,
b − c c + a b , 4., , , c − a a + b c , a − b b + c a + b
+c , b−cc+aa+b+c , , , , c−aa+ba+b+
c , (use C3 C3 + C 2), 1, +, −, b, c, a, b, , , (a + b +
c) b − c c + a 1 , , , c − a a + b 1 , (use R2 R2 −
R1 and R3 R3 − R1 ), , , , a − b, (a + b + c) 2b − a
− c, , b + c − 2a, , b+ c, a−b, a−c, , 1 , 0 , , 0 , ,
Expand with respect to C3, (a + b + c) {(a − c)(2b − a
− c) − (a − b)(b + c − 2a )}, (a + b + c) {2ab − a 2 − ac −
2bc + ac + c2, − ab − ac + 2a 2 + b2 + bc − 2ab}, 2, 2,
(a + b + c) (a + b + c2 − ab − bc − ca ), (a3 + b3 + c3 −
3abc), p − q 0 , 5. 0, p, q = 0, , , 0, p , q, , Expand
with respect to R1, p( p2 − 0) + q(0 − q2) + 0 = 0
p3 − q3 = 0, , ( p − q)( p2 + q2 + pq) = 0, , p − q = 0
and p2 + q2 + pq = 0, , , p=q, , and, , p2, pq, + 1 + 2 =0,
q2, q, 2, , , , p , p , p , = 1 and + +1=
0, q , q , q , , We conclude that, p , is one of
the cube roots of unity., q , 6. If A is an n × n matrix,
then, det (λA ) = λn det ( A ), But, , det (λA ) = λs det ( A
), On comparing s = n, , 7. We have, ai2 + bi2 + ci2 =
1, and, , aia j + bib j + cicj = 0 for (i = 1, 2, 3), 2, , ∴, , a1
a 2 a3 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 , b1 b2 b3 = a 2 b2
c2 a 2 b2 c2 , , , , , c1 c2 c3 a3 b3
c3 a3 b3 c3 , [Q| A| = | A′|], 1 0 0 , = 0 1 0 = 1, ,
, 0 0 1 , , 8. Since, the first column consists of sum of
two terms,, second column consists of sum of three
terms and third, column consists of sum of four
terms., ∴, n = 2 × 3 × 4 = 24, a b aα − b , 9. Given
that, b c bα − c = 0, , , 0 , 2 1, a [− (bα − c)] −
b [− 2(bα − c)]+ (aα − b) (b − 2c) = 0, − abα + ac +
2b2α − 2bc + abα − 2acα − b2 + 2bc = 0, , , ac + 2b2α
− 2acα − b2 = 0

Page 272 :
145, , Determinant, , , (ac − b2) − 2α (ac − b2) = 0, ,
, , Q, , b2 = ac, i. e. , a , b, c are in GP., 1 11 11 ×
12 , 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! , , , 10. Let ∆ = 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! = 10
! 11 ! 12 ! 1 12 12 × 13 , , , , , 1 13 13 × 14 , 12
! 13 ! 14 ! , , x, , 0, −z + y, z−x, , , , 14., , (x + y + z )(z −
x)(− z + y − x − y + 2z ) = 0, , , x + y = − z or, sin 10° −
cos 10°, sin 80°, , z=x, , cos 80°, = sin (10° + 80° ), , = −
(a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc), = − (a + b + c) (a 2 + b2 + c2 − ab
− bc − ca ), 1, = − (a + b + c) [(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a
)2], 2, Since, a , b, c are positive, therefore the above,
determinant is negative., 3r, 2a, x, a r x, 12. Given, A =
4b, 6s 2 y = λ b s y, −2 c −3 t − z, c t z, , = sin 90°, =1, [Q
sin ( A + B) = sin A ⋅ cos B + cos A ⋅ sin B], 15. The
system of homogeneous equations are, x − cy − bz = 0,
cx − y + az = 0, and bx + ay − z = 0,, has non-trivial
solution (since x, y, z are not all zero)., 1 − c − b , If,, ∆
≡ c −1 a = 0, , , b a −1 , , , 1 (1 − a 2) + c (− c −
ab) − b (ca + b) = 0, , , , a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1, y, x,
1, , , 16. Let ∆ = 2 sin x + 2x sin y + 2 y , , , 3 cos
x + 3x cos y + 3 y , y , x, 1, = 0 sin x sin y , , , 0
cos x cos y , , Taking 2 common from C1 and 3 from C
2 from LHS, a r x, x, r, a, ∴, 2 × 3 2b 2s 2 y = λ b s y, c t z,
−c −t −z, , = sin x cos y − cos x sin y, , Taking 2 common
from R2 and –1 from R3 in LHS, , = sin (x − y), , a, , r, , x,
, a, , r, , x, , −12 b, , s, , y =λ b, , s, , y, , c, , t, , z, , t, , z, , c, ,
On comparing λ = − 12, y x y+ z, 13., z y x+ y =0, x z
z+x, , , , , x+ y+ z, z, , x+ y+ z, y, , x, , z, , 2(x + y + z ),
=0, x+ y, z+x, , 1, (x + y + z ) z, x, , (Q R1 R1 + R2 + R3
), 1, 2, y x+ y =0, z, , z−x, , = sin 10° cos 80° + sin 80° cos
10°, , = (10 ! 11 ! 12 !) (50 − 48) = 2 ⋅ (10 ! 11 ! 12 !), a
b c , 11. Let ∆ = b c a , , , c a b , = a (bc − a 2) − b
(b2 − ac) + c (ab − c2), , ∴, , 0, x + y − 2z = 0, , (Q C 2 C
2 − C1 , C3 C3 − 2C1), Expand with respect to R1,
−z + y x + y − 2z, , (x + y + z ), =0, z−x, z−x, , So,, ,
Applying R2 R2 − R1 and R3 R3 − R1, 1 11 11 ×
12 , 24 , = 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 0 1, , , 50 , 0 2, , 1, (x + y
+ z ) z, , , , ac − b = 0 or 1 − 2α = 0, 1, b2 = ac or α =, 2,
1, (as given in question), α≠, 2, 2, , z+x, , R2 R2 −
2R1 , , , R3 R3 − 3R1 , , N, 1, 5 , Σ n, n = 1,
, N, , N, 17. Σ U n = Σ n 2 2N + 1 2N + 1 , n =1, n
= 1, , N 3, , , Σ n, 3N , 3N 2, n = 1, , N (N + 1), 1,
5, 2, N (N + 1) (2N + 1), 2N + 1 2N + 1, =, 6, 2, N (N +
1) , 3N 2, 3N, , , , , 2, =, , , 5 , 1, 6, N (N + 1) , 2N
+ 1 2N + 1 , 4N + 2, , , 12, 3N , 3N 2, 3N (N + 1)

Page 274 :
147, , Determinant, , , , , Take,, , 1, (a + b) 1, , 1,
1, Either a + b = 0 or 1, , 1, , b 0 , a b = 0, , 0 a ,
b 0 , a b = 0, , 0 a , a, a + b = 0 −1 =, b, , ∴, , ac, − a
2 ab, 32. Let ∆ = ab − b2 bc, ac, bc − c2, Taking common
a , b and c from rows R1 , R2, R3 ,, −a b, c, respectively.
∆ = abc a − b c, a, b −c, , 26. Q | An × n | = 3 and|adj A | =
243, We know that,, |adj ( A )| = | An × n |n − 1, , 243
= 3n − 1 35 = 3n − 1, On comparing, , n −1 =5 n
=6, 27. Q Order of A and B are 3 × 2 and 2 × 3,
respectively., ∴, | kAB| = k3 | AB| (Q order of AB is 3 ×
3), 28. If the two lines a1x + b1 y = c1 and a 2x + b2y =
c2 have no, a, b, c, solution, then 1 = 1 ≠ 1, a 2 b2 c2, 2
3 4, For the lines 2x + 3 y = 4 and 4x + 6 y = 7 = ≠, 4
6 7, So, the given system of equation have no
solution., 29. Given equations are x + y + z = 7, x + 2 y
+ 3z = 16, and, x + 3 y + 4z = 22, 1 1, ∴, ∆ = 1 2, , 1
3, ∆′, Value of y is given by, ∆, 1, 7, 1, , 1 − 7, ,
where ∆′ = 1 16 3 = − 1 − 16, , , 1 22 4 1 −
22, , ...(i), ...(ii), …(iii), 1 , 3 , , 4 , , 30. We have, 2x + 3
y = 5 and 10x + 15 y = 50, 5 3 , 2 3 , , = − 75, =
0, D1 = , ∴, D = , 50 15 , 10 15 , , 1, , 1, , −1, , ∆ = a
b c { − 1 (1 − 1) − 1 (− 1 − 1) + 1 (1 + 1)}, 2 2 2, , ∆ = a
2b2c2 (0 + 2 + 2) = 4a 2b2c2, 33. Given, equation of
system,, (k + 1)x + 8 y = 4k, and, kx + (k + 3) y = 3k − 1,
Here,, a1 = k + 1, b1 = 8, c1 = 4k,, a 2 = k1 , b2 = k + 3,
c2 = 3k − 1, The system of equations have infinitely
many, solutions, if, a1 b1 c1, =, =, a 2 b2 c2, 8, 4k, k+1,
i.e.,, =, =, k, k + 3 3k − 1, , 34. The given system of
equations are, p3 x + ( p + 1)3 y = ( p + 2)3, px + ( p + 1)
y = p + 2, x+ y=1, This system is consistent, if, , 2 5 ,
= 50, D2 = , 10 50 , Since, D = 0 and D1 ≠ 0, D2 ≠ 0,
∴The system is inconsistent., −5 , − 4, 31. We have,
A = , 2 , 2, , , , − 4 − 5 , = − 8 + 10 = 2, | A| = ,
2 , 2, , We know that, AA − 1 = I, ∴, | AA − 1| = |I| = 1,
, | A|| A − 1| = 1, , Again, taking common a , b and c
fdrom column, C1 , C 2, C3 , respectively., 1, −1 1, ∆ = a
2b2c2 1 − 1 1, , …(i), …(ii), , , 8(3k − 1) = 4k(k + 3), ,
24k − 8 = 4k2 + 12k, 2, , 4k − 12k + 8 = 0, , k2 − 3k
+ 2 = 0, , (k − 1)(k − 2) = 0, , k = 1, 2, ∴ The number
of values of k = 2., , 1 , 3 , , 4 , , −7 , 1 1, ∆′ = 1 3
−16 , , , 1 4 −22 , , , , 1, | A|, 1, | A − 1| =, 2, , | A −
1| =, , , , p3, , ( p + 1)3, , ( p + 2)3, , p, 1, , ( p + 1), , ( p +
2) = 0, 1, , p3, p, , ( p + 1)3 − p3, 1, , 1, , 0, , 1, , …(i), …(ii),
…(iii), , ( p + 2)3 − p3, 2, =0, 0, (Q C 2 C 2 − C1 , C3
C3 − C1 ), , [Q |I| = 1], , Expanding along R3, , 2( p +
1)3 − 2 p3 − ( p + 2)3 + p3 = 0

Page 277 :
8, , Binomial Theorem, Binomial Expression, An
algebraic expression consisting of two terms with,
positive or negative sign between them is called a
binomial, expression., q 1, 4 , p, e.g., ( a + b), ( 2x −
3 y ), 2 − 4 , + 3 etc., x, x x y , , Binomial
Theorem for Positive, Integral Index, If n is a positive
integer and x , a ∈ R, then, ( x + a )n = n C0x n + n C1x n
− 1a + n C2x n − 2a 2 + ... + n Cn a n, , and ( x − a )n =
nC0x n − n C1x n − 1a + n C2x n − 2a 2 − ..., ,
Independent Term or Constant, Term, Independent
term or constant term of a binomial, expansion is the
term in which exponent of the variable is, zero., ,
Properties of Binomial Expansion, 1. Number of terms
in the expansion of ( x + a )n is, ( n + 1)., 2. The sum of
indices of x and a in each term is n ., 3. The coefficients
of the terms equidistant from the, beginning and the
end in the binomial expansion, are, equal., 4. (i) ( x + a
)n + ( x − a )n = 2 [n C0 x n + n C2 x n − 2 a 2 + ... ], (ii) ( x
+ a )n − ( x + a )n = 2 [n C1 x n − 1 a, , + n C3 x n − 3 a3
+... ], , + ( − 1)n Cn a n ., Coefficients, , n, , C0 , n C1 , n
C2 ,... , n Cn, , are known as, , binomial coefficients.,
and, , n, , Cr =, , n!, r !( n − r ) !, , General Term, Let (r +
1) th term be the general term in the expansion, of ( x
+ a )n ., ∴, %, , Tr + 1 = n Cr x n − r a r, , +1, , = nC r x n − r
a r (− 1) r ., , %, , General term in the expansion of (1 + x
) n is T r, , %, , General term in the expansion of (1 − x )
n is, Tr, , %, , +1, , +1, , = nC r x r ., , = (− 1) r nC r x r ., , In
the binomial expansion of (x + a) n , the pth term from
the end is, (n − p + 2)th term from beginning., , 1. The
9th, 12, x 3a , − 2 is, a, x , (a) 12C 4 x12a 4 38,
(c) 12C 4 x −12a 4 3−8, , term, , in, , the, , x, a, , 12 − 8,
, of, , (b) 12C 4 x −12a −4 38, (d) 12C 4 x −12a 4 38, ,
Solution (d) 9th term in the expansion of −, x , =
12C 8 , a , , expansion, , 8, , 3a , , x2 , , 3a , 12,
8, − 2 = C4 ⋅ 3, x , , 12, , 4, , x a , 2 ,
a x , , 8, , = 12C 4 x− 12a43 8, , General term in the
expansion of (x − a) n is, Tr, , Example, , Example 2. The
value of term independent of x in the, 10, , 1 , ,
expansion of 3x 2 − 3 is, , 2x , 76545, (a), 8,
76845, (c), 6, , (b), , 76545, 6, , (d) None of these

Page 278 :
151, , Binomial Theorem, , Solution (a) Let the value of
(r + 1)th term is independent of x., r, , 1 , Tr + 1 =
10C r (3x2)10 − r − 3 , 2x , 10, 10 − r 1, ( − 1) r
x20 − 5r, = Cr ⋅ 3, 2r, This term is independent of x, ∴,
20 − 5r = 0 r = 4, 4, 1 , ∴, T5 = 10C 4 (3) 6 − ,
2 , ∴, , =, , n + 1 , 2. If n is an odd number, then , th
term and, 2 , n + 3 , , th term will be middle
term in the expansion of, 2 , ( x + a )n ., ∴, , T n + 3 =
nCn + 1 x, , and, , 10 ! 3, 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 729 76545, ×, =,
. 4 =, 4 !6 ! 2, 4 × 3 × 2 ×1, 16, 8, 6, , %, , ( x + x 2 − 1 )6 +
( x − x 2 − 1)6 is, (a) 32 x6 − 48 x 4 + 18 x 2 − 1, , 1⋅ 3 ⋅
5...(2n − 1) n n, ⋅2 ⋅ x, n!, 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ...(2n ) n 2n, (c), ⋅2 ⋅x,
2n !, , Solution (b) We know that,, , ( x + a) n + ( x − a) n
= 2 [ nC 0 xn + nC 2 xn − 2 a2 + ... ], , = Tn + 1 =, , x2 − 1)
6 + ( x − x2 − 1) 6, , = 2 {x + C 2x ( x − 1) + C 4 x ( x − 1) +
C 6 ( x − 1) }, 6, , 4, , 2, , 6, , 2, , 2, , 2, , 6, , 2, , 3, , = 2 (32x6
− 48x4 + 18x2 − 1), , 1 , is, 2 x , , (b) 469296 x3, (d)
None of these, 1 , , , 2 x , , Solution (c) T7 = T6 + 1
= 13C6 ( 4x)13 − 6 −, = 13C 6 4 7 x7, , 6, , 1, 2 x, , 6 3, ,
= 13C 6 2 8 x4, , Middle Term in a Binomial, Expansion,
n, , 1. If n is an even number, then + 1 th will be
middle, 2, , term in the expansion of ( x + a )n ., ∴, ,
Tn, 2, , +1, , n +1, 2, , = Cn / 2 x, , n/ 2, , (b), , 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ...(2n
− 1) n, ⋅2, n!, , (d) None of these, , C n (1) 2n − n xn, , 2n,
, C n ⋅ xn =, , 2n !, xn, (2n − n) ! n !, , 2n, , =, , 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅
5 ... (2n − 1) (2n) n, x, n !n !, , =, , [1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ... (2n − 1)][2 ⋅
4 ⋅ 6 ... (2n)] n, x, n !n !, , =, , 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ... (2n − 1) n ! 2 n ⋅
xn, n !n !, , =, , 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ... (2n − 1) ⋅ 2 n ⋅ xn, n!, 12, ,
Example 6. The middle term in the expansion of +
bx is, a, x, , , , 3 3, , = 439296 x4, , n, , ⋅a, , =, , 13, , ,
, , Example 4. The 7th term in the expansion of 4x −,
(a) 469296 x 4, (c) 439296 x 4, , n −1, 2, , Solution (a)
Middle term in the expansion of (1 + x) 2n, , n = 6, a =
x2 − 1,, 6, , 2, , When there are two middle terms in the
expansion, then the, binomial coefficients are equal.,
Binomial coefficient of middle term is the greatest
binomial, coefficient., , (a), , (c) 32 x6 + 18 x 2 − 1, (d)
None of the above, , (x +, , ⋅a, , Example 5. The middle
term in the expansion of (1 + x) 2n is, , (b) 2(32 x6 − 48
x 4 + 18 x 2 − 1), , Let, , n−1, , 2, , 2, %, , n +1, x 2, , 2, , 2, ,
Example 3. The value of, , then, , T n + 1 = Cn − 1, n, , a, ,
n/ 2, , (a) 924a b, (b) 924a3b6, (c) 924a6 b3, (d) 924a6
b6, , Solution (d) The number of terms in the
expansion of, a, , + bx , x, , , 12, , 12 , is 13
(odd). Its middle term is , + 1 th term., 2, , , a , ∴
Required term = T7 = T6 + 1 = 12C 6 , x , = 12C 6,
, 12 − 6, , ( bx) 6, , a6 6 6 12, b x = C 6 a6 b 6 = 924 a6 b
6, x6

Page 279 :
152, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 3, = 2 9 ⋅9 C 6 , 2, ,
Greatest Term in the, Expansion of ( x + a ) n, , = 29 ⋅, ,
Let Tr and Tr + 1 be the rth and (r + 1) th term in the,
expansion of ( x + a )n , then, n, n − r + 1 a , Tr +
1 , Cr x n − r a r, , = , = , , n, n − r + 1 r − 1 ,
x , r, a , Tr Cr − 1 x, , Let, , 6, , 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 312, ⋅,
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 212, , Important Results, 1. Coefficient of( r +
1)th term in the expansion of(1 + x )n is n C r ., 2.
Coefficient of ( r + 1)th term in the expansion of (1 − x
)n is, , n − r + 1 a , ≥1, Tr, r, x , (n + 1)| a |, (n − r +
1)| a | ≥ r |x| r ≤, | x| + | a |, Tr + 1, , Q, , 6, , , 3 3 , x
= 2 9 ⋅9 C3 × , , 2 2 , , n, , ( −1)r C r ., , ≥1 , ,
Properties of Binomial Coefficients, In the binomial
expansion of (1 + x )n,, , ( n + 1)|a|, =I+f, |x| +|a|, , (1 + x
)n = n C0 + n C1x + n C2x 2, , ( where, I is an integer
and 0 ≤ f < 1), If f = 0, then Tr and Tr + 1 are same and
greatest. If, 0 < f < 1, then Tr + 1 will be the greatest
term., , Greatest Coefficient, (i) If n is even, then the
greatest coefficient is, (ii) If n is odd, then the greatest
coefficient are, , n, , Cn / 2 ., , n, , Cn + 1, 2, , and n C n +
3, , + ... + n Cr x r + ... + n Cn x n, Where, n C0 , n C1 , n
C2 ... n Cn are the coefficients of, various powers of x
are called binomial coefficients and, they are written
as C0 , C1 , C2 , ... , Cn ., Hence,, (1 + x )n = C0 + C1x +
C2x 2 + ... + Cr x r + ... + Cn x n ...(i), 1., , n, , C0 + n C1 +
... + n Cn = 2n, , 2., , n, , C0 + n C2 + n C4 + ... = n C1 + n
C3 + ... = 2n − 1, , 3., , n, , C0 − n C1 + n C2 − n C3 + ... + (
− 1)n n Cn = 0, n, , 2, , 4., , Example 7. Numerically the
greatest term in the, expansion of (2 + 3x) , when x =
3/ 2 is, 9 ⋅8 ⋅ 7, 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 312, (a) 29 ⋅ 312 ⋅, (b) 29 ⋅, ⋅,
1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3, 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 210, 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 312, (d) None of these,
(c) 29 ⋅, ⋅, 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 212, 9, , 3, Solution (c) Since, (2 + 3x)
9 = 29 1 + x , , 9, , 2 , , , , 9, , 3 , , Now, in the
expansion of 1 + x , we have, , 2 , Tr + 1 (9 − r + 1)
3 (10 − r) 3 3 , =, x =, (Q x = 3 / 2), ×, Tr, r, r 2 2 ,
2 , 10 − r 9 90 − 9r, = , =, r 4 , 4r, Tr
+ 1, 90 − 9r, ∴, ≥1 , ≥ 1 90 ≥ 13r, Tr, 4r, 90, 12, , r
≤, =6, 13, 13, 12, r ≤6, ∴, 13, ∴ Maximum value of r is
6., So, greatest term = 2 9 ⋅ T6 + 1, , 5., 6., , Cr, , =, , n −r
+1, r, , n, , Cr − 1, , n, , Cr + n Cr − 1 =, , n +1, , Cr + 1 =, , n
+1, , Cr, , n +1 n, ⋅ Cr, r +1, , 7., , n, , C1 + 2 n C2 + 3 n C3
+ ... + n n Cn = n ⋅ 2n − 1, , 8., , n, , C1 − 2 n C2 + 3 n C3
− ... = 0, , 9., , n, , C0 + 2 n C1 + 3 n C2 + ... + ( n + 1) n Cn,
, = ( n + 2) 2n − 1, ( 2n ) !, 10. C0 Cr + C1 Cr + 1 + ... + Cn
− r Cn =, ( n − r ) !( n + r ) !, ( 2n )!, 11. C02 + C12 + C22
+ ... + Cn2 =, ( n !)2, 12. C02 − C12 + C22 − C32 + ..., ,,
0, = , n/ 2 n, Cn / 2 ,, ( −1), , if n is an odd, if n is
aneven, , Example 8. The sum of the coefficients of all
the integral, powers of x in the expansion of (1 + 2 x )
40 is, 1, (b) ⋅ 340, (a) 340 + 1, 2, 1, (c) 340 − 1, (d) (340
+ 1), 2

Page 280 :
153, , Binomial Theorem, , Solution (d) The
coefficients of the integral powers of x are, 40, , C0 ,, ,
C2 ⋅ 2 ,, , 40, , C 4 ⋅ 2 , ... ,, , 2 40, , 4, , Now, (1 + 2) 40 =,
(1 − 2), , 40, , =, , C0 +, , 40, , C0 −, , 40, , C 40 ⋅ 2 ., , 40, ,
40, , C1 ⋅ 2 +, , C1 ⋅ 2 +, , 40, , 5, C 2 ⋅ 2 2 + ..., + 40C 40
⋅ 2 40, , 40, , C 2 ⋅ 2 − ... +, , 40, , 40C 0 +, , C 2 ⋅ 22 +,
, 40, , C 2 ⋅ 22 +, , 40, , −, , 1, 2 (1 +, , 40, , 2, , C 40 ⋅ 2, ,
40, , C 4 ⋅ 2 4 + ... +, , 40, , C 4 ⋅ 2 4 + ... +, , 40, , ...(ii), , C
40 ⋅ 2 40), , 40, , C 40 ⋅ 2 40 =, , 40, , 1 40, (3 + 1), 2, ,
Number of Terms in the, Expansion of Trinomial and,
Multinomial, ( a + b + c)n can be expanded as, ,
Important Results, 1. (1 + x )− n = 1 − nx +, , ( − 1)r n ( n
+ 1) ( n + 2) . . . ( n + r − 1) r, x + ..., r!, n( n + 1) 2 n( n + 1) (
n + 2) 3, 2. (1 − x )− n = 1 + nx +, x +, x + ..., 2!, 3!, n( n +
1) ( n + 2) . . . ( n + r − 1) r, +, x − ..., r!, n( n − 1) 2, 3. (1 − x
)n = 1 − nx +, x −. . ., r!, n( n − 1) ( n − 2) . . . ( n − r + 1) r, . .
. + ( − 1)r, x + ..., r!, + ... +, , 5. (1 − x )− 1 = 1 + x + x 2 + x
3 + . . . + x r + . . ., , = ( a + b)n + n C1( a + b)n − 1( c)1 + n
C2( a + b)n − 2( c)2, + .... + n Cn cn, = ( n + 1) term + n
term + ( n − 1) term + ... +1 term, ∴ Total number of
terms, ( n + 1)( n + 2), = ( n + 1) + ( n ) + ( n − 1) +...+ 1 =,
2, Similarly, number of terms in the expansion of, ( n +
1)( n + 2)( n + 3), ( a + b + c + d )n =, 6, , 6. (1 + x )− 2 = 1
− 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x 3 + . . . + ( −1)r ( r + 1) x r + . . ., 7. (1 − x
)− 2 = 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 + . . . + ( r + 1) x r + . . ., ,
Example 10. The coefficient of xn in the expansion of, ,
(1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4x3 + ... ∞) − nis, (2n !), (2n) !, (b), (a),
n!, (n !) 2, , n( n − 1) 2, x, 2!, n( n − 1) ( n − 2) 3, +, x, 3!, n(
n − 1)... ( n − r + 1) r, x + ... terms upto ∞, + ... +, r!, ,
Suppose (1 + x )n = 1 + nx +, , when n is a negative
integer or a fraction, where, −1< x < 1, otherwise
expansion will not be possible., If first term is not 1,
then make first term unity in the, n, y , y, , following
way, ( x + y )n − x n 1 + , if, < 1., x , x, , n( n − 1)( n −
2)... ( n − r + 1) r, General Term Tr +1 =, x, r!, 1, , can be
expanded by binomial, , theorem, if, (a) x<1, , (b) x < 1, ,
(c) x <, , 5, 4, , (d) x <, , 4, 5, , (c), , (n !) 2, (2n) !, , (d), , (n !),
(2n) !, , Solution (b) We have, (1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4x3 + ...
∞) − n, , Binomial Theorem for any Index, , 5 + 4x, , n( n
+ 1) 2, n( n + 1) ( n + 2) 3, x −, x, 3!, 2!, , 4. (1 + x )− 1 = 1
− x + x 2 − x 3 + . . . + ( − 1)r x r + . . ., , ( a + b + c)n = {( a +
b) + c} n, , Example 9., , 1, , 4 −2, 4, 5, x) and it is valid
only when,, x < 1 x <, 5, 5, 4, , ...(i), 40, , On adding
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 3 40 + 1 = 2 ( 40C 0 +, , Solution
(c) The given expression can be written as, , ∴, , = [ (1 +
x) − 2]− n = (1 + x) 2n, (2n) !, Coefficient of xn = 2nC n
=, (n !) 2, , Example 11. If x is so small that its square
and higher, powers may be neglected, then the value
of, (8 + 3x) 2/3, is, (2 + 3x) ( 4 − 5 x)1/ 2, 5, 5, (a) 1 + x,
(b) 1− x 2, 8, 8, 5, (d) None of these, (c) 1− x, 8, Solution
(c), , (8 + 3x) 2/3, (2 + 3x) ( 4 − 5x)1/ 2, =, , 3 , , 8 2/3
1 + x , , 8 , , 2/3, , 3 5 , ,2 1+x 2 1−x , ,
2 , 4 , , 3 , , = 1 + x , , 8 , , 2/3, , 3 , , 1 + x ,
, 2 , , 1/ 2, , −1, , 5 , 1 − x , , 4 , , − 1/ 2

Page 281 :
154, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 2 3, 1 5, , , 3, , =
1 + . x + ... 1 − x + ... 1 + ⋅ x + ... , , , , , , , 3 8,
2, 2 4, , Solution (a) (1 + 2 x)6 (1 − x)7 = [1 + 6C1 (2 x) +
6C 2 (2 x) 2, + 6C3 (2x)3 + 6C 4 (2x) 4 + 6C5 (2x)5 +
6C 6 (2x) 6 ], , 1 3 5 , =1+ − + x, 4 2 8 , 5, =1− x,
8, , × [1 − 7C1 x + 7C 2 x2 − 7C 3 x3 + 7C 4 x4 − ... ], =
(1 + 12x + 60 x2 + 160 x3 + 240 x4 + 192x5 + ...), (1 −
7x + 21x2 − 35x3 + 35x4 − 21 x5 + ...), , Example 12.
The value of, , ∴Coefficient of x5 in the expansion of (1
+ 2x ) 6 (1 − x ) 7, , (1 + x + x + x + ... ) (1 − x + x + x – ... )
is, (a) 1+ x + x 2 + x3 + ... ∞, (b) 1+ x 2 + x 4 + x6 + ... ∞,
(d) 1− x + x 2 − x3 + ... ∞, (c) 1− x 2 + x 4 − x6 + ... ∞, 2, ,
3, , 2, , 3, , Solution (b) (1 + x + x 2 + x3 + ... ) (1 − x + x 2
− x3 + ... ), , = (1 − x) − 1 (1 + x) − 1 = [ (1 − x) (1 + x) ]− 1,
= (1 − x2) − 1 = 1 + x2 + x4 + x6 + ... ∞, , = 1 × ( − 21) +
12 × 35 + 60 × ( − 35), + 160 × 21 + 240 × ( − 7) + 192,
= − 21 + 420 − 2100 + 3360 − 1680 + 192 = 171, ,
Example 15. The approximate value of (1. 0002)3000
is, (a) 1.6, , = (1 + 0.0002), (3000)(2999), = 1 + (3000)
(0.0002) +, (0.0002) 2 + ..., 1. 2, , 2, , We want to get
answer correct only one decimal places and, as such,
we have left further expansion., = 1 + (3000)(0 . 0002)
= 1. 6, , (b) 14, (d) 16, , Example 16. If the coefficients
of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th terms in, , 1 − x , (1 − x ), (d) , =
(1 − x ) 2 (1 + x ) − 2, =, 1 + x , (1 + x ) 2, = (1 − 2x +
x2) (1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 + 5x4 − ... ), , the binomial
expansion of (1+ x) n are in AP, then n2 − 9n is, equal
to, (a) −7, (b) 7, (c) 14, (d) −14, , 2, , Solution, , 2, , 1 −
x , ∴Coefficient of x4 in the expansion of , , 1 + x , ,
2, , Solution (c) Coefficients of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th terms
are, respectively nC1, nC 2 and nC3 , are in AP., , = 1 ×
5 − 2 × ( − 4) + 1 × 3 = 5 + 8 + 3 = 16, , , Example 14.
The coefficient of x5 in the expansion of, (1 + 2 x) (1 −
x), (a) 171, (c) 191, 6, , (d) 1.2, , 3000, , Solution (a)
(10002, ., ), , Example 13. The coefficient of x in the
expansion of, , (c) 15, , (c) 1.8, , 3000, , 4, , 1 − x , ,
is, 1 + x , (a) 12, , (b) 1.4, , 7, , is, , On solving,, , (b)
181, (d) 201, , , , 2 ⋅ nC 2 = nC1 + nC3, 2n !, n!, n!, =,
+, 2 !(n − 2) ! (n − 1) ! 3 !(n − 3) !, n 2 − 9n + 14 = 0, n 2 −
9n = 14, , Comprehensive Approach, n, , n, , n, n, n, , n, ,
n, , In any term of expansion of ( x + y) n , the sum of
the exponents of, x and y is always constant =n., The
binomial coefficients n C 0 , nC1 , nC 2 , .... equidistant
from, beginning and end are equal i.e., n C r = nC n − r
., ( x + y) n = Sum of odd terms + Sum of even terms.,
The number of terms in the expansion of( x + y + z) n is
n + 2C 2., Sum of coefficients of the expansion ( a + bx
+ cx2) n is, ( a + b + c) n . Coefficient of xm in the
expansion of (1 + xr ) n , if m is, not a multiple of r. e.g.,
Coefficient of x1000 in the expansion of, (1 + x3 )
2000 is 0 because 1000 is not a multiple of 3., If the
value of x is so small that on neglecting higher powers
and, square of x, we get (1 + x) n = 1 + nx., Coefficient
of xn − 1 in the expansion of ( x − 1) ( x − 2)... ( x − n) is,
n(n + 1), ., −, 2, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , Coefficient of xn − 1 in
the expansion of ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ... ( x + n) is, n(n + 1), .,
2, If n is odd, then ( x + y) n + ( x − y) n and ( x + y) n − ( x
− y) n both have, n + 1 , the same number of terms
equal to , ., 2 , n, If n is even, then ( x + y) n + ( x −
y) n has + 1 terms and, 2 , n, ( x + y) n − ( x − y) n
has terms., 2, If the coefficient of the rth, (r +1) th and
(r + 2) th terms in the, expansion of (1+ x) n are in HP,
then n + (n − 2r) 2 = 0 ., If the coefficient of r th, (r +1)
th and (r + 2) th terms and in the, expansion of (1+ x) n
are in AP , then n2 − n( 4r + 1) + 4r 2 − 2 = 0 .

Page 282 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. What is the sum of the coefficients
of all the terms in, the expansion of ( 45x − 49)4?,
(NDA 2010 I), (a) − 256, (c) 100, , (b) − 100, (d) 256, , 2.
What is the approximate value of (1 .02)8?, (a) 1.171,
(b) 1.175, (NDA 2008 I), (c) 1.177, (d) 1.179, 3. What is
the coefficient of x y in ( 2x + 3 y ) ?, 3, , 4, , 2 5, , (NDA
2008 I), , (a) 240, , (b) 360, , (c) 720, , (d) 1080, , 4. What
is the middle term in the expansion of, 12, x y, 3 , −,
, ?, (NDA 2007 I), y x , 3, (a) C(12, 7) x3 y −3, (c)
C(12, 7) x −3 y3, , (b) C(12, 6) x −3 y3, (d) C(12, 6) x3 y
−3, , 5. What is the value of, 8, C0 − 8C1 + 8C2 − 8C3 +
8C4 − 8C5 + 8C6 − 8C7 + 8C8?, (NDA 2008 II), , (a) 0,
(c) 2, , (b) 1, (d) 28, , 6. The expansion of (1 + 2x )− 1/ 2,
by binomial theorem,, valid when, (a) x > 1 / 2, (b) x < 1
/ 2, (c) − 1 / 2 < x < 1 / 2, (d) − 2 < x < 2, , 7. The middle
term of 2x −, , 4, 2, (a) 10C4 4, 3, 24, (c) − 10C4 5, 3,
, 10, , 1 , is, 3x , (b) −, , 10, , C5, , (d) 10C5, , 25, 35, ,
25, 35, , 8. The coefficient of the middle term in the
expansion of, ( 2 + 3x )4 is, (a) 6, (b) 5 !, (c) 8 !, (d) 216,
9. The coefficients of x m and x n , where m and n are,
positive integers, in the expansion of (1 + x )m + n are,
(a) equal, (b) equal in magnitude but opposite in sign,
(c) reciprocal to each other, (d) in the ratio m : n, 10.
What are the values of k, if the term independent of x,
10, k , , in the expansion of x + 2 is 405?, , x , (a)
±3, (b) ±6, (c) ±5, (d) ±4, , 11. What is the sum of the
coefficients in the expansion, of ( 5x − 4 y )100?, (a) 1,
(b) −1, (d) −2100, (c) 5100, 4, , 12. What is the value of
Σ, , i=0, , 4, , (a) Σ, , (57 − k), , 10, , (57 + k), , k= 0, , (c) Σ, ,
k= 6, , ( 46 + i ), , 4, , C5 + Σ, , (50 − j ), , j=0, , 10, , C5, , (b)
Σ, , (57 − k), , 4, , C5, , (d) Σ, , (57 + k), , k= 6, , k= 0, , C4?,
, C5, C5, , 13. How many terms are there in the
expansion of, ( 4x + 7 y )10 + ( 4x − 7 y )10?, (a) 5, (b) 6,
(c) 11, (d) 22, 14. The binomial coefficients which are
in decreasing, order are, (b) 15 C10 , 15C9 , 15C8, (a)
15 C5 , 15C6 , 15C7, (c) 15 C6 , 15C7 , 15C8, , (d) 15
C7 , 15C6 , 15C5, , 15. Which one of the following
statements is correct? The, natural number 610 − 51
is, (a) a prime number, (b) an even number, (c) divisible
by 5, (d) a power of 3, 16. What is the coefficient of x n
in ( x 2 + 2x )n − 1?, (b) ( n − 1) 2( n − 1), (a) ( n − 1) 2( n −
2), (d) n 2( n − 1), , (c) ( n − 1) 2n, , 17. What is the
coefficient of x3 in, (a) −272, , (b) − 540, , (3 − 2 x), , ?,
(1 + 3x )3, (c) − 870, (d) − 918, 10, , 1 , , 18. 6th term
in expansion of 2x 2 −, is, , 3x 2 , 4580, 896, (b) −,
(a), 17, 27, 5580, (c), (d) None of these, 17, 19. If n is
even, then the middle term in the expansion of, n, 2
1 , 6, x + is 924x , then n is equal to, , x , (a) 10, (b)
12, (c) 14, (d) None of these, 3 , 2, 20. If the 4th term
in expansion of x −, , 3, 2x , independent of x,
then n is equal to, (a) 5, (b) 6, (c) 9, (d) None of these, ,
n, , is

Page 283 :
156, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 21. If the coefficient of
7th and 13th term in the, expansion of (1 + x )n are
equal, then n is equal to, (a) 10, (b) 15, (c) 18, (d) 20,
15, , 22. The value of ( 0.99), (a) 0.8432, (c) 0.8502, , is,
(b) 0.8601, (d) None of these, , 23. If in the expansion
of (1 + x ) , the coefficient of rth, and (r + 2) th term be
equal, then r is equal to, 2n + 1, n, 2n − 1, (a) 2n, (b), (d),
(c), 2, 2, 2, n, , 24. If the ratio of the coefficient of third
and fourth term, n, 1 , , in the expansion of x −, is
1 : 2, then the value of, , 2x , n will be, (a) 18, (b) 16,
(c) 12, (d) –10, 12, , a, , 25. In the expansion of +
bx , the coefficient of x − 10, x, , will be, (b) 12b11
a, (a) 12 a11, 11, (c) 12 a b, (d) 12 a11 b11, 8, , 1 , , 26.
In the expansion of x3 + 2 , then the term, , x ,
containing x 4 is, (a) 70x 4, (b) 60 x 4, 4, (c) 56 x, (d)
None of these, 27. The total number of terms in the
expansion of, ( x + a )100 + ( x − a )100 after
simplification will be, (a) 202, (b) 51, (c) 50, (d) None of
these, , 28. The expansion of, , 1, 3, , 6 − 3x, , is equal to,
, , , x 2x 2, (a) 6 1/ 3 1 + + 2 + ... , 6, 6, , , , , , x 2x
2, (b) 6 −1/ 3 1 + + 2 + ... , 6, 6, , , , , , x 2x 2, (c) 6
1/ 3 1 − + 2 − ... , 6, 6, , , , , , x 2x 2, (d) 6 −1/ 3 1
− + 2 − ... , 6, 6, , , , 29. If p and q be positive , then
the coefficients of x p and, x q in the expansion of (1 +
x ) p + q will be, (a) equal, (b) equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign, (c) reciprocal to each other, (d) None
of the above, 30. The term independent of x in the
expansion of, 10, x, 3 , will be, +, , , 3 2x 2 , (a)
3/2, (b) 5/4, (c) 5/2, (d) None of these, 31. The sum of
the coefficients in the expansion of, (1 + x − 3x 2 )2163
will be, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) –1, (d) 22163, 32. The coefficient
of x − 7, in the expansion of, 11, 1 , , ax −, will be,
, bx 2 , 462 a 6, 462 a5, (a), (b), 6, b, b6, 3, 462 a, (d)
None of these, (c), b7, , Level II, 1. What is the term
independent of x in the expansion of, 9, −2, 1 , 3 3x,
(NDA 2009 I), (1 + x + 2x ) , −, ?, 3x , 2, (a), (b), (c),
(d), , 1/ 3, 19 / 54, 1/ 4, No such term exists in the
expansion, , 2. For all n ∈ N , 24n − 15n − 1 is divisible
by ), (NDA 2011 I), , (a) 125, (c) 450, , (b) 225, (d) None
of these, , 3. What is the number of terms in the
expansion of, ( a + b + c)n , n ∈ N ?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) n
+ 1, (b) n + 2, ( n + 1)( n + 2), (c) n( n + 1), (d), 2, , 4. What
is the coefficient of x 4 in the expansion of, 2, 1 − x ,
(NDA 2010 II), , ?, 1 + x , (a) − 16, (c) 8, , (b) 16, (d)
− 8, , 5. If x is so small that its square and higher
powers may, 1/ 2, 1 − x , be neglected, then , is
approximately equal to, 1 + x , (a) 1 − x, (b) 1 + x, (c)
1, (d) None of these, 6. If the coefficients of ( 2r + 4) th
term and (r − 2) th, term in the expansion of (1 + x )18
are equal, then r is, equal to, (NDA 2009 I), (a) 6, (b) 5,
(c) 4, (d) 2

Page 284 :
157, , Binomial Theorem, 7. The number of integral
terms in the expansion of, ( 51/ 2 + 71/ 8 )1024 is, (a)
128, (b) 129, (c) 256, (d) 512, n, 2, , 8. What is the value
of Σ, , r=0, , n, , C2r , if n is even?, , (b) 2n, (a) 2( n + 1), (c)
2( n − 1), (d) 2( n − 2), 1, 9. If|x|< , what is the value of,
2, x n( n + 1) , 1+ n , + , , 1 − x 2 ! , 1− x
, (a) , , 1 − 2x , , n, , 1 − 2x , (c) , , 1− x , , n, ,
Σ, , (a) 219 +, (c), , 20, , 1, ⋅, 2, , k= 0, , 2, , (b) (1 − x )n, n, ,
10. If the coefficients of pth, ( p + 1) th and ( p + 2) th,
terms in the expansion of (1 + x )n are in AP, then, (a) n
2 − 2np + 4 p2 = 0, (b) n 2 − n ( 4 p + 1) + 4 p2 − 2 = 0,
(c) n 2 − n ( 4 p + 1) + 4 p2 = 0, (d) None of the above,
11. C0Cr + C1Cr + 1 + C2Cr + 2 + ... + Cn − r Cn is
equal to, ( 2n ) !, n!, (a), (b), ( n − r ) !( n + r ) !, ( − r ) !( n +
r ) !, n!, (c), (d) None of these, (n − r ) !, , 20, , Ck is, , 20, ,
(b) 219, , C10, , (d) None of these, , C10, , 16. The
expansion of, , x , 1 − x + K ∞ ?, , , , 1 , (d) , ,
1 − x , , 10, , 15. The value of, , 1, ( 4 − 3x )1/ 2, , be
valid, if, (a) x < 1, 2, 2, (c) −, < x<, 3, 3, 17. The value of,
(a) 0, (c) 15, , 15, , C02 −, , by binomial theorem will, ,
(b)| x|< 1, (d) None of these, 15, , 1, , C12 + 15C22 − ...
−, (b) − 15, (d) 51, , 15, , 2, is, C15, , 1, , a 2 a 2, 18.
The value of , + , , a + x , a − x , 3x 2, (a) 2 +, (b)
1 +, + ..., 4a 2, x 3x 2, (d) 2 −, (c) 2 + +, + ..., a 4a 2, , is, 3x
2, , + ..., 8a 2, x 3x 2, +, + ..., a 4a 2, , 19. (r + 1)th term in
the expansion of (1 − x )− 4 will be, xr, (r + 1) (r + 2) (r +
3) r, (a), (b), x, r!, 6, (r + 2) (r + 3) r, (c), (d) None of these,
x, 2, 20. If the coefficients of 5th , 6th and 7th terms in
the, expansion of (1 + x )n be in AP, then the value of n
is, (a)7 only, (b) 14 only, (c) 7 or 14, (d) None of these, ,
12. The approximate value of ( 7 . 995)1/ 3 correct to
four, decimal places is, (a) 1.9995, (b) 1.9996, (c)
1.9990, (d) 1.9991, , 21. In the expansion of (1 + x )n ,
what is the sum of even, binomial coefficients?, (NDA
2012 I), n, n −1, (a) 2, (b) 2, (c) 2n + 1, (d) None of these,
, 13. rth term in the expansion of ( a + 2x )n is, n ( n + 1)
... ( n − r + 1) n − r + 1, (a), a, ( 2x )r, r!, n ( n − 1) ... ( n − r
+ 2) n − r + 1, (b), a, ( 2x )r − 1, (r − 1) !, n ( n + 1) ... ( n − r
) n − r, (c), a, ( x )r, (r + 1), , 22. If (1 + ax )n = 1 + 8x + 24x
2 + ... , then the value of a, and n, is, (a) 2, 4, (b) 2, 3, (c)
3, 6, (d) 1, 2, , (d) None of the above, 14. Sum of odd
terms is A and sum of even terms is B in, the
expansion ( x + a )n , then, 1, (a) AB = ( x − a )2n − ( x + a
)2n, 4, (b) 2 AB = ( x + a )2n − ( x − a )2n, (c) 4 AB = ( x +
a )2n − ( x − a )2n, (d) None of the above, , 23. The
coefficient of the term independent of x in the, 9, 1 ,
3, expansion of (1 + x + 2x3 ) x 2 −, is, 2, 3x , 1,
19, (b), (a), 3, 54, 17, 1, (d), (c), 54, 4, 24. If for positive
integers r > 1, n > 2 the coefficient of the, ( 3r )th and
(r + 2)th powers of x in the expansion of, (1 + x )2n are
equal, then, (a) n = 2r, (b) n = 3r, (c) n = 2r + 1, (d) None
of these

Page 285 :
158, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 25. If the coefficient of
the second, third and fourth terms, in the expansion of
(1 + x )n are in AP, then n is, equal to, (a) 7, (b) 2, (c) 6,
(d) None of these, 26. The greatest integer when
divides the number, 101100 − 1 is, (a) 10000, (b)
100000 (c) 1000, (d) 100, n, , 27. If (1 + x )n = Σ Cr x r ,
then, r=0, , , C1 , C2 , Cn , is equal to, ... 1
+, 1 +, 1 +, C0 , C1 , Cn − 1 , , n −1, , ( n +
1), ( n − 1) !, ( n + 1)n + 1, (d), n!, , n, !, ( n − 1), ( n + 1)n,
(c), n!, , (b), , 28. If (1 − x + x 2 )n = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ...
+ a2n x 2n , then, a0 + a2 + a4 + ... + a2n is equal to, 3n
+ 1, 3n − 1, (a), (b), 2, 2, 1 − 3n, 1, (d) 3n +, (c), 2, 2, 29.
The coefficient of, (1 + x + x 2 + x3 )n is, (a) n C4, (c) n
C4 + n C3 + n C2, , x4, , in, , the, , expansion, , of, , (b) n
C4 + n C2, (d) n C4 + n C2 + n C1 ⋅n C2, , 30. If the
value of x is so small that x 2 and greater powers, can
be neglected, then, 5, x, 6, 2, (c) 1 + x, 3, , (a) 1 +, , 1 + x
+ 3 (1 − x )2, 1+ x+ 1+ x, 5, (b) 1 − x, 6, 2, (d) 1 − x, 3, , is
equal to, , 31. The value of the term independent of x
in the, 9, 1 , , expansion of x 2 − is, , x , (NDA
2012 I), (a) 9, (b) 18, (c) 48, (d) 84, 32. The coefficient
of x53 in the following expansion, 100, , Σ, , (a), , (c) −, ,
C47, , 100, , C53, , Statement II Coefficient of (r + 1)th
term in the, expansion of (1 − x )n is ( −1)n ( n − 1) Cr .,
Which of the above statements is/are correct ?, (a) I
only, (b) II only, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 36.
Consider the following statements, Statement I Total
number of terms in the expansion, n+2, of ( x + a )n + (
x − a )n is, , if n is an odd number., 2, Statement II Total
number of terms in the, n +1, expansion of ( x + a )n + (
x − a )n is, , if n is an, 2, even number., Which of the
above statements is/are correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only,
(c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 37-41) Each of these, questions contain two
statements, one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has, four alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct, answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b),(c) and, (d) given
below., Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually true
and R is the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A and
R are individually true but R is not, the correct
explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is
false but R is true., 5, , ∑ C( 52 − r , 3), , r =1, , (b)
100C53, (d) −, , 8, , 1 , ., x , Statement II. The
coefficient of the middle term in, the expansion of (1 +
x )8 is less than the coefficient of, the fifth term in the
expansion of (1 + x )7 ., Which of the above
statements is/are correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only, (NDA
2009 II), (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, , 37.
Assertion (A) The value of C( 47, 4) +, , Cm ( x − 3)100
− m ⋅ 2m is, , 100, , m=0, 100, , , of x +, , , 35.
Consider the following statements, Statement I
Coefficient of (r + 1)th term in the, expansion of (1 + x
)n is n Cr ., , n −1, , (a), , 34. Consider the following
statements, Statement I. The coefficient of the middle
term in, the expansion of (1 + x )8 is equal to the
middle term, , 100, , C100, , 33. The value of x in the
expression [x + x log10 ( x ) ]5 , if the, third term in the
expansion is 1000000, is, (a) 10, (b) 11, (c) 12, (d) None
of these, , is 52C4., Reason (R), , n, , Cr + n Cr + 1 =, , n
+1, , Cr + 1., , 38. Assertion (A) The coefficient of x n in
the expansion, of (1 + x )(1 − x )n is ( −1)n (1 − n ).,
Reason (R), n, C0 + n C2 + n C4 + ... = n C 1 + n C 3 + ...
= 2n −1.

Page 286 :
159, , Binomial Theorem, 39. Assertion (A) The
coefficient of x n in the binomial, expansion of (1 − x )
−2 is ( n + 1)., Reason (R) The coefficient of x r in (1 − x
)− n , when, n ∈ N is n + r − 1Cr ., , 44. If the magnitude
of the coefficient of x7 in the, 8, 1 , , expansion of
ax 2 + is equal to the magnitude of, , bx , 8, , 1 , ,
the coefficient of x −7 in the expansion of ax − 2 ,,
, bx , then a and b are connected by the relation, (a)
ab =1, (b) ab = 2, (c) a 2b = 1, (d) ab2 = 2, , 40. Assertion
(A) The term independent of x in the, ( 4m )!, 1,
expansion of ( x + + 2)m is, ., ( 2m )!, x, Reason (R) The
coefficient of x 6 in the expansion of, (1 + x )n is n C6.,
41. Assertion (A) 9950 + 10050 < 10150., Reason (R)
m n + ( m + 1)n < ( m + 2)n for all m, n ∈ N ., , 45. The
total number of terms in the expansion, 8, 8, 2 1 ,
2 1 , ax + + ax − after simplification is, , , bx ,
bx , (a) 0, (b) 5, (c) 10, (d) 15, , of, , 46. The correct
matching of List I from List II is, List I, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 42-45), , Let us consider the, 8, 1 , 1 , , ,
binomial expansion ax 2 + and ax − 2 , where, ,
, bx , bx , a and b are positive numbers, then, , List
II, , A. (1 − x) n, , 8, , x, 1., x+1, , n( n + 1) 2, ⋅ x − ...,, 2!, if x
< 1, n( n + 1) 2, C. If x > 1, then, 3. 1 + nx +, ⋅ x + ...,, 1, 1,
2!, 1 + + 2 + ... is, if x < 1, x x, x, D. If| x| > 1, then, 4., 2, 3,
4, x, −, 1, 1 − 2 + 4 − 6 + ... is, x, x, x, x4, 5. 2, ( x + 1) 2,
x4, 6. 2, ( x − 1) 2, , B. (1 + x) − n, , 8, , 1 , , 42. The
coefficient of x7 in the expansion of ax 2 + is, , bx
, a3, a5, (a) 8C3 5, (b) 8C3 3, b, b, 5, a, (c) 8C4 3, (d)
None of these, b, 43. The coefficient of x −7 in the
expansion of, 8, 1 , , ax − 2 is, , bx , 3, a, a5, (b) (
−1)5 8C5 3, (a) ( −1)5 8C5 5, b, b, 5, a, (c) 8C3 3, (d)
None of these, b, , Codes, A B, (a) 1 3, (c) 3 2, , 2. 1 − nx
+, , C, 4, 4, , D, 5, 5, , A, (b) 2, (d) 2, , B, 3, 3, , C, 4, 1, , D, 1,
5, , Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., , (d), (a), (c), (c), , 2.,
12., 22., 32., , (a), (b), (b), (b), , 3. (c), 13. (b), 23. (c), , 4.
(d), 14. (d), 24. (d), , 5. (a), 15. (c), 25. (c), , 6. (c), 16. (a),
26. (a), , 7. (b), 17. (d), 27. (b), , 8. (d), 18. (b), 28. (b), , 9.
(a), 19. (b), 29. (a), , 10. (a), 20. (b), 30. (b), , 2., 12., 22.,
32., 42., , (b), (b), (a), (c), (b), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , 4.,
14., 24., 34., 44., , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , 6., 16., 26., 36.,
46., , 7., 17., 27., 37., , 8., 18., 28., 38., , 9., 19., 29., 39., ,
10., 20., 30., 40., , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (d), (a),
(b), (d), (a), , (d), (b), (c), (a), (a), , (b), (c), (c), (a), (a), , (a),
(a), (a), (a), (b), , (a), (d), (a), (d), (c), , (a), (a), (c), (a), , (c),
(a), (a), (b), , (a), (b), (d), (a), , (b), (c), (b), (d)

Page 288 :
161, , Binomial Theorem, C n − 2 2n − 2 = n − 1C1 2n −
2, (n − 1) ! n − 2, =, 2, = (n − 1) 2n − 2, 1 ! (n − 2)!, ,
Coefficient of xn =, , n −1, , 17. Given, (3 − 2x)(1 + 3x)
−3, = (3 − 2x)(1 − 9x + 54x2 − 270x3 + ... ), = coefficient
of x3 = − 810 − 108 = − 918, 18. Applying Tr + 1 = nC r
xn − r a r for (x + a )n., 10, 1 , , ∴ 6th term in the
expansion of 2x2 − 2 is, , 3x , , But according to
the given condition,, T3, n (n − 1) × 3 × 2 × 1 × 8, 1, =−,
=, T4, n (n − 1) (n − 2) × 2 × 1 × 4 2, , , n − 2 = − 12 n
= − 10, 12, , , a, 25. Given expansion is + bx ., , x,
∴General term,, a , Tr + 1 = 12C r , x , , 8, , r, ,
1 , Tr + 1 = 8C r (x3 )8 − r 2 = 8C r x24 − 5 r, x , ,
xn/2 = x6 n = 12, n, , 3 , 2, 20. Given expansion is
x − ., 3, 2x , ∴ General term, Tr + 1 = nC r xn − r a r,
2 , T4 = nC3 x , 3 , , n −3, , (bx)r, , 1 , , 26.
The general term in the expansion of x3 + 2 is, , x
, , 2, , , , 12 − r, , = 12C r (a )12 − r ⋅ br x− 12 + 2r,
Since, we have to find the coefficient of x− 10., ∴, − 12
+ 2r = − 10, , r =1, Then,the coefficient of x− 10 is
12C1 (a )11 (b)1 = 12a11b., , 5, , 10 !, 1, 896, 1 , T6 =
10C5 (2x2)5 − 2 = −, × 32 ×, =−, 3x , 5 !5 !, 243,
27, n, , 19. Since, n is even, therefore + 1 th term
is the middle, 2, , term., n/ 2, 1 , ∴, T n = nC n/ 2
(x2)n/ 2 = 924x6 (given), x , +1, , (given), , 3, ,
2 , 3 , n, − = C3 , 3 , 2x , , The term
containing x4., ∴, n−6, , r 2 + r = n 2 − nr + n − nr + r
2 − r, , n 2 − 2nr − 2r + n = 0, n, (n − 2r ) (n + 1) = 0
r =, 2, n, , 1 , , 24. Given expansion is, x − ., ,
2x , , ∴, , xn − 6 (− 1)3, , Since, it is independent of x., ∴,
n −6 =0 n =6, 21. Given that, nC 6 = nC12 nC n − 6
= nC12, , n − 6 = 12 n = 18, 22. (0.99)15 = (1 −
0.01)15, We want to answer correct upto 4 decimal
places and as, such, we have left further expansion.,
(0.99)15 = 1 − 15C1 (0.01) + 15C 2 (0.01)2 − 15C3
(0.01)3 + ..., 15 ⋅ 14, = 1 − 15 (0.01) +, (0.0001), 1 ⋅2,
15 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 13, −, (0.000001) + ..., 1 ⋅2 ⋅3, = 1 − 0.15 +
0.0105 − 0.000455 + ..., = 1 .0105 − 0.150455 =
0.8601, 23. Given that, Tr = Tr + 2 nC r − 1 = nC r +
1, n!, , (n − r + 1) (n − r ) (n − r − 1) ! (r − 1) !, n!, =, (n −
r − 1) ! (r + 1) (r ) (r − 1) !, , 1 , T3 = nC 2 (x)n − 2 − ,
2x , , 2, , 1 , T4 = nC3 (x)n − 3 − , 2x , , 3, , and,
, T5 = 8C 4x4 =, , 8! 4, x = 70x4, 4 !4 !, , 27. (x + a )100 +
(x − a )100, = {100C 0x100 +, , C1x99a +, , 100, , C
2x98a 2 + ... + a100}, , 100, , + {100C 0x100
−100C1x99a + 100C 2x98a 2 – ... + a 100}, = 2 {100C
0x100 +, , C 2x98a 2 + ... + a 99}, , 100, , ∴ Total
number of terms is 51., 28., , 1, = (6 − 3x)−1/3 = 6 −
1/3, (6 − 3x)1/3, =6, , − 1/3, , = 6 − 1/3, , , , 1 +, , ,
, 1 +, , , 1 , − , 3 , , x , , 1 − 2 , , − 1/3, , ,
1 4 , − − , 2, , x 3 3 x , − + ... ,
− +, 2 , 2 , 2 ⋅1, , , , , x 2x2, + 2 + ... , 6, 6, , ,
29. Coefficient of x p is, , p+ q, , C p and coefficient of
xq is ( p + q)C q., , They are equal., x, 3 , 30. The
general term in the expansion of , +, , 3 2 x2 , Tr +
1 =, , x , Cr , 3 , , 10, , 10 − r, 2, , r, , 3 , 10, 2
= C r 3, 2x , , − 10 + 3 r, 2, , 10, , is, , 10 − 5 r, 2, , ⋅ 2− r
⋅ x, , 10 − 5r, =0, 2, , r =2, So, the term independent
of x, 4, 2, 10 × 9, 1, 5, 1 3 , ×, =, = 10C 2 × =,
3 2 , 2 × 1 3 ×3 ×2 ×2 4, , ∴, , ∴, , 24 − 5r = 4 r =
4

Page 289 :
162, , NDA/NA Mathematics, ∴, , , , 31. Putting x =
1 in the expansion (1 + x − 3x2)2163 , we get, the sum
of the coefficients as, (1 + 1 − 3)2163 = (− 1)2163 = −
1, 1 , , 32. The general term in the expansion of ax
− 2 , , bx , , 1 , Tr + 1 = 11C r (ax)11 − r −, ,
bx2 , , 11, , (11 − r ) (1) + r (− 2) = − 7, 11 − r − 2r = − 7,
r =6, , , Thus, the coefficient of x−7 is 11C 6 (a )5 −,
, , is, , 6, , 1 , 462 5, = 6 a ., , b, b, , r, , Level II, 9, , 3
x− 2 1 , 1. Let Tr + 1 be the term independent of x in
, − ., 3x , 2, ∴, , 3x−2 , Tr + 1 = 9C r , , 2 , ,
9−r, , 3 , = (−1)r 9C r , 2 , , 1 , − , 3x , , 9−r,
, 2, , = (1 − 2x + x2)(1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 + 5x4 − K ), 2,
1 − x , ∴ Coefficient of x4 in , = 5 + 8 + 3 = 16, 1 +
x , 1/ 2, , = (1 − x)1/ 2 (1 + x)− 1/ 2, 1 − x , , , 1 +
x , , 1/ 2, , 1, 1, , , , = 1 − x ... 1 − x K , , , ,
2, 2, 1, 1 2, = 1 −2⋅ x + x = 1 − x, 2, 4, (Neglecting
higher degree terms.), , 6. We have, T2r + 4 = 18C 2r +
3 ⋅ x18 − ( 2r+ 3 ), and, Tr − 2 = 18C r − 3 ⋅ x18 − ( r − 3
), According to the given condition,, 18, C 2r + 3 = 18C
r − 3, , 2r + 3 + r − 3 = 18, , 3r = 18 r = 6, , r, , (7)
8, , For integral terms in the expansion, r must be,
multiple of 8., i.e.,, 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, ... , 1024, Now,, l = a
+ (n − 1) d, , 1024 = 8 + (n − 1) 8, , n = 128, , ⋅, , 1 −
x , 2, −2, 2, −2, 4. , = (1 − x) (1 + x) = (1 − 2x + x )(1 +
x), 1 + x , , , , 1024 − r, 2, , = 1024C r (5), , r, , 1 −18
+ 2r − r, x, 3r, To be term independent from x, −18 + r =
0 r = 18, (Q In binomial theorem should be n > r),
which is not possible., Thus, no such term exists in the
expansion of given, expression., 2. Given, 24n − 15n −
1, (24 )n = (16)n = (15 + 1)n = (1 + 15)n, n, = C 0 (15)0
(1)n + nC1 (1)n − 1 (15)2 + nC 2(1)n − 2(15)2 + K, = 1 +
n ⋅ 15 + nC 2(15)2 + nC3 (15)3 + K, (24 )n − (15n ) − 1
= (15)2 { nC 2 + nC3 ⋅ 15 + K }, (24 )n − (15n ) − 1 = 225
⋅ d , ∀ d ∈ N, Hence, (24 )n − (15n ) − 1 is divisible by
225., 3. Required number of terms in (a + b + c )n., (n +
2) !, = n + 2C 2 =, 2!n!, (n + 2)(n + 1)n ! (n + 1)(n + 2), =,
=, 2⋅ n !, 2, , 1 − x , 5. , , 1 + x , , 7. Tr + 1 = 1024C
r (51/ 2)1024 − r ⋅ (71/ 8 )r, , 8., , n, 2, , Σ, , r=0, , C 2r =
nC 0 + nC 2 + ... + nC n = 2n − 1, , n, , 2, , x n (n + 1)
x , 9. Given, 1 + n , +, , + ... ∞, 1 − x 2!
1 − x , , , , x , 1 − 1 − x , , , , −n, , 1 − 2x ,
= , , 1−x , , −n, , 1−x , = , , 1 − 2x , , n, , 10.
Coefficient of pth, ( p + 1)th and ( p + 2)th terms in,
expansion (1 + x)n are nC p − 1 , nC p and nC p + 1.,
Since, these are in AP., ∴, 2 nC p = nC p − 1 + nC p + 1,
n!, n!, 2, =, (n − p) ! p ! (n − p + 1) ! ( p − 1) !, n!, +, (n − p
− 1) ! ( p + 1) !, 2, p, , =, (n − p) ! p ! (n − p + 1) (n − p) !
p !, n−p, +, (n − p) ! ( p + 1) p !, , n 2 − n (4 p + 1) + 4 p2
− 2 = 0, 11. We know that, (1 + x)n = C 0 + C1x + C 2
x2 + ... + C r xr + .., ...(i), n, 1 , 1, 1, 1, , and 1 + = C 0
+ C1 + C r r + C 2 2 + ..., , x , x, x, x, 1, 1, 1, ...(ii), + C r +
1 r + 1 + C r + 2 r + 2 + ... + C n n, x, x, x, Multiplying
Eqs. (i) and (ii) and equating the coefficient, 1, of xr in
n (1 + x)2n or the coefficient of xn + r in (1 + x)2n ,, x,
we get the value of required expression, (2n ) !, = 2n C
n + r =, (n − r ) ! (n + r ) !

Page 290 :
163, , Binomial Theorem, 1/3, , a + x , , , a , , 1
1, , , , − 1 , 2, , , 0.005 , 1 0.005 3 3, = 2
1 − ×, +, + ... , , 8 , 3, 8, 2 ⋅1, , , , , 1, 1, , ,
×, , , 0.005 3 3 (0.005)2, = 2 1 −, −, ×, + ... , 24, 1, 64,
, , , , = 2 (1 − 0.000208) = 2 × 0.999792 = 1.9996,
13. rth term of (a + 2x)n is nC r − 1 (a )n − r + 1 (2x)r −
1, n!, =, a n − r + 1 (2x)r − 1, (n − r + 1) ! (r − 1) !, =, , =2
+, , (x + a )n = nC 0xn + nC1xn − 1 a, + nC 2 xn − 2 a 2 +
nC3 xn − 3 a3 + ..., , From the given condition,, A = nC
0xn + nC 2xn − 2a 2 + nC 4xn − 4a 4 + ..., B = nC1xn −
1a + nC3 xn − 3 a3 + ..., 1, Hence, AB = {(x + a )2n − (x −
a )2n}, 4, , and, , , , 4 AB = (x + a )2n − (x − a )2n, 10, ,
15. ∴ ∑, , Ck =, , 20, , C0 +, , 20, , C1 +, , 20, , , , =, , 20, ,
2, , 20, , C0 +, , 20, , C 2 + ... +, , 20, , C1 +, , 20, , C0 +, ,
20, , C1 +, , 20, , +, , 20, , C10, , C 2 + ... +, , 20, , C 2 + ...
+, , 20, , C 20, C10, , C 9 + ... + 20C 0 (Q nC r = nC n − r
), 20, 20, 20, 2 + C10 = 2 [ C 0 + 20C1 + ... + 20C10 ],
1, 20C 0 + 20C1 + ... + 20C10 = 219 + ⋅ 20C10, 2, 1,
can be rewritten as, 16. The given expression, (4 −
3x)1/ 2, 20, , − 1/ 2, , 3, 3 , , and it is valid only, when
x < 1, 4− 1/ 2 1 − x , , 4 , 4 , 4, 4, , − <x<, 3, 3,
2, 17. ∴15 C 02 − 15C12 + 15C 22 − ... − 15C15, =, =0,
, 15, , 18. Given, , C 02, , −, , 15, , C12, , +, , 15, ,
expression, , rewritten as, , − ... −, , 15, , a , , , a +
x , , 1/ 2, , C 22, , − 1/ 2, , 3 x2, + ..., 4a 2, , 4 ⋅5 2, x + ...,
2, 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 0 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 1 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 2 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6 3, x +, x +, x
+, x, = , 6, 6, 6, 6, (r + 1) (r + 2) (r + 3) r, , x + ... , + ...
+, 6, , (r + 1) (r + 2) (r + 3) r, Therefore, Tr + 1 =, x, 6,
20. Coefficient of T5 = nC 4 , T6 = nC5 and T7 = nC 6,
According to the given condition,, 2 nC5 = nC 4 + nC
6, , , , n!, n!, n!, , 2 , = (n − 4) ! 4 ! + (n − 6) ! 6
! , (, n, −, 5, ), !, 5, !, , , , , , , 1, 1, 1 , 2 , = (n
− 4) (n − 5) + 6 ⋅ 5 , (, n, −, 5, ), 5, , , , After solving,
we get n = 7 or 14, 21. We know that,, (1 + x)n = nC 0 +
nC1x + nC 2x2 + nC3 x3 + nC 4x4 + ... + nC nxn, , Q (1
+ x)n = nC 0 + nC1x1 + nC 2x2 + ... + nC nxn, Put, x =
1,, 2n = nC 0 + nC1 + nC 2 + ... + nC n, Put, n = 20, 20, ,
− 1/ 2, , − 1/ 2, , , , k=0, , 220 =, , a − x , + , , a , ,
19. (1 − x)− 4 = 1 ⋅ x0 + 4x1 +, , n (n − 1) ... (n − r + 2) n −
r + 1, a, (2x)r − 1, (r − 1) !, , 14. We know that,, , − 1/ 2, ,
x ,x , , ,+ 1+ ,= 1+ , , ,a ,a , , , 1 3 ,
− − , 2, , , 1 x 2 2 x ,= 1+ −
+, + ... , , , , , , , a, 2, 1, a, 2, ⋅, , , , , , ,
1 3 , − − , 2, , , 1 x 2 2 x ,+
1+ − − +, − + ... , a , 2 a , 2 ⋅1, , ,
, , , 0.005 , , 12. (7.995)1/3 = (8 − 0 ⋅ 005)1/3 =
(8)1/3 1 −, 8 , , , C 22, , +, , 15, , −, (Q nC r = C n − r
), , C12, , a , + , , a − x , , 15, , C 02, n, , 1/ 2, , can, ,
be, , (1 + x)n = nC 0 − nC1x + nC 2x2 − nC3 x3, + nC
4x4 − ... + (− 1)nC nxn, (1 + x)n + (1 − x)n = 2 ⋅ nC 0 + 2
⋅ nC 2x2 + 2 ⋅ nC 4x4 + ..., Put x = 1;, (1 + 1)n + (1 − 1)n
= 2 { nC 0 + nC 2 + nC 4 + ... }, 1, nC 0 + nC 2 + nC 4 +
... = {2n + 0}, 2, nC 0 + nC 2 + nC 4 + ... = 2n − 1, 22.
Given that, (1 + ax)n = 1 + 8x + 24x2 + ..., n, n (n − 1) 2
2, a x + ... = 1 + 8x + 24x2 + ..., 1 + ax +, 1, 1 ⋅2, On
comparing the coefficients of x and x2, we get, n (n −
1) 2, na = 8,, a = 24, , 1 ⋅2, , na (n − 1) a = 48, , 8 (8
− a ) = 48 8 − a = 6 a = 2 n = 4, 9, , 1 , 3, 23.
The general term in the expansion of x2 − is, 2,
3x , 3 , Tr + 1 = 9C r x2 , 2 , 3 , = 9C r ,
2 , , 9−r, , 9−r, , 1 , − , 3x , , r, , r, , 1 18 − 3 r, −
x, 3 , , ...(i)

Page 291 :
164, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Now, The coefficient of
the terms x0 , x−1 and x−3 in, 9, 3 2 1 , x − is, 2,
3x , 0, For x , 18 − 3r = 0 r = 6, For x−1, there exists
no integer value of r., For x−3 , 18 − 3r = − 3 r = 7,
Now, the coefficient of the term independent of x in
the, expansion of, 9, 1 , 3, (1 + x + 2x3 ) x2 − , 2,
3x , 3 , = 1 ⋅9 C 6 (− 1)6 , 2 , , 9−6, , 6, , 1 , 9,
7, + 0 + 2 ⋅ C7 (− 1), 3 , 3 , × , 2 , , 9 −7, ,
1 , , 3 , , 7, , 9 ⋅8, 3 1, 9 ⋅8 ⋅ 7 3 1, (− 1) 2 ⋅ 7, ⋅ ⋅, +
2⋅, 1 ⋅2, 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 23 36, 2 3, 7, 2 17, =, −, =, 18 27 54,
24. In the expansion of (1 + x)2n , the general term, =
2nC k xk , 0 ≤ k ≤ 2n, As given for r > 1, n > 2 , 2nC3 r =
2nC r + 2, Either 3r = r + 2 or 3r = 2n − (r + 2) (Q nC
r = nC n − r ), , r = 1 or n = 2r + 1, We take the
relation only, n = 2r + 1, (Q r > 1), 25. In the expansion
of (1 + x)n , it is given that, n, C1 , nC 2 and nC3 are in
AP., , 2 ⋅n C 2 = nC1 + nC3, n (n − 1) n n (n − 1) (n −
2), , 2⋅, = +, 1 ⋅2, 1, 1 ⋅2 ⋅3, , 6 (n − 1) = 6 + (n − 2)
(n − 1), , 6n − 6 = 6 + n 2 − 3n + 2, , n 2 − 9n + 14 =
0, , (n − 2) (n − 7) = 0 n = 2 , 7, But n = 2 is not
acceptable because, when n = 2, then we, get only
three terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2., ∴ We take
only n = 7, 26. (101)100 − 1 = (1 + 100)100 − 1, 100 ×
99, , , (100)2 + ... − 1, = 1 + 100 ⋅ 100 +, 2, , , 100
⋅ 99, , 2 , = (100) 1 +, + ... , , , 2!, =, , 3, , 30. Given
expression, , 1+ x+ 1+ x, , =1 −, , can be rewritten as, ,
5, 5, x + ... = 1 − x, 6, 6, (neglecting the highest power
of x), , 1 , , 31. Given, x2 − , , x , , 9, , General
term,, Tr + 1 = nC r (1)n − r xr , in (1 + x)n, r, 1 ,
Similarly, Tr + 1 = 9C r (x2)9 − r ⋅ − , in, x , = 9C r
x18 − 2r (− 1)r x− r, = 9C rx(18 − 3 r) (− 1)r, For
independent term,, Put, 18 − 3r = 0 3r = 18 r = 6,
∴, T( 6 + 1) = 9C 6x(18 − 18) ⋅ (− 1)6, 9⋅8⋅ 7, T7 = 9C 6
⋅ 1 =, = 84, 3⋅2⋅1, 100, , 32. The given sigma
expansion, , Σ, , m= 0, , 2 1 , x − , , x , , 9, , …(i), ,
Cm (x − 3)100 − m ⋅ 2m, , 100, , can be rewritten as, ,
n , n (n − 1) , 1 , , , = 1 + 1 +, ... 1 + , , ,
1 , 2!n , n , , [(x − 3) + 2]100 = (x − 1)100 = (1 −
x)100, ∴ x will occur in T54, T54 = 100C53 (− x)53,
∴Coefficient is − 100C53 ., 33. Given expression is (x +
xlog10 x )5 ., (given), ∴, T3 = 5C 2 x3 (xlog10 x)2 = 106,
Put, x = 10, then, 10 ⋅ 103 ⋅ 102 = 106 106 = 106,
Hence, x = 10 is the required value., 53, , (1 + n ) (1 + n
) (1 + n ) (1 + n ) (n + 1)n, ., ., ..., =, n!, 1, 2, 3, n, , 28. (1 − x
+ x2)n = a 0 + a1x + a 2x2 + ... + a 2nx2n, Putting x = 1,
we get, (1 − 1 + 1)n = a 0 + a1 + a 2 + K + a 2n, , 1 = a
0 + a1 + a 2 + ... + a 2n, , 1 + x + 3 (1 − x)2, , (1 + x)1/ 2 +
(1 − x)2 / 3, 1 + x + (1 + x)1/ 2, 1, 1 2, 2, 1 2, , , ,
1 + 2 x − 8 x + ... + 1 − 3 x − 9 x − ... , =, 1, 1, ,
, 1 + x + 1 + x − x2 + ... , 2, 8, , , 1, 1 2, , , 1, 17 2,
x−, x + ... , 2− x−, x + ... 1 −, 12, 144, , , 6, 72, =, =, 3,
1 2, 3, 1 2, , , 2 + x − x + ..., 1 + 4 x − 16 x + ... , 2,
8, −1, 1, 1 2, 3, 1 2, , , , x−, x + ... × 1 + x −, = 1 −,
x + ... , 12, 144, 4, 16, , , , , 2, , Hence, given
number is divided by (100)2., , , C , C , Cn , ,
27. We have, 1 + 1 1 + 2 ... 1 +, C0 , C1 , C n
−1 , , , , =, , Putting x = − 1, we get, ...(ii), 3n = a 0 −
a1 + a 2 − ... + a 2n, On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get,
3n + 1, = a 0 + a 2 + a 4 + ... + a 2n, 2, 29. (1 + x + x2 +
x3 )n = {(1 + x)n (1 + x2)n}, = (1 + nC1x + nC 2x2 + ... +
nC n xn ), n, 2, n, 4, (1 + C1x + C 2x + ... + nC nx2n ),
Therefore, the coefficient of x4, = nC 2 + nC 2nC1 +
nC 4 = nC 4 + nC 2 + nC1nC 2, , ...(i)

Page 292 :
165, , Binomial Theorem, 34. I. The coefficient of
middle term in the expansion of, (1 + x)8 = 8C 4, , x
+, , , and, , 8, , 1 , 8, = C4, x , , Hence, it is equal., II.
The coefficient of middle term in the expansion of, (1 +
x)8 = 8C 4, The coefficient of fifth term in the
expansion of, (1 + x)7 = 7C 4 or 7C3, 8, ∴, C 4 > 7C 4 or
7C3, Hence, only statement I is true and statement II
is false., 35. Statement I is true but statement II is
false, because, coefficient of (r + 1)th term in the
expansion of (1 − x)n th, is (− 1)r nC r., 36. Both
statement are not true, because, total number of, n+2,
, if n is, terms in the expansion of (x + a )n+(x − a )n is,
2, n+1, an even number and is, , if n is an odd number.,
2, 5, , 37. C (47, 4) + Σ C (52 − r , 3), r =1, , =, =, , C4 +,
48, C4 +, , C3 + 50C3 + 49C3 + 48C3 + 47C3, 48, C3 +
50C3 + 51C3 = 52C 4, (QnC r + nC r + 1 = n + 1C r + 1
), A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation
of A., 38. The coefficient of xn in expansion of (1 + x)(1
− x)n, = coefficient of xn + coefficient of xn−1, n!, n!, =
(− 1), + (−1)n − 1, 1 ! (n − 1), n !0 !, 47, , 50 ⋅ 49 ⋅ 48, ⋅
10047 + ... > 10050, 1 ⋅2 ⋅3, , 10150 > 9950 +
10050, A and R are individually true and R is the
correct, explanation of A., 42. Let the term containing
x7 in the expansion of, 8, 2 1 , is Tr + 1., ax +, ,
bx , = 10050 + 2 ⋅, , a 8−r, 1 , Tr + 1 = 8C r (ax2)8− r
= 8C r r x16 − 3 r, bx , b, r, , ∴, , Since, this term
contains x7., ∴, 16 − 3r = 7, , , r =3, , 1 , ,
∴Coefficient of x7 in the expansion of ax2 +, , ,
bx , = 8C3 ⋅ a5 /b3, , 43. Also, the term containing x−7
in the expansion of, 8, 1 , , ax − 2 is TR + 1., , bx ,
, 51, , 1 , TR + 1 = 8CR (ax)8 − R − 2 , bx , =
(−1)R 8CR, , 1, , , 40. x + + 2 , , x , , m, , x2 + 2 x
+ 1 , = , , x, , , , m, , =, , (1 + x)2m, xm, , Term
independent of x is coefficient of xm in the, (2m)!,
expansion of (1 + x)2m = 2mCm =, ., (m !)2, Hence,
statement I is false and statement II is true., 41. We
have, 10150 = (100 + 1)50, 50 ⋅ 49, = 10050 + 50 ⋅
10049 +, ⋅ 10048 + ... …(i), 1 ⋅2, and 9950 = (100 −
1)50, 50 ⋅ 49, = 10050 − 50 ⋅ 10049 +, ⋅ 10048 − ... …
(ii), 1 ⋅2, Subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get, 50 ⋅ 49
⋅ 48, , , 10150 − 9950 = 2 50 ⋅ 10049 +, × 10047 +
... , 1 ⋅2 ⋅3, , , , R, , a 8 − R 8 − 3R, ⋅x, bR, , Since, this
term contains x−7, ∴ 8 − 3R = − 7 R = 5,
∴Coefficient of x−7 in the expansion of (ax −, , n!, ,
n!, n, = (− 1)n , −, = (−1) (1 − n ), −, !, 0, !, 1, !(, 1, )!, n,
n, , , and nC 0 + nC 2 + nC 4 + ... = nC1 + nC3 + ... =
2n−1, A and R are individually true but R is not a
correct, explanation A., 39. Since, coefficient of xr in
(1 − x)− n = n + r−1C r, ∴Coefficicnt of xn in (1 − x)−2 =
2 + n − 1C n, = n + 1C n = (n + 1), Hence, option (a) is
correct., , 8, , = (−1)5 8C5, , 1 8, ), bx2, , a3, b5, , 44.
According to the given condition,, Magnitude of
coefficient of x7 = Magnitude of coefficient of, x− 7,
a3, a5, 8, , C3 3 = 8C5 5, b, b, , , a 2b2 = 1 ab = 1,
8, , 8, , 1 , 2 1 , , 45. Let f (x) = ax2 +, + ax − , ,
, bx , bx , Here, n = 8, which is even., n + 2 8 + 2 10, =,
=, =5, ∴Total number of terms =, 2, 2, 2, n (n + 1) 2, 46.
A. (1 − x)− n = 1 + nx +, ⋅ x + ... , if|x|< 1, 2!, n (n + 1), B.
(1 + x)− n = 1 − nx +, . ⋅ x2−... , if|x|< 1, 2!, x, 1 1, 1, C. 1
+ + 2 + ... =, =, 1, x x, x −1, 1−, x, D. 1 −, , 2, 3, 4, 1 , , +,
−, + ... = 1 + 2 , , x2 x4 x6, x , , −2, , =, , x4, (x + 1)2, 2

Page 293 :
Permutations, and Combinations, Solution (b)
Exponent of 7 in 100!, , Factorial, Product of first n
natural numbers is denoted by n !, and read as
Factorial n., Thus, n ! = n ( n − 1) ( n − 2) ... 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1, , %,
%, %, %, , 9, , 100 100 , = 14 + 2 = 16, +, = , 2, 7
7 , , Fundamental Principles of Counting, ,
e.g.,, , 5 ! = 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 = 120, , Fundamental
Principle of Multiplication, , and, , 4 ! = 4 ⋅ 3 ! = 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅
2 ! = 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 = 24, , If there are two jobs such that
one of them can be, completed in m ways, and when it
has been completed in, anyone of these m ways,
second job can be completed in n, ways; then the two
jobs in succession can be completed in, m × n ways.,
e.g., There are 12 doors in a hall. A person can come
in, the hall by one of 12 ways and go out from the hall
in 11, other ways., ∴ Total number of ways = 12 × 11 =
132, , 0! = 1, Factorials of negative integers and
fractions are not defined., n!, = n (n − 1) (n − 2) ... (r +
1), r!, n!, = n (n − 1) (n − 2) ... (n − r + 1), (n − r) !, ,
Exponent of Prime p in n !, , Fundamental Principle of
Addition, , Let n is a positive integer and p is a prime
number., Then,the last integer amongst 1, 2, 3, ... , ( n −
1), n which is, n , n , divisible by p is p, where
denotes the greatest, p , p , n, integer less than or
equal to ., p, , If there are two jobs such that they can
be performed, independently in m and n ways
respectively, then either of, the two jobs can be
performed in ( m + n ) ways., e.g., There are 25
students in a class out of which 15 are, boys and 10
are girls, then for monitor a boy can be selected in, 15
ways and a girl can be selected in 10 ways., Hence,
total number of ways to select a monitor, , Let E p ( n !)
denote the exponent of the prime p in the, positive
integer n. Then,, n n , E p ( n !) = + 2 + ... +,
p p , , n , a , p , , where, a is a greatest
positive integer such that, pa ≤ n < pa + 1., , Example 1.
The exponent of 7 in 100! is, (a) 15, (c) 17, , (b) 16, (d)
4, , = 15 + 10 = 25, , Permutation, Each of the different
arrangements which can be made, by taking some or
all of a number of distinct objects is, called a
permutation., e.g., Out of 3 objects ( a , b, c) taking 2 at
a, time, total arrangements are ab, bc, ca , cb, ac, ba ,
then the, total number of arrangements is 6 each of
these is called a, permutation.

Page 294 :
167, , Permutations and Combinations, , Important
Results, 1. The number of all permutation of n distinct
items or objects, taken r at a time, is denoted by n Pr .,
n!, n, Pr =, ,∀ 0≤ r ≤ n, (n − r ) !, = n ( n − 1) ( n − 2) . . . . ( n
− r + 1),, ∀ n ∈ N and r ∈ W , 0 ≤ r ≤ n, , 4. The number of
all permutations of n different objects taken r at, a
time, when a particular object is to be always included
in each, arrangement is r ⋅n − 1 Pr − 1 ., , The number
of all permutations of n distinct objects taken, all at a
time = n ! ., n, P0 = 1, n P1 = n and n Pn − 1 = n !, , 5. The
number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r
at a, time, when a particular object is never taken in
each, arrangement is n − 1 Pr ., , %, %, %, %, %, , n, , n, , n
⋅ n − 1 . Pr − 1, , Pr =, , n −1, , Pr = (n − r), , n −1, , Pr = r ⋅
n − 1 Pr − 1 +, , %, , Pr − 1, n −1, , Pr, , 2. The number of
mutually distinguishable permutations of n, things,
taken all at a time of which p are alike of one kind, q
are, alike of second kind, r are alike of third kind and
others are of, different kind, n!, =, p ! q! r !, , Circular
Permutations, If the objects are arranged along a
closed curve, then, the permutation is known as
circular permutations., , Important Results, 1. The
number of circular permutations of n distinct objects
is, ( n − 1)! ., 2. If anti-clockwise and clockwise order of
arrangements are not, distinct, then the number of
circular permutations of n, 1, distinct objects is {( n −
1)! }., 2, , Example 2. If, r, , 56, , 3. The number of
permutations of n different things, taken r at a, time,
when each may repeated any number of times in each,
arrangement is n r ., , The number of all permutations
of n different objects taken r, at a time, when p
particular objects are to be always included, in each
arrangement is p ! {r − (p − 1)} n − p Pr − p ., , 6. The
number of all permutations of n different objects
taken all, but m objects always taken together, is m! ×
(n − m + 1)! ., 7. The number of all permutations of n
different objects taken, all but m objects never taken
together, is, n ! − m !( n − m + 1)!, , Example 3. In how
many different ways of five boys and, five girls form a
circle such that the boys and girls alternate, are, (a)
2800, (b) 2880, (c) 290, (d) 140, Solution (b) After
fixing up one boy around the circle, remaining can be
arranged in 4! ways but boys and girls are, to
alternate. There will be 5 places, one place each
between, two boys these five places can be filled by 5
girls in 5! ways., B1, B2, , B5, , Pr + 6 : 54Pr + 3 =
30800 : 1, then the value of, B3, , P2 is, (a) 1520, (c)
1600, , (b) 1640, (d) None of these, 56, , Solution (b)
We have,, , 54, , Pr + 6, Pr + 3, , =, , 30800, 1, , , , 56 !,
(51 − r) !, ×, = 30800, 54 !, (50 − r) !, , , , 56 × 55 × (51
− r) = 30800, , , ∴, , r = 41, r, , P2 =, , P2 = 1640, , 41, ,
B4, , Hence, by the principle of multiplication, the
required, number of ways = 4 ! × 5 ! = 2880, ,
Combination, Each of the different selections made
by taking some or, all of a number of distinct objects
or items, irrespective of, their arrangements or order
in which they are placed, is, called a combination., e.g.,
Out of 3 objects ( a , b, c) taking 2 at a time, the total,
groups are ab, bc, ca ,then the number of groups is 3
each of, which is known as combination.

Page 295 :
168, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Important Results, 1.
The number of combinations of n different things
taken r, n , at a time is denoted by n C r or C ( n, r ) or
, r , n, (, n, −, ), ., ., ., (, n − r + 1), 1, n, !, nC =, =, ,, r, r !
( n − r )! r ( r − 1) ( r − 2) . . . 2 ⋅ 1, ∀ n ∈ N and r ∈ W and
0 ≤ r ≤ n, %, , n, , C r is a natural number., , %, , n, , C 0 =
nC n = 1, nC1 = n, , n, , C r + nC r − 1 =, , %, , n, , C x = nC
y x = y or x + y = n, , Cr, , n, , %, , n⋅, , C r − 1 = (n − r +
1) nC r − 1, , %, , If n is even, then the greatest value of
n C r is n C n / 2 ., , %, , If n is odd, then the greatest
value of, , n, , n, , C r is n C n, , +1, 2, , n, , or C n − 1, 2, n, ,
n, C r = ⋅n − 1 C r − 1, r, , Cr, , n−r +1, r, , %, , n, , %, , n, , C
0 + nC1 + nC 2 + ... + nC n = 2n, , %, , n, , C 0 + nC 2 +
nC 4 + ... = nC1 + nC3 + nC 5 + ... = 2n − 1, , %, %, , 2n +
1, n, , C0 +, , Cn +, , + ... +, , n +1, , %, , 2n + 1, , C1 +, , Cn
+, , n +2, , 2n − 1, , Cn =, , 2n, , n, , Cr − 1, , 2n + 1, , Cn +, ,
Cn, , = (α 1 + 1) (α 2 + 1) (α 3 + 1) . . . (α k + 1) − 1, (d)
The sum of these divisors = ( p10 + p11 + p12 + . . . +
p1α 1 ), , (use sum of GP in each bracket), (e) The
number of ways in which N can be resolved as a,
product of two factors is, , %, , n −1, , = (α 1 + 1) (α 2 +
1) (α 3 + 1) . . . (α k + 1) − 2, (c) The total number of
divisors of N excluding 1 or N., , ( p20 + p12 + p22 + . . .
+ p2α 2 ) . . . ( pk0 + p1k + pk2 + . . . + pkα k ), , n, NOTE,
%, C r = nC n − r, n +1, , (b) The total number of
divisors of N excluding 1 and N, , =, , C 2 + ... +, , n +3, ,
2n + 1, , C n = 22n, , Cn, , +1, , 2. The number of
combinations of n different things taken r, at a time,
when k particular objects occur is n − k C r − k . If k,
particular objects never occur is, , n−k, , Cr ., , 3. The
number of ways (or combinations) of n different
things, selecting, atleast, one, of, them, is, n, C1 + nC 2
+ nC 3 + . . . + nC n = 2n − 1. This can also be stated as,
the total number of combinations of n different
things., 4. The number of combinations of n identical
things taking, r ( r ≤ n ) at a time is 1., 5. The number of
ways of selecting r things out of n alike things is, ( n +
1), where r = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n., 6. If out of ( p + q + r + t )
things, p are alike one kind, q are alike, of second kind,
r are alike of third kind and t are different, then, the
total number of combinations is, ( p + 1) ( q + 1) ( r + 1)
2t − 1, , (f) The number of ways in which a composite
number N can, be resolved into two factors which are
relatively prime (or, coprime) to each other is equal to
2n − 1 , where n is the, number different factors in N.,
8. Division into groups, (a) The number of ways in
which ( m + n ) different things can, be divided into
two groups which contain m and n things,,
respectively is, (m + n) !, m+ n, C m ⋅ nC n =, ,m≠n, m! n
!, If m = n, then the groups are equal in size. Divisions
of these, groups can be given by two types., % If order
of groups is not important The number of ways, in
which 2 n different things can be divided equally into
two, (2n) !, groups is, ., 2 ! (n !) 2, %, , If order of group
is important The number of ways in, which 2n
different things can be divided equally into two, 2n !,
(2n) !, distinct groups is, ., × 2 !=, 2 ! (n !) 2, (n !) 2, , (b)
The number of ways in which( m + n + p ) different
things, can be divided into three groups which contain
m, n and p, things, respectively is, (m + n + p ) !, m+ n+
p, C m ⋅ n + p C n ⋅ pC p =, m! n ! p !, m≠n≠ p, , %, , 7. Let
N = p1α 1 ⋅ p2α 2 . p3α 3 . . . pkα k , where p1 , p2 , p3 ,
. . . , pk are, different primes and α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , . . . , α k
are natural numbers,, then, (a) The total number of
divisors of N including 1 and N, = (α 1 + 1) (α 2 + 1) (α
3 + 1) . . . (α k + 1), , 1, (α1 + 1) (α 2 + 1) ... (α k + 1). If N
is not a perfect, 2, square., 1, [(α1 + 1) (α 2 + 1) ... (α k +
1) + 1]. If N is a perfect, 2, square., , %, , If m = n = p,
then the groups are equal size. Division of, these
groups can be given by two types, If order of group is
not important The number of, ways in which 3p
different things can be divided equally, 3p !, into three
groups is, ., 3 !(p !)3, If order of group is important The
number of ways in, which 3p different things can be
divided equally into, 3p!, (3 p)!, three distinct groups
is, ., ×3!=, 3, 3 !(p !), (p !)3

Page 296 :
169, , Permutations and Combinations, , Example 4. If,
, C r + 1 : nC r : n − 1C r − 1 = 11: 6 : 3, then find, , the
values of n and r, respectively., (a) 10, 5, (b) 4, 6, (c) 2,
5, n+1, , Cr + 1, , Solution (a) Here,, , n, , Cr, , , , n + 1 C
r 11, =, ., r + 1 nC r, 6, , , , n + 1 11, =, r +1 6, , , , n,
n, Q C r =, , r, , , C r − 1 , , , n −1, , 6n + 6 = 11r + 11,
...(i), , Solution (b), , n, , , , Cr, 6, =, n −1, Cr − 1 3, n, ., r, ,
n −1, , Cr − 1, , n −1, , Cr − 1, , =, , 6, 3, , are alike of
second kind and 3 bananas are alike of third kind., (i)
The required number of combinations (when atleast
one, fruit) = (5 + 1) ( 4 + 1) (3 + 1) 2 0 − 1 = 120 − 1 =
119, (ii) The required number of combinations (when
one fruit of, each kind) = 5C1 × 4C1 × 3C1 = 5 × 4 × 3
= 60, , Example 6. In how many ways the number
18900 can be, split in two factors which are relative
prime (or coprime)?, (a) 5, (b) 8, (c) 4, (d) 2, , 6n − 11r =
5, , and, , (b) 110, 20, (d) None of these, , Solution (a)
Here, 5 oranges are alike of one kind, 4 mangoes, , (d)
4, 3, , 11, =, 6, , n, , , , (a) 119, 60, (c) 100, 10, , n+1, , n,
n, Q C r =, , r, , n, = 2 n = 2r, r, On solving Eqs. (i)
and (ii), we get n = 10 , r = 5., , , Coprime means
consecutive primes. Here, coprime are 2, 3,, 5, 7.,
(numbers of different factor in N ), ∴, n=4, Hence,
number of ways in which a composite number N can,
be resolved into two factors which are relative prime
(or, coprime) = 2 4 − 1 = 23 = 8, , , C r − 1 , , , n −1, , ...
(ii), , Example 5. Find the number of combinations that
can be, formed with 5 oranges, 4 mangoes and 3
bananas when it is, essential to take atleast one fruit
and one fruit of each kind, are, respectively., , Here, N
= 18900 = 2 2 ⋅ 33 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 71, , Derangement, If n
things are arranged in a row, the number of ways in,
which they can be deranged so that no one of them
occupies, 1 , 1, 1, 1, , its original place is n ! 1 −, +, −,
+ ... + ( − 1)n, ., , 1! 2! 3!, n ! , , Comprehensive
Approach, n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , Out of n non-
concurrent and non-parallel straight lines, points of,
intersection are n C 2., Out of n points the number of
straight lines are (when no three, points are collinear)
n C 2., If out of n points m are collinear, then number
of straight lines, = nC 2 − mC 2 + 1, In a polygon total
number of diagonals out of n points (no three, n (n −
3), points are collinear) =, 2, Number of triangle
formed from n points = nC3 . (when no three, points
are collinear), Number of triangles out of n points in
which m are collinear, = nC3 − mC3, Number of
triangles that can be formed out of n points (when
none, of the side is common to the sides of polygon), =
nC3 − nC1 − nC1 ⋅n − 4 C1, Number of parallelogram
in two system of parallel lines (when 1st, set contains
m parallel lines and 2nd set contains n parallel lines), =
nC 2 × mC 2, Number of squares in two system of
perpendicular parallel lines, (when 1st set contains m
parallel lines and 2nd set contains, n parallel lines)., m
−1, , = Σ ( m − r) (n − r); ( m < n), r =1, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, n, ,
n, , n straight lines are drawn in the plane such that no
two, lines are parallel and no three lines are
concurrent. Then, the, number of parts into which
these lines divide the plane is equal to, 1 + Σn., The
sum of the digits in the unit place of all numbers
formed with, the help of a1 , a2 , ..., an taken all at a
time is, (n − 1) ! ( a1 + a2 + ... + an ) (repetition of digits
is not allowed)., The sum of all digits numbers that can
be formed using the digits, a1 , a2 , ..., an is, (10n − 1),
(n − 1) ( a1 + a2 + ... + an ), 9, (repetition of digits is not
allowed), Let the equation is, ...(i), x1 + x2 + .... + xr = n,
where x1 , x2 , ..., xr and n are non-negative integers,
then the, number of solutions of Eq. (i) is n + r − 1C r .,
n! + 1is not divisible by any number which lies
between 2 and n., Number of terms in ( a1 + a2 + ... +
an ) m = n + k − 1C k − 1 , where k is, number of
variables., If in a party all guests shake hands with
each other, then total, number of handshakes is n C 2.

Page 297 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. The number of diagonals of an
octagon, is, (a) 48, (b) 40, (c) 28, (d) 20, , 12. The value
of, , 2. If a man and his wife enter a bus, in which five
seats, are vacant, then the number of different ways
in, which they can be seated, is, (a) 2, (b) 5, (c) 20, (d)
40, 3. If S = {2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}, then the number of
different, three digit numbers (with all distinct digits)
less, than 400 that can be formed from S , is, (a) 20, (b)
40, (c) 80, (d) 120, 4. The number of triangles that can
be formed by, choosing the vertices from a set of 12
points, seven of, which lie on the same straight line, is,
(a) 185, (b) 175, (c) 115, (d) 105, 5. How many words
of 4 consonants and 3 vowels can be, made from 12
consonants and 4 vowels, if all the, letters are
different?, (a) 251820, (b) 258120, (c) 281520, (d)
285120, 6. In how many ways 6 girls can be seated in
two chairs?, (NDA 2011 I), , (a) 10, (c) 24, 7. What is
the value, P (16, n − 2) = 3 : 4?, (a) 10, (b) 12, , (b) 15, (d)
30, of, , n,, , if, , P(15,, , n − 1), , :, , (NDA 2011 I), , (c) 14, ,
(d) 15, , 8. Using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 only once,
how many, numbers greater than 41000 can be
formed?, (NDA 2011 I), , (a) 41, (c) 50, , (b) 48, (d) 55, ,
9. The number of words which can be formed from
the, letters of the word MAXIMUM, if two
consonants, cannot occur together, is, (a) 4!, (b) 3 ! × 4
!, (c) 7!, (d) None of these, 10. How many numbers
lying between 10 and 1000 can, be formed from the
digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, (repetition is allowed)?, (a)
1024, (b) 810, (c) 2346, (d) None of these, 11. If n Cr =
n Cr −1 and n Pr = n Pr + 1 ,then the value of n is, (a) 3,
(c) 2, , (b) 4, (d) 5, , (a), (c), , 47, 52, , C6, C4, , 47, , C4 +, ,
5, , Σ, , r =1, , 52 − r, , C3 is equal to, , (b) 52C5, (d) None
of these, , 13. The number of five digits numbers that
can be, formed without any restriction is, (a) 990000,
(b) 100000, (c) 90000, (d) None of these, 14. What is
the number of ways of arranging the letters, of the
word ‘BANANA’ so that no two N's appear, together?,
(NDA 2010 I), (a) 40, (b) 60, (c) 80, (d) 100, 15. A team
of 8 players is to be chosen from a group of, 12
players. Out of the eight players one is to be, elected
as captain and another a vice-captain. In how, many
ways can this be done?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) 27720, (b)
13860, (c) 6930, (d) 495, 16. If C ( n , 12) = C ( n , 8),
then what is the value of, (NDA 2009 II), C( 22 , n )?, (a)
131, (b) 231, (c) 256, (d) 292, 17. There are four balls
of different colours and four, boxes of colours same as
those of the balls. The, number of ways in which the
balls, one in each box,, could be placed such that a ball
does not go to box of, its own colour, is, (a) 8, (b) 7, (c)
9, (d) None of these, 18. In how many ways can 5 boys
and 5 girls sit in a circle, so that no two boys sit
together?, (a) 5 ! × 5 !, (b) 4 ! × 5 !, 5!× 5!, (c), (d) None
of these, 2, 19. In how many ways can 15 members of
a council sit, along a circular table, when the Secretary
is to sit on, one side of the Chairman and the Deputy
Secretary, on the other side?, (a) 2 × 12 !, (b) 24, (c) 2 ×
15 !, (d) None of these, 20. 4 buses runs between
Bhopal and Gwalior. If a man, goes from Gwalior to
Bhopal by a bus and comes back, to Gwalior by
another bus, then the total possible, ways are, (a) 12,
(b) 16, (c) 4, (d) 8

Page 298 :
171, , Permutations and Combinations, 21. The
number of numbers of 4 digits which are not, divisible
by 5, are, (a) 7200, (b) 3600, (c) 14400, (d) 1800, 22.
What is the smallest natural number n such that n! is,
divisible by 990?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) 9, (b) 11, (c) 33, (d)
99, 23. What is the value of r, if P ( 5, r ) = P ( 6, r − 1)?,
(NDA 2009 I), , (a) 9, (c) 4, , (b) 5, (d) 2, , 24. What is the
number of words formed from the letters, of the word
‘JOKE’ so that the vowels and consonants, alternate?,
(NDA 2009 I), (a) 4, (b) 8, (c) 12, (d) None of these, 25.
The number of 2 digit even numbers that can be,
formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, repetition,
being not allowed, is, (a) 25, (b) 5!, (c) 16, (d) 8, 26. The
number of ways in which 6 people can be seated, at a
round table, is, (a) 6, (b) 60, (c) 120, (d) 720, 27. The
number of lines obtained on joining 7 points in a,
plane is, (a) 14, (b) 21, (c) 28, (d) 35, 28. In how many
ways can a committee of 5 members be, formed out of
7 men and 3 women, so as to include, exactly 3 men?,
(a) 36, (b) 41, (c) 105, (d) 210, , 33. If n P3 + n Cn − 2 =
14 n , then n is equal to, (a) 5, (c) 8, , (b) 6, (d) 10, , 34.
How many even numbers of 3 different digits can be,
formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
(repetition, is not allowed)?, (a) 224, (b) 280, (c) 324,
(d) None of these, 35. In how many ways 3 letters can
be posted in 4 letter, boxes, if all the letters are not
posted in the same, letter box?, (a) 63, (b) 60, (c) 77, (d)
81, 36. What is the number of ways that 4 boys and 3
girls, can be seated so that boys and girls alternate?,
(NDA 2012 I), , (a) 12, (c) 120, , (b) 72, (d) 144, , 37. In
how many ways can ` 16 be divided into 4 person,
when none of them get less than ` 3?, (a) 70, (b) 35, (c)
64, (d) 192, 38. If 7 points out of 12 are in the same
straight line, then, what is the number of triangles
formed? (NDA 2008 I), (a) 84, (b) 175, (c) 185, (d) 201,
( n + 2)! + ( n + 1)( n − 1)!, 39. What is, equal to?, ( n + 1)
( n − 1)!, (NDA 2007 II), (a), (b), (c), (d), , 1, Always an
odd integer, A perfect square, None of the above, , 29.
The number of ways in which nine different toys can,
be distributed among four children so that the,
youngest child gets 3 toys and each of the others gets,
2 toys, is, (a) 2520, (b) 5120, (c) 7560, (d) 9072, , 40.
Eighteen football teams take part in the national,
championship and every team meets the same,
opponent twice. How many matches are played,
during the championship?, (a) 306, (b) 300, (c) 72, (d)
153, , 30. In how many ways can 10 lions and 6 tigers
be, arranged in a row so that no two tigers are
together?, (a) 10 ! × 11P6, (b) 10 ! × 10P6, (c) 6 ! ×
10P7, (d) 6 ! × 10P6, , 41. How many arrangements
can be made out of the, letters of the word ‘MOTHER’
taken four at a time so, that each arrangement
contains the letter ‘M’?, (a) 240, (b) 120, (c) 60, (d) 360,
, 31. If a polygon has 20 diagonals, then what is the,
number of sides?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) 6, (b) 10, (c) 12, (d)
8, , 42. A polygon has 54 diagonals. How many sides
does it, have?, (a) 10, (b) 11, (c) 12, (d) 27, , 32. What is
the number of five digit numbers formed, with 0, 1, 2,
3, 4 without any repetition of digits?, , 43. A team
consists of three men, three women and three,
children. They have to stand in a line such that the,
men stand together, women stand together and,
children stand together. In how many different ways,
can this be done?, , (NDA 2008 I), , (a) 24, (c) 96, , (b)
48, (d) 120

Page 299 :
172, , NDA/NA Mathematics, (a) 1296, (c) 1926, , (b)
1692, (d) 1270, , 44. A telephone dial has 10 holes. On
rotating the dial,, how many different telephone
numbers, each, consisting of 7 digits, can be dialed, if
repetitions are, permitted?, (a) 70, (b) 710, (c) 107, (d)
7!, , 47. What is the number of signals that can be sent
by, 6 flags of different colours taking one or more at a,
time?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) 21, (b) 63, (c) 720, (d) 1956,
48. In how many ways can a committee consisting of, 3
men and 2 women be formed from 7 men and, 5
women?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) 45, (b) 350, (c) 700, (d)
4200, , 45. In how many ways can be bowler take four
wickets in, a single 6 balls over?, (a) 6, (b) 15, (c) 20, (d)
30, , 49. The number of ways in which 5 boys and 5
girls can, sit in a ring, are, (a) 10!, (b) 9!, (c) 5!, (d) 6!, ,
46. What is the maximum number of straight lines
that, can be drawn with any four points in a plane
such, that each line contains atleast two of these
points?, (a) 2, (b) 4, (NDA 2010 II), (c) 6, (d) 12, , 50. The
number of words that can be formed from the, letters
of the word ‘INDRAPRASTHA’ when the, vowels are
never separated, is, (a) 727560, (b) 725760, (c)
752760, (d) 757260, , Level II, 1. How many words can
be formed from the letters of, the word ‘ARTICLE’, if
vowels always comes at the, odd places?, (a) 60, (b)
576, 7!, (c), (d) 120, 3!, 2. In how many ways can 5
books be selected out of, 10 books, if two specific
books are never selected?, (a) 56, (b) 65, (c) 58, (d)
None of these, 3. In an election there are 8
candidates, out of which 5, are to be chosen. If a voter
may vote for any number, of candidates but not
greater than the number to be, chosen, then in how
many ways can a voter vote?, (a) 216, (b) 114, (c) 218,
(d) None of these, 4. A man has 7 friends. In how many
ways he can invite, one or more of them for a tea
party?, (a) 128, (b) 256, (c) 127, (d) 130, 5. There are
12 volleyball players in all in a college, out, of which a
team of 9 players is to be formed. If the, captain
always remains the same, then in how many, ways can
the team be formed?, (a) 36, (b) 108, (c) 99, (d) 165, 6.
There are 6 letters and 3 post boxes. The number of,
ways in which these letters can be posted, is, (a) 63, (b)
36, 6, (d) 6 P3, (c) C3, 7. There are 4 candidates for the
post of a lecturer in, Mathematics and one is to be
selected by votes of, 5 men. What is the number of
ways in which the, votes can be given?, (NDA 2011 II),
, (a) 1048, (c) 1024, , (b) 1072, (d) 625, , 8. How many
diagonals will be there in an n-sided, regular polygon?,
(NDA 2011 II), n( n − 1), n( n − 3), (a), (b), 2, 2, n( n + 1),
2, (c) n − n, (d), 2, 9. What is the total number of
combinations of n, different things taken 1, 2, 3, …, n
at a time?, (b) 22n + 1, (a) 2n + 1, (NDA 2011 I), n −1, n,
(c) 2, (d) 2 − 1, 10. What is the number of ways in
which an examiner, can assign 10 marks to 4 question
giving not less, than 2 marks to any question? (All
questions carry, marks equal to integral value), (a) 4,
(b) 6, (c) 10, (d) 16, 11. What is the sum of digits in the
unit place of all, numbers formed using 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
taken all at a, time without repeating any of them?, (a)
1260, (b) 2520, (c) 3780, (d) 5040, 12. A five-digit
number divisible by 3 is to be formed, using the digits
0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 without repetition., What is the total
number of different ways in which, this can be done?,
(a) 216, (b) 212, (c) 240, (d) 600, 13. If eleven members
of a committee sit at a round table, so that the
President and Secretary always sit, together, then the
number of arrangements is, (a) 10 ! × 2, (b) 10 !, (c) 9 !
× 2, (d) None of these

Page 300 :
173, , Permutations and Combinations, 14. If the best
and the worst paper never appear, together, then six
examination papers can be, arranged in how many
ways?, (a) 120, (b) 480, (c) 240, (d) None of these, , 25.
What is the number of words that can be formed,
from the letters of the word ‘UNIVERSAL’, the, vowels
remaining always together?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) 720,
(b) 1440, (c) 17280, (d) 21540, , 15. How many
numbers divisible by 5 and lying between, 3000 and
4000 can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4,, 5, 6
(repetition is not allowed)?, (a) 6 P2, (b) 5 P2, 4, (d) 6
P3, (c) P2, , 26. In a football championship, a total of
153 matches, was played. Every two teams played one
match with, each other. What is the total number of
teams which, took part in the championship?, (a) 17,
(b) 18, (c) 19, (d) 21, , n, , 16. What is the value of, , ∑, , r
=1, , (a) 2n − 1, (c) 2n − 1, , P( n , r ), ?, r!, , (NDA 2011 II),
, (b) 2n, (d) 2n + 1, , 17. 5 books are to be chosen from a
lot of 10 books. If m is, the number of ways of choice
when one specified book, is always included and n is
the number of ways of, choice when a specified book
is always excluded,, then which one of the following is
correct?, (a) m > n, (b) m = n, (NDA 2011 I), (c) m = n −
1, (d) m = n − 2, 18. A question paper is divided into
two parts A and B, and each part contains 5 questions.
The number of, ways in which a candidate can answer
6 questions,, selecting atleast two questions from
each part is, (a) 80, (b) 100, (c) 200, (d) None of these,
19. The number of triangles that can be formed by, 5
points in a line and 3 points on a parallel line is, (a)
8C3, (b) 8C3 − 5C3, 8, 5, 3, (d) None of these, (c) C3 −
C3 − C3, 20. In how many ways can 5 keys be put in a
ring?, 1, 1, (a) ⋅ 4 !, (b) ⋅ 5 !, 2, 2, (c) 4!, (d) 5!, 21. If 15
C3 r =, (a) 3, , 15, , Cr + 3 , then the value of r is, (b) 4, ,
(c) 5, , (d) 8, , 22. In an election the number of
candidates is 1 greater, than the persons to be
elected. If a voter can vote in, 256 ways, then the
number of candidates is, (a) 7, (b) 10, (c) 8, (d) 6, 23. If x
+ y ≤ 4, then there are how many non-zero, positive
integer ordered pair ( x , y )?, (NDA 2011 I), (a) 4, (b) 5,
(c) 6, (d) 8, 24. A, B, C, D and E are coplanar points and
three of, them lie in a straight line. What is the
maximum, number of triangles that can be drawn with
these, points as their vertices?, (a) 5, (b) 9, (NDA 20 11
I), (c) 10, (d) 12, , 27. How many 3 digit numbers, each
less than 600, can be, formed from {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9}, if
repetition of digits is, allowed?, (a) 216, (b) 180, (c)
144, (d) 120, 28. There are four chairs with two chairs
in each row. In, how many ways can four persons be
seated on the, chairs, so that no chair remains
unoccupied?, (a) 6, (b) 12, (c) 24, (d) 48, 29. In how
many ways can the letters of the word,
CORPORATION be arranged so that vowels always,
occupy even places?, (a) 120, (b) 2700, (c) 720, (d)
7200, 30. If all permutations of the letters of the word
‘LAGAN’, are arranged as in dictionary, then what is
the rank of, ‘NAAGL’?, (a) 48th word, (b) 49th word, (c)
50th word, (d) 51st word, 31. Let P = { p1 , p2 , p3 , p4
},, Q = { q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 } and, R = { r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 }., If
S10 = {( pi , q j , rk ) : i + j + k = 10},, elements does S10
have?, (a) 2, (b) 4, (c) 6, (d) 8, , how, , many, , 32. If a
secretary and a joint secretary are to be selected,
from a committee of 11 members, then in how many,
ways can they be selected?, (a) 110, (b) 55, (c) 22, (d)
11, 33. What is the number of three-digit odd
numbers, formed by using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, if
repetition, of digits is allowed?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) 60,
(b) 108, (c) 120, (d) 216, 34. In a football championship
153 matches were played., Every team played one
match with each other team., How many teams
participated in the championship?, (a) 21, (b) 18, (NDA
2009 II), (c) 17, (d) 15

Page 301 :
174, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 35. A coin is tossed 10
times. The number of heads minus, the number of tails
in 10 tosses is considered as the, outcome of the
experiment. What is the number of, points in the
sample space?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) 10, (b) 11, (c) 21, (d)
99, 36. The number of diagonals in a octagon will be,
(a) 28, (b) 20, (c) 10, (d) 16, 37. How many words
comprising of any three letters of, the word
‘UNIVERSAL’ can be formed?, (a) 504, (b) 405, (c) 540,
(d) 450, 38. In how many ways can a committee
consisting of one, or more members be formed out of
12 members of the, Muncipal Corporation?, (a) 4095,
(b) 5095, (c) 4905, (d) 4090, 39. Ten different letters
of an alphabet are given. Words, with five letters are
formed from these given letters., Then, the number of
words which have atleast one, letter repeated is, (a)
69760, (b) 30240, (c) 99748, (d) None of these, 40.
How many words can be made from the letters of the,
word DELHI, if L comes in the middle in every word?,
(a) 12, (b) 24, (c) 60, (d) 6, 41. Eight chairs are
numbered 1 to 8. Two women and, three men wish to
occupy one chair each. First the, women choose the
chairs from amongst the chairs, marked 1 to 4 and
then men select the chairs from, amongst the
remaining. The number of possible, arrangements is,
(a) 6C3 × 4C2, (b) 4C2 × 4P3, (d) None of these, (c) 4
P2 × 4P3, 42. Two numbers are successively drawn
from the set {1, 2,, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} without replacement
and the outcomes, recorded in that order. What is the
number of, elementary events in the random
experiment?, (NDA 2009 II), , (a) 49, , (b) 42, , (c) 21, ,
(d) 14, , 43. How many times does the digit 3 appear
while, writing the integers from 1 to 1000?, (NDA
2009 II), (a) 269, (b) 271, (c) 300, (d) None of these, 44.
How many words, with or without meaning can be,
formed by using all the letters of the word,
‘MACHINE’, so that the vowels occurs only the odd,
positions?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) 1440, (b) 720, (c) 640, (d)
576, 45. From 7 men and 4 women a committee of 6 is
to be, formed such that the committee contains
atleast two, women. What is the number of ways to
do this?, (a) 210, (b) 371, (NDA 2008 II), (c) 462, (d)
5544, , 46. In how many ways can 3 books on Hindi
and 3 books, on English be arranged in a row on a
shelf, so that not, all the Hindi books are together?,
(NDA 2008 II), (a) 144, (b) 360, (c) 576, (d) 720, 47. A
group consists of 5 men and 5 women. If the, number
of different five person committees, containing k men
and ( 5 − k) women is 100, what is, the value of k?,
(NDA 2008 I), (a) 2 only, (b) 3 only, (c) 2 or 3, (d) 4, 48.
A five digit number divisible by 3 is to be formed,
using the digits, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 without repetition.,
What is the total number of ways in which this can be,
done?, (NDA 2007 II), (a) 216, (b) 240, (c) 600, (d)
3125, 49. A meeting is to be addressed by 5 speakers
A, B, C, D, and E. In how many ways can the speakers
be, ordered, if B must not precede A (immediately or,
otherwise)?, (NDA 2007 II), (a) 120, (b) 24, (c) 60, (d)
54 × 4, 50. On a railway route there are 20 stations.
What is the, number of different tickets required in
order that it, may be possible to travel from every
station to every, other station?, (NDA 2007 II), (a) 40,
(b) 380, (c) 400, (d) 420, 51. In how many ways can be
letters of the word ‘CABLE’, be arranged, so that the
vowels should always occupy, odd positions?, (NDA
2007 I), (a) 12, (b) 18, (c) 24, (d) 36, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 52-55), , Each of these, questions contain two
statements, one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has, four alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct, answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d)
given below., Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually
true and R is the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A
and R are individually true but R is not, the correct
explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is
false but R is true., 52. Assertion (A) The number of
triangles that can be, formed by 12 points in a plane
out of which 6 are, collinear, is 200., Reason (R) The
number of lines that can be drawn, by joining n points,
is n C2., 53. Assertion (A) The exponent of 7 in 100! is
16., Reason (R) The exponent of 12 in 100! is 49.

Page 302 :
175, , Permutations and Combinations, 54. Assertion
(A) 51 × 52 × 53 × 54 × 55 × 56 × 57 × 58, is divisible
by 40320., Reason (R) The product of r consecutive
natural, numbers is always divisible by r!., 55.
Assertion (A), The number of selections of, 20 distinct
things taken 8 at a time is same as that, taken 12 at a
time., Reason (R) C( n , r ) = C( n , s), if n = r + s., ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 56-58), , Consider the letters, , of
the word 'Krishna’., 56. How many words can be
formed the vowels are not, separated?, (a) 1250, (b)
550, (c) 1440, (d) None of these, , (a) 100, (c) 700, , (b)
720, (d) 4, , 58. How many words can be formed begin
with s and end, in k ?, (a) 150, (b) 70, (c) 200, (d) 120, ,
Directions, , (Q. Nos. 59-60) Consider a, committee of
5 is to be formed out of 6 men and 4 ladies., , 59. How
many ways can this be done when atleast, 2 ladies are
included?, (a) 214, (b) 150, , (c) 200, , (d) 186, , 60. How
many ways can this be done when atmost, 2 ladies are
included?, (a) 175, (c) 180, , 57. How many words can
be formed the vowels may, occupy only odd places?, ,
(b) 170, (d) 160, , Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., ,
(d), (a), (a), (d), (a), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (c), (c), (b), (c),
(c), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (b), (c), (c), (a), (a), , 4., 14., 24.,
34., 44., , (a), (a), (b), (a), (c), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (d),
(a), (d), (b), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (d), (b), (c), (d), (c), ,
7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , (c), (c), (b), (b), (b), , 8., 18., 28., 38.,
48., , (b), (b), (c), (c), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., , (a), (a), (c),
(c), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (b), (a), (a), (a), (b), , 2.,
12., 22., 32., 42., 52., , (a), (a), (c), (b), (b), (b), , 3., 13., 23.,
33., 43., 53., , (c), (c), (c), (b), (b), (c), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44.,
54., , (c), (c), (b), (b), (d), (a), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., 55., ,
(d), (c), (c), (b), (b), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., 56., , (b), (a),
(b), (b), (c), (c), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., 57., , (c), (b), (c), (a),
(c), (b), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., 58., , (b), (c), (c), (a), (a), (d), ,
9., 19., 29., 39., 49., 59., , (d), (c), (d), (a), (b), (d), , 10.,
20., 30., 40., 50., 60., , (c), (a), (b), (b), (b), (c), , Level II, 1.,
11., 21., 31., 41., 51., , (b), (b), (a), (c), (d), (b)

Page 303 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. We know that by joining
the two vertices of a octagon,, we get the diagonal of
the octagon or side of the octagon., (Q An octagon
contain eight vertices), ∴Number of line segments by
joining the vertices of an, octagon taken two at a time,
8 × 7 ×6! 8 × 7, = 8C 2 =, =, = 28, 2, 2 ×1 ×6!, ∴From 28
lines, there are eight sides of the octagon., ∴Number
of diagonals = 28 − 8 = 20 ., 2. In a bus there are five
seats are vacant, if one of them, seated in 5 ways, then
another can be seated in 4 ways., Thus, total number
of ways in which both of them can be, seated = 5 × 4 =
20., 3. S = {2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}, Total number of digits = 6,
The numbers to be formed are less than 400.,
Therefore, the hundreds place is to filled by 2 or 3.,
Next, we have to fill two places with 5 digits which,
can be done in 5 C 2 ways., Thus, number of required
3-digit numbers, = 2 × 5 P2 = 2 × 20 = 40, 4. The
number of triangles formed by joining the points, from
a set of 12 points taking 3 at a time = 12C3 = 220., ∴
Number of triangles formed by 7 points taken 3 at a,
time = 7C3 = 35, But 7 points lie on the straight line,
therefore they don't, form a triangle., So, required
number of triangles = 220 − 35 = 185, 5. 4 consonants
out of 12 consonants can be selected in, 12, C 4 ways
and 3 vowels out of 4 vowels can be selected in, 4, C3
ways. Thus, total ways of selecting 4 consonants, and
3 vowels, = 12C 4 × 4C3, Now, in the resulting words,,
4 consonants can be arranged in 4! ways, 3 vowels can
be arranged in 3! ways., Thus, total ways of arranging
4 consonants and 3 vowels, =4!×3!, ∴Total number of
words with all letters different, = 12C 4 × 4C3 × 4 ! ×
3 !, = 285120, 6. Required number of ways = 6 × 5 =
30., 15, , n, n! , Q Pr = (n − r ) ! , 16, Pn − 2, , , 15
!, (16 − n + 2) ! 3, (18 − n ) !, 3, ×, = , =, , (15 − n + 1)
!, 16 !, 4 16(16 − n ) ! 4, , 7. Q, , , , , Pn − 1, , =, , 3, 4, ,
(given), , (18 − n )(17 − n ) = 12, 306 − 17n − 18n + n 2
= 12, , , , , , n 2 − 35n + 294 = 0, (n − 14)(n − 21) =
0, n = 14, , (Q n ≠ 21), , 8. Required number of ways = 2
× 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 48., 9. In a word MAXIMUM, there
are 4 consonants (i.e., M,, A, M, M,) and three vowels
(i.e., A, I, U)., The pointed place to be filled by M, X, M,
M., 3!×4!, ∴ Required number of ways =, =4!, 3!, 10.
The total number between 10 and 1000 are 989 but
we, have to form the numbers by using numbers 1, 2,
..., 9., Between 10 and 1000, the numbers are of 2
digits and, 3 digits., Since, repetition is allowed, so
each digit can be filled, in 9 ways., Therefore, number
of 2-digits numbers = 9 × 9 = 81, and number of 3-
digits numbers = 9 × 9 × 9 = 729, Hence, total ways =
81 + 729 = 810, 11. We have, nC r = nC r − 1, n, , C n
− r = nC r − 1 n − r = r − 1 2r − n = 1 ...(i), n!, n!, ...
(ii), and, =, n − r =1, (n − r ) ! (n − r − 1) !, On solving
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get r = 2, and n = 3, 12. We have,,
47, , 5, , C4 + Σ, , r =1, , 52 − r, , C3 = 51C3 +, , C3 +, , 50,
, 49, , C3, , + 48C3 + 47C3 + 47C 4, = C3 + C3 + C3 +
C3 + 48C 4, (Q nC r + nC r + 1 = n + 1C r + 1 ), 51, 50,
49, = C3 + C3 + C3 + 49C 4, = 51C3 + 50C3 + 50C 4 =
51C3 + 51C 4 = 52C 4, 51, , 50, , 49, , 48, , 13. Since,
total number of numbers 1 to 5 digits are 99999, and
total number of numbers 1 to 4 digits are 9999.,
Hence, the total number of numbers of exact 5 digits,
= 99999 − 9999 = 90000., 14. Number of ways that
can be formed by using the words, 6!, ‘BANANA’ =, =
60, 3 !2 !, Number of ways in which two ‘N’ comes
together, 5!, =, = 20, 3!, ∴ Required number of ways =
60 − 20 = 40, 15. Number of ways to choose 8 players
from 12 players, 12 !, = 12C 8 =, = 495, 8 !4 !, and
number of ways to choose a captain and a, vice-
captain = 8C1 × 7C1 = 8 × 7 = 56, Hence, required
number of ways, = 495 × 56 = 27720

Page 304 :
177, , Permutations and Combinations, 16. Given that,
C (n , 12) = C (n , 8), n, , C12 = nC 8, , n = 12 + 8 =
20 (Q nC x = nC y x + y = n ), 22, So,, C n = C (22, n )
= 22C 20, 22 !, =, = 231, 2 ! 20 !, , 25. To get an even
number, unit’s place should be hold only, by 2 and 4.
So, unit place can be filled in 2 ways. Now,, ten's place
is filled by 4 left letters., ∴Total number of two digit
even numbers, = 4C1 × 2P1 = 4 × 2, =8, , 17. Four
different balls can be placed in four different boxes, =
4C1 + 3C1 + 2C1 + 1C1 = 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10 ways,
Only one way in which the same ball have a same box.,
∴ Required number ways = 10 − 1 = 9, , 26. Since, table
is round, so one seat is fixed., ∴Total number of ways
in which 6 people can be seated, = (6 − 1) ! = 5 ! = 120,
, 18. First we fix the alternate position of the boys. 5
boys can, be seated around the circle in (5 − 1) ! = 4 ! .,
B, B, , B, , B, , B, , 5 girls can be seated in five vacant
place by 5 ! ., ∴ Required number of ways = 4 ! × 5 !,
19. Since, total members are 15, but three special
member, constitute a members. Therefore, required
number of, arrangements are 12 ! × 2, because
Chairman remains, between the two specified
persons and the person can, sit in two ways., 20. Since,
the man can go in 4 ways and he can back in 3, ways.,
∴Total number of ways = 4 × 3 = 12, 21. The total
number of 4 digits are 9999 − 999 = 9000, The
numbers of 4 digits number divisible by 5 are (i.e.,,
either 0 or 5 at the unit place and zero is not at the,
thousand place) 9 × 10 × 10 × 2 = 1800., Hence,
required number of ways= 9000 − 1800, = 7200, 22.
Since, 9 ! = 362880, Which is not divisible by 990.,
Now, 11 ! = 39916800, Which is divisible by 990.,
Thus, the required smallest natural number 11., 23. Q,
, , , Pr = 6Pr − 1, 5!, 6!, =, (5 − r ) ! (6 − r + 1)!, 5!, 6
⋅5 !, =, (5 − r ) ! (5 − r ) ! (7 − r )(6 − r ), 5, , , (7 − r )(6 −
r ) = 6, , 42 − 13r + r 2 = 6, , r 2 − 13r + 36 = 0, 2,
r − 9r − 4r + 36 = 0, , (r − 9)(r − 4) = 0, , r =4, (Q r ≠
9), Here, r = 9 cannot be taken because in binomial,
theorem or C (n , r ) notation n ≥ r ≥ 0., 24. Possibilities
of words formed from the letters of word, ‘JOKE’ are
JOKE, KOJE, KEJO, JEKO, EJOK, EKOJ,, OKEJ, OJEK,
Thus, required number of words = 8., , 27. The number
of lines obtained by joining 7 points in a, plane, 7!, =
7C 2 =, = 21, 2 !5 !, 28. We have to choose 5 members
in which 3 men is must. It, means 2 members will be
women., ∴3 men out of 7 and 2 women out of 3 have
to selected., ∴Number of ways = 7C3 × 3C 2, 7!, 3!, =,
×, 3!×4! 2!×1!, 7 ×6 ×5 ×4! 1 ×2 ×3, =, ×, 1 ×2 ×3 ×4! 1
×2 ×1, = 7 × 5 × 3 = 105, 29. Number of ways in which
youngest child get 3 toys, = 9C3 and also each of
other get 2 toys = 6C 2 × 4C 2 × 2C 2, ∴Number of
required ways, = 9C3 × 6C 2 × 4C 2 × 2C 2, 9 ×8 × 7 6
×5 4 ×3, =, ×, ×, ×1, 3 ×2 ×1 2 ×1 2 ×1, =9 ×8 × 7 ×5 ×3,
= 7560, 30. Let L denote the lion and T denote the
tiger., They can be arranged, i.e., LTLTLTLTLTLTLLLL, ∴
According to the question, lions can be arranged in,
10 ! ways and tigers are arranged in 11 P6 ways., ∴
Number of ways = 10 ! × 11P6., n (n − 3), 31. Number
of diagonals =, 2, where, n is the number of sides of
the polygon., n (n − 3), 20 =, ∴, 2, , 40 = n 2 − 3n, , n
2 − 3n − 40 = 0, 2, , n − 8n + 5n − 40 = 0, , (n − 8)(n
+ 5) = 0, , n −8 =0, (Q n + 5 ≠ 0), , n =8, 32.
Required number of digits = 5 ! − 4 !, = 120 − 24 = 96,
33. We have, n P3 + nC n − 2 = 14n, n!, n!, , +, = 14n,
(n − 3) ! 2 ! (n − 2) !, , n! , 1, , 1+, = 14n, (n − 3) ! ,
2 (n − 2)

Page 305 :
178, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 2n − 3 , n (n − 1) (n −
2) , = 14n, 2(n − 2) , 2n 2 − 5n − 25 = 0 (2n +
5) (n − 5) = 0, Since, n is an integer., ∴, n −5 =0 n =5,
, , 34. The number will be even, if last digit is 2, 4, 6, 8
i.e., the, last digit can be filled in 4 ways and remaining
two, digits can be filled in 8 P2 ways. Hence, required
number, of numbers of three different digits = 8P2 × 4
= 224, 35. Three letters can be posted in 4 letter
boxes in 43 = 64, ways but it consists the 4 ways that
all letters may be, posted in same box. Hence required
number of ways, = 64 − 4 = 60, 36. The required
number of ways that 4 boys and 3 girls, can be seated,
so that boys and girls alternate = 4 ! × 3 !, = 24 × 6 =
144, 37. Required number of ways, = coefficient of
x16 in (x3 + x4 + x5 + ... + x7 )4, = coefficient of x16 in
x12 (1 + x + x2 + ... + x4 )4, = coefficient of x16 in x12
(1 − x5 )4 (1 − x)− 4, = coefficient of x4 in (1 − x5 )4 (1
− x)− 4, = coefficient of x4 in (1 − 4x5 + ... ) (1 − x)−4, =
coefficient of x4 in (1 − x)−4 = 7C 4 = 35, 38. Required
number of triangles formed, = 12C3 − 7C3, 12 !, 7!, 12
⋅ 11 ⋅ 10 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5, =, −, =, −, 3 !9 ! 3 ! 4 !, 3 ⋅2 ⋅1, 3 ⋅2
⋅1, = 220 − 35 = 185, (n + 2) ! + (n + 1)(n − 1) !, 39., (n +
1)(n − 1) !, =, , (n + 2)(n + 1)n (n − 1) ! + (n + 1)(n − 1) !,
(n + 1)(n − 1) !, , = (n + 2)n + 1 = n 2 + 2n + 1 = (n + 1)2,
= A perfect square, 40. Given that, eighteen football
teams takes part in the, national championship and
every team meets the same, opponent twice., ∴
During the championship total matches are played, 2
× 18 !, = 2 × 18C 2 =, = 2 × 153 = 306, 2 ! 16 !, , 41.
There are six letters in MOTHER., The number of
arrangements that can be made out of, the letters of
the word ‘MOTHER’ taken four at a time, 5!, = 4 × 5
P3 = 4 ×, (5 − 3) !, 4 ×5 ×4 ×3 ×2×1, =, = 240, 2 ×1, 42.
Let the sides of a polygon be n., Given that, number of
diagonals = 54, n, ∴, C 2 − n = 54, n!, , − n = 54, 2 ! (n
− 2) !, n (n − 1), − n = 54, , 2, 2, , n − 3n − 108 = 0,
(n + 9) (n − 12) = 0, Now,, n = −9, ∴, n − 12 = 0, n = 12, ,
(not possible), , 43. The number of ways = 3 ! × 3 ! × 3 !
× 3 ! = 1296, 44. A telephone dial has 10 holes, on
rotating the dial, the, number of different telephone
numbers, each consisting, of 7 digits can be dialled, if
repetitions are permitted is, 107., 45. Required
number of ways = 6C 4, 6!, 6 ×5, =, =, = 15, 4 !2 !, 2, 46.
Required number of lines = 4C 2 =, , 4!, =6, 2 !2 !, , 47.
Required number of ways = 26 − 1 = 64 − 1 = 63, 48.
Required number of ways, = 7C3 × 5C 2 = 35 × 10 =
350, 49. Total number of members to sit in a ring = 10,
∴ Number of ways of sitting = (10 − 1) ! = 9 !, 50. The
given word is ‘INDRAPRASTHA’., So, total number of
letters = 12, Consonants are N, D, P, S, T, H, R, R,
∴Total number of consonants = 8, and number of
vowels = 4, Hence, required number of ways, 9! 4!, =,
×, = 725760, 2! 3!, , Level II, 1. In a word ARTICLE,
there are 7 letters. Out of 7 places,, 4 places are odd
and 3 even. Therefore, 3 vowels can be, arranged in 4
odd places in 4 P3 ways remaining, 4 consonants can
be arranged in 4 P4 ways., Hence, required number of
ways, = 4P3 × 4P4, = 576, 2. Required number of ways
= 8C5, 8 × 7 ×6, =, = 56, 3 ×2 ×1, , 3. Total number of
candidates are 8 and we have to select, 5 candidates.,
The total number of ways a voter can vote, = 8C1 + 8C
2 + 8C3 + 8C 4 + 8C5, = 8 + 28 + 56 + 70 + 56 = 218, 4.
A man has a two option for every friend either they
invite it, or not., ∴ Required number of ways = 27 − 1 =
127., (Since, we have to subtract those cases in which
they, do not invite any friend i.e., nC 0 = 1)

Page 306 :
179, , Permutations and Combinations, 5. Total
number of volleyball players = 12, In a team captain
will always be their., 11 ! 11 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 9, Required number
of ways = 11C 8 =, =, 3 !8 !, 3 ⋅2 ⋅1, = 165, 6. Since, Ist
letter may be post in 3 ways. Similarly, all the, letters
individually may be posted in 3 ways., Thus, required
number of ways, = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 36, 7. A man
can give votes for 4 candidates = 4 ways, 5 men can
give votes for 4 candidates, = 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 ways, ∴
Required number of ways = (4)5 = 1024 ways, 8. Total
number of lines in an n-sided regular polygon = nC 2,
and total number of sides in n-sided regular polygon =
n, ∴ Number of diagonals in n-sided regular polygon, =
nC 2 − n, n (n − 1), n − 1, , =, −n =n , − 1 , 2, 2, , , n
(n − 3), =, 2, 9. Q Combinations formed after taking 1,
2, 3, …, n things, at a time are nC1 , nC 2, ... , nC n., ∴
Total number of combinations, = nC1 + nC 2 + K + nC
n, = 1 + nC1 + nC 2 + K + nC n − 1, = 2n − 1, [Q 2n = nC
0 + nC1 + nC 2 + K + nC n ], 10. Case I If examiner allot
2 marks (to each) to three, questions, then rest marks
for fourth question, = − 3 × 2 + 10 = 4, If xi is marks
given to ith question, then, x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 10, and,
2 ≤ xi ≤ 4, ∀ i = 1, 2, 3, 4., Case II Number of required
ways, = coefficient of α 10 in (α 2 + α 3 + α 4 )4, =
Coefficient of α 2 in (1 + α + α 2)4, 4, 1 − α3 , =
Coefficient of α 2 in , , 1 −α , = Coefficient of α 2
in, (1 − 4α 3 + K ) (1 + 4α +, =, , 4⋅5, = 10, 2!, , 4⋅5 2, α +
K), 2!, , 11. Suppose, we fix a 1 at unit place and the
other 5 digits, can be arranged in 5 ! i.e., 120 ways.,
Similarly, if we fix the other numbers in unit place the,
rest five digit can be arranged in 120 ways., ∴
Required sum of the unit place, = 120 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
+ 6) = 120 × 21 = 2520, 12. If a number is divisible by
3, the sum of the digits in it, must be a multiple of 3.
The sum of the given six, numerals is 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +
5 = 15. So, to make a five, digit number divisible by 3
we can either exclude 0 or 3., If 0 is left out, then 5 ! =
120 number of ways are, possible. If 3 is left out, then
the number of ways of, , making a five digit number is
4 × 4 ! = 96, because 0, cannot be placed in the first
place from left, as it will, give a number of four digit.,
Thus, the required number of ways = 120 + 96 = 216.,
13. Since, out of eleven members two members sit
together ,, then the number of arrangement, =9! ×2,
(Q two members can be sit in two ways), 14. If the
best and the worst paper always together, then the,
number of ways = 5 ! × 2 ! = 240., 15. The number
which is divisible by 5 and lying between, 3000 and
4000, 3 must be at thousand place and 5 must, be at
unit place. Therefore, rest of the digits (1, 2, 4, 6), fill in
two places., The number of ways = 4P2, n P (n , r ), n 1,
n, n!, n! , 16. Σ, = Σ, ⋅, , Q Pr =, r =1, r = 1 r ! (n − r )
!, (, n, − r ) ! , r!, , n, , = Σ, , r =1, , n, , Cr, , , n, n!, , Q
C r =, r ! (n − r ) ! , , , = (nC1 + nC 2 + nC3 + K + nC n ),
= {1 + nC1 + nC 2 + nC3 + K + nC n } − 1, = { nC 0 + nC1
+ nC 2 + K + nC n } − 1, = (1 + 1)n − 1 = 2n − 1, 17.
Number of ways when one specified book is included,
= 9C 4 = m, , m = 126,, and number of ways when
one specified book is, excluded, = 9C5 = n, , n = 126,
, m=n, 18. The number of ways that the candidate
may select 2, questions, from, A, and, 4, questions,
from, B = 5C 2 × 5C 4 = 50 ,3 questions from A and 3
questions, from B = 5C3 × 5C3 = 100; 4 questions
from A and, 2 questions from B = 5C 4 × 5C 2 = 50 ⋅,
Hence, total number of ways = 50 + 100 + 50 = 200,
19. Since, triangles can be formed by taking three
points at, a time. The required number of ways = 8C3
− 5C3 − 3C3 ., (Since, total points are 8 but 5 are
collinear and other, three are also collinear)., 1, 4!, 20.
Required number of ways = (5 − 1) ! = ., 2, 2, (Since,
clockwise and anti-clockwise are same in case of,
ring), 21. We have, 15 C3 r = 15C r + 3, 15, , C15 − 3
r = 15C r + 3, , 15 − 3r = r + 3 r = 3, 22. Let the
number of candidates be n and the number of,
persons to be elected is (n − 1). Therefore, a voter can,
vote, = nC1 + nC 2 + nC3 + ...+ nC n − 1, 256 = (nC 0
+ nC1 + n C 2 + ...+ nC n − 1 + nC n ), − nC 0 − nC n, n,
n, = 2 − 2 258 = 2 n = 8

Page 307 :
180, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 23. The possible non-
zero positive integer ordered pair (x, y), satisfy the
inequality x + y ≤ 4 is (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1),, (2, 2), (3,
1)., ∴ The number of required ordered pairs = 6., 24.
Number of triangles using 5 points out of three are on
a, straight line, 5!, = 5C3 − 3C3 =, 3 !2 !, 5 ×4, =, − 1 =
10 − 1 = 9, 2, 25. Since, the vowels in the word
‘UNIVERSAL’ are U, I, E,, A., Let us consider these as a
single letter., Then, number of ways to arrange them =
6 ! = 720, But, vowels can also arranged in 4 ! or 24
ways., Hence, total number of ways = 720 × 24 =
17280, 26. Let their are n teams in a football
championship. The, total matches they played with
each other = nC 2, , 153 = nC 2, n!, , 153 =, (n − 2)!
2 !, n (n − 1), , 153 =, 2, , 306 = n (n − 1), , 18 (18 −
1) = n (n − 1) n = 18, 27. Number of ways = 4 × 6 × 6,
= 144, 28. Total number of ways = 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24,
29. Total number of ways = 5C3 × 6C5 = 7200, 30.
Starting with the letter A and arranging the other
four, letters, there are 24 words. There are the first 24
words., Then, starting with G and arranging A, A, L, N
in, 4!, different ways, there are, = 12 words. Next the
37th, 2!, word starts with L, there are 12 words
starting with L., This accounts up to the 48th word.
The 49th word is, ‘NAAGL’., P = { p1 , p2, p3 , p4 }, Q = {
q1 , q2, q3 , q4 }, and R = { r1 , r2, r3 , r4 }, S10 = {( p2,
q4 , r4 ), ( p3 , q3 , r4 ), ( p4 , q2, r4 ),, ( p4 , q3 , r3 ), ( p4 ,
q4 , r2), ( p3 , q4 , r3 )}, ∴ Total number of elements in
S10 are 6., , 31. Q, , 32. Total number of ways = 11C 2,
= 55, 33. Extreme left place can be filled up in 6 ways,
the middle, place can be filled up in 6 ways and
extreme right place, in only 3 ways., ∴ Required
number of numbers = 6 × 6 × 3, = 108, 34. Let total
number of teams that participated in a, championship
is n., n (n − 1), n, ∴, C 2 = 153 , = 153, 2, , n (n − 1) =
306, , n = 18, , 35., , Head, , Tail, , 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3,
2, 1, 0, , 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, , Hence, total
number of points in the sample space is 11., 36. In an
octagon there are eight sides and eight points. The,
diagonal will be formed by joining any two points
except, the sides., ∴Required number of ways = 8C 2 −
8 = 28 − 8 = 20, 37. The word ‘UNIVERSAL’ have nine-
different letters., ∴ Required number of words, 9!, =
9P3 =, = 504, 6!, 38. The committee consisting of
atleast one member, = 12C1 + 12C 2 + 12C3 + ...+
12C12, (Q nC 0 + nC1 + nC 2 + ... + nC n = 2n ), = 212 −
1 = 4096 − 1 = 4095, 39. Number of words in which all
the 5 letters are repeated, = 105 = 100000 and the
number of words in which no, 10 !, letter is repeated
are 10 P5 =, = 10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 = 30240, 5!, Hence, the
required number of ways, = 100000 − 30240 =
69760, 40. The word ‘DELHI’ have five different
letters. If L is, fixed in the middle position, then first
two letters can be, arranged in 4 P2 ways and rest two
letters can be, arrange in 2P2 ways., ∴Required
number of words = 4P2 ⋅2 P2, 4!, = ⋅ 2 ! = 4 ! = 24 ., 2!,
41. 2 women choose the chairs amongst the chairs
marked, 1 to 4 is 4 P2 and 3 men can select the chairs
out of 6, different numbered chairs in 6 P3 ways.,
∴Required possible arrangement = 4P2 ⋅6 P3, 42.
Total number of elementary events = 7C1 × 6C1 = 42,
43. Number of times 3 occurs = (when 3 occurs
exactly at, one place) + (when 3 occurs exactly at two
places) +, (when 3 occurs exactly at three places), =
3C1 × 9 × 9 + 3C 2 × 9 + 3C3, = 243 + 27 + 1 = 271, 44.
There are three vowels and they have four odd places
to, arrange. Other letters are four and have four
places to, arrange., 4!, ∴ The number of words = 4P3 ×
4 ! =, × 4 ! = 576, (4 − 3) !

Page 308 :
181, , Permutations and Combinations, 54. Assertion
(A) Let N = 51 × 52 × 53 × 54 × 55 × 56, , 45. The
number of ways, = 11C 6 − (7C 6 × 4C 0 + 7C5 × 4C1 ),
11 × 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 , 7 ×6, , =, − 7 +, × 4 , , , 5 ×4
×3 ×2, 2, = 462 − (7 + 84) = 371, 46. Total number of
arrangements = 6 ! = 720, Total number of
arrangements while all the, Hindi books are together
= 4 ! × 3 !, = 24 × 6 = 144, The number of ways, in
which books are arranged,, ∴, while all the Hindi
books are not together, = 720 − 144 = 576, 47., , C k ×
5C5 − k = 100, 5!, 5!, ×, = 100, , k ! (5 − k) ! (5 − k) ! 5
!, 5, , 2, , , , , , , 5!, = 100, , k ! (5 − k) ! , 5!, =
10, k ! (5 − k) !, , Which is true for k = 2 or 3., 48. If a
number is divisible by 3, the sum of the digits in it,
must be a multiple of 3. The sum of the given six,
numerals is 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15. So, to make a
five, digit number divisible by 3, we can either exclude
0 or 3., If 0 is left out, then 5 ! = 120 number of ways
are, possible. If 3 is left out, then 4 × 4 ! = 96 number
of ways, are possible., ∴ Total number of ways = 120 +
96 = 216., 49. If B must not precede A (immediately or
otherwise),, then A must follow B, i.e., B should
addressed at first, place., ∴ Required number of ways
= 4 !, = 24, 50. Required number of tickets = 20 × 19, =
380, 51. Required number of ways = 3 P2 × 3 !, = 3 × 6
= 18, 52. The number of triangles formed by joining
12 points in a, plane out of which 6 are collinear =
12C3 − 6C3 = 200., Both A and R are true but R is not
the correct, explanation of A., 100 , 100 , 53. (A)
E7 (100 !) = , + 2 = 14 + 2 = 16, , 7, 7 , , ,
100 100 100 100 , (R) E 2 (100 !) = , +, +,
+, 2, 3, 4, 2 2 2 2 , 100, , , + 5
+, 2 , = 50 + 25 + 12 + 6 + 3 + 1 = 97, 100 , 100
100 100 , and E3 (100 !) = , + 2 + 3 + 4
, 3 , 3 3 3 , = 33 + 11 + 3 + 1 = 48, ∴,
E12(100 !) = 48, A is true but R is false., , 100 , 26
, , × 57 × 58, and M = 40320 = 8 !, N 51 × 52 × 53 ×
54 × 55 × 56 × 57 × 58 50 !, =, ∴, ×, M, 8!, 50 !, 58 !, =,
50 ! 8 !, This is always divisible., Reason (R) It is true
that the product of r consecutive, natural numbers is
always divisible by r !., 55. The total number of
selections of 20 distinct thing taken, 20 !, 8 at a time =
20C 8 =, 8 ! 12 !, The total number of selections of 20
distinct thing taken, 20 !, 12 at a time = 20C12 =, 12 !
8 !, ∴Assertion A is correct ., We know that, nC r = nC
s, if n = r + s, ∴Both A and R are individually true and R
is the correct, explanation of A., 56. There are 7
letters in the word 'Krishna' in which 2 are, vowels (i,
a) and 5 are consonants (k, r, s, h, n)., By placing all the
vowels in one bracket, we treat them, as one letter.,
Now, we need to arrange 6 letters k, r, s ,h, n, (i, a), The
number of permutation formed of 6 letters, = 6P6 = 6
!, But the letter (i, a) can itself be arranged in 2P2 = 2
!ways, Hence, the required number of permutations, =
6 ! × 2 ! = 1440, 57. Evidently the odd places are 4
which have been, bracketed below (1)2(3)4(5)6(7),
The number of vowels is 2. Hence, they can be
arranged, in 4 P2 = 12 ways. If the odd places can be
filled in anyone, of the above ways, then it remains to
fill the remaining 3, even places by 5 consonants and
this can be done in, 5, P3 = 5 × 4 × 3 = 60 ways., Since,
corresponding to each permutation of the vowels,,
the consonants can be arranged in 60 ways, therefore,
the required number of permutations = 12 × 60 =
720, 58. We have to find out the number of those
words which, begin with s and end in k., Omitting
these two, there are only 5 letters left in the, middle.,
Hence, the required number of permutations, = 5 P5 =
5 ! = 120, 59. The number of ways of these selections
are, Case I 4C 2 × 6C3 = 6 × 20 = 120, Case II 4C3 ×
6C 2 = 4 × 15 = 60, Case III 4C 4 × 6C1 = 1 × 6 = 6,
∴The required number of ways = 120 + 60 + 6 = 186,
60. We have to make a selection of, (i) (1 lady out of 4)
and (4 men out of 6) or, (ii) (2 ladies out of 4) and (3
men out of 6), Case I 4C1 × 6C 4 = 4 × 15 = 60, Case II
4C 2 × 6C3 = 6 × 20 = 120, ∴ Required number of
ways = 60 + 120 = 180

Page 309 :
10, , Probability, Random Experiment, An experiment
in which total outcomes are known in, advance but
occurrence of specific outcome can be told only, after
completion of the experiment., e. g. ,in tossing a coin,
we know the total outcomes. It is, either a head or a
tail., , Sample Space, Set of total possible outcomes in
a random experiment, is sample space. In tossing of
two coins sample space is, { HH , HT , TH , TT }., ,
Sample Point, Each outcome from sample space is a
sample point, an, element or a case. In the example of
tossing two coins there, are 4 sample points (4
elements or 4 cases)., , An Event, Any subset of sample
space is an event. In tossing of, two coins, A : {HH, TT}
Same denominations appear on, both the coins., B
: {HT, TH} Different denominations appear, on the
coins., C : {HT , TH , T T } Atleast one tail appears.,
D:φ Atleast three head appears (impossible,
events)., E : {T T } Exactly two tail appear., F : { HH ,
HT , TH , T T } Arrow two head appear, (sure
event)., A, B, C , D , E and F are different subsets of
sample, space. Each subset is an event and can be
defined as, written above., , Equally Likely Events, Two
or more events (or sample points) are equally, likely, if
none of them is biased over the other. Suppose a,
number is picked from numbers 1 to 20, then events,
defined as, , A : Picked number is even and B : Picked
number is, odd, are equally likely as in given numbers
there are 10 odd, numbers and 10 even numbers., ,
Mutually Exclusive Events, In a random experiment
two or more events are said to, be mutually exclusive
events (or disjoint events), if, occurrence of one event
rules out the possibility of, occurrence of the others.
In above example of tossing of two, coins, considered
above events A and B are mutually, exclusive events
(as A ∩ B = φ)., B and E are also mutually exclusive
events. But A, B, and E are not mutually exclusive
events, (as, A ∩ B = φ , B ∩ E = φ but A ∩ E ≠ φ)., ,
Exhaustive Events, In a random experiment two or
more events are said to, exhaustive events, if one of
them is sure to occure on, performing the experiment
(i.e., Union of all the events, should be the sample
space). In the same above example, tossing of two
coins, events A and B are exhaustive events, (as A ∪ B
is sample space). Also, A, B and C are exhaustive,
events., , Favourable Events, The number of cases
favourable to an event in a trial is, the number of
outcomes which entail the happenting of the, event.,
e. g. ,In drawing a card from a pack of cards the
number, of cases favourable to drawing of an ace is 4,
for drawing a, spade is 13 and for drawing a red card is
26., , Complement of an Event, The complement of an
event A denoted by A , A′ or Ac is, the set of all sample
points of the space other than the, sample points in A.,
e.g., Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}., If, A = { 1, 3, 5, 6},, then, Ac
= { 2, 4}

Page 310 :
183, , Probability, , Independent Events, Two events A
and B are independent events, if the, happening (or
non-happening) of any does not affect the, happening
(or non-happening) of other. For example an, urn
contains 4 red and 5 green balls. A is an Ist event that,
one green ball is drawn. B is 2nd event that a red ball
is, drawn., Now, there are two cases, Case I When 2nd
ball is drawn 1st ball is replaced in, the urn, then B
does not depend on A., Case II Ist ball is not replaced,
then B depends on, whether in the 1st draw, drawn
ball is green or red (means, A has taken place or A′ has
taken place), If E1 and E 2 are independent events,
then, % E1 and E 2 are independent events., %, , E1
and E 2 are independent events., , %, , E1 and E 2 are
independent events., , Probability, The probability of
an event E to occur is the ratio of the, number of cases
in its favour to the total number of cases., Number of
cases favourable to event E, ∴ P( E ) =, Total number of
cases, n( E ), =, n(S ), Probability of non-occurrence of
event E is, P ( E ) = 1 − P( E ), and 0 ≤ P ( E ) ≤ 1. If P ( E )
= 1, then event E is known as, certain event and if P ( E
) = 0,then E is known as impossible, event., , Let A be
the event that the number appearing on dice is
greater, than 3, then A = {4, 5, 6}, ∴, n( A) = 3, n( A) 3 1,
Hence, required probability =, = =, n( S) 6 2, , Example
2. A bag contains 3 white, 3 black and 2 red, balls,
respectively. One by one, three balls are drawn
without, replacing them. The probability that the third
ball red is, 1, 1, 1, 1, (a), (b), (c), (d), 4, 2, 3, 7, Solution
(a) Let W denotes the drawing of white ball,, B denote
for black ball and R denote for red ball. Therefore,,
required probability, = P(WWR) + P(WBR) + P(BBR) +
P(WRR) + P(BWR), + P(BRR) + P(RWR) + P(RBR), 3 ⋅ 2
⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2, =, +, +, +, +, 8 ⋅7
⋅6 8 ⋅7 ⋅6 8 ⋅7 ⋅6 8 ⋅7 ⋅6 8 ⋅7 ⋅6, 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅1 2 ⋅ 3
⋅ 1, +, +, +, 8 ⋅7 ⋅6 8 ⋅7 ⋅6 8 ⋅7 ⋅6, 12, 18, 12, 6, 18, 6,
6, 6, =, +, +, +, +, +, +, +, 336 336 336 336 336 336 336
336, 84 1, =, =, 336 4, , Venn Diagram, Case I We have
only two events A and B, 1. P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A) + P ( B) −
P ( AB), (Addition theorem for two events), A, , S, , B, ,
A∪B, , Odds in Favour and Odds Against, an Event, In a
random experiment, if out of ( m + n + p) equally, likely,
mutually exclusive and exhaustive sample points,, m
sample points are in favour of an event A, then m : n +
p, is called odds in favour of A and ( n + p) : m is called
odds in, against of A. Also, probability of A, Number of
sample points in favour of A, =, Total number of
sample points, m, P ( A) =, m+n+ p, , Example 1. An
ordinary dice is thrown. The probability that, the
number appearing on the dice greater than 3 is, 1, 1,
(a), (b), 5, 3, 1, 1, (d), (c), 2, 4, Solution (c) Let S be the
sample space, then, ∴, , S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, n( S) = 6, ,
(Shaded portion), , S = Sample space, A = Event A, B =
Event B, P ( A ∪ B) is probability of occurrence of
atleast one, out of the events A and B., 2. P ( AcBc ) = 1
− P ( A ∪ B), 3. P ( AcB) = P ( B) − P ( AB), (Probability of
occurrence of exactly B event), 4. P ( ABc ) = P ( A) − P (
AB), (Probability of occurrence of exactly A event),
Case II When we have three events A, B and C, A, , S, ,
B, , A ∪ B ∪ C (shaded portion), C

Page 311 :
184, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 1. P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P ( A)
+ P ( B) + P (C ), − P ( AB) − P ( BC ) − P (CA) + P ( ABC ),
(Addition theorem for three events), 2. If A, B and C
are mutually exclusive events, then, P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P (
A) + P ( B) + P (C ), 3. If A, B and C are mutually
exclusive and exhaustive, events, then P ( A) + P ( B) +
P (C ) = 1., , Example 3. A dice is thrown. The
probability that a, number greater than 4 may appear
at the dice is, 1, 1, (b), (a), 3, 4, 1, 1, (c), (d), 2, 5, , %, , If
A1 and A 2 are events, such that A2 ≠ 0, then, A , A
, P 1 + P 1 = 1, A, 2 , A2 , , Example 5. A
fair coin is tossed repeatedly. The, probability of
getting a result in the fifth toss different from, those
obtained in the first four tosses is, 1, 1, 1, (a), (b), (c),
(d) None of these, 15, 16, 17, Solution (b) Let E be the
event of getting head on a coin., Required probability,
= P(EEEEE ) + P(E E E E E), = {P(E)} 4 ⋅ P(E) + {P(E )} 4 ⋅
P(E), 1 1, 1 1 1, 1, = 4⋅ + 4⋅ = 4 =, 16, 2 2 2 2 2, ,
Solution (a) Let S be the sample space. Thus,, S = {1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6}, , n( S) = 6, Let A be the event of appearing
5 on the dice, then, A = {5 } n ( A) = 1, and, let B be
the event of appearing 6 on the dice, then, B = {6 }
n(B) = 1, 1, 1, P( A) = , P(B) = ., ∴, 6, 6, Now, P
(appearance of 5 or 6), 1 1 2 1, = P( A ∪ B ) = P( A) + P(B
) = + = =, 6 6 6 3, (Q A and B are mutually exclusives), ,
Baye’s Theorem, Let A1 , A2 , A3 , ... , An be certain
events which are, mutually exclusive in pairs and
which are exhaustive. Let, A be an event which occurs
with A1, also with A2 , also with, A3 ,…, also with An .
Then, Baye’s theorem states that, A , P ( Ak ) P ,
Ak , A , P k =, A , A , A , P ( A1 ) P +P(
A2 ) P , A1 , A2 , + .. . + P ( An ) P, , Example 4.
Let A and B be the two possible outcomes of, an
experiment and P( A) = 0.4, P(B) = x and P( A ∪ B) =
0.7., What is value of x, the events A and B are
mutually exclusive?, (a) 0.3, (b) 0.2, (c) 0.5, (d) 0.7, ,
Solution (a) Since, A and B are mutually exclusive, we
have, P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P(B), 0.7 = 0 . 4 + x, x = 0.7 − 0 .
4 = 0.3, , , , , , , , , , , A , , An , , Example 6.
The chances of defective screws in three boxes, , 1 1,
1, , and , respectively. A box is selected at, 5 6, 7,
random and a screw drawn from it at random is found
to be, defective. Find the probability that it came from
box A is, 42, 41, 42, (b), (c), (d) None of these, (a), 107,
141, 243, , A, B and C are, , Solution (a) Let E1, E2 and
E3 denote the events of selecting, , Conditional
Probability, A and B are two events associated with a
random, A , experiment, then P = Probability of
occurrence of A,, B , when B has occurred., B ,
Similarly, P = Probability of occurrence of B, when,
A , A has occurred., B , P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A)P ,
A , , (multiplication theorem), , B , If A and B are
independent events, then P = P ( B)., A , So,, , P (
A ∩ B) = P ( A) P ( B), , box A, B, C, respectively and A be
the event that a screw, selected at random is
defective. Then,, P(E1) = P(E 2) = P(E3) =, , 1, 3, , A
1, A 1, A 1, P = ,P = ,P =, E 2 6, E3
7, E1 5, By Baye’s theorem,, , E , Required
probability = P 1 , A , P(E1) P( A / E1), (, ), (, /, P, E,
P, A, E1) + P(E 2)P( A / E 2) , 1, , + P (E3) P ( A / E3)
, , 1 1, ×, 42, 3, 5, =, =, 1 1 1 1 1 1 107, × + × + ×, 3 5
3 6 3 7, =

Page 312 :
185, , Probability, , Random Variable, , Solution (a) Let
n and p be the parameters of the binomial, , Let S be
the sample space in a random experiment., Then, a
real valued function X which assigns to each, outcome
r ∈S to a unique real number X (r) is called a, random
variable., In tossing of two coins S = { HH , HT , TH , TT
}, let X, denotes number of heads in tossing of two
coins, then there, can be no head, one head or both
heads (total sample space, covered). Here, X is a
random variable such that, X ( HH ) = 2, X (TH ) = 1, X
(TT ) = 0. Clearly, domain of X is, sample space and
range of X is 0, 1 and 2., , X (r ) = Number of heads
(same above example), , P( X ), %, , 0, 1, 4, , 1, 1, 2, , ∴, ,
1, 1, , p = and n = 4, 2, 2, P ( X > 1) = 1 − P ( X ≤ 1), = 1 −
P ( X = 0) − P ( X = 1), 4, 4, 1 , 1 11, = 1 − 4C 0 −
4C1 =, 2 , 2 16, , q=, , Binomial Distribution, ,
1, 4, , P ( X = 1) = Probability of getting one head, 1, = P
( HT or TH ) =, 2, P ( X = 2) = Probability of getting two
heads, 1, = P ( HH ) =, 4, Probability distribution of X is
given by, X, , , , If probability of success of an event A
in a random, experiment is p and probability of its
failure is q ( p + q = 1),, experiment is being repeated
independently n times, then, probability of exactly r
success out of n trials is n Cr pr q n − r ., , Probability
Distribution, P ( X = 0 )= Probability of getting no head
= P (TT ) =, , distribution, respectively. Then, np = 2
and npq = 1, , 2, 1, 2, , Probability of atleast one
success, = 1 − P (no success), = 1 − n C0 p0q n = 1 − q n
., , Example 8. From a box containing 20 tickets of
value 1 to, 20, four tickets are drawn one by one. After
each draw, the, ticket is replaced. The probability that
the largest value of, tickets drawn 15 is, 27, 25, 33, (a),
(b), (c), (d) None of these, 320, 743, 211, , Solution (a)
The probability of drawing a number less than, or
equal to 15 in a drawn =, , 15 3, =, 20 4, , The
probability of drawing the ticket of value 15 in a draw,
1, =, 20, 3, 1 3 , 4, ∴ Required probability = C1 ⋅, ,
20 4 , 27, =, 320, , The sum of the probability
density function is 1., , Example 7. If the mean and
variance of a binomial variate, X are 2 and 1
respectively, then the probability that X takes a, value
greater than 1 is, 11, 11, 12, (a), (b), (c), (d) None of
these, 16, 243, 121, , Comprehensive Approach, n, n,
n, n, n, , n, , n, , P( A ∩ B ) = 1 − P( A ∪ B), P( A ∪ B ) = 1 −
P( A ∩ B), P( A) = P ( A ∩ B) + P( A ∩ B ), P(B) = P(B ∩ A) +
P(B ∩ A), If A and B are two events such that B ≠ φ,
then, P( A /B) + P( A /B) = 1., 1, Probability of inserting
allnletters in right addressed envelopes is ., n!,
Probability of keeping atleast one letter in wrong
envelope, 1, =1−, n!, , n, , n, , n, , Probability of keeping
all the n letters in wrong envelopes, ( −1) n, 1 1, =, − +
…+, 2 ! 3!, n!, Probability of keeping atleast one letter
in right addressed envelope, =1− p, Playing cards A
Pack (deck) of cads is 52. There are four suits, viz.,
spade, heart diamond and club each having 13 cards.
There are, two colour red (heart and diamond) and
black (spade and club), each having 26 cards. In 13
cards of each suit, there are 3 face cards, viz. king ,
queen and jack so there are in all 12 face cards in a
pack, of playing cards. Also, there are 16 honour
cards, 4 of each suit, viz., ace, king, queen and Jack.

Page 313 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. If A and B are two mutually
exclusive events, what is, P ( AB)?, (a) 0, (b) P(A) + P (
B), (c) P ( A) P ( B), (d) P ( A) + P ( B / A), , 10. An urn
contains 13 balls numbering 1 to 13. The, probability
that a ball selected at random is a ball, with a number
that is a multiple of 3 or 4 is equal to, (a) 6/13, (b)
5/13, (c) 4/13, (d) 2/13, , 2. A coin is tossed 4 times.
The probability that atleast, one head turns up, is, (a)
1/16, (b) 2/16, (c) 14/16, (d) 15/16, , 11. A dice is
thrown twice and the sum of the numbers, appearing
is observed to be 6. The conditional, probability that
the number 4 has appeared atleast, once, is, (a) 1/5,
(b) 4/5, (c) 3/5, (d) 2/5, , 3. The mean and variance of a
binomial distribution are, 6 and 4, respectively. The
parameter n is, (a) 18, (b) 12, (c) 10, (d) 9, 4. A pair of a
dice thrown, if 5 appears on atleast one of, the dice,
then the probability that the sum is 10 or, greater, is,
11, 2, 3, 1, (b), (c), (d), (a), 36, 9, 11, 12, 5. Five coins
whose faces are marked 2, 3 are tossed., The chance
of obtaining a total of 12 is, 1, 1, 3, 5, (a), (b), (c), (d), 32,
16, 16, 16, 6. A husband and wife appear in an
interview for two, vacancies in the same post. The
probability of, 1, husband’s selection is and that of
wife’s selection is, 5, 1, . What is the probability that
only one of them will, 3, be selected?, (NDA 2011 II),
1, 2, (a), (b), 5, 5, 3, 4, (d), (c), 5, 5, 7. Two letters are
drawn at random from the word, ‘HOME’. What is the
probability that both the letters, are vowels?, (NDA
2011 II), 1, 5, 1, 1, (a), (b), (c), (d), 6, 6, 2, 3, 8. The
probability of solving a problem by three, students is
1/2, 1/3 and 1/4, respectively. The, probability that
the problem is not to be solved, is, equal to, (a) 1/3, (b)
1/2, (c) 1/4, (d) 3/4, 9. If A and B are two events such
that P ( A ∪ B) = 3 / 4,, P ( A ∩ B) = 1/ 4 and P ( A ) = 2/ 3,
then P ( B) is equal to, (a) 1/3, (b) 2/3, (c) 1/9, (d) 2/9, ,
12. A box contains 6 distinct dolls. From the box, 3
dolls, are randomly selected one by one with
replacement., What is the probability of selecting 3
distinct dolls?, (NDA 2011 I), , 5, (a), 54, 1, (c), 20, , 12,
(b), 25, 5, (d), 9, , 13. There are 4 letters and 4 directed
envelopes. These, 4 letters are randomly inserted into
the 4 envelopes., What is the probability that the
letters are inserted, into the corresponding
envelopes?, (NDA 2011 I), 11, 23, (a), (b), 12, 24, 1, (c),
(d) None of these, 24, 14. If A and B are events, P ( B )
= 0.8 and P ( A / B) =, to?, (a) 0.08, (c) 0.8, , such that P (
A ∪ B) = 0.5,, 0.4, what is P ( A ∩ B) equal, (NDA 2011 I),
, (b) 0.02, (d) 0.2, , 15. If a coin be tossed n times, then
probability that the, head comes odd times is, (a) 1/ 2,
(b) 1/ 2n, n −1, (c) 1/ 2, (d) None of these, 16. The
probability that the same number appear on,
throwing three dice simultaneously is, (a) 1/6, (b)
1/36, (c) 5/36, (d) None of these, 17. Three dice are
thrown. What is the probability that, the same
number will appear on each of them?, (NDA 2012 I), ,
1, (a), 6, 1, (c), 24, , 1, (b), 18, 1, (d), 36

Page 314 :
187, , Probability, 18. In a binomial distribution the
probability of getting a, success is 1/4 and standard
deviation is 3, then its, means is respectively, (a) 6, (b)
8, (c) 12, (d) 10, 19. A bag contains 5 black balls, 4
white balls and 3 red, balls. If a ball is selected random
wise the probability, that it is a black or red ball, is, (a)
1/3, (b) 1/4, (c) 5/12, (d) 2/3, 20. What is the
probability of having 53 Sundays or, 53 Mondays in a
leap year?, (NDA 2010 II), 2, 3, 4, 5, (a), (b), (c), (d), 7, 7,
7, 7, 21. Three-digit numbers are formed using the
digits 0, 2,, 4, 6 and 8, respectively. A number is
chosen at, random out of these numbers. What is the,
probability that the number has the same digits?,
(NDA 2010 II), , (a), , 1, 16, , (b), , 1, 25, , (c), , 16, 25, ,
(d), , 1, 645, , 22. What is the probability that a leap
year selected at, random contains 53 Mondays?, 1, 2,
7, 26, (b), (c), (d), (a), 7, 7, 366, 183, 23. In tossing a coin
twice, let E and F denote occurrence, of head on first
toss and second toss, respectively., Then, P ( E ∪ F ) is
equal to, 1, 1, 3, 1, (b), (c), (d), (a), 4, 2, 4, 3, 24. The
probability of having a king and a queen, when, the
two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52,
cards is, 16, 8, (a), (b), 663, 663, 4, 2, (d), (c), 663, 663,
25. A card is drawn from an ordinary pack and a
gambler, bets that it is either a spade or an ace. The
odds, against his winning are, (a) 9 : 4, (b) 9 : 5, (c) 9 : 6,
(d) 9 : 8, 26. In tossing three coins at a time, what is
the, probability of getting atmost one head? (NDA
2010 I), 3, 7, (a), (b), 8, 8, 1, 1, (d), (c), 2, 8, 27. Two balls
are selected from a box containing 2 blue, and 7 red
balls, respectively. What is the probability, that atleast
one ball is blue?, (NDA 2010 I), 2, 7, 5, 7, (a), (b), (c), (d),
9, 9, 12, 12, , 28. A bag contains 3 black and 4 red balls,
respectively., Two balls are drawn at random one at a
time without, replacement. The probability that the
first ball, drawn is black, if the second ball is known to
be red,, is, 1, 1, 1, 1, (a), (b), (c), (d), 2, 4, 6, 8, 29. If X is a
binomial variate with n = 2 and p = 0 . 6, then, X,
variance of the random variable will be, 2, (a) 0.12, (b)
0.24, (c) 0.36, (d) 0.48, 30. If A and B are two events,
such that P [ A or B] = P [ A] ,, then, (a) events A and B
are mutually exclusive, (b) events A and B are
statistically independent, (c) event B is a subset of
event A, (d) event A is a subset of event B, 31. An
electric device consists of two bulbs A and B. From,
previous testing procedure, the following results are,
known, P ( A is fused ) = 0.20, P(B is fused alone) =
015, ., P(A and B are fused) = 015, ., What is the
probability that bulb A is fused alone?, (a) 0.15, (b)
0.20, (c) 0.05, (d) 0.25, 32. If four dice are thrown
together, then what is the, probability that the sum of
the numbers appearing, on them is 25?, (NDA 2012 I),
1, 1, (a) 0, (b), (c) 1, (d), 2, 1296, x, 33. The probability
of guessing a correct answer is . If, 12, the probability
of not guessing the correct answer is, 2, , then x is
equal to, (NDA 2010 I), 3, (a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 4, (d) 6, 1, 3,
11, 34. Given that, P ( A) = , P ( B) = and P ( A ∪ B) = ,, 3,
4, 12, B , what is the value of P ?, (NDA 2009 II),
A , (a), , 1, 6, , (b), , 4, 9, , (c), , 1, 2, , (d), , 1, 3, , 35. A
bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls and 4 balls, are
successively drawn out and not replaced. The,
probability that they are alternately of different,
colours, is, (a) 1/196, (b) 1/7, (c) 13/56, (d) 3/7, 36. The
probability that in a family of 5 members, exact, 2
members have birthday on sunday, is, 12 × 53, 10 ×
62, 10 × 63, (b), (c), 1, (d), (a), 75, 75, 75

Page 315 :
188, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 37. A and B toss a coin
alternately till one of them tosses, heads and wins the
game, their respective, probabilities of winning are, 1,
3, 1, 1, (a) and, (b) and, 4, 4, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 4, (d) and, (c)
and, 3, 3, 5, 5, 38. If birth to a male child and birth to a
female child are, equal probable, then what is the
probability that, atleast one of the three children born
to a couple is, male?, 4, 7, 8, 1, (b), (c), (d), (a), 5, 8, 7, 2,
1, 39. The chance of winning the race of the horse A is
and, 5, 1, that of horse B is . What is the probability
that the, 6, race will be won by A or B?, (NDA 2008 II),
1, 1, (b), (a), 30, 3, 11, 1, (c), (d), 30, 15, 40. What is the
probability of two persons being born on, the same
day (ignoring date)?, (NDA 2008 II), 1, 1, (a), (b), 49,
365, 1, 2, (d), (c), 7, 7, 41. If P ( A) = 0.25, P ( B) = 0.50
and P ( A ∩ B) = 014,, then, ., P ( A ∩ B ) is equal to, (a)
0.61, (b) 0.39, (c) 0.48, (d) None of these, 42. One card
is drawn randomly from a pack of 52 cards,, then the
probability that it is a king or spade, is, (a) 1/26, (b)
3/26, (c) 4/13, (d) 3/13, 43. From a pack of 52 cards
two cards are drawn in, succession one by one
without replacement. The, probability that both are
aces is, (a) 2/13, (b) 1/51, (c) 1/221, (d) 2/21, , 44.
Three coins are tossed together, then the probability,
of getting atleast one head is, 1, 3, (a), (b), 2, 4, 1, 7, (d),
(c), 8, 8, 45. A problem in Mathematics is given to
three students, A, B and C and their respective
probability of solving, the problem is 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4,
respectively., Probability that the problem is solved,
is, (a) 3/4, (b) 1/2, (c) 2/3, (d) 1/3, 46. If two dice are
thrown simultaneously, then, probability that 1 comes
on first dice is, (a) 1/36, (b) 5/36, (c) 1/6, (d) None of
these, 47. What is the probability that in a family of 4
children, there will be atleast one boy?, (NDA 2008 I),
15, 3, 1, 7, (a), (b), (c), (d), 16, 8, 16, 8, 48. Each of A and
B tosses two coins. What is the, probability that they
get equal number of heads?, (NDA 2007 II), , 3, (a), 16,
, 5, (b), 16, , 4, (c), 16, , 5, 49. Given P ( A ∪ B) = , P ( A ∩,
6, What is the value of P ( A )?, 1, (a), (b), 6, 2, (d), (c), 3, ,
B) =, , (d), , 6, 16, , 1, 1, and P ( B) = ., 3, 2, (NDA 2008 I),
, 1, 3, 1, 2, , 3, 50. If A and B are any two events such
that P ( A ∪ B) = ,, 4, 1, 2, P ( A ∩ B) = and P ( A ) = ,
where A stands for the, 4, 3, complementary event of
A, what is the value of P ( B)?, (NDA 2007 I), , 1, (a), 3, ,
2, (b), 3, , 1, (c), 9, , (d), , 2, 9, , Level II, 1. For two events
A and B, if, A 1, B 1, P ( A) = P = and P =,
then, B 4, A 2, (a) A and B are independent, A′
3, (b) P =, B 4, B′ 1, (c) P =, A′ 2, (d)
All of the above, , 2. If M and N are any two events.
The probability that, exactly one of them occurs is, (a)
P ( M ) + P ( N ) − P ( M ∩ N ), (b) P ( M ) + P ( N ) + P ( M
∩ N ), (c) P ( M ) + P ( N ), (d) P ( M ) + P ( N ) − 2P ( M ∩ N
), 3. If four dice are thrown together. Probability that
the, sum of the number appearing on them is 13, is,
35, 5, 11, 11, (a), (b), (c), (d), 324, 216, 216, 432

Page 316 :
189, , Probability, 4. A coin is tossed 10 times. The
probability of getting, exactly six heads is, (a)
512/513, (b) 105/512, (c) 100/153, (d) 10C6, 5. In a
random arrangement of the letters of the word,
‘UNIVERSITY’, what is the probability that two I’s, do
not come together?, (NDA 2011 II), 4, 1, (b), (a), 5, 5, 1,
9, (c), (d), 10, 10, 6. In a class of 125 students, 70
passed in Mathematics,, 55 passed in Statistics and 30
passed in both, subjects. What is the probability that a
student, selected at random from the class has passed
in only, one subject?, (NDA 2011 II), 13, 3, (a), (b), 25,
25, 17, 8, (d), (c), 25, 25, 7. An experiment consists of
flipping a coin and then, flipping it a second time, if
head occurs. If a tail, occurs on the first flip, then a six
faced die is tossed, once. Assuming that the outcomes
are equally likely,, what is the probability of getting
one head and one, tail?, (NDA 2011 I), 1, 1, (a), (b), 4,
36, 1, 1, (d), (c), 6, 8, 8. Two persons A and B throw a
die alternately till one, of them gets a 3 and wins the
game, the respective, probabilities of winning, if A
begins, are, 7 4, 6 5, (a), (b), ,, ,, 11 11, 11 11, 5 1, 4 3, (d)
,, (c) ,, 6 6, 7 7, 9. If three natural numbers from 1 to
100 are selected, randomly, then probability that all
are divisible by, both 2 and 3, is, 4, 4, (b), (a), 105, 33, 4,
4, (c), (d), 35, 1155, 10. 5 boys and 5 girls are sitting in
a row randomly. The, probability that boys and girls sit
alternatively, is, 5, 1, (a), (b), 126, 42, 4, 6, (d), (c), 126,
126, 11. Let A and B are two independent events. The,
probability that both A and B occur together is 1/6,
and the probability that neither of them occurs is 1/3.,
The probability of occurrence of A is, , (a) 0 or 1, (c) 1/
2 or 1 / 4, , (b) 1/ 2 or 1/ 3, (d) 1/ 3 or 1 / 4, , 12. A coin
is tossed n times. The probability of getting, head
atleast once is greater than 0.8, then the least, value
of n is, (a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 4, (d) 5, 13. In an examination,
there are 3 multiple choice, questions and each
question has 4 choices. If a, student randomly selects
answer for all the, 3 questions, what is the probability
that the student, will not answer all the 3 questions
correctly?, (NDA 2011 I), , 1, (a), 64, , 63, (b), 64, , 1, (c),
12, , (d), , 11, 12, , 14. If a machine is correctly setup, it
produces 90%, acceptable items. If it is incorrectly
setup, it produces, only 40% acceptable items. Past
experience shows, that 80% of the setups are
correctly done. If after a, certain setup, the machine
produces 2 acceptable, items, find the probability that
the machine is, correctly setup., (a) 0.97, (b) 0.95, (c)
0.99, (d) 0.90, 15. In a college, 25% of the boys and
10% of the girls offer, Mathematics. The girls
constitute 60% of the total, number of students. If a
student is selected at, random and is found to be
studying Mathematics., The probability that the
student is a girl, is, 1, 3, (b), (a), 6, 8, 5, 5, (d), (c), 8, 6, 16.
A, B and C are three mutually exclusive and,
exhaustive events associated with a random, 3, 1,
experiment. If P ( B) = P ( A) and P (C ) = P ( B), then, 2,
2, P ( A) is equal to, 3, 4, 2, 1, (a), (b), (c), (d), 4, 13, 3, 2,
17. A committee of 3 is to be chosen from a group,
consisting of 4 men and 5 women. If the selection is,
made at random, then the probability that two of the,
members of the committee are men, is given by, (a)
3/14, (b) 5/14, (c) 1/21, (d) 8/21, 18. If X has binomial
distribution with mean np and, P ( X = k), variance npq,
then, , is equal to, P ( X = k − 1), n−k p, n − k+1 p, (b), (a),
⋅, ⋅, k−1 q, k, q, n +1 q, n −1 q, (c), (d), ⋅, ⋅, k, p, k+1 p

Page 317 :
190, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 19. If A and B are any
two events, then P ( A ∩ B) is, equal to, (a) P ( A ) P ( B ),
(b) 1 − P ( A) − P ( B), (c) P ( A) + P ( B) − P ( A ∩ B) (d) P (
B) − P ( A ∩ B), 20. There is a point inside a circle. What
is the, probability that this point is close to the,
circumference than to the centre?, (NDA 2011 II), 3, 1,
1, 1, (b), (c), (d), (a), 4, 2, 4, 3, 21. In the following Venn
diagram circles A and B, represent two events, A, , B, ,
The probability of the union of shaded region will be,
(a) P ( A) + P ( B) − 2 P ( A ∩ B), (b) P ( A) + P ( B) − P ( A ∩
B), (c) P ( A) + P ( B), (d) 2P ( A) + 2P ( B) − P ( A ∩ B), 22.
A box contains 10 identical electronic components of,
which 4 are defective. If 3 components are selected
at, random from the box in succession, without
replacing, the units already drawn, what is the
probability that, two components of the selected
components are, defective?, (NDA 2007 I), 1, 5, (a), (b),
5, 24, 3, 1, (c), (d), 10, 40, 23. The probability
distribution of random variable X, with two missing
probabilities p1 and p2 is given, below, (NDA 2010 I),
X, 1, , II. The probability that there are 5 Mondays in
the, month of March is thrice the probability that,
there are 5 Mondays in the month of April., Which of
the statements given above is/are correct?, (a) I only,
(b) II only, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 25. Let
E1 , E2 and E3 be three arbitrary events of a sample,
space S. Consider the following statements, I. P (only
one of them occurs), = P ( E1E2E3 + E1E2E3 +
E1E2E3 ), II. P (none of them occurs) = P ( E1 + E2 + E3
), III. P (atleast one of them occurs) = P ( E1 + E2 + E3 ),
IV. P (all the three occurs) = P ( E1 + E2 + E3 ), where
P(Ei ) denotes the probability of Ei and Ei, denotes
complement of Ei ., Which of the above statements
are correct?, (a) I and II, (b) II and III, (c) I and III, (d) II
and IV, 26. Consider the following statements related
to a, variable X having a binomial distribution bX ( n ,
p), 1, I. If p = , then the distribution is symmetrical., 2,
II. p remaining constant, P ( X = r ) increases as n,
increases., Which of the statements given above
is/are correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only, (NDA 2010 I), (c)
Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 27. Consider the
following statements related to the, nature of Baye’s
theorem., I. Baye’s theorem is a formula for
computation of a, conditional probability., II. Baye’s
theorem modifies an assumed probability, of an event
in the light of a related event which is, observed.,
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?,
(NDA 2008 II), , P( X ), k, , 2, , p1, , 3, , 4k, , 4, , p2, , 5, ,
2k, , It is further given that, P ( X ≤ 2) = 0.25 and, P ( X
≥ 4) = 0.35. Consider the following statements, I. p1 =
p2, II. p1 + p2 = P ( X = 3), Which of the statements
given above is/are correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only, (c)
Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 24. Consider the
following statments, (NDA 2010 I), I. The probability
that there are 53 Sundays in a, leap year is twice the
probability that there are, 53 Sundays in a non-leap
year., , (a) I only, (c) Both I and II, , (b) II only, (d) Neither
I nor II, , 28. Match List I (Equality/Inequality) with List
II, (Inference) and select the correct answer using the,
codes given below the list, List I, (Equality/Inequality),
, List II, (Inference), , A. P( E1 ) + P( E 2 ) = 1, , 1. E1 , E 2
are mutually, exclusive events, , B. P ( E1 ) + P ( E 2 ) =
0, , 2. E1 , E 2 are mutually, exhaustive events, , C. P(
E1 ) + P( E 2 ) ≤ 0, , 3. E1 , E 2 are sure events, , D. P( E1
) P( E 2 ) = 1, , 4. E1 , E 2 are impossible, events, 5. E1 , E
2 are not equally, likely events

Page 318 :
191, , Probability, Codes, A B, (a) 2 1, (c) 3 1, , C, 4, 5, ,
D, 3, 2, , A, (b) 2, (d) 1, , B, 4, 3, , C, 1, 2, , D, 3, 5, , 29.
Three letters are randomly selected from the 26,
capital letters of the english alphabet. What is the,
probability that the letter A will not be included in,
the choice?, (NDA 2009 II), 1, 23, (b), (a), 2, 26, 12, 25,
(d), (c), 13, 26, 30. The probabilities of two events A
and B are given as, P ( A) = 0.8 and P ( B) = 0.7. What is
the minimum, value of P ( A ∩ B)?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) 0,
(b) 0.1, (c) 0.5, (d) 1, 31. Two numbers X and Y are
simultaneously drawn, from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 10}. What is the, conditional probability of
exactly one of the two, numbers X and Y being even,
given ( X + Y ) = 15?, (NDA 2009 II), , 3, (b), 4, 1, (d), 4, ,
(a) 1, (c), , 1, 2, , 32. A lot of 4 white and 4 red balls is
randomly divided, into two halves. What is the
probability that there, will be 2 red and 2 white balls
in each half?, (NDA 2010 II), , 18, (a), 35, 1, (c), 2, , 3,
(b), 35, (d) None of these, , 33. The mean and variance
of a binomial distribution are, 8 and 4 respectively.
Then, P ( X = 1) is equal to, (NDA 2010 I), , (a), (c), , 1, ,
(b), , 212, 1, , (d), , 26, , 1, 28, 1, 24, , 34. For a binomial
distribution B ( n , p), np = 4 and variance, npq = 4 / 3.
What is value of the probability P ( x ≥ 5) ?, (NDA
2009 I), , 2 , (a) , 3 , , 6, , 1 , (c) , 3 , , 6, ,
(b), (d), , 25, 36, 28, 36, , 35. If P ( A) = 0.8, P ( B) = 0.9, P
( AB) = p, which one of the, following is correct?, (NDA
2008 II), (a) 0.72 ≤ p ≤ 0.8, (b) 0.7 ≤ p ≤ 0.8, (c) 0.72 < p
< 0.8, (d) 0.7 < p < 0.8, , 36. The outcomes of an
experiment classified as success, A or failure A will
follow a binomial distribution, if, (NDA 2008 II), , (a),
(b), (c), (d), , 1, P ( A) =, 2, P ( A) = 0, P ( A) = 1, P ( A)
remains constant in all the trials, , 37. A bag X contains
2 white and 3 black balls and, another bag Y contains
4 white and 2 black balls. One, bag is selected at
random and a ball is drawn from it., Then, the
probability for the ball chosen be white, is, 2, 7, (a), (b),
25, 15, 8, 14, (c), (d), 15, 15, 38. A coin is tossed 2n
times. The chance that the, number of times one gets
head is not equal to the, number of times one gets tail,
is, 2n, ( 2n !), ( 2n !) 1 , (a), (b) 1 −, , ( n !)2, ( n !)2
2 , ( 2n !) 1, (d) None of these, (c) 1 −, ., ( n !)2 4n, 39.
The probability that atleast one of the events A and B,
occurs is 3/5. If A and B occur simultaneously with,
probability 1/5, then P ( A′ ) + P ( B′ ) is, 2, 4, (a), (b), 5,
5, 6, 7, (c), (d), 5, 5, 1, 5, 1, 40. If P ( A ∩ B) = , P ( A ∪ B) =
, and P ( A) = , then, 3, 6, 2, which one of the following
is correct?, (a) A and B are independent events, (b) A
and B are mutually exclusive events, (c) P ( A) = P ( B),
(d) None of the above, 41. In x = 33n , n is a positive
integral value, then what is, the probability that x will
have 3 at its unit place?, (a) 1/ 3, (b) 1/ 4, (c) 1/ 5, (d) 1/
2, 42. A die is tossed thrice. If event of getting an even,
number is a success, then the probability of getting,
atleast two successes is, (a) 7/8, (b) 1/4, (c) 2/3, (d) 1/2,
43. If a committee of 3 is to be chosen from a group of
38, people of which you are a member. What is the,
probability that you will be on the committee?, 38 ,
37 , (a) , (b) , 3 , 2 , 37 38 , (c) /
, (d) 666/8436, 2 3

Page 319 :
192, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 44. A coin is tossed. If
head is observed, a number is, randomly selected
from the set {1, 2, 3} and if tail is, observed, a number
is randomly selected from the set, {2, 3, 4, 5}. If the
selected number be denoted by X,, what is the
probability that X = 3?, (NDA 2008 II), 2, 1, (a), (b), 7, 5,
1, 7, (c), (d), 6, 24, 45. The outcomes of 5 tosses of a
coin are recorded in a, single sequence as H (head)
and T (tail) for each toss., What is the number of
elementary events in the, sample space?, (NDA 2008
I), (a) 5, (b) 10, (c) 25, (d) 32, 46. Which of the following
numbers is nearest to the, probability that three
randomly selected persons are, born on three
different days of the week? (NDA 2008 I), (a) 0.7, (b)
0.6, (c) 0.5, (d) 0.4, 47. One bag contains 5 white and 3
black balls and a, second bag contains 2 white and 4
black balls. One, ball is drawn from the first bag and
placed unseen in, the second bag. What is the
probability that a ball, now drawn from the second
bag is black?(NDA 2008 I), 15, 35, (b), (a), 56, 56, 37,
25, (c), (d), 56, 48, 48. A and B are two events and A
denotes the, complements of A., Consider the
following statements, I. P ( A ∪ B) ≤ P ( B) + P ( A), II. P (
A) + P ( A ∪ B) ≤ 1 + P ( B), Which of the above
statements is/are correct?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) I only,
(c) Both I and II, , (b) II only, (d) Neither I nor II, , 49. Six
text books numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are, arranged
at random. What is the probability that the, text
books 2 and 3 will occupy consecutive places?, (NDA
2007 II), , 1, (a), 2, , 1, (b), 3, , 1, (c), 4, , (d), , 1, 6, , 50. In a
lottery, 16 tickets are sold and 4 prizes are, awarded.
If a person buys 4 tickets, what is the, probability of
his winning a prize?, (NDA 2007 I), 4, 175, 1, 81, (c),
(d), (b), (a), 4, 256, 4, 256, 16, 51. If two events A and, P
( Ac ) = 0.3, P ( B) = 0.4 and, P ( B / ( A ∪ Bc )) is equal to,
, B are such, P ( ABc ) = 0.5,, , that, then, , 1, 2, 1, (c), 4, ,
(a), , (b), , 1, 3, , (d) None of these, , 52. What is the
probability of a well balanced coin when, it flips 12
times and come 5 heads and 7 tails?, (NDA 2007 I), ,
(a), (c), , C (12, 5), ( 2)5, C (12, 5), ( 2)12, , (b), (d), , C (12,
5), ( 2)7, C (12, 7), ( 2)6, , 53. A can hit a target 4 times
in 5 shots, B can hit a target, 3 times in 4 shots and C
can hit a target 2 times in 3, shots. All the three fire a
shot each. What is the, probability that two shots are
atleast hit?(NDA 2007 I), 1, 3, (a), (b), 6, 5, 5, 1, (d), (c),
6, 3, 54. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards and a,
gambler bets that it is a spade or an ace. Which one of,
the following is the odds against his winning this bet?,
(NDA 2007 I), , (a) 13 to 4, (c) 9 to 4, , (b) 4 to 13, (d) 4
to 9, , Directions (Q. Nos. 55-58), , Each of these,
questions contain two statements, one is Assertion
(A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these questions
also has, four alternative choices, only one of which is
the correct, answer. You have to select one of the
codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a) Both
A and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., 55. In a
population of men (two eyed), the probability, that a
man’s right eye is brown is p and the, probability that
a man’s left eye is brown is also p., Assertion (A) The
probability that a man has, atleast one brown eye is
not equal to 2p., Reason (R) Probability (left eye
brown or right eye, brown) = Probability (left eye
brown) + Probability, (right eye brown) = 2p, 56.
Assertion (A) If A is any event and P ( B) = 1 , then A,
and B are independent., Reason (R) P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A) ⋅
P ( B), if A and B are, independent., 57. Assertion (A) If
P ( A) = P ( B) = P (C ) = 1/ 4,, P ( A ∩ B) = P ( B ∩ C ) = 0,,
then, P ( A ∩ C ) = 1/ 8

Page 320 :
193, , Probability, Reason (R) P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P ( A) + P
( B) + P (C ), − P ( A ∩ B) − P ( B ∩ C ) − P ( A ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩
B ∩ C )., 58. Assertion (A) The probability of drawing
either an, ace or a king from a deck of card in a single
draw is, 2, ., 13, Reason (R) For two events E1and E2
which are not, mutually exclusive, the probability is
given by, P ( E1 + E2 ) = P ( E1 ) + P ( E2 ) − P ( E1 ∩ E2 ),
, Directions (Q. Nos. 59-61), , Consider a die has, one
face with number ‘1’ two faces each with number ‘2’,
and three faces each with number ‘3’. If a dice is rolled,
once, then, 59. P(1) is, 1, (a), 4, 1, (c), 2, , (b), , (b), , (b), ,
1, 2, , (d) None of these, , Directions (Q. Nos. 62-64), ,
Consider A and B are, two non-mutually exclusive
events., 1, 2, 1, If P ( A) = , P ( B) = and P ( A ∪ B) = ,, 4, 5,
2, , 62. The value of P ( A ∩ B) is, 4, 3, (b), (a), 13, 20, 3,
(c), (d) None of these, 43, 63. The value of P ( A ∩ B′ ) is,
1, 2, (b), (a), 10, 13, 1, (d) None of these, (c), 5, , 1, 6, , (d)
None of these, , 60. P( 2 or 3) is, 1, (a), 2, 5, (c), 6, , 61.
P( not 3) is, 1, (a), 5, 7, (c), 13, , 64. The value of P ( A′∩
B′ ) is, 1, 1, (a), (b), 3, 2, 1, (c), (d) None of these, 5, , 2, 3,
, (d) None of these, , Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31.,
41., , (a), (d), (b), (b), (d), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (d), (d),
(a), (a), (c), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (a), (c), (c), (c), (c), , 4.,
14., 24., 34., 44., , (d), (a), (b), (c), (d), , 5., 15., 25., 35.,
45., , (d), (a), (a), (b), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (b), (b), (c),
(d), (c), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , (a), (d), (a), (c), (a), , 8., 18.,
28., 38., 48., , (c), (c), (a), (b), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., ,
(b), (d), (a), (c), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (a), (b), (c), (c),
(b), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., 52., 62., , (d), (b), (c), (a), (d), (c),
(b), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., 53., 63., , (a), (b), (d), (a), (c), (c),
(a), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., 54., 64., , (b), (b), (a), (d), (d), (d),
(b), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., 55., , (a), (b), (c), (b), (b), (d), , 6.,
16., 26., 36., 46., 56., , (a), (b), (c), (d), (b), (d), , 7., 17.,
27., 37., 47., 57., , (d), (b), (c), (c), (b), (d), , 8., 18., 28., 38.,
48., 58., , (b), (b), (b), (c), (c), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., 59.,
, (d), (d), (b), (c), (b), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., 60., , (b),
(a), (c), (a), (b), (c), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., 61.,
, (d), (b), (b), (a), (b), (c), (b)

Page 321 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. If A and B are mutually
exclusive, then, P ( AB) = P ( A ∩ B) = 0, 2. The
probability of getting head and tail in one toss is, , 1, 2,
, P(atleast one H) = 1 − P(no head in four toss), 4, 1 15,
1 , = 1 − P(four tails) = 1 − = 1 −, =, 2 , 16 16, 3.
Given mean, np = 6, variance, npq = 4, npq 4, 2, 1, =
q = and p =, ∴, np 6, 3, 3, 1, Now,, np = 6 n × = 6 n
= 18, 3, 4. Favourable cases of getting 10 or greater
than 10, if, atleast 5 appears one of the dice, = {(5, 6),
(6, 5), (5, 5)}, Number of favourable cases = 3, Total
number of cases = 36, 3, 1, Required probability =, =,
∴, 36 12, 5. The probability of getting a number either
2 or 3 in one, 1, toss is ., 2, Condition for getting the
sum of 12 in five tossed is, (2, 2, 2, 3, 3), 3, 2, 5, 5 × 4
1 , 1 1 , ∴ Required probability = 5C3 =,
, 2 2 , 2 × 1 2 , 1, 5, = 10 ⋅ 5 =, 16, 2, 1, 6.
Probability of selection of husband P (H ) =, 5, 1 4, ∴, P
(H ) = 1 − =, 5 5, 1, and probability of selection of wife
P (W ) =, 3, 1 2, P (W ) = 1 − =, ∴, 3 3, ∴ Probability that
only one of them is selected, = P (H ) P (W ) + P (H ) P
(W ), 1 2 4 1 , = + , 5 3
5 3 , 2, 4, 6 2, =, +, =, =, 15 15 15 5, 4 ×3, 7. Total
number of events n (E ) = 4C 2 =, =6, 2, Favourable
number of events n (S ) = 2C 2 = 1, n (S ) 1, =, ∴
Required probability =, n (E ) 6, , 8. The probability
that the problem is not being solved by, any of three
students, 1 , 1 , 1 , , = 1 − 1 − 1 − , , 2
, 3 , 4 , 1, =, 4, 9. If A and B are any two events,
then, …(i), P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B), And
given that,, P ( A ∪ B) = 3 /4, P ( A ∩ B) = 1 /4, and, P ( A )
= 2 /3, Now,, P ( A) = 1 − P ( A ), [Q P ( A ) + P ( A ) = 1], 2
1, , P ( A) = 1 − =, 3 3, From Eq. (i),, 3 1, 1, = + P (B) −,
4 3, 4, 3 1 1, P (B) = − +, 4 3 4, 9 −4 + 3 8 2, P (B) =, =, =,
12, 12 3, 10. n (S ) = 13, E = Event of multiple of 3 or 4,
= {3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12}, ∴, n (E ) = 6, n (E ) 6, Hence,
Required probability =, =, n (S ) 13, 11. The possible
set of 6 is {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)}, ∴ Total
number of cases = 5, Number of cases at which 4
appeared once = 2., 2, ∴ Required probability =, 5, 12.
Required probability =, 13. Required probability =, ,
C1 × 5C1 × 4C1 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 5, =, =, 6, C1 × 6C1 × 6C1 6 ⋅
6 ⋅ 6 9, 6, , 1, 1, 1, =, =, 4 ! 4 × 3 × 2 24, , A , P ( A ∪ B)
= 0.5, P (B ) = 0.8, P = 0.4, B , A P ( A ∩ B),
Now,, P =, B , P (B), A , P (B) × P =P(A∩
B), [Q PB = 1 − P (B )], B , , 14. Q, , , , P ( A ∩ B) = 0.4
× (1 − 0.8), = 0.4 × 0.2 = 0.08, , 15. A coin is tossed n
times., ∴Total number of ways = 2n, If head comes odd
times, then favourable ways = 2n − 1

Page 322 :
195, , Probability, ∴ Required probability of getting
odd times head, 2n − 1 1, = n =, 2, 2, 16. Total number
of events (sample) n (S ) = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216, and total
number of favourable events n (E ) = 6, which, is, (1, 1,
1) (2, 2, 2) (3, 3, 3) (4, 4, 4) (5, 5, 5) and (6, 6, 6), n (E ), 6,
1, =, =, ∴ Required probability =, n (S ) 216 36, 17.
Total number of events (sample) n (S ) = 6 × 6 × 6 =
216, and total number of favourable events n (E ) = 6,
which is, (1, 1, 1) (2, 2, 2) (3, 3, 3) (4, 4, 4) (5, 5, 5) and
(6, 6,6)., n (E ), 6, 1, =, =, ∴ Required probability =, n (S )
216 36, 18. Given that, probability of success, p =, , 1,
4, , 3, 4, Mean = np, Standard deviation = Variance, 3 =
Variance Variance = 9 npq = 9, 1 3, 9 ⋅4 ⋅4, n. . = 9
n =, n = 48, 4 4, 3, 1, Mean = np = 48 × = 12, 4,
Probability of unsuccess, q =, , ∴, , , ∴, , 5, , C1, C1,
3, C, P(selecting a red ball) = 12 1, C1, 5, C1 + 3C1 2, P
(black ball or red ball) =, =, 12, 3, C1, , 19. P(selecting a
black ball) =, , 12, , 20. A leap year has 366 days, in
which 2 days may be any, one of the following pairs,
(Sunday, Monday), (Monday, Tuesday), (Tuesday,,
Wednesday), (Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday,,
Friday), (Friday, Saturday), (Saturday, Sunday)., 2 2 1 3,
∴ Required probability = + − =, 7 7 7 7, 21. The total
number of three-digit numbers using the, digits 0, 2, 4,
6 and 8 = 5 × 5 × 4 = 100, Q Favourable events = {222,
444, 666, 888}, Now, the total number of numbers in
which all the three, digits are the same = 4, 4, 1, ∴
Required probability =, =, 100 25, 22. We know that, a
leap year contains 366 days in which, 52 weeks and
rest 2 days. Now, here 2 days are, arranging like that,
(Sunday, Monday), (Monday, Tuesday), (Tuesday,,
Wednesday), (Wednesday, Thursday), (Thursday,,
Friday), (Friday, Saturday), (Saturday, Sunday), ∴ Total
sample events, n (S ) = 7, And numbers of favourable
events n (E ) = 2, n (E ) 2, =, ∴Required probability =, n
(S ) 7, , 23. Let P (E ) be the probability of getting head
on Ist and, P (F ) be the probability of getting head on
IInd, 1, 1, P (E ) = and P (F ) =, ∴, 2, 2, 1, and, P (E ∩ F ) =,
4, ∴, P (E ∪ F ) = P (E ) + P (F ) − P (E ∩ F ), 1 1 1, = + −, 2 2
4, 1 3, =1 − =, 4 4, C1 × 4C1, 52, C2, 4 ×4 ×2, =, 52 ×
51, 8, =, 663, , 24. Required probability =, , 4, , 25.
Probability of getting either a spade or an ace, 16 4, =,
=, 52 13, Odds against = (13 − 4) : 4, ∴, = 9 :4, 26.
Possible sample is as follow, { HHH , HTH , HHT , THH
, TTH , THT , HTT , TTT }, ∴ Total number of samples =
23 = 8, Required probability = Probability of getting
one head, + Probability of getting no head, 3 1 4 1, = +
= =, 8 8 8 2, 27. Required probability, = P (one ball is
blue) + P (both the balls are blue), 2 7 2 1, = × + ×, 9 8 9
8, 14, 2, 16 2, =, +, =, =, 72 72 72 9, 28. The probability
that the first ball drawn is black, if the, 3 1, second ball
is known to be red = =, 6 2, 29. Since, n = 2 and p = 0.6,
∴, q = 1 − p = 0.4, Variance (X) = npq = 2 × (0.6) × (0.4)
= 0.48, X 0.48, Variance =, = 0.12, 2 , 4, 30.
Since, P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ), and P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) −
P ( A ∩ B), , P (B) = P ( A ∩ B), which is possible only, if
B is subset of A., 31. Since, bulb A is fused and bulb B
is fused, both the, events are independent, therefore,
P (bulb A is fused alone), = P(A is fused) = 0.20, 32.
Total sample space occurring to throwing four dice,, n
(S ) = 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 1296, Total favourable events, n (E
)=0

Page 323 :
196, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Because when we
throwing four dice, there are no, possibility to get the
sum of number is 25. While the, maximum sum
occurring on four dice is, = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 24, n (E ), 0,
=, =0, ∴ Required probability =, n (S ) 1296, x, 33. Q
Probability of guessing a correct answer =, 12, 2, and
probability of guessing a wrong answer =, 3, x, 2, + =1,
∴, 12 3, x+8, =1, , 12, , x = 12 − 8 = 4, 34. Q P ( A ∪
B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B), 1 3 11, P ( A ∩ B) = + −,
3 4 12, 1, =, 6, B P ( A ∩ B) 1 /6 1, ∴, P =, =, =,
A , P ( A), 1 /3 2, , 1, 1, 2, 1, +, =, =, 14 14 14 7, 2, , 3, ,
Probability of getting king and a spade =, , 1, 52, , ∴
P(king or spade) = P (king ) + P (spade), − P(king and
spade), 1, 1 1 4 + 13 − 1 16 4, =, + −, =, =, =, 13 4 52, 52,
52 13, 4, 43. Probability of getting first card is ace =,
52, Probability of getting second card without
replacement, 3, is an ace =, 51, 4 3, 1, Required
probability =, =, ., 52 51 221, = 1 − P (all three tails) = 1
−, , 5 C × 3C × 4C × 2C , + 8 1 7 1 6 1 5 1 , C1 ×
C1 × C1 × C1 , , 10 × 6, 1 6 , 36. Required
probability = C 2 =, 7 7 , 75, 5, , 4, 1, =, 52
13, 13 1, Probability of getting a spade =, =, 52 4, , 42.
Probability of getting a king =, , 44. P(atleast one
head) = 1 − P (zero head ), , 35. Required probability, =
P (WBWB) + P (BWBW ), 5 C × 3C × 4C × 2C , = 8
1 7 1 6 1 5 1 , C1 × C1 × C1 × C1 , , =, , 41. P ( A ∩ B )
= P ( A ) − P ( A ∩ B), = 0.25 − 0.14 = 0.11, , 3, , 37. A and
B toss a coin alternately till one of them tosses, heads
and win the game, their respectively probabilities, 1,
2, of winning are and , respectively., 3, 3, 38. S = { BBB,
BBG , BGB, GBB, GGB, GBG , BGG , GGG }, and E = {
BBB, BBG , BGB, GBB, GGB, GBG , BGG }, n (E ) = 7
and n (S ) = 8, n (E ) 7, ∴, P (E ) =, =, n (S ) 8, 39.
Probability that the race will be won by A, 1, P ( A) =,
5, Probability that the race will be won by B, 1, P (B) =,
6, ∴ Probability that the race will be won by A or B, = P
( A ) + P (B), 1 1 11, = + =, 5 6 30, 40. Probability that
two persons born on the same day, 7, C1, 1, =, =, 7×7
7, , 1 7, =, 8 8, , 45. Probability of solving a problem by
students A, B and C, is 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4, respectively.,
And probability of not solving a problem by students
A,, B and C is 1/2, 2/3 and 3/4, respectively., ∴
Probability of solving the problem, = 1 − P(not solved
by any student), 1 2 3, 1 3, ∴, P =1 − ⋅ ⋅ =1 − =, 2 3 4, 4
4, 46. Total number of ways, n (S ) = 6 × 6 = 36,
Favourable number of ways, n (F ) = 6, n (F ) 6 1, =, =, ∴
Required probability =, n (S ) 36 6, 47. ∴Required
probability, = 1 − P (all four children are girls), 1 15, =1
−, =, 16 16, 48. Probability of equal number of one
head occurs, 2 2 1 1, = × = ×, 4 4 2 2, Probability of
equal number of two heads occur =, ∴ Required
probability =, , =, 49. Q P ( A ∪ B) =, and, , 1 1 1 1, × + ×,
4 4 2 2, , 1, 1, 5, + =, 16 4 16, , 5, 1, , P ( A ∩ B) =, 6, 3, 1,
P (B ) =, 2, , P (B) = 1 − P (B ) = 1 −, =, , 1, 2, , 1, 2, , 1 1, ×,
44

Page 324 :
197, , Probability, We know that,, P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P
(B) − P ( A ∩ B), 5, 1 1, , = P ( A) + −, 6, 2 3, 5, 1 1, = 1 −
P(A) + −, , 6, 2 3, 1 1 5, P(A) = 1 + − −, , 2 3 6, 6 + 3
−2 −5 2 1, =, = =, 6, 6 3, 3, 1, 50. Q P ( A ∪ B) = , P ( A ∩
B) =, 4, 4, 2, and, P(A) =, 3, , 2, 3, 1, P ( A) =, , 3, We
know that,, P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B), 3 1, 1,
, = + P (B) −, 4 3, 4, 1, P (B) = 1 −, , 3, 2, P (B) =, , 3,
, , , 1 − P ( A) =, , Level II, P (B ∩ A ) 1, B 1, 1. Given
that, P = , =, A 2, P ( A), 2, 1 1 1, , P (B ∩ A ) =
× =, 2 4 8, P ( A ∩ B) 1, A 1, and, = ,, P = , B 4,
P (B), 4, , , P (B) = 4P ( A ∩ B) P (B) =, , 1, 2, , 1 1 1, =
. = P ( A ) ⋅ P (B), 8 2 4, Q Events A and B are
independent., A′ P ( A′ ∩ B) P ( A′ ) P (B) 3, Now,, P
=, =, =, B , P (B), P (B), 4, B, ′, P, B, A, ′, ′, P, (, B, ), P, (,
A, ), 1, (, ′, ∩, ′, ), , and, P =, =, =, A′ , P ( A′ ), P (
A′ ), 2, ∴, , P ( A ∩ B) =, , 2. Given that, M and N are any
two events, then the, probability that exactly one of
them occurs, = P (M ∩ N ) + P (M ∩ N ), = P (M ) − P (M ∩
N ) + P (N ) − P (M ∩ N ), = P (M ) + P (N ) − 2P (M ∩ N ),
3. ∴ n (S ) = 64 = 1296, and permutation that the sum
of the number appearing, on them is 13., 4!, Total
permutation of (1, 1, 5, 6) =, = 12, 2!, ∴ Total
permutation of ( 1, 2, 4, 6) = 4 ! = 24, 4 ! 24, Total
permutation of (1, 3, 3, 6) =, =, = 12, 2! 2, Similarly, for
(1, 2, 5, 5,) = 12, (1, 3, 5, 4) = 24, (2, 2, 6, 3) = 12, (2, 2, 5,
4) = 12, (3, 3, 2, 5) = 12, (3, 3, 3, 4) = 4,, (4, 4, 4, 1) = 4
and (4, 4, 3, 2) = 12, n( A), ∴ Required probability =, n
(S ), 12 + 24 + 12 + 12 + 24 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 4 + 4 + 12,
=, 1296, 140, 35, =, =, 1296 324, , 1, 4. Let p = P
(getting a head) = ,, 2, 1, q = P (getting no head) =, 2, By
using binomial distribution,, ∴ Required probability =
P(six head), 6, 4, 10 ! 1, 1 1 , ⋅, = 10C 6 =,
2 2 , 6 ! 4 ! 210, 105, 10 × 9 × 8 × 7, 1, =, × 10 =,
512, 4 ×3 ×2, 2, 5. Total number of ways of the
arrangement of the letters, 10 !, of the word
‘UNIVERSITY’ =, 2!, Number of ways that both I’s
come together = 9 !, ∴ Number of ways that both I’s
do not come together, 10 !, =, −9!, 2, , 10 !, 2 − 9 !
4, =, ∴ Required probability = , 10 ! 5, , , , , 2, 6.
The number of students that exactly pass in,
Mathematics, = 70 − 30 = 40, and the number of
students that exactly pass in, Statistics, = 55 − 30 =
25, 40 + 25 65 13, ∴ Required probability =, =, =, 125,
125 25, 7. The events when flipping a coin and head
occurs, = { HT , HH }, The events when flipping a coin
and tail occurs, = {T1 , T2, T3 , T4 , T5 , T6 }, Total
events = { HT , HH , T1 , T2, T3 , T4 , T5 , T6 },
Favourable events getting one head and one tail, = {
HT }, 1, ∴ Required probability =, 8

Page 325 :
198, 8., , NDA/NA Mathematics, 1, 5, 1, 5, P ( A ) = , P (
A ) = and P (B) = , P (B ) =, 6, 6, 6, 6, Hence, probability
of winning of A, = P ( A) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ A), + P ( A ∩ B ∩ A ∩
B ∩ A ) + ……, 1, 2, 4, 1 5 1 5 1 , 6, 6, =, = +
+ +… =, 2, 6 6 6 6 6 , 11, 5, ,
1− , 6 , 6, 5, Also, probability of winning B = 1 −, =,
11 11, , 9. As three distinct numbers are to be selected
from first, 100 natural numbers, ∴, n (S ) = 100C3,
E(Favourable events) = All three of them are divisible
by both 2, and 3., Divisible by 6 i.e., {6, 12, 18,..., 96},
Thus, out of 16, we have to select 3., ∴, n (E ) = 16C3,
16, C, 4, ∴ Required probability = 100 3 =, C3 1155,
10. Total number of ways = 10!, Total number of ways
in which 5 boys and 5 girls are, sitting in a row
alternatively = 5 ! × 6 !, 5! × 6! 1, =, ∴ Required
probability =, 10 !, 42, 1, 1, 11. It is given, P ( A ∩ B) =
and P ( A ′ ∩ B ′ ) =, 6, 3, 1, Now, P ( A ∪ B) ′ = P ( A ′ ∩ B
′ ) =, 3, 1, 2, , 1 − P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ∪ B) =, 3, 3, But, P
( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B), , P ( A ) + P (B) = P
( A ∪ B) + P ( A ∩ B), 5, , P ( A ) + P (B) =, … (i), 6, Q A
and B are independent events., 1, ∴, P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A
)P (B) P ( A )P (B) =, 6, Now, [P ( A ) − P (B)]2 = [P ( A )
+ P (B)]2 − 4P ( A )P (B), 2, 1 25 4 1, 5 , = −4
=, − =, 6 36 6 36, 6 , 1, P ( A ) − P (B) = ±, … (ii), ,
6, 1, 1, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get P ( A ) = or, 3,
2, 12. Let X be the number of heads getting in n
tossed. X, 1, follows binomial distribution with
parameters n , p = ,, 2, 1, q= ., 2, Given that, P (X ≥ 1) ≥
0.8, , 1 − P (X = 0) ≥ 0.8 P (X = 0) ≤ 0.2, n, 0, 1 1,
1 1 , n, C 0 ≤ 0.2 n ≤, , 2 2 , 5, 2, , ,
2n ≥ 5, ∴The least value of n is 3., 13. Q Probability of
answering all the three questions, correctly, 1 1 1 1, =
× × =, 4 4 4 64, ∴ Probability of not answering all the
three questions, correctly, 1 63, =1 −, =, 64 64, 14. Let
A be the event that the machine produces 2,
acceptable items., Also, let B1 represents the event of
correct setup and B2, represent the event of incorrect
setup., Now, P (B1 ) = 0.8 P (B2) = 0.2, A , A , P
= 0.9 × 0.9 and P = 0.4 × 0.4, B1 , B2 , P (B1 ) P
( A / B1 ), B1 , ∴ P =, A P (B1 ) P ( A / B1 ) + P
(B2) P ( A / B2), 0.8 × 0.9 × 0.9, =, 0.8 × 0.9 × 0.9 + 0.2 ×
0.4 × 0.4, 648, =, = 0.95, 680, 15. Let total number of
students be 100 in which 60% girls, and 40% boys.,
Number of boys = 40, Number of girls = 60, 25, 25% of
boys offer Mathematics =, × 40 = 10 boys, 100, 10,
10% of girls offer Mathematics =, × 60 = 6 girls, 100, It
means, 16 students offer Mathematics., 6 3, =, ∴
Required probability =, 16 8, 3, 16. Given that, P (B) =
P ( A ), …(i), 2, 1, and, …(ii), P (C ) = P (B), 2, where, A , B
and C are the three mutually exclusive and,
exhaustive events., ∴ Let P ( A ) = a, 3, 3, From Eq. (i),
we get P (B) = P ( A ) = a, 2, 2, ∴ From, Eq. (ii), we get, 1,
1 3, 3, P (C ) = P (B) = × a = a, 2, 2 2, 4, ∴, A ∪ B ∪C = X,
, P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P (X ), , P(A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 1, [Q P (X ) =
1], (Q By addition theorem), P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) =
1, 3, 3, , a + a + a =1, 2, 4, 4, 4, a=, P ( A) =, , 13,
13, 17. Given that, from the group of 4 men and 5
women a, committee of three persons are chosen., ∴
Total number of persons = 9

Page 326 :
199, , Probability, Out of 9 total number of ways of
selecting 3 persons, 9 × 8 × 7 × 6!, = 9C3 =, = 84, 3!
×6!, Again, number of ways of selecting two men out
of four, men and one woman out of five women, = 4C
2 × 5C1, 4 × 3 × 2!, =, ×5, 2! × 2!, 4 ×3 ×5, =, = 30, 1 ×2,
30 5, Therefore, required probability =, =, 84 14, 18.
We know that, if X has binomial distribution with
mean, np and variance npq, then, n, P (X = k), C k ( p)k
(q)n− k, =n, P (X = k − 1), C k − 1 ( p )k − 1 q n − k + 1, n, ,
C, p, = n k ⋅ =, Ck − 1 q, , 19., , n!, p, k !(n − k)!, ⋅, n!, q, (k
− 1)! (n − k + 1)!, , =, , (k − 1)! (n − k + 1)! p, ⋅, k ! (n − k)!,
q, , =, , n−k+1 p, ⋅, k, q, , 22. Required probability =, , 6, ,
C1 × 4C 2, 10, C3, , 10, 6, , 4, 3, , 1, , =, , 2, , 6 ×6 ×6, 3, =,
10 × 9 × 8 10, , 23. ∴ P (X ≤ 2) = 0.25, P (X = 1) + P (X
= 2) = 0.25, , k + p1 = 0.25, , p1 = 0.25 − k, and, P (X
≥ 4) = 0.35, P (X = 4) + P (X = 5) = 0.35, , p2 + 2k =
0.35, , p2 = 0.35 − 2k, , p1 ≠ p2, and, p1 + p2 = 0.25
− k + 0.35 − 2k, = 0.6 − 3k, ≠ P (X = 3), Hence, neither I
nor II is correct., 24. I. Q Probability of 53 Sundays in a
leap year =, , P ( A ∩ B) = P (B) − P ( A ∩ B), , 2, 7, , and
probability of 53 Sundays in a non-leap year =, , A, , B, ,
1, 7, , ∴ Statment I is true., , 3, 7, 2, and probability of 5
Mondays in April =, 7, ∴ Statement II is wrong., II.
Probability of 5 Mondays in March =, , _, P( A ∩ B), , 20.
Let radius of given circle be r. Now, make a concentric,
r, circle with radius ., 2, The given point is close to the
circumference than to the, centre, if it lies in the
shaded region., π { r 2 − (r /2)2}, ∴ Required
probability =, πr 2, , 25. I. It is true that P (only one of
them occurs), = P (E1E 2E3 + E1E 2E3 + E1E 2E3 ), III.
If E1 , E 2 and E3 be three arbitrary events of a,
sample space, then, P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩
B) ≤ P ( A ) + P (B), (Q P ( A ∩ B) ≥ 0), 1, 1 1, 26. p =, q
=1 − b =1 − =, 2, 2 2, So, distribution is symmetric., ∴
Both statements I and II are correct., 27. Both the
statements I and II are correct., , r/2, r, , =, , r, , 3 /4 r 2
3, =, 4, r2, , 21. The probability of the union of the
shaded region is, P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B), , 28. We
have,, (A) P (E1 ) + P (E 2) = 1, Q E1 and E 2 are
mutually exhaustive events., (B) P (E1 ) + P (E 2) = 0, Q
E1 and E 2 are impossible events., (C) P (E1 ) + P (E 2)
≤ 0, Q E1 and E 2 are mutually exclusive events., (D) P
(E1 ) P (E 2) = 1, E1 and E 2 are sure events.

Page 327 :
200, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 29. ∴ Required
probability =, , 25, 26, , C3 25 × 24 × 23 23, =, =, C3 26
× 25 × 24 26, , 30. Since, P ( A ∪ B) ≤ 1, , P ( A ) + P (B)
− P ( A ∩ B) ≤ 1, , 0.8 – 0.7 − P ( A ∩ B) ≤ 1, , P ( A ∩
B) ≥ 1.5 − 1, , P ( A ∩ B) ≥ 0.5, 31. Given, X + Y = 15,
The total number of ordered pairs, = (5, 10), (6, 9), (7,
8), (8, 7), (9, 6), (10, 5), ∴, n (E ) = 6, In each above pairs
exactly one is even number., ∴, n (E ) = 6, n (E ) 6, = =1,
∴ Required probability=, n (S ) 6, 4C × 4C 2 2C 2 ×
2C 2 , 32. Required probability = 28, × , , 4, C4
, C4 , , 4 ×3 ×4 ×3 ×3 ×2, 18, =, ×1 =, 8 × 7 ×6 ×5,
35, 33. Q np = 8 and npq = 4, npq 4 1, q=, = =, , np 8
2, and, , , p+ q =1 , , p=1 −, , 1 1, =, 2 2, , 1 , n =
8 n = 16, 2 , 16 − 1, , 1, , 1 , 1 , P (X = 1) =
16C1 , , 2 , 2 , 16, 1, = 15, =, 2 ⋅ 2 212, 4, 34.
Q np = 4 and npq =, (given), 3, 4, 1, ∴ 4q =, q=, 3, 3, 1
2, (Q p + q = 1), p=1 − =, ∴, 3 3, 4 ×3, , n=, =6, 2, Now,,
P (X ≥ 5) = 6C5 p5 q1 + 6C 6 p6q0, 5, 6, 2 , 2 1 ,
= 6C5 + 6C 6 , 3 , 3 3 , 6 × 32 64 256
28, =, + 6 = 6 = 6, 36, 3, 3, 3, Now,, , 35. We know that,,
P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B), 0.8 + 0.9 − p ≤ 1,
, [Q P ( A ∪ B) ≤ 1], 1.7 − p ≤ 1, , 0.7 ≤ p, , Since,, P
( A ) < P (B), ∴, P ( A ∩ B) ≤ P ( A ) P ≤ 0.8, Hence, 0.7
≤ p ≤ 0.8, 36. The outcomes of an experiment
classified as success A, or failure A will follow a
binomial distribution, if P ( A ), remains constant in all
the trials., , 37. Let A be the event of selecting bag X, B
be the event of, selecting bag Y and E be the event of
drawing a white, ball, then, Probability of selecting a
bag, P ( A ) = 1 /2, P (B) = 1 /2,, P (E / A ) = 2 /5, P (E /B)
= 4 /6 = 2 /3, Required probability, P (E ) = P ( A ) P (E /
A ) + P (B) P (E /B), 1 2 1 2 8, = ⋅ + ⋅ =, 2 5 2 3 15, 38.
The required probability, = 1 – probability of equal
number of heads and tails., Out of 2n tossed n times
head and n times tails., 2n − n, 2n, n, (2n )! 1 , (2n )!
1, 1 1 , ⋅, = 1 − 2nC n , =1 −, =1−, 2
2 , n ! n ! 2 , (n !)2 4n, 3, 1, and P ( A ∩ B) =, 5, 5, We
know that, P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B), 3, 1, =
1 − P ( A ) + 1 − P (B ) −, 5, 5, 9 3, P ( A ) + P (B ) = −, , 5
5, 6, ∴, P ( A ) + P (B ) =, 5, 1, 5, 40. Given that, P ( A ∩ B)
= , P ( A ∪ B) =, 3, 6, 1, and, P ( A) =, 2, ∴, P ( A ∪ B) = P (
A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B), 5 1, 1, = + P (B) −, , 6 2, 3, 5 1 1
4 2, , P (B) = + − = =, 6 3 2 6 3, 1 2 1, ∴, P ( A ) × P (B) =
× = = P ( A ∩ B), 2 3 3, This shows that A and B are
independent events., , 39. It is given P ( A ∪ B) =, , 41.
Given that, x = 33n, where, n is a positive integral
value., Here, only four digits may be at the unit place i.
e. , 1, 3,, 7, 9., ∴, n (S ) = 4, Let E be the event of getting
3 at its units place,, n (E ) = 1, n (E ) 1, ∴, P (E ) =, =, n (S )
4, 42. Let, ∴, , E = {2, 4, 6}, n (E ) = 3 and n (S ) = 6, 3 1, P
(E ) = =, 6 2, , 1 1, =, 2 2, ∴ Probability of atleast two
success, 3, 2, 1 1 , 1 , = P (X = 2) + P (X = 3) = 3C
2 + 3C3 , 2 2 , 2 , 1 1 1, =3 × + =, 8 8 2,
Now, probability of failure = 1 −

Page 328 :
201, , Probability, 43. From the given condition, it is
clear that a particular, person is always in a committee
of 3 persons. It means, we have to select 2 persons out
of 37 persons., 37, C, Required probability = 38 2, C3,
44. Probability that, X = 3 =, , 1 1 1 1, 7, × + × =, 2 3 2 4
24, , 45. Required number of elements in the sample
space, = 10, and sample space = { H , H , H , H , H , T , T ,
T , T , T }, 46. 0.6 is nearest to the probability that 3
randomly, selected persons are born on three
different days of a, week., Alternate Method, 7 6 5 30,
≈ 0.6, ∴ Required probability = × × =, 7 7 7 49, 47.
Case I Let a white ball is drawn from the first bag and,
placed unseen in the second bag,, 4, 5, C, C, 20, then
probability = 8 1 × 7 1 =, C1, C1 56, Case II Let a black
ball is drawn from the first bag, and placed unseen in
the second bag, then probability, 4, 3, C, C, 15, = 8 1 ×
7 1 =, C1, C1 56, 20 15 35, ∴ Required probability =, +,
=, 56 56 56, 48. We know that,, P ( A ∪ B) ≤ P ( A ) + P
(B), , (by property), , and P ( A ) + P ( A ∪ B) ≤ 1 + P (B), ∴
Both the given statements I and II are correct., 49.
Number of ways of arranging the books 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6, =6!, Now, number of ways of arranging the
books 1, (2, 3), 4,, 5 and 6 = 5 !, Number of ways of
arranging the books 2 and 3 = 2 !, 5!×2! 2 1, ∴
Required probability =, = =, 6!, 6 3, 50. Probability of
the person getting reward, p =, , 4 1, =, 16 4, , Then,
the probability not getting the reward,, 1 3, q =1 − =, 4
4, 1 , ∴ Required probability = 4C1 , 4 , , 3, , 2, ,
1 3 , 3 , 4, + C2 , 4 4 , 4 , 3, ,
1 , 1 3 , + 4C3 + 4C 4 , 4 , 4 4 ,
4, , 1 , = { 4C1 ⋅ 33 + 4C 2 ⋅ 32 + 4C3 ⋅ 31 + 4C 4
}, 4 , =, , 1, 175, (108 + 54 + 12 + 1) =, 256, 256, , 2, ,
4, , B, P (B ∩ (A ∪ Bc ), , , 51. P , =, c , (A ∪ B ) , P(A
∪ Bc ), P ( A ∩ B), =, P ( A ) + P (Bc ) − P ( A ∩ Bc ), P ( A ) −
P ( A ∩ Bc ), =, P ( A ) + P (Bc ) − P ( A ∩ Bc ), 0.7 − 0.5 1,
=, =, 0.8, 4, 52. Q The probability, when flipping a coin
one time and, 1, coming head = and the probability
that it becomes, 2, 1, tail =, 2, 5, , 7, , 1 1 , ∴
Required probability = 12C5 , 2 2 , (by
binomial distribution), 12, C (12, 7), C (12, 5), 1 , 12,
or, = C5 =, 2 , (2)12, (2)12, 1, 53. Probability that
no one hits the target =, 60, 9, Probability that one
hits the target =, 60, 10 1, ∴Probability of maximum
one hit =, =, 60 6, 1 5, Required probability = 1 − =, 6 6,
13, 54. Probability of a spade =, 52, 4, Probability of
an ace =, 52, 1, and probability of a spade ace =, 52,
13, 4, 1, Required probability =, +, −, ∴, 52 52 52, 16 4,
=, =, 52 13, 4, 9, 1−, 9, 13, 13, Odds against his winning
=, =, = = 4 to 9, 4, 4, 4, 13, 13, 55. (A) Let a man left eye
is brown P (L ) = P, and a man right eye is brown P (R) =
p, ∴ P (L ∪ R) = P (L ) + P (R) − P (L ∩ R), = p + p − 0 = 2p,
∴ A is false., (R) It is true., 56. (A) This statement is
false., (R) P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A ) ⋅ P (B), always true, if A and
B are independent events., 57. P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = P ( A ) +
P (B) + P (C ), − P ( A ∩ B) − P (B ∩ C ) − P ( A ∩ C ) + P ( A
∩ B ∩ C ), 1 1 1, P(A ∪ B ∪ C ) = + + − 0 − 0, , 4 4 4, −
P(A ∩ C ) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C )

Page 329 :
202, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , , , P(A ∩ C ) = P(A ∩ B
∩ C ) − P(A ∪ B ∪ C ) +, , 3, 4, , 1, 8, ∴ A is false, but R is
true., 4, 4, 1, 1, 2, 58. Required probability =, +, =, +, =,
52 52 13 13 13, and when two events are not
mutually exclusive, then, P (E1 + E 2) = P (E1 ) + P (E 2)
− P (E1 ∩ E 2), Both A and R are true but R is not the
correct, explanation of A., , , P(A ∩ C ) ≠, , Solutions
(Q. Nos. 59-61), Here, random experiment is throwing
the given die., Let S = The sample space, A = The event
of getting a face with number 1, B = The event of
getting a face with number 2, and C = The event of
getting a face with number 3, Now, n (S ) = 6, n ( A ) =
1, n (B) = 2, n (C ) = 3, 1, 2 1, P ( A ) = , P (B) = =, ∴, 6, 6 3,
3 1, and, P (C ) = =, 6 2, 1, We have, P (1) = P ( A ) =, 6, ,
P (2 or 3) = P (B ∪ C ) = P (B) + P (C ), 1 1 5, = + =, 3 2 6,
(Q B and C are mutually exclusive), 1 1, P (not 3) = P
(C′ ) = 1 − P (C ) = 1 − =, 2 2, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 62-64),
1, 2, 1, , P (B) = and P ( A ∪ B) =, 4, 5, 2, From addition
theorem, we have, P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩
B), 1 1 2, = + − P ( A ∩ B), 2 4 5, 1 2 1 3, P ( A ∩ B) = + −
=, 4 5 2 20, , We have, P ( A ) =, , Now,, , Again,, , P ( A ∩
B′ ) = P ( A ) − P ( A ∩ B), 1 3, 1, = −, =, 4 20 10, P ( A′ ∩
B′ ) = P{( A ∪ B)′ }, = 1 − P ( A ∪ B), 1 1, =1− =, 2 2

Page 330 :
11, , Binary Numbers, Binary Number, A number
which contains only 0 and 1 is called binary, number., ,
Binary System, In the binary system, only two symbols
0 and 1 are, used. Its base is 2. The values of various
places in this, system,when expressed in decimal
system, are, ... , 24 , 23 , 22 , 21 , 20 , 2− 1 , 2− 2 ,...,
Thus , 1111 = 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20, = 8 + 4
+ 2 + 1 = 15, and 10010 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1
× 21 + 0 × 20, , 1. Divide the decimal number by 2
(base of binary, number)., 2. Note the remainder
separately as the right most digit, of binary
equivalent., 3. Divide the quotient again by 2., 4. Note
the remainder as next left digit of binary, number., 5.
Repeat the steps 3 and 4 until quotient becomes 0., ,
Example 1. Convert 175 into a binary number., ,
Solution (a), , = 16 + 2 = 18, Arithmetically, we can
write (10010)2 = (18)10, , Decimal System, In the
decimal system we use 10 digits which are 0, 1,, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. The value of a digit in this system,
depends on its place in the number. The values of
various, places in this system, are, ... , 104 , 103 , 102 ,
101 , 100 , 10− 1 , 10− 2 , 10− 3 , ..., Thus, 235.35 = 2 ×
102 + 3 × 101 + 5 × 100, + 3 × 10− 1 + 5 × 10−2, Since,
10 basic symbols are used in this system, so its, base is
10 and this system is called base ten system., ,
Conversion of Decimal to, Binary, In Coversion of
decimal to binary, we convert the base, 10 into the
base 2 in the following ways., , 1. Conversion of a
Number, To convert a decimal digit into its binary
equivalent,, following steps are performed, , (b)
(11111010) 2, (d) (11111111) 2, , (a) (10101111) 2, (c)
(10101011) 2, , ∴, , 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, (175)10, , 175, 87,
1, 43, 1, 21, 1, 10, 1, 5, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, = (10101111) 2, , 2.
Conversion of a Fraction, Multiply the given fraction
by 2 and note down its, integral part. Multiply the
fractional part of this, product by 2 and note down its
integral part.Go on, doing it till the complete integer
comes (without, fraction) or the same number
repeats. (Number from, which we started to
multiply)., , Example 2. Convert 0.638 to binary form.,
(a) (01010101111, ., )2, (c) (01010001101, ., )2, ,
Solution (c), 0.638 × 2 = 1276, ., 0.276 × 2 = 0.552,
0.552 × 2 = 1104, ., 0.104 × 2 = 0.208, 0.208 × 2 =
0.416, , (b) (0.0000001111) 2, (d) None of these,
Binary, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0

Page 331 :
204, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 0.416 × 2 = 0.832, 0.832
× 2 = 1664, ., 0.664 × 2 = 1328, ., 0.328 × 2 = 0.656,
0.656 × 2 = 1312, ., , ∴, , 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, , 1, 1, 1, 1, + 1× 2 +
0 × 3 + 1× 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1 1 0, 1, = + + +, 2 4 8 16, ,
Solution (b) (0.1101) 2 = 1 ×, , = 0.5 + 0.25 + 0 +
0.0625, = 0.8125, , ( 0.638)10 = ( 0.1010001101) 2, ,
∴, , Example 3. Convert (0. 35)10 to binary form., (b)
(0.010101) 2, (d) (0.010110) 2, , (a) (0101010, ., )2, (c)
(0.000111) 2, , Solution (d), 0.70 × 2 = 1.40, , 1, , 0.4 × 2
= 0 .8, , 0, , 0.8 × 2 = 1.6, , 1, , 0.6 × 2 = 1.2, , 1, , 0.2 × 2 =
0 .4, , 0, , Addition, , Now, in next step repeatition will
be start., ∴, , (0.35) = (0.010110) 2, , Conversion of
Binary to Decimal, In conversion of binary to decimal,
we convert the base, 2 into the base 10 in the
following ways., , 1. Conversion of a Number, ,
Example 4. Convert (10111) 2 to decimal form., (b) 22,
, (c) 24, , (d) 23, , Solution (d) (10111) 2 = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 +
1 × 2 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20, 4, , 3, , Binary addition is similar
to that of decimal numbers., A simple table for binary
addition is as follows, 0+ 0= 0, 0+1=1, 1+ 0=1, 1+1= 0,
with 0 carry of 1., , Example 6. Add two numbers
(1011) 2 and (1001) 2., (a) (10111) 2, (c) (10100 ) 2, ,
Solution (c), , To convert a binary number into its
decimal, equivalent,following steps are performed., 1.
Each digit of binary number is multiplied by 2 having,
powers ( 0, 1, 2, 3, ... )., 2. All the products of
multiplication are summed to get, the decimal
equivalent of the number., , (a) 21, , Arithmetic
Operation on Binary, Like the decimal system, all the
arithmetic operations, can be performed using binary
system,like addition and, subtraction is as follows, ,
Binary, 0, , 0.35 × 2 = 0 .70, , (0.1101) 2 = (0.8125)10, ,
2, , (b) (10101) 2, (d) (01101) 2, , 1 0 1 1, + 1 0 0 1, 1 0 1
0 0, , ∴ (1011) 2 + (1001) 2 = (10100) 2, , Subtraction,
Binary subtraction is similar to that of decimal,
numbers. A simple table for binary subtraction is as,
follows, 0− 0= 0, , = 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 23, , 1− 0=1,
1−1= 0, , 2. Conversion of a Fraction, To convert a
fraction in binary into its decimal, equivalent,
following steps are performed., 1. Each digit of binary
number is multiplied by 2 having, negative power ( −
1, − 2, − 3, ... ), 2. All the products of multiplication are
summed to get, the decimal equivalent of the number.,
, Example 5. Find the decimal equivalent to (01101, ., )
2., (a) (0.8124)10, (c) (0.8625)10, , (b) (0.8125)10, (d)
(0.8655)10, , 0−1=1, with a borrow of 1 from next
higher column., , Example 7. Subtract (10001) 2 from
(10011) 2., (b) (10) 2, (d) None of these, , (a) (11) 2, (c)
(01) 2, , Solution (b), , 100 11, –10 0 01, 00010, , ∴, ,
(10011) 2 − (10001) 2 = (10) 2

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205, , Binary Numbers, , Multiplication, Binary
multiplication is actually much simpler than, decimal
multiplication. In binary multiplication, we only, need
to remember the following table, 0× 0= 0, 0×1= 0, 1×
0= 0, 1×1=1, , Example 10. Convert 13.375 into the
binary system, number., (a) (1100111, . )2, (b)
(1101011, . )2, (c) (0111011, . )2, (d) (0011111, . )2,
Solution (b), , 2, 2, 2, , Example 8. Multiplication two
numbers (101) 2 and (11) 2., (b) (0111) 2, (d) (1010) 2, ,
(a) (1111) 2, (c) (1100) 2, , Solution (a), , ∴, , ∴, ∴, , 1111,
, (a) ( 43 .375)10, (c) ( 4. 3375)10, , Division, Binary
division is almost as easy and involves our, knowledge
of binary multiplication., , (b) (10) 2, (d) (11) 2, 11 1011
11, , − 11 , 101, − 11, 10 Remainder, , Complement
of Binary, Number, , (b) ( 433 .75)10, (d) ( 4337. 5)10, ,
Solution (a) (101011011, . )2, , Example 9. Divide the
number (1011) 2 by (11) 2, , Solution (d), , 0, 1, 1, ,
Example 11. Find the decimal equivalent of
(101011011, . ) 2., , Here, 0 is the place holder., , (a)
(01) 2, (c) (101) 2, , 1, 0, 1, , (13)10 = (1101) 2 Binary,
0.375 × 2 = 0.750, 0.750 × 2 = 1500, ., 0.500 × 2 =
1000, ., (0.375)10 = (0.011) 2, (13.375)10 = (1101011,
. )2, , 101, × 11, 101, +1010, , 13, 6, 3, 1, , ∴, , = 1 × 25 +
0 × 2 4 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 2 2 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 2 0, 1, 1, 1, + 0
× + 1× 2 + 1× 3, 2, 2, 2, = 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 +
0.25 + 0.125 = 43. 375, (101011.011) 2 = ( 43. 375)10,
, Example 12. Obtain 1’s complement of (101001010)
2 ., (a) (000011111) 2, (c) (010110101) 2, , (b)
(111100000) 2, (d) None of these, , Solution (c) Let x
=101001010, 1’s complement of x = 010110101, , 2’s
Complement, To get a 2’s complement of a binary
number, first we will get, a 1’s complement and after
that add 1., , In the binary system, only two digits 0
and 1 are used., So, for finding complement of binary
number, we take 1 is, complement of 0 and 0 is
complement of 1., , Example 13. Obtain 2's
complement of (101001010) 2., , 1’s Complement, ,
Solution (d) Let, , To get a 1’s complement of a binary
number, replace 1 by 0, and 0 by 1 in a binary number
., , (a) (000011111) 2, (c) (010110101) 2, , (b)
(111100000) 2, (d) None of these, , x = 101001010,
1’s complement of, x = 010110101, then 2’s
complement of, x = 010110101 + 1 = (010110110) 2

Page 333 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. For conversion of a fraction in
binary to decimal, form, the binary number is
multiplied by, (a) 2 having negative powers, (b) 2
having positive powers, (c) 2 only, (d) None of the
above, 2. To convert a decimal digit into binary
number, we, divide it by 2 and note the remainder.
Then, we write, the digits of binary number, (a) from
top to bottom., (b) from bottom to top, (c) in any
manner, (d) None of the above, 3. The complement of
(1011100)2 is, (a) (1010100)2, (b) ( 0111100)2, (c) (
0100011)2, (d) (1000011)2, 4. 2’s complement of
(1011001100)2 is, (a) ( 0100110100)2, (b) (
0100110010)2, (c) ( 0100110101)2, (d) (
0100110111)2, 5. In a binary number system, assume
that a = 00111, b, and b = 01110, then in a decimal
system , which is, a, equal to, (NDA 2011 I), (a) 1, (b) 2,
(c) 4, (d) 5, 6. The base of the binary number system is,
(a) 10, (b) 2, (c) 8, (d) 16, 7. The decimal equivalent of
(101011)2 is, (a) ( 43)10, (b) ( 59)10, (c) ( 47)10, (d)
None of these, , 10. The binary number 10110100001
in decimal system, is, (a) 441, (b) 1441, (c) 1241, (d)
241, 11. The decimal number 0.77 in binary system is,
(a) ( 01100101, (b) ( 011000101, ., )2, ., )2, (c) (
010100101, (d) None of these, ., )2, 12. Binary
fraction 0.1011 in decimal system is, (a) 0.6875, (b)
0.8675, (c) 0.7685, (d) None of these, 13. The sum of (
0110)2 and ( 0101)2 is, (a) (1011)2, (b) ( 01100)2, (c)
(10100)2, (d) None of these, 14. The number 292 in
decimal system is expressed in, binary system by,
(NDA 2012 I), (a) 100001010, (b) 100010001, (c)
100100100, (d) 101010000, 15. The number 1753, in
binary notation is written as, (b) (11011111001)2, (a)
(11011011101)2, (c) (11011011001)2, (d)
(11111010001)2, 16. The binary number
1101101+1011011 is written in, decimal system as,
(a) 198, (b) 199, (c) 200, (d) 201, 17. 100101 + 101 +
1101 + 100 is equal to, (a) 1101001, (b) 100000, (c)
111011, (d) None of these, 18. 1111 + 111 + 1111 is
equal to, (a) 111011, (b) 1101001, (c) 10001, (d) None
of these, , 8. The base of the decimal number system
is, (a) 2, (b) 5, (c) 10, (d) e, , 19. 101011 – 10010 is
equal to, (a) (1001)2, (b) (1101)2, (c) ( 011001)2, (d)
None of these, , 9. The binary number corresponding
to the decimal, fraction ( 0125, ., )10 is, (a) ( 0.001)2,
(b) ( 0120, ., )2, (c) ( 0100, (d) None of these, ., )2, , 20.
What is the decimal number representation of the,
(NDA 2012 I), binary number (11101.001)2?, (a)
30.125, (b) 29.025, (c) 29.125, (d) 28.025, , Level II, 1.
What is (1111)2 + (1001)2 − (1010)2 equal to?, (a)
(111)2, (b) (1100)2 (NDA 2010 II), (d) (1010)2, (c)
(1110)2, 2. What is the binary number equivalent of
the decimal, number 32.25?, (NDA 2010 II), (a)
100010.10, (b) 100000.10, (c) 100010.01, (d)
100000.01, , 3. What is the value of, ., ( 0101, )(211) 2
+ ( 0.011)2(11) 2, ( 0101, ., )2(10) 2, , – ( 010, . 1)(201)
2 ( 0.011)(201) 2 + ( 0.011)2(10) 2, , ?, , (NDA 2010 I), ,
(a) (0.001)2, (c) (0.1)2, , (b) (0.01)2, (d) (1)2

Page 334 :
207, , Binary Numbers, 4. If x = (1101)2 and y = (110)2
, then what is the value of, x 2 − y 2?, (NDA 2009 II), (a)
(1000101)2, (c) (10001101)2, , (b) (10000101)2, (d)
(10010101)2, , 5. If (10x 010)2 − (11 y1)2 = (10z11)2 ,
then what are the, possible values of the binary digits
x, y and z,, respectively?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) 0, 0, 1 (b) 0,
1, 0 (c) 1, 1, 0, (d) 0, 0, 0, 6. What is the decimal
equivalent of (101101, ., )2?, (a) ( 5.225)10, (b) (
5.525)10 (NDA 2008 II), (d) ( 5.65)10, (c) ( 5.625)10, 7.
The binary number 0.111111 … (where the digit 1 is,
recurring) is equivalent in decimal system to which,
one of the following?, (NDA 2008 I), 1, 11, (a), (b), 10,
10, 10, (c) 1, (d), 11, 8. What is the product of the
binary numbers 1001.01, and 11.1?, (NDA 2007 I), (a)
(101110.011)2, (b) (100000.011)2, (c) (101110101,
(d) (100000101, ., )2, ., )2, 9. The decimal number
corresponding to the binary, number (111000.0101)2
is, (a) ( 5.6312)10, (b) ( 56.3125)10, (c) ( 563125, (d) (
5631.2)10, ., )10, 10. The binary number
corresponding to (13.0625)10 is, (a) (1011 . 0010)2,
(b) (1110. 0101)2, (c) (1101 . 0001)2, (d) None of
these, 11. The sum of 1011 .01 + 1001 .11 is, (a)
111011, (b) 10001, (c) 10000, (d) 10101, 12. If the
sum of the binary numbers (11011)2 ,, (10110110)2
and (10011 x 0 y )2 is the binary number, and y,
(101101101)2 , then the values of x, respectively, are,
(a) 1 and 1, (b) 1 and 0, (c) 0 and 1, (d) 0 and 0, 13. In
the binary addition, where x,y and z are binary, digits,
1 x 1 0 1, + 1 0 y 1, 10 0 z 0 0, the possible values of x,y
and z respectively are, (a) 0, 1 and 0, (b) 1, 1and 0, (c)
0, 0 and 1, (d) 1, 0 and 1, 14. The difference of two
numbers (1100110011)2 and, (1101001011)2 in
binary system is, (b) (101010)2, (a) (100000)2, (c)
(11000)2, (d) (10111)2, 15. Suppose A represents the
symbol 1, B represents the, symbol 0, C represents
the symbol 1, D represents, , the symbol 0 and so on. If
we divide INDIA by AGRA,, then which one of the
following is the remainder in, binary representation?,
(a) (1101)2, (b) (101)2, (c) (11)2, (d) (110)2, 16. What
is the 2's complement of the binary number,
1100110011?, (a) 0011001101, (b) 0011001100, (c)
1100110011, (d) 1100110010, 17. Two numbers in
binary system are 110010011 and, 101010101,
respectively. What is their difference in, decimal
system?, (a) 66, (b) 56, (c) 65, (d) 62, 18. What is the
value of, (1)2 + (11)2 + (111)2 + (1111)2 + (11111)2?,
(a) (111111)2, (b) (111011)2, (c) (111001)2, (d)
(100111)2, 19. What is the value of X, if (1010)2 ×
(111)2 = ( X )10?, (a) 60, (b) 70, (c) 75, (d) 80, 20. If x =
(1101)2 , y = (110)2 , then what is x 2 + y 2 equal, to?,
(a) (11101011)2, (b) (11001101)2, (c) (111000110)2,
(d) (11100101)2, 21. What is the value of, (11), (11),
(1001)2 2 − (101)2 2, (10), , (1001)2 2 + (1001)2, (a)
(1001)2, (c) (110)2, , ( 01) 2, , ( 01), , (101)2 2 + (101)2,
(b) (101)2, (d) (100)2, , (10) 2, , ?, , 22. The maximum
three digit integer in the decimal, system will be
represented in the binary system by, which one of the
following?, (a) (1111110001)2, (b) (111111110)2, (c)
(1111100111)2, (d) (1111000111)2, 23. What is the
difference between the smallest five digit, binary
integer and the largest four digit binary, integer?, (a)
The smallest four digit binary integer, (b) The smallest
one digit binary integer, (c) The greatest one digit
binary integer, (d) The greatest three digit binary
integer, 24. Consider the following statements,
Statement I Binary equivalent of 225 is,
(10110110)2., Statement II To convert a decimal digit
C its binary, equivalent. Divide the decimal number by
2., Which of the given statements is/are correct?, (a) I
only, (b) II only, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 25.
Consider the following statements, Statement I To
obtain the 2's complement of a, binary number. First
we find the 1's complement of, that number and then
add 1.

Page 335 :
208, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Statement II 2's
complement of binary number, (1100110011)2 is (
0011001100)2, which of the given statement is/ are
correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only, (c) Both I and II, (d)
Neither I nor II, , Directions (Q. Nos 26-29) Each of
these, questions contain two statements, one is
Assertion (A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these
questions also has, four alternative choices, only one
of which is the correct, answer. You have to select one
of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a)
Both A and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., 26.
Assertion (A) The decimal form of (10111)2 is 23.,
Reason (R) To convert a binary number into its,
decimal equivalent, each digit of binary number is,
multiplied by 2 having powers (0,1,2,3, ...)., 27.
Assertion (A) The base of the binary number, system
is 2., Reason (R) In the binary system, only two
symbols 0, and 1 are used., , 28. Assertion (A) In the
decimal number system we use, 9 digits which are 1-
9., Reason (R) The base of the decimal number system,
is 10., 29. Assertion (A) In binary addition 1 + 1 = 0
with a, carry of 1., Reason (R) In binary subtraction 1 −
1 = 0 with a, borrow of 1 from next higher column., ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 30-33), , In a binary number,
system, assume x = 00111 and y = 01110 . Then,, 30.
The value of ( x ⋅ y )10 is, 1, (a), 2, (c) 84, , (d) 28, , 31.
The value of ( x + y )10 is, (a) 01010, (c) 10101, , (b)
00111, (d) None of these, , 32. The value of ( y − x )10
is, (a) 00001, (c) 00110, , (b) 00101, (d) 00111, , (b) 14,
, 33. The addition of 2’s complement of x and y is, (a)
111011, (b) 101011, (c) 111000, (d) None of these, ,
Answers, Level I, 1. (a), 11. (b), , 2. (b), 12. (a), , 3. (c), 13.
(a), , 4. (a), 14. (c), , 5. (b), 15. (c), , 6. (b), 16. (c), , 7. (a),
17. (c), , 8. (c), 18. (d), , 9. (a), 19. (c), , 10. (b), 20. (c), , 2.,
12., 22., 32., , 3., 13., 23., 33., , 4. (b), 14. (c), 24. (b), , 5.
(b), 15. (d), 25. (b), , 6. (c), 16. (a), 26. (a), , 7. (c), 17. (d),
27. (b), , 8. (b), 18. (c), 28. (d), , 9. (b), 19. (b), 29. (c), , 10.
(c), 20. (b), 30. (b), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., , (c), (d), (d),
(c), , (d), (b), (c), (d), , (d), (a), (d), (b)

Page 336 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. In this case the binary
number is multiplied by 2 having, negative powers., 2.
To convert a decimal digit into binary number, we,
divide it by 2 and note the remainder. Then, we write,
the digits of binary number from bottom to top., 3.
Complement of (1011100)2 is (0100011)2, 4. Let x =
1011001100 its 1’s complement is 0100110011,
Then, 2’s complement is, 0100110011 + 1 =
(0100110100)2, 5. a = 00111 = 24 × 0 + 23 × 0 + 22 ×
1 + 21 × 1 + 20 × 1, =4 + 2 + 1 = 7, b = 01110 = 24 × 0
+ 23 × 1 + 22 × 1 + 21 × 1 + 20 × 0, = 8 + 4 + 2 = 14, b
14, =, =2, ∴, a, 7, 6. The base of the binary number
system is 2., 7. (101011)2 = 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23, +
0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20, = 32 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 43, ∴
(101011)2 = (43)10, 8. The base of the decimal
number system is 10., Binary, 0, 0.125 × 2 = 0.25, 0,
0.25 × 2 = 0.5, 1, 0.5 × 2 = 1.0, ∴, (0.125)10 = (0.001)2,
10. (10110100001)2 = 210 × 1 + 29 × 0 + 28 × 1 + 27
× 1, + 26 × 0 + 25 × 1 + 24 × 0 + 23 × 0, + 22 × 0 + 21 ×
0 + 20 × 1, = 1024 + 256 + 128 + 32 + 1 = 1441, , 14., ,
Binary, 1, 0.77 × 2 = 1 .54, 1, 0.54 × 2 = 1 .08, 0, 0.08 ×
2 = 0 .16, 0, 0.16 × 2 = 0.32, 0, 0.32 × 2 = 0.64, 1, 0.64
× 2 = 1 .28, 0, 0.28 × 2 = 0 .56, 1, 0.56 × 2 = 1 .12, ∴, (
0.77)10 = (0.11000101)2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 12. (0.1011)2 = 1
× + 0 × 2 + 1 × 3 + 1 × 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, = 0.5 + 0.125 +
0.0625 = 0.6875, 13., , ∴ (0.1011)2 = (0.6875)10,
0110, + 0101, 1011, ∴, , (0110)2 + (0101)2 = (1011)2,
, 292, , 0, , 2, , 146, , 0, , 2, , 73, , 1, , 2, , 36, , 0, , 2, , 18, , 0,
, 2, , 9, , 1, , 2, , 4, , 0, , 2, , 2, , 0, , 1, 15. Given that, the
number 1753 and it can be written as, , 9. Now,, , 11.
Now,, , 2, , , , 2, , 1753, , 2, , 876, , 1, , 2, , 438, , 0, , 2, ,
219, , 0, , 2, , 109, , 1, , 2, , 54, , 1, , 2, , 27, , 0, , 2, , 13, , 1, ,
2, , 6, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 0, , 1, , 1, , 1753 = (11011011001)2, ,
16. We have,, (1101101)2 = 26 × 1 + 25 × 1 + 24 × 0 +
23 × 1, + 22 × 1 + 21 × 0 + 20 × 1, = 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4
+ 0 + 1 = 109, (1011011)2 = 26 × 1 + 25 × 0 + 24 × 1, +
23 × 1 + 22 × 0 + 21 × 1 + 20 × 1, = 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0
+ 2 + 1 = 91, ∴ (1101101)2 + (1011011)2, = (109) +
(91) = 200, 17. 100101 + 101 + 1101 + 100 = 111011,
18. 1111 + 111 + 1111 = 100101, 19. (101011)2 −
(10010)2 = (011001)2, 20. 1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0
× 21 + 1 × 20, + 0 × 2 −1 + 0 × 2 −2 + 1 × 2 −3, 1, = 16 +
8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 +, 8, 1, = 29 +, 8, 233, =, =
(29.125)10, 8

Page 337 :
210, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Level II, 1. Q (1111)2 =
1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20, = 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 15,
(1001)2 = 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20, =8 + 1 =9,
and (1010)2 = 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20, = 8 + 2
= 10, ∴ (1111)2 + (1001)2 − (1010)2 = 15 + 9 − 10 =
14, Now, converting (14)2 into binary, 14, =7+0, 2, 7,
=3 + 1, 2, 3, =1 + 1, 2, 1, =0 + 1, 2, ∴, (14)10 = (1110)2,
2., , 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, , 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, , 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, , ∴, ,
0.25, ×2, 0.50 0, ×2, 1 1, , 32.25 = 100000.01, , 3.
(0.101)2 = 2−1 × 1 + 2−2 × 0 + 2−3 × 1, 1, 1 5, = +0+ =,
2, 8 8, and (0.011)2 = 0 × 2−1 + 1 × 2−2 + 1 × 2−3, 1 1
3, =0 + + =, 4 8 8, Also,, (11)2 = 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 3,
(10)2 = 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 = 2, and, (01)2 = 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
= 1, 2 + (0.011)(11)2, (0.101)(11), 2, 2, ∴, 2 – (0.101)
(01)2 (0.011)(01)2 + (0.011)(10)2, (0.101)(10), 2, 2, 2,
2, 3, , =, , 3 , 5 , + , 8 , 8 , 2, , 3, , 5 3
3 , 5 , − + , 8 7 8 , 8 , 5 3 8, =
+ = = 1 = (1)2, 8 8 8, , Now,, , ∴, , 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, , 133 =
(10000101)2, , 6. (101.101)2 = 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 ×
20 + 1 × 2−1, + 0 × 2 −2 + 1 × 2 −3, 1 1 40 + 4 + 1 45,
=4 + 1 + + =, =, 2 8, 8, 8, = (5.625)10, 7. 0.111111K, , =
2 −1 + 2 −2 + 2 −3 + 2 −4 + 2 −5 + 2 −6 + K, 1 1 1, 1, 1,
1, = + + +, +, +, +K, 2 4 8 16 32 64, 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 +
1, =, +K, 64, 63, =, + K = 0.9843 + K ≈ 1, 64, 1, 8.
1001.01 = 1 × 23 + 1 × 20 +, 4, 1 37, =8 + 1 + =, = 9.25,
4 4, 1, and, 11.1 = 1 × 21 + 1 × 20 +, 2, 1 7, = 2 + 1 + = =
3.5, 2 2, ∴ 1001.01 × 11.1 = 9.25 × 3.5, = 32.375, , 2, ,
4. Given,, , ∴, , 133, 66, 33, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, , 5. (10x 010)2
− (11 y1)2 = (10z11)2, (25 × 1 + 0 × 24 + x × 23 + 0
× 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 ), − (23 × 1 + 22 × 1 + y × 21 + 1
× 20 ), 4, = 2 × 1 + 0 × 23 + 22 × z + 21 × 1 + 20 × 1, ,
(34 + 8x) − (13 + 2 y) = 19 + 4z, , 2 = − 8x + 2 y + 4z,
, x = 0, y = 1 and z = 0, , [Q a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a 2 − ab +
b2)], , and, , 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, , x = (1101)2 = 1 × 23 + 1 ×
22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20, = 8 + 4 + 1 = 13, y = (110)2 = 1 ×
22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20, =4 + 2 =6, x2 − y2 = (13)2 − (6)2,
= 169 − 36 = 133, , Now,, , and, ∴, , 2, , 32, , 2, , 16, , 0, ,
2, , 8, , 0, , 2, , 4, , 0, , 2, , 2, , 0, , 1, , 0, , (32)10 =
(100000)2, 0, 0.375 × 2 = 0.75, 1, 0.75 × 2 = 1.5, 1, 0.5
× 2 = 1.0, (0.375)10 = (0.011)2, (32.375)10 =
(100000.011)2

Page 338 :
211, , Binary Numbers, 9. (111000.0101)2, = 1 × 25 +
1 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 20, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+0× +1× 2+0× 3 +1× 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, = 32 + 16 + 8 + +,
= 56.3125, 4 16, (111000.0101)2 = (56.3125)10, 10., ,
2, 2, 2, , 13, 6 1, 3 0, 1 1, (13)10 = (1101)2, 0.0625 × 2
= 0.125, 0.125 × 2 = 0.25, 0.25 × 2 = 0.5, 0.5 × 2 = 1.0,
(0.0625)10 = (.0001)2, (13.0625)10 = (1101.0001)2., ,
∴, Now,, , ∴, , ∴, , 12. We have the sum of, the binary
numbers, (11011)2, (10110110)2 and (10011x 0 y)2
is = (101101101)2, (binary number), (11011) 2 =,
(10110110) 2 =, (10011 x0 y) 2 =, , 1, 1 0 1 1, 1 0 0 1, 1
0 1 1 0, , 1, 0, 1, 1, , 0, 1, x, 1, , 2, 2, 2, 2, , Binary, 0, 0, 0,
1, , 10 11.01, 10 01 .11, 10 101 .00, , 11., , 14.
(1100110011)2, = 1 × 29 + 1 × 28 + 0 × 27 + 0 × 26 +
1 × 25 + 1 × 24, + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20, 9,
8, 5, = 2 + 2 + 2 + 24 + 21 + 1, = 512 + 256 + 32 + 16 +
2 + 1 = 819, (1101001011)2, = 1 × 29 + 1 × 28 + 0 ×
27 + 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 0 × 24, + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 ×
21 + 1 × 20, 9, 8, 6, 3, = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 21 + 1, = 512 +
256 + 64 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 843, ∴, 843 − 819 = 24, , 1, 1, 0,
0, , 1, 0, y, 1, , ∴ From first column, we have 1 + 0 + y =
1, , y=0, From second column, we have, 1 + 1 + 0 = 0
with carry 1, ∴ From third column, we have, 1+ 0+1+
x=1, ∴ Obviously, 1 + 0 + 1 + 1 = 1 with carry 1, ∴, x=1,
, 24, 12, 6, 3, 1, , 0, 0, 0, 1, , 24 = (11000)2, , INDIA,
(10011)2 24 × 1 + 0 + 0 + 21 × 1 + 20 × 1, 15. ∴, =, =,
AGRA, (1101)2, 23 × 1 + 22 × 1 + 0 + 20 × 1, 16 + 2 + 1
19, =, =, 8 + 4 + 1 13, Remainder is 6., i.e.,, 2, , 6, , 0, ,
2, , 3, , 1, , 1, ∴ Binary representation is (110)2., 16. 2’s
complement of 1100110011 = 1's complement of,
1100110011 + 1, 1’s complement of 1100110011 =
0011001100, 2’s complement of 1100110011 =
0011001100 + 1, = 0011001101, 17. (110010011)2,
= 1 × 28 + 1 × 27 + 0 + 0 + 1 × 24 + 0 + 0 + 1 × 21 + 1 ×
20, = 256 + 128 + 16 + 2 + 1 = 403, and
(101010101)2, , 13. We have,, 1x101, + 10 y 1, , = 1 ×
28 + 0 + 1 × 26 + 0 + 1 × 24 + 0 + 1 × 22 + 0 + 2, ,
100z00, , = 341, ∴Required difference = 403 − 341 =
62, , ∴In the addition of binary number, we know that,
0 + 0 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 0 = 1, 1 + 1 = 0 with carry of 1,
Now, from first column, 1 + 1 = 0, (with carry 1),
second column, 1 + 0 + y = 0, (with carry 1), , y=1,
third column, (with carry 1), 1 + 1 + 0 = z =0, fourth
column, 1 + x+ 1 =0, (with carry 1), , x=0, fifth
column,, 1 + 1 = 10, Hence, the possible values of x, y
and z are respectively, 0,1 and 0., , = 256 + 64 + 16 + 4
+ 1, , 18. Since,, , (1)2 = 20 × 1 = 1, (11)2 = 21 × 1 + 20 ×
1 = 2 + 1 = 3, (111)2 = 22 × 1 + 21 × 1 + 20 × 1, =4 + 2
+ 1 = 7, (1111)2 = 23 × 1 + 22 × 1 + 21 × 1 + 20 × 1, = 8
+ 4 + 2 + 1 = 15, , and, (11111)2 = 24 × 1 + 23 × 1 + 22
× 1 + 21 × 1 + 20 × 1, = 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 31, ∴, , (1)2
+ (11)2 + (111)2 + (1111)2 + (11111)2, = 1 + 3 + 7 +
15 + 31 = 57, , 0, , ×1

Page 339 :
212, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, , 57, 28, 14,
7, 3, 1, , 23. The smallest five digit binary number is
10000., The greatest four digit binary number is
1001., Now, the difference between them, = (10000)2
− (1001)2 = (111)2, which is the greatest three digit
binary integer ., , 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, , 24., , 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, ,
(57)10 = (111001)2, 19. (1010)2 = 1 × 2 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 2
+ 0 × 2, = 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 10, (111)2 = 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 +
1 × 20 = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7, ∴ (1010)2 × (111)2 = 10 × 7 =
(70)10, ∴ The value of x is 70., 3, , 2, , 1, , 0, , 20. We
have, x = (1101)2 and y = (110)2, , , x = 1 × 23 + 1 ×
22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20, , = 8 + 4 + 1 = 13 and y = 1 × 2 + 1
× 2 + 0 = 4 + 2 = 6, 2, , ∴, , 1, , x2 + y2 = (13)2 + (6)2 =
169 + 36 = 205, 2, 205, 2, 102, 1, 2, 51, 0, 2, 25, 1, 2,
12, 1, 2, 6, 0, 2, 3, 0, 1, 1, , ∴ (205)10 = (11001101)2,
21. Q, , ∴, , (1001)2 = 23 + 20 = 8 + 1 = 9, (11)2 = 21 +
20 = 2 + 1 = 3, (101)2 = 22 + 20 = 4 + 1 = 5, (10)2 = 21
= 2 and (01)2 = 1, +, , (1001)(201)2, , =, , 9 −5, (9 + 9 × 5
+ 52), 3, , (101)(201)2, , +, , (101)(210)2, , ∴, (225)10 =
(10000111)2, So, only statement II is correct., 25. Let
x = 1100110011, The 1’s complement of x =
0011001100, and then 2’s complement of x =
0011001100 + 1, = 0011001101, but statement I is
wrong., So, only statement II is correct., 26. (10111)2
= 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20, = 16 + 0 +
4 + 2 + 1 = (23)10, So, both A and R are individually
true and R is the, correct explanation of A., 27. In the
binary system, only two symbols 0 and 1 are uscd,
with base 2., but ‘R ’ is not the correct explanation of
A., , 29. 1 + 1 = 0 is true, but 0 − 1 = 1 with a borrow of
1 from, next higher column., So, A is true but R is
false., , 3, , 2, , (9 − 5) (92 + 9 × 5 + 52), =, (92 + 9 × 5 +
52), = 9 − 5 = 4 = (100)2, 22. The maximum three digit
number in decimal system is, 999., Now,, 2, 999, 2,
499, 1, 2, 249, 1, 2, 124, 1, 2, 62, 0, 2, 31, 0, 2, 15, 1, 2,
7, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, ∴, , 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, , 28. In decimal
number system we use 10-digits which are, 0 − 9 and
the base of the decimal number system is 10., So, A is
false but R is true., , (1001)(211)2 − (101)(211)2,
(1001)(210)2, , 225, 112, 56, 28, 14, 7, 3, 1, , (999)10 =
(1111100111)2, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 30-33), 30. Given,
x = 00111 = 0 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22, + 1 × 2 1 + 1 × 20,
=0 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 7, and, y = 01110 = 0 × 24 + 1 × 22
+ 1 × 21 + 0 × 20, = 0 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 = 14, Now, x ⋅ y =
7.14 = (84)10, 31. (x + y)10 i.e.,, , 32. ( y − x)10 i. e. ,, ,
00111, + 01110, 10101, 01110, − 00111, 00111, , 33.
Q x = 00111 and y = 01110, Now, 2’s complement of x
= 11000 + 1 = 11001 = x′, and 2’s complement of y =
10001 + 1, 10010 = y′, ∴, x′ + y′ i. e. , 11001, +10010,
101011

Page 340 :
12, , Trigonometric, Ratios and Equations, In the
figure,, OA = OC = Arc AC = r, , Measurement of
Angles, There are three mainly system of
measurement of, angles., 1. Sexagesimal system 2.
Centesimal system, 3. Circular system, , 1.
Sexagesimal System, A right angle is divided into 90
equal parts and each of, part is known as 1 degree.
Thus, each right angle is equal, to 90 degree. 1 degree
is denoted by 1°., Each degree is divided into 60 equal
parts which is, known as one minute and 1 min is
denoted by 1 ′. Each, minute is divided into 60 equal
parts, each of which is, known as 1 s. One second is
denoted by 1′′., Hence,, 1 right angle = 90°, (90
degree), (60 min), 1° = 60 ′, (60 s), 1 ′ = 60 ′′, , Then
measure of ∠AOC is, 1 rad and is denoted by 1c., , (100
min), , 1 ′ = 100′′, , (100 s), , 1c, , B, , O, , r, , A, , If r and l
be the radius and, length of an arc of a circle, then,
angle subtended by the arc is, given by, C, l, r, θ, , B, , O,
, θ=, , 1 g = 100 ′, , l, , r, , (radius of circle), , 2.
Centesimal System, A right angle is divided into 100
equal parts and each, part is known as one grade.
Hence, a right angle is equal to, 100 grade. One grade
is denoted by 1 g ., Each grade is divided into 100
equal parts and each, part is known as 1 min and one
minute is denoted by 1 ′., Each minute is also divided
into 100 equal parts and, each part is known as 1 s.
One second is denoted by 1′′., (100 grade), 1 right
angle = 100 g, , C, , r, , A, , l, r, , Relation Among Degree,
Radian, and Grade, 180° = π c = 100 g, and, %, , 1 rad =
57°16 ′ 22′′, , If the measure of an angle is given in
degree. To convert it into, π, radian, the angle should
be multiplied by, and to convert an, 180°, angle from
radian to degree put 180° at the place of π., , Example
1. Find in degree the angle through which a, , 3.
Circular System, Angle subtended by an arc whose
length is equal to the, radius of circle, at the centre of
circle is known as one, radian., , pendulum swings, if its
length is 50 cm and the tip describes, an arc of length
10 cm., (a) 11°27′ 16.36 ′′, (b) 11°27 ′ 17 ′′, (c) 11°27′
16.50 ′′, (d) None of these

Page 342 :
215, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, , Example
3. If 5 tan θ = 4, then, (a) 0, 1, (c), 6, , (a) a 2 + b 2, (c) a +
b, , 5 sin θ − 3 cos θ, is equal to, 5 sin θ + 2 cos θ, (b) 1, ,
(b) a 2 − b 2, (d) None of these, , Solution (a) Since, x = a
cos θ + b sin θ, , (d) 6, , and, Now,, , 4, 5, 5 sin θ − 3 cos
θ 5 tan θ − 3, =, 5 sin θ + 2 cos θ 5 tan θ + 2, , y = a sin θ
− b cos θ, x2 + y 2 = ( a cos θ + b sin θ) 2 + ( a sin θ − b
cos θ) 2, , Solution (c) Given, tan θ =, ∴, , = a2 cos2 θ +
b 2 sin 2 θ + 2ab sin θ cos θ, + a2 sin 2 θ + b 2 cos2 θ −
2ab sin θ cos θ, = a (sin 2 θ + cos2 θ) + b 2(sin 2 θ +
cos2 θ), 2, , (Divide numerator and denominator by
cos θ), 4, 5 × −3, 1, 5, =, =, 4, 6, 5× +2, 5, , Example 4.
The value of, (a) 3, , = a2 + b 2, , Domain and Range of,
Trigonometric Functions, Functions, , Domain, , Range,
, sin x, cos x, tan x, , R, R, { x : x ∈ R and, 1 , , x ≠ n +
π,, , 2 , n ∈ I}, { x : x ∈ R and x ≠ nπ,, n ∈ I}, { x : x ∈ R and
x ≠ nπ,, n ∈ I}, { x : x ∈ R and, 1 , , x ≠ n + π, n ∈ I}, ,
2 , , [ −1, 1 ], [ −1, 1 ], R, , (1 + cot θ − cosec θ) (1 + tan θ
+ sec θ) is, (b) 2, (c) − 2, (d) − 3, , Solution (b) (1 + cot θ −
cosec θ ) (1 + tan θ + sec θ ), , cos θ, 1 , = 1 +, −, , ,
sin θ sin θ , , , sin θ, 1 , +, , 1 +, , cos θ cos θ , ,
sin θ + cos θ − 1 cos θ + sin θ + 1 , = , , , , ,
, sin θ, cos θ, , cot x, , (sin θ + cos θ) 2 − 1 sin 2 θ +
cos2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ − 1, =, sin θ cos θ, sin θ cos θ, 2
sin θ cos θ, =, =2, sin θ cos θ, , cosec x, , =, , sec x, , R, (
−∞, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞), ( −∞, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞), , Example 5. If a cos
θ + b sin θ = x and, a sin θ − b cos θ = y, then x 2 + y 2 is
equal to, , Trigonometric Ratios in Different
Quadrants, y, , y, , In, II Quadrant, , I Quadrant, , sin,
cosec are, positive and the, rest are negative, , All
positive, , x´, , sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant,
cosecant, , decreases, from, decreases, from,
increases from, decreases, , x x´, , O, , In, , III Quadrant,
, IV Quadrant, , tan, cot are, positive and the, rest are
negative, , cos, sec are, positive and the, rest are
negative, , y´, , Quadrant, , II, , III, , sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant, cosecant, , In, 1 to 0, 0 to –1, – ∞ to
0, 0 to – ∞, – ∞ to –1, 1 to ∞, , O, , Quadrant, ,
decreases, from, increases from, increases from,
decreases, from, , 0 to 1, –1 to 0, 0 to ∞, ∞ to 0, –1 to –
∞, – ∞ to –1, , I, , sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent,
secant, cosecant, , In, , 0 to 1, 1 to 0, 0 to ∞, ∞ to 0, 1 to
∞, ∞ to 1, , x, , IV Quadrant, , sine, cosine, tangent,
cotangent, secant, cosecant, , y´, , Quadrant, increases
from, decreases, from, increases from, decreases,
from, , increases from, increases from, increases from,
decreases, from, decreases, , –1 to 0, 0 to 1, – ∞ to 0, 0
to – ∞, ∞ to 1, –1 to – ∞

Page 344 :
217, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, ,
Trigonometric Ratios of, Combined Angles, , Solution
(b) We have, tan (α + β) =, , 1. Sum and Difference of
Two Angles, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), , sin ( A +,
sin ( A −, cos ( A +, cos ( A −, , B) =, B) =, B) =, B) =, , sin A
cos B + cos A sin B, sin A cos B − cos A sin B, cos A cos
B − sin A sin B, cos A cos B + sin A sin B, tan A + tan B,
tan ( A + B) =, 1 − tan A tan B, tan A − tan B, tan ( A − B)
=, 1 + tan A tan B, cot A cot B − 1, cot ( A + B) =, cot A +
cot B, cot A cot B − 1, cot ( A − B) =, cot B − cot A, , (ix)
sin ( A + B) sin ( A − B), = sin2 A − sin2 B = cos2 B −
cos2 A, , Example 8. The value of, , 4, , 2, sin θ +
sin π + θ + sin π + θ is, , 3, , 3, (b) 1, , (c) 2, ,
(d) 3, , Solution (a) sin θ + sin π + θ + sin π +
θ , , , , , 2, 3, , 4, 3, 1 , 1, , , , , = sin θ + sin
π − π + θ + sin π + π + θ , , 3 , 3, , , ,
, , , , 1, 1, = sin θ + sin π − π − θ + sin π
+ π + θ , , , , , 3, 3, , , , , 1, , 1, = sin θ +
sin π − θ − sin π + θ , , 3, , 3, 1, 1, , , = sin θ
+ sin π cos θ − cos π sin θ , , , 3, 3, 1, 1, , , − sin
π cos θ + cos π sin θ , , , 3, 3, 1, = sin θ − 2 cos π sin θ
= sin θ − 2 cos 60 ° sin θ, 3, 1, = sin θ − 2 ⋅ ⋅ sin θ = sin
θ − sin θ = 0, 2, , Example 9. If tan α =, α + β is equal to,
π, (a), 2, π, (c), 3, , m, 1, and tan β =, , then, m +1, 2m + 1,
(b), , 1, m, +, 2m2 + m + m + 1, m + 1 2m + 1, =, =, 1, m,
2m2 + 3m + 1 − m, 1−, ×, m + 1 2m + 1, π, 2m2 + 2m +
1, = 1 = tan, 2, 4, 2m + 2m + 1, π, ∴ α+β=, 4, =, , 2.
Transformation of Product into Sum or, Difference, (i)
2 sin A cos B = sin ( A + B) + sin ( A − B) , (ii) 2 cos A sin
B = sin ( A + B) − sin ( A − B) , A> B, (iii) 2 cos A cos
B = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B) , (iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (
A − B) − cos ( A + B) , , 3. Transformation of Sum or
Difference into, Product, , (x) cos ( A + B) cos ( A − B), =
cos2 A − sin2 B = cos2 B − sin2 A, , (a) 0, , tan α + tan β,
1 − tan α tan β, , π, 4, , (d) None of these, , C − D , C
+ D , (i) sin C + sin D = 2 sin , , ⋅ cos , 2 , 2 ,
C − D , C + D , (ii) sin C − sin D = 2 cos , , ⋅ sin ,
2 , 2 , C + D , C − D , (iii) cos C + cos D = 2 cos
, ⋅ cos , , 2 , 2 , D − C , C + D , (iv) cos C −
cos D = 2 sin , , ⋅ sin , 2 , 2 , , Example 10.
The simplified form of, cos A cos (60 ° − A) cos (60 ° +
A) is, 1, 1, (a) sin3A, (b) cos3A, (c), cos 3A (d) cos 3A, 2,
4, , Solution (d) cos A ⋅ cos (60 ° − A) cos (60 ° + A), =
cos A ⋅ (cos2 60 ° − sin 2 A), [Q cos ( A + B ) cos ( A − B )
= cos2 A − sin 2 B], , 1, = cos A − sin 2 A , , 4, ,
1, = cos A − (1 − cos2 A) , , 4, 3, , = cos A − +
cos2 A , 4, , 1, = cos A ( −3 + 4 cos2 A), 4, 1, 1, = ( 4
cos3 A − 3 cos A) = cos 3A, 4, 4, , Example 11. The
value of, (sin 3A + sin A) sin A + (cos 3A − cos A) cos A
is, (a) 1, (b) 0, (c) 2, (d) 3

Page 348 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. The angle subtended at the centre
of a circle of radius, 3 m by an arc of length 1 m is
equal to, (a) 20°, (b) 60°, 1, (c) rad, (d) 3 rad, 3, 2. The
circular wire of diameter 10 cm is cut and placed,
along the circumference of a circle of diameter 1 m.,
The angle subtended by the wire at the centre of the,
circle is equal to, π, π, π, π, (a), rad, (b), rad, (c), rad, (d),
rad, 4, 3, 5, 10, 3. The maximum value of 3 cos θ + 4 sin
θ is, (a) 3, (b) 4, (c) 5, (d) None of these, 4. If sin θ + cos
θ = m and sec θ + cosec θ = n, then, n( m + 1)( m − 1) is
equal to, (a) m, (b) n, (c) 2m, (d) 2n, 5. What is the value
of, sin 420°⋅ cos 390° + cos( −300° ) ⋅ sin( −330° ) ?,
(NDA 2012 I), , (a) 0, , (b) 1, , (c) 2, , (d) −1, , 6. The value
of cot( 45° + θ ) cot ( 45° − θ ) is, (a) –1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d)
∞, 7. The value of sin A sin ( 60° − A) sin ( 60° + A) is
equal, to, sin 3 A, (a) sin 3A, (b), 2, sin 3 A, (d) None of
these, (c), 4, 8. The value of cos 15° is, 1 + cos 30°, (a),
2, 1 + cos 30°, (c) ±, 2, , 1 − cos 30°, 2, 1 − cos 30°, (d) ±,
2, (b), , 9. What is the value of, sin A cos A tan A + cos A
sin A cot A ? (NDA 2012 I), (a) sin A, (b) cos A, (c) tan A,
(d) 1, 10. What is the maximum value of 3 cos x + 4 sin
x + 5?, (NDA 2011 II), , (a) 5, , (b) 7, , (c) 10, (d) 12, sin x,
1 + cos x, 11. What is the value of, ?, +, 1 + cos x, sin x,
(NDA 2011 II), , (a) 2 tan x, (c) 2 cos x, , (b) 2 cosec x, (d)
2 sin x, , 12. If sin 3 A = 1, then how many distinct
values can sin, A assume?, (NDA 2011 II), (a) 1, (b) 2,
(c) 3, (d) 4, 13. If (1 + tan θ )(1 + tan φ ) = 2, then what
is (θ + φ ) equal, to?, (NDA 2011 I), (a) 30°, (b) 45°, (c)
60°, (d) 90°, 14. Which one of the following is positive
in the third, quadrant?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) sinθ, (b) cosθ,
(c) tanθ, (d) sec θ, 15. What is the value of sin1920°?,
1, 1, 3, (a), (b), (c), 2, 2, 2, 16. What is the value of, (a) 1,
(c) 1/3, , (NDA 2012 I ), , (d), , sin θ, cos θ, ?, +, cosec θ
sec θ, , 1, 3, , (NDA 2012 I), , (b) 1/2, (d) 2, , 17. What is
the maximum value of, (NDA 2012 I), sin 3θ cos 2θ +
cos 3θ sin 2θ?, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 4, (d) 10, cos 12° − sin 12°
sin 147°, is equal to, 18. The value of, +, cos 12° + sin
12° cos 147°, (a) 1, (b) –1, (c) 0, (d) None of these, 19.
The value of 3 cosec 20° − sec 20° is equal to, 2 sin
20°, (a) 2, (b), sin 40°, 4 sin 20°, (c) 4, (d), sin 40°, 20. The
expression tan2 α + cot2 α is equal to, (a) ≥ 2, (b) ≤ 2,
(c) ≥ − 2, (d) None of these, 21. One of the angles of a
triangle is 1/2 rad and the other, is 99°. What is the
third angle in radian measure?, (NDA 2010 II), , 9π −
10, (a), π, 90π − 10, (c), π, , 90π − 100, (b), 7π, (d) None
of these, , 22. If y = sec2 θ + cos2 θ , where 0 < θ <, , π, ,
then which one, 2, , of the following is correct?, (NDA
2010 II), (a) y = 0, (b) 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, (c) y ≥ 2, (d) None of
these

Page 349 :
222, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 3, 12, and tan B = −, ,
then how many values, 4, 5, can cot ( A − B) have
depending on the actual values, of A and B?, (NDA
2010 II), (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, sin θ + cos θ − tan θ, 24.
What is the value of, , when, sec θ + cosec θ − cot θ,
3π, (NDA 2010 II), ?, θ=, 4, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) –1, (d) None
of these, 23. If tan A =, , 25. Which one of the
following is correct? (NDA 2010 II), (a) sin 1° > sin 1,
(b) sin 1° < sin 1, π, (c) sin 1° = sin 1, (d) sin 1° =, sin 1,
180, 26. What is the value of, (NDA 2010 I), cos 15°
sin 15°, cos 45° cos 15°, ?, ×, cos 45° sin 45°, sin 45° sin
15°, 1, 3, (b), (a), 2, 4, 1, 3, (d) −, (c) −, 4, 4, 27. The angle
A lies in the third quadrant and it satisfies, the
equation 4 (sin2 x + cos x ) = 1. What is the, measure
of the ∠A?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) 225°, (b) 240°, (c) 210°, (d)
None of these, 1 , 1 , 1 2 1 , x + , then x + 2 is
equal to, , , 2, x, 2 , x , (a) sin 2θ, (b) cos 2θ, (c) tan
2θ, (d) sec 2θ, sin ( B + A) + cos ( B − A), 29. The value
of, is equal to, sin ( B − A) + cos ( B + A), cos B + sin B,
cos A + sin A, (b), (a), cos B − sin B, cos A − sin A, cos A
− sin A, (d) None of these, (c), cos A + sin A, , 28. If cos
θ =, , 4, 12, and cos B = −, , where A and B lie in, 5, 13,
first and third quadrant respectively, then, cos ( A + B)
is equal to, 56, 16, 56, 16, (c), (b) −, (d) −, (a), 65, 65, 65,
65, , 30. If sin A =, , 31. The value of x for the maximum
value of, 3 cos x + sin x, is, (a) 30°, (b) 45°, (c) 60°, (d)
90°, 32. If A, B, C, D are the angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral,, then cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D is
equal to, (a) 2 (cos A + cos C ), (b) 2(cos A + cos B), (c)
2(cos A + cos D ), (d) 0, , 3π, < α < π , then cosec2α + 2
cot α is equal to, 4, (a) 1 + cot α, (b) 1 − cot α, (c) − 1 −
cot α, (d) − 1 + cot α, , 33. If, , 34. If (sin x + cosec x )2 +
(cos x + sec x )2, = k + tan2 x + cot2 x ,, then what is the
value of k?, (a) 8, (b) 7, (c) 4, (d) 3, 41π, 35. If A =, , then
what is, 12, 1 − 3 tan2 A, ?, 3 tan A − tan3 A, (a) –1, 1,
(c), 3, , (NDA 2009 II), , the, , value, , of, , (NDA 2009 II),
, (b) 1, (d) 3, , π , 36. If cot θ = 2 cos θ , where <θ
< π , then what is the, 2 , value of θ?, (NDA 2009 II),
5π, 2π, (b), (a), 6, 3, 3π, 11π, (d), (c), 4, 12, 5, and θ lies
in the third quadrant, then, 37. If cot θ =, 12, what is
the value of ( 2 sin θ + 3 cos θ )? (NDA 2009 II), (a) – 4,
(b) − p2 for some odd prime p, q , (c) − where p is
an odd prime and q is a, p , q , positive integer
with not an integer, p , (d) − p for some odd
prime p, 38. What is the value of, (NDA 2009 II), π, π,
5, π, 7, π, , , , , cos + cos + cos +
cos ?, 9 , 9 , 3 , 9 , (a) 1, (b) –1, 1, 1, (c) −,
(d), 2, 2, 39. What is the length of arc of a circle of
radius 5 cm, subtending a central angle measuring is?
(NDA 2009 II), 5π, 7π, cm, (b), cm, (a), 12, 12, π, π, cm,
(d), cm, (c), 12, 5, 40. If P = sin ( 989° ) cos ( 991° ), then
which is the correct, statement in following?, (NDA
2009 II), (a) P is finite and positive, (b) P is finite and
negative, (c) P = 0, (d) P is not defined

Page 350 :
223, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, 41. What is
the value of 1 − sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° ?, (NDA 2009 I),
, (a), , 1, 8, , (b), , 3, 8, , (c), , 5, 8, , (d), , 7, 8, , 42. The sines
of two angles of a triangle are equal to, and, , 5, 13, ,
99, . What is the cosine of the third angle?, 101, (NDA
2009 I), , 255, (a), 1313, 275, (c), 1313, , 265, (b), 1313,
770, (d), 1313, , 43. One radian is approximately equal
to which one of, the following?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) 90°,
(b) 180°, (c) 57°, (d) 47°, 44. x = sin θ cos θ and y = sin θ
+ cos θ are satisfied by, which one of the following
equations?, (NDA 2009 I), 2, 2, (a) y − 2x = 1, (b) y + 2x
= 1, (c) y 2 − 2x = − 1, (d) y 2 + 2x = − 1, 45. If sin x − cos
x = p, then which one of the following, is correct?,
(NDA 2009 I), (a) p = 1, (b) p = 0, (c) | p|> 1 (d) | p|≤ 1, 1,
1, 46. If sin A =, and sin B =, , where A and B are, 10, 5,
positive acute angles, then A + B is equal to, π, π, π, (c),
(d), (a) π, (b), 2, 3, 4, 4, , 4, , 47. If tan A − tan B = x and
cot B − cot A = y , then, cot( A − B) is equal to, 1, 1, 1 1,
1 1, (a), (b), (d), (c), +y, −, +, x, xy, x y, x y, 3π, then, the,
value, of, 48. If, A+ B+C =, ,, 2, cos 2 A + cos 2B + cos
2C is equal to, (a) 1 − 4 cos A cos B cos C (b) 4 sin A sin
B sin C, (c) 1 + 2 cos A cos B cos C (d) 1 − 4 sin A sin B
sin C, 2, , 49. The value of, , sin 3A, 2, , sin A, , (a) cos 2A,
1, (c), 8 cos 2 A, 50. The value of, , sin 1°, sin 1c, , (a)
greater than 1, (c) equal to 1, , −, , 2, , cos 3A, 2, , is
equal to, , cos A, (b) 8 cos 2 A, cos 2 A, (d), 8, , , where
1c represents 1 rad, is, (b) less than 1, (d) equal to π
/180, , 51. The value of sin 10° + sin 20° + sin 30° + …+
sin 360°, is equal to, (a) 0, (b) 1/2, (c) 1, (d) 2, , 52. The
value of, sin θ + sin (θ + 120° ) + sin (θ + 240° ) is equal
to, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 3, (d) 2, 53. What is 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos A
equal to?, (NDA 2008 II), , (a) cos A, A , (c) 2 cos ,
2 , , (b) cos ( 2A), (d), , 2 cos A, , 54. What is the
measure of the angle 114° 35′ 30′ ′ in, radian?, (NDA
2008 I), (a) 1 rad, (b) 2 rad, (c) 3 rad, (d) 4 rad, 55.
Which one of the following is correct?, 1° , 1° , ,
1 + cos 67 1 + cos 112 is, , 2 , 2 , (a), (b), (c),
(d), , (NDA 2008 I), , an irrational number and is
greater than 1, a rational number but not an integer,
an integer, an irrational number and is less than 1, , 56.
For what value of x does the equation, 4 sin x + 3 sin
2x − 2 sin 3x + sin 4x = 2 3 hold?, (NDA 2008 I), , π, (a),
6, , π, (b), 4, , π, (c), 3, , (d), , π, 2, , 57. If X = sin( A + B) sin
( A − B) andY = cos ( A + B), cos ( A − B), then which
one of the following is not, correct ?, (a) X + Y > 0, if 0°
< B < 45° for any A, (b) X + Y = 0, if B = 45° for any A,
(c) X + Y is a rational number for any A and B, (d) X + Y
< 0, if 45° < B ≤ 90° for any A, 58. If tan θ + sec θ = 4,
then what is the value of sinθ?, 15, 8, 15, 3, (b), (c), (d),
(a), 28, 15, 17, 5, π , 59. What is the value of tan ?,
12 , (a) 2 − 3, (c), , 2− 3, , (NDA 2012 I), , (b) 2 + 3, (d),
, 3− 2, , 60. For what values of x is the equation 2 sin θ
= x +, valid?, (a) x = ± 1, (c) −1 < x < 1, tan x = b/ a, then,
a+b, a−b, ?, +, a−b, a+b, 2 sin x, (a), sin 2x, 2 cos x, (c),
sin 2x, , 61. If, , 1, x, , (b) All real values of x, (d) x > 1 and
x < − 1, what, , (b), (d), , is, , the, , 2 cos x, cos 2x, 2 sin x,
cos 2x, , value, , of

Page 351 :
224, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 62. Which one of the
following pairs is not correctly, matched?, (NDA 2008
I), (a) sin 2π, : sin ( −2π ), (b) tan 45°, : tan ( −315° ), (c)
cot (tan−1 0.5) : tan (cot−1 0.5), (d) tan 420°, : tan (
−60° ), 1, 63. If cos 3 A = , then how many values can
sin A, 2, assume? ( 0 < A < 360° ), (NDA 2007 II), (a) 3,
(b) 4, (c) 5, (d) 6, x = a sec θ cos φ , y = b sec θ sin φ , z =
c tan θ, then, x2 y2 z 2, what is the value of 2 + 2 − 2 ?,
(NDA 2007 II), a, b, c, (a) 1, (b) 0, (c) −1, (d) a 2 + b2 −
c2, , 64. If, , 65. If sin A = sin B and cos A = cos B, then
which one of, the following is correct?, (NDA 2007 II),
(a) B = nπ + A, (b) A = 2nπ − B, (c) A = 2nπ + B, (d) B =
nπ − A (n is an integer), π, 66. If A + B = , what are the
greatest and the least, 2, values of cos A cos B,
respectively?, (a) 1/2 and 0, (b) 0 and –1/2, (c) 1/2 and
–1/2, (d) 0 and –1, 67. The difference of two angles is
1°; the circular, measure of their sum is 1. What is the
smaller angle, in circular measure?, π , , , 180, (b)
1 −, (a) , − 1 , 180 , , , π, π , 1 , 1 180, , (c),
(d), 1−, − 1 , 2 , 180 , 2 π, , 68. A positive acute
angle is divided into two parts whose, 1, 7, tangents
are and . What is the value of this angle?, 8, 9, π, π, π,
π, (b), (c), (d), (a), 3, 4, 6, 12, , 71. Given that p = tan α +
tan β and q = cot α + cot β ;, 1 1 , then what is the
value of − ?, p q , (a) cot(α − β ), (c) tan(α + β ), , (b)
tan(α − β ), (d) cot(α + β ), , 72. What is the value of,
cosec ( π + θ ) cot {( 9π/ 2) − θ } cosec2 ( 2π − θ ), , ?, cot
( 2π − θ ) sec2 ( π − θ ) sec {( 3π/ 2) + θ }, (a) 0, (b) 1,
(NDA 2007 I), (c) –1, (d) ∞, , 73. What is the value of, (
sec θ − cos θ )( cosec θ − sin θ )(cot θ + tan θ )?, (NDA
2007 I), , (a) 1, (c) sin θ, , (b) 2, (d) cos θ, , π, and β + γ =
α , then which one of the, 2, following is correct?,
(NDA 2007 I), (a) 2 tan β + tan γ = tan α (b) tan β + 2
tan γ = tan α, (c) tan β + tan γ = tan α (d) 2 (tan β + tan
γ ) = tan α, , 74. If α + β =, , 75. If sin θ + cosec θ = 1,
then the general value of θ is, π π, (a) 2n π, (b) n π = (
−1) −, 4 4, π, (c) 2n π +, (d) None of these, 2, 76. If sin θ
= 3 cos θ , − π < θ < 0, then θ is equal to, (a), , −5π, 6, ,
(b), , −4π, 6, , (c), , 4π, 6, , 5π, 6, , (d), , 1, , then the most
general value of θ is, 4, π, nπ, π, (a) 2nπ ± ( −1)n, (b), ± (
−1)n, 6, 2, 6, π, π, (d) 2nπ ±, (c) nπ ±, 6, 6, , 77. If sin2 θ
=, , 78. The equation sin x cos x = 2 has, (a) one
solution, (b) two solutions, (c) infinite solutions, (d) no
solution, , 69. If an angle B is complement of an angle
A, what are, the greatest and the least values of cos A
cos B,, respectively?, 1, 1, (a) 0, −, (b) , − 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, (c)
1, 0, (d) , −, 2, 2, , 79. If tan 2θ tan θ = 1, then the
general value of θ is, 1 π, 1 , , , (a) n + , (b) n +
π, , , 2 3, 2 , , 70. In a ∆ ABC, if cos A = cos B cos C ,
what is the value of, tan A − tan B − tan C?, (a) 0, (b) −1,
(c) 1 + tan A tan B tan C, (d) tan A tan B tan C − 1, , 80.
If cosθ = −, , 1 π, , (c) 2n ± , , 2 3, , θ is, (a) 2nπ +,
(c) nπ +, , π, 4, , 1, 2, π, 4, , (d) None of these, , and tanθ
= 1, then the general value of, , (b) ( 2n + 1) π +, (d) nπ
±, , π, 4, , π, 4

Page 352 :
225, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, 81. If tan θ
+ sin θ = m and tan θ − sin θ = n , then, (b) m 2 + n 2 =
16mn, (a) m 2 − n 2 = 16mn, 2, 2 2, (c) ( m − n ) = 16mn,
(d) ( m 2 + n 2 )2 = 16mn, , 82. If n is an integer which
one of the following is correct?, (a) tan ( nπ + α ) = −
tan α, (b) tan ( nπ + α ) = tan α, (c) tan ( nπ + α ) = ± tan
α, (d) tan( nπ + α ) = ± cot α, , Level II, 1. The value of
sin 20° sin 40° sin 60° sin 80° is equal to, (a) –3/16, (b)
5/16, (c) 3/16, (d) –5/16, , , , 3π, 2. The value of 3
sin4 , − α + sin4( 3π + α ) , , , 2, , , , 6 π, ,
−2 sin + α + sin6( 5π − α ) , , , 2, , , is equal to,
(a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 3, (d) sin 4α + sin 6 α, cos( A + C ), 3. If
cos 2B =, , then tan A, tan B, tanC are in, cos( A − C ),
(a) AP, (c) HP, , 10. If tan A − tan B = x and cot B − cot A
= y , then what, is the value of cot ( A − B)?, (NDA 2011
II), 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, (a), (b), (c), (d) − −, −, −, +, y x, x y, x
y, x y, 11. If x = sin θ + cos θ and y = sin θ ⋅ cos θ , then
what is, the value of x 4 − 4x 2 y − 2x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 y + 1
?, (NDA 2011 I), , (a) 0, (c) 2, , (b) 1, (d) None of these, ,
12. If an angle α is divided into two parts A and B such
that, A − B = x and tan A : tan B = 2 : 1, then what is
the, value of sin x ?, (NDA 2011 I), ( 2 sin α ), (a) 3 sin α,
(b), 3, (sin α ), (c), (d) 2 sin α, 3, , (b) GP, (d) None of
these, n −1, A+ B, is equal to, 4. If sin A = n sin B, then,
tan, n +1, 2, A− B, A− B, (a) sin, (b) tan, 2, 2, A− B, (c)
cot, (d) None of these, 2, , 13. If x lies in II quadrant,
then, , 5. What is the value of tan 15°⋅ tan 195°? (NDA
2011 II), (b) 7 + 4 3, (a) 7 − 4 3, , 14. If tan x =, , (c) 7 + 2
3, , (d) 7 + 6 3, , equal to, x, (a) sin, 2, , (a), , 6. If tan θ =
m, where m is a non-square natural, number m, then
sec 2θ is, (NDA 2011 II), (a) a negative number, (b) a
transcendental number, (c) an irrational number, (d) a
rational number, 7. What is the value of, tan 9° − tan
27° − tan 63° + tan 81°?, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, , nd, ,
(NDA 2011 II), , 4π , 2π , 8. If x = y cos = z cos
, then what is the value, 3 , 3 , of xy + yz + zx?,
(NDA 2011 II), (a) −1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) 2, 9. The equation
tan4 x − 2 sec2x + a 2 = 0 will have, atleast one real
solution, if, (NDA 2011 II), (a) | a|≤ 4, (b) | a|≤ 2, (d)
None of these, (c) | a|≤ 3, , (c), , (b) tan, , b, , then, a, 2 sin
x, , sin 2x, 2 cos x, sin 2x, , x, 2, , 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x, 1 +
sin x − 1 − sin x, , (c) sec, , x, 2, , (d) cosec, , is, , x, 2, , a−b,
is equal to, a+b, 2 cos x, (b), cos 2x, 2 sin x, (d), cos 2x, ,
a+b, +, a−b, , 15. The value of sin 36° sin 72° sin 108°
sin 144° is equal, to, (a) 1/4, (b) 1/16, (c) 3/4, (d) 5/16,
4, 5, 16. If cos(α + β ) = , sin (α − β ) =, and α , β lies
between, 5, 13, π, 0 and, , then tan 2α is equal to, 4, 16,
56, (b), (a), 63, 33, 28, (c), (d) None of these, 33, 17. The
expression, cos2( A − B) + cos2 B − 2 cos( A − B) cos A
cos B is, (a), (b), (c), (d), , dependent on B, dependent on
A and B, dependent on A, independent of A and B

Page 353 :
226, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 18. If A = sin2 θ + cos4
θ, then for all real values of θ, 3, (a) 1 ≤ A ≤ 2, (b) ≤ A ≤
1, 4, 13, 3, 13, (d) ≤ A ≤, (c), ≤ A≤ 1, 16, 4, 16, 19. If cos
A + cos B = m and sin A + sin B = n , where m,, n ≠ 0,
then what is the value of sin ( A + B)?, (NDA 2010 II), ,
mn, , (a), , m +n, m2 + n 2, (c), 2mn, 2, , 2, , 2mn, , (b), , m
+n, mn, (d), m+n, 2, , 26. If, 2, , 1, 2+ 3, 3, 1, (c), 2+ 2, 2, ,
1, (NDA 2010 II), °?, 2, 1, (b) −, 2− 3, 3, 1, (d) −, 2+ 2, 2, ,
21. If angles A, B, C are in AP, then what is the value of,
(NDA 2010 I), sin A + 2 sin B + sin C?, 2 A − C , (a) 4
sin B cos , , 2 , A − C , (b) 4 sin B cos2 , , 4 ,
A − C , (c) 4 sin ( 2B) cos2 , , 2 , A − C , (d) 4
sin ( 2B) cos2 , , 4 , 1 °, 22. What is the value of
tan 7 ?, 2 , (a), (c), , 6+ 3− 2+2, 6− 3+ 2−2, , 23.
What is the value of, 1, 4, 1, (c), 3, , (a), , (b), (d), , (NDA
2010 I), , 6+ 3+ 2+2, 6+ 3+ 2−2, , cos 15° + cos 45°,
cos3 15° + cos3 45°, 1, (b), 2, , sin( x + y ) a + b, tan x, is,
=, ; then the value of, sin ( x − y ) a − b, tan y, , (a) a/ b, (c)
ab, , 20. What is the value of sin 292, (a), , 25. Consider
the following statements, I. If sin A = sin B, then we
have sin 2 A = sin 2B, always., π, 4π, 5π 1, is ., II. The
value of cos cos, cos, 7, 7, 7, 4, Which of the
statements given above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b)
Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, , ? (NDA
2010 I), , (d) None of these, , 24. Consider the
following statements, I. If A = 30° and area of the ∆
ABC is, , 3 2, a , the, 4, , triangle is right angled., 1 − cos
B, , then tan 2A = tan B., II. If tan A =, sin B, tan 3x, 1,
never lies between and 3., III., tan x, 3, Which of the
statements given above are correct?, (a) I and II, (b) II
and III, (c) III and I, (d) All I, II and III, , (b) b/ a, (d) ( a −
b)/( a + b), , 1, π , 27. If for A, B ∈ 0, ; sin( A + B) = 1
and sin( A − B) = ,, 2, 2 , then the value of tan( A +
2B) tan( 2 A + B) is equal to, (a) –1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) 2, 28.
If, , 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +K ∞ = cosec θ, then the value, , of sin
θ is equal to, 1, (a) 1, (b), 4, , (c), , 1, 2, , (d), , 1, 2, , 29.
Which one of the following statements is correct?, (a)
The squares of the tangents of the angles 30°,, 45°,
60° are in GP., (b) The squares of the sines of the
angles 30°, 45°,, 60° are in GP., (c) The squares of the
secants of the angles 30°,, 45°, 60° are in AP., (d) The
squares of the tangents of the angles 30°,, 45°, 60° are
in AP., 30. If x + y = z , then 1 + cos x + cos y + cos z is
equal to, x, y, z, x, y, z, (b) 4 cos cos cos, (a) 4 cos cos sin,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, x, y, z, x, y, z, (c) 4 cos sin cos, (d) 4 sin cos
cos, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, sin 3 θ cos 3 θ, 31. If 0° < θ < 90°
and x =, and, −, sin θ, cos θ, cos 3 θ sin 3 θ, , then which
one of the following, y=, +, cos θ, sin θ, is correct?, (a) x
= y implies θ = 15°, (b) x = − y implies θ = 60°, (c) 2x = y
implies θ = 30°, (d), , 3 x = y implies θ = ( 221 / 2)°, , 32.
Consider the following statements, I. If θ = 1200° ,
then ( sec θ + tan θ )−1 is positive., II. If θ = 1200° ,
then ( cosec θ − cot θ ) is negative., Which of the
statements given above is/are correct?, (NDA 2009
II), , (a) Only I, (c) Both I and II, , (b) Only II, (d) Neither I
nor II

Page 354 :
227, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, 33. Match
List I with List II and select the correct, answer using
the code given below the lists, List I, A., B., C., , tan 15°,
tan 75°, tan 105°, , List II, −2 − 3, 2+ 3, −2 + 3, 2− 3, , 1.,
2., 3., 4., , (NDA 2009 II), , Codes, A B, (a) 4 1, (c) 3 2, , C,
2, 1, , A, (b) 4, (d) 2, , B, 2, 1, , C, 1, 4, , 34. For which
acute angle θ, cosec2 θ = 3 3 cot θ − 5 ?, (NDA 2009
II), , 5π, (a), 12, , π, (b), 3, , π, (c), 6, , (d), , π, 4, , 35. The
equation tan2 φ + tan6 φ = tan3 φ ⋅ sec2 φ is, (a)
identity for only one value of φ, (NDA 2008 II), (b) not
an identity, (c) identity for all values of φ, (d) None of
the above, 36. If sec A + tan A = p,then what is the
value of sin A ?, (NDA 2008 II), , (a), , p2 − 1, , (b), , p2 +
1, (c) 1, , p2 + 1, , p2 − 1, (d) None of these, , 37. If cot A
⋅ cot B = 2, then what is the value of, (NDA 2012 I), cos
( A + B) ⋅ sec ( A − b)?, (a) 1/3, (b) 2/3, (c) 1, (d) –1, 38.
Consider the following, 1, = sec θ cosec θ, x, 1, 1, II. If x
+ = sin θ , then x 2 + 2 = sin2 θ − 2, x, x, III. If, and, x = p
sec θ, y=q, tan θ ,, x 2q 2 − y 2 p2 = p2q 2, I. If cot θ = x ,
then x +, , (NDA 2008 I), , Assertion (A) The number of
elements in X is 2., Reason (R) sin θ and cos θ are both
negative both, in second are fourth quadrants., (a)
Both A and R are correct and R is the correct,
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are correct but R is
not the correct, explanation of A., (c) A is correct but R
is wrong., (d) A is wrong but R is correct., 45. What is
the correct sequence of the following values?, π ,
π , I. sin , II. cos , 12 , 12 , π , III. cot ,
12 , , (a) III > II > I, (c) I > III > II, then, , 39. If θ = 18°,
then what is the value of 4 sin θ + 2 sin θ?, (NDA 2012
I), , (c) 0, , 44. Let X = { θ ∈ [0, 2π ] : sin θ = cos θ }, ,
(NDA 2008 I), , 2, , (b) 1, , 43. If A ∈ ( − π , π ). For what
value of A, is the identity, 2 sin A, 1 − cos A + sin A,
true?, =, 1 + cos A + sin A, 1 + sin A, (a) All values of A,
π, (b) All values of A, except A = −, 2, (c) All values of A,
except A = 0, π, (d) All values of A, except A =, 2, ,
Select the correct answer using the code given below,
, IV. The maximum value of cos θ − 3 sin θ is 3., Which
of these are correct?, (a) I and II, (b) II and III, (c) III and
IV, (d) I, II and III, , (a) −1, , π, (where n is an integer) and
x + y, 4, π, is not an odd multiple of , then what is the
value of, 2, sin 2x − sin 2 y, the following expression, ?,
cos 2x + cos 2 y, 1, (d) 1, (a) –1, (b) 0, (c), 2, , 42. If x − y
= ( 4n + 1), , (d) 2, , 46. Let ABCD be a square and let P
be a point on AB such, that AP : PB = 1 : 2. If ∠ APD =
θ, then what is the, value of cos θ ?, (NDA 2007 II), 1,
1, 2, 2, (a), (b), (c), (d), 10, 5, 10, 5, 47. Tn = sinn x + cosn
x , n ≥ 4. Which one of the following, ratios is
independent of n?, Tn − 2 + Tn, Tn − 2 − Tn, (b), (a), Tn −
4, Tn − 4, , 2, , 40. What is the maximum value of sin x?
(NDA 2012 I), (a) −1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) Infinity, 41. If sin A
= p and sin B = q , where| p| and|q| are both, less than
1, then what are the total number of, possible (and
distinct) values of sin ( A + B)?, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, ,
(b) I > II > III, (d) III > I > II, , (c), , Tn − 4 − Tn − 2, Tn, , (d),
, Tn − 4 + Tn − 2, Tn, , 48. If 1 + sin2 A = 3 sin A cos A,
then what are the, possible values of tan A ?, (a) 1/4, 2,
(b) 1/6, 3, (c) 1/2, 1, (d) 1/8, 4

Page 355 :
228, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 57. Assertion (A) If x = 1
+ cot α − sec (α + π / 2), and, y = 1 + cot α + sec (α + π /
2),, then xy > 0, if either 0° < α < 90° or 180° < α <
270°., Reason (R) xy = 2 tanα, , 49. Consider the
following, 1 + sin θ, I., = ( sec θ + tan θ )2, 1 − sin θ, II.
sec2θ + cosec2θ = tan θ + cot θ, Which of the above
is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II,
(d) Neither I nor II, , 58. Assertion (A) cos 1 < sin 1,
Reason (R) In the first quadrant cosine decrease but,
sin increases., , 50. Consider the following statements,
(NDA 2012 I), I. 1° in radian measure is less than 0.02
radians., II. I radian in degree measure is greater than
45°., Which of the above statements is/are correct?,
(a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor
II, 51. Three expressions are given below, Q1 = sin ( A
+ B) + sin ( B + C ) + sin (C + A), Q2 = cos ( A − B) + cos (
B − C ) + cos (C − A), Q3 = sin A (cos B + cos C ) + sin B
(cos C + cos A), + sin C (cos A + cos B), Which one of
the following is correct?, (a) Q1 = Q2, (b) Q2 = Q3, (c)
Q1 = Q3, (d) All the expressions are different, 52. Let
A and B be obtuse angles such that sin A = 4 / 5, and
cos B = − 12 / 13. What is the value of sin( A + B)?, (a) –
63/65 (b) –33/65 (c) 33/65, (d) 63/65, 53. The angles
A, B, C of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 5 : 5., What is
the value of tan B tan C ?, (a) 4 + 3, (b) 4 + 2 3 (c) 7 + 4
3 (d) 3 + 3 3, 54. If sin θ + cos θ = 0, then what is the
value of θ?, (a) −π / 4, (b) 0, (c) π / 4, (d) π / 3, 3, ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 55-59) Each of these, questions
contain two statements, one is Assertion (A), and
other is Reason (R). Each of these questions also has,
four alternative choices, only one of which is the
correct, answer. You have to select one of the codes
(a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a) Both A and
R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true.,
maximum, , Reason (R), The maximum, sin x + b cos x +
c is c + a 2 + b2 ., , value, , value, , of, , of, a, , sin 5 A − sin
3 A, = tan A, cos 3 A + cos 5 A, Reason (R) 2 cos A sin B
= sin ( A + B) − sin ( A − B), and 2 cos A cos B = cos ( A +
B) + cos ( A − B)., , 56. Assertion (A), , 61. If 2 cos2 x + 3
sin x − 3 = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤180° the value of x is, (a) 30° , 90° ,
150°, (b) 60° , 120° , 180°, (c) 0° , 30° , 150°, (d) 45° ,
90° , 135°, 62. If 2 sec θ + tan θ = 1, then the general
value of θ is, 3π, π, (b) 2nπ +, (a) nπ +, 4, 4, π, π, (c) 2nπ
−, (d) 2nπ ±, 4, 4, 63. The number of solutions of the
given equation, a sin x + b cos x = c, where| c|> a 2 + b2
is, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) infinite, (d) None of these, , 3, , 55.
Assertion (A), The, 3 sin x + 4 cos x + 7 is 12., , 59.
Assertion (A) If y = 1 − sin x , then, x, x, π , for x ∈ ,
π , y = sin − cos, 2 , 2, 2, Reason (R) Above function
is true for every value of x., 1, 60. If cosec θ − cot θ =, ,
where θ ≠ 0, then what is the, 3, value of cosθ?, (NDA
2012 I), 3, (a) 0, (b), 2, 1, 1, (d), (c), 2, 2, , 64. The
number of solutions of the given equation, tanθ + sec
θ = 3, where 0 < θ < 2π is, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 3, 1 − cos
2θ, 65. If, = 3, then the general value of θ is, 1 + cos 2θ,
π, π, (a) 2nπ ±, (b) nπ ±, 6, 6, π, π, (c) 2nπ ±, (d) nπ ±, 3,
3, 66. If tan2 θ − (1 + 3 ) tan θ + 3 = 0, then the general,
value of θ is, π, π, π, π, (a) nπ + , nπ +, (b) nπ − , nπ +, 4,
3, 4, 3, π, π, π, π, (d) nπ − , nπ −, (c) nπ + , nπ −, 4, 3, 4, 3,
67. The equation 3 sin2 x + 10 cos x − 6 = 0 is satisfied,
if, (b) x = 2nπ ± cos−1(1/ 3), (a) x = nπ ± cos−1(1/ 3),
−1, (c) x = nπ ± cos (1/ 6), (d) x = 2nπ ± cos−1(1/ 6)

Page 356 :
229, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, 68. If sin θ
= sin α, then, θ+α, π, θ−α, (a) 2 is any odd multiple of 2
and 2 is any, multiple of π., θ+α, π, θ−α, (b) 2 is any
even multiple of 2 and 2 is any, odd multiple of π, θ+α,
π, θ−α, is any multiple of, and, is any odd, (c), 2, 2, 2,
multiple of π, θ+α, π, θ−α, (d) 2 is any multiple of 2 and
2 is any even, multiple of π, 69. For what values of a
does the equation, cos 2x + a sin x = 2a − 7, possess a
real solution?, (a) a < 2, (b) 2 ≤ a ≤ 6, (c) a > 6, (d) a is
any integer < − 2, , Directions (Q. Nos. 70-72) Let the
angles of a ∆, ABC be in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5, , (a), (b), , 10
+ 2 5 + 2 10 + 22 2, , Directions (Q. Nos. 73-75), , Let
us consider, A + B + C = 180° Solve the following
questions on the, basis of above information, , 73. The
value of Σ tan, (a) 0, (c) 2, , A, B, tan is, 2, 2, (b)1, (d) 3, ,
74. Find the value of sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2 C is, (a) 4
sin A sin B sin C, (b) 4 cos A cos B cos C, (c) 2 cos A cos
B cos C, (d) None of these, 75. If A, B and C are acute
angle and cot A cot B cos C = k,, then, 1, 1, (a) k ≤, (b) k
≥, 3 3, 3 3, 1, 1, (d) k >, (c) k <, 9, 3, , Directions (Q. Nos.
76-78) Let, , 70. Find the least and the greatest angle
of a triangle, (a) 54 ° , 36°, (b) 36°, 90°, (c) 36°, 54°, (d)
None of these, 71. The value of cos2 A + sin 3C + cos, ,
72. The greatest side of a ∆ ABC is, (a) AB, (b) BC, (c)
CA, (d) None of these, , sin ( A + B) = 1 and, , 1, π , sin
( A − B) = , where A, B ∈ 0, ., 2, 2 , , C, × (sin 2B)2, 2,
, 76. What is the value of A?, π, (a), 6, π, (c), 4, , 16 2, 10
− 2 5 + 2 10 + 22 2, , (NDA 2012 I), , π, 3, π, (d), 8, (b), ,
77. What is the value of tan( A + 2B) tan( 2 A + B)?, (a)
−1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) 2, , 16 2, , 10 + 2 5 + 2 10, (c), 16, (d)
None of the above, , 78. What is the value of sin2 A −
sin2 B ?, (a) 0, (b) 1/2, (c) 1, , (d) 2, , Answers, Level I, 1.,
11., 21., 31., 41., 51., 61., 71., 81., , (c), (b), (d), (a), (d),
(a), (b), (d), (c), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., 52., 62., 72., 82., ,
(c), (b), (c), (d), (a), (a), (a), (b), (b), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43.,
53., 63., 73., , (c), (b), (a), (c), (c), (c), (d), (a), , 4., 14., 24.,
34., 44., 54., 64., 74., , (c), (c), (b), (b), (a), (b), (a), (b), , 5.,
15., 25., 35., 45., 55., 65., 75., , (b), (c), (b), (b), (d), (d), (c),
(b), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., 56., 66., 76., , (c), (a), (c), (a), (d),
(a), (c), (b), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., 57., 67., 77., , (c), (a), (c),
(d), (d), (c), (c), (c), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., 58., 68., 78., , (a),
(c), (b), (d), (d), (c), (b), (d), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., 59., 69.,
79., , (d), (c), (b), (a), (b), (a), (d), (a), , 10., 20., 30., 40.,
50., 60., 70., 80., , (c), (a), (d), (b), (b), (a), (a), (b), , 2., 12.,
22., 32., 42., 52., 62., 72., , (b), (c), (c), (d), (d), (a), (c), (a), ,
3., 13., 23., 33., 43., 53., 63., 73., , (b), (b), (d), (b), (b), (c),
(d), (b), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., 54., 64., 74., , (b), (b), (b),
(c), (c), (a), (c), (a), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., 55., 65., 75., , (a),
(d), (d), (d), (a), (a), (d), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., 56., 66.,
76., , (d), (b), (a), (a), (a), (b), (a), (b), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47.,
57., 67., 77., , (d), (c), (c), (a), (b), (c), (b), (c), , 8., 18., 28.,
38., 48., 58., 68., 78., , (b), (b), (d), (d), (c), (b), (a), (b), , 9.,
19., 29., 39., 49., 59., 69., , (c), (b), (a), (b), (c), (c), (b), ,
10., 20., 30., 40., 50., 60., 70., , (c), (d), (b), (c), (a), (b), (b),
, Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., 61., 71., , (c), (a), (b),
(b), (d), (c), (c), (a)

Page 357 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. Given that, radius r = 3 m
and arc d = 1m, arc, 1, We know that, angle =, = rad,
radius 3, 2. Given that diameter of circular wire = 10
cm, ∴Length of wire = 10π, arc, 10π π, Hence,
required angle =, =, = rad, radius, 50, 5, 3. Maximum
value of 3 cos θ + 4 sin θ = 32 + 42 = 52 = 5, 4. Given
that, sin θ + cos θ = m, …(i), and, …(ii), sec θ + cosec θ =
n, Now, n (m + 1) (m − 1) = n (m2 − 1), [from Eqs. (i) and
(ii)], = (sec θ + cosec θ ) 2 sin θ cos θ, (Q m2 = 1 + 2 sin
θ cos θ ), sin θ + cos θ, [from Eq. (i)], =, ⋅ 2 sin θ cos θ =
2m, sin θ cos θ, 5. We have,, sin 420°⋅ cos 390° + cos
(− 300° ) ⋅ sin(− 330° ), = sin (360° + 60° ) ⋅ cos (360° +
30° ), + cos 300° [− sin 330°], = sin 60°⋅ cos 30° − cos
(360° − 60° ) ⋅ sin(360° − 30° ), [Q cos (− θ ) = cos θ], =
sin 60°⋅ cos 30° − cos 60°⋅( − sin 30° ), = sin 60°⋅ cos
30° + cos 60°⋅ sin 30°, = sin (60° + 30° ) = sin 90° = 1,
6. Now, cot (45° + θ ) cot (45° − θ ), = tan (90° − 45° −
θ ) cot (45° − θ ), = tan (45° − θ ) cot (45° − θ ) = 1, 7.
Now, sin A sin (60° − A ) sin (60° + A ), = sin A (sin 2 60°
− sin 2 A ), , 3, = sin A − sin 2 A , , 4, 3 sin A − 4
sin3 A sin 3 A, =, 4, 4, 1 + cos 30°, 1 + cos 30°, 8. Now,
cos 15° =, =+, 2, 2, (taking positive sign because cos
15° > 0), 9. f ( A ) = sin A ⋅ cos A ⋅ tan A + cos A ⋅ sin A ⋅
cot A, , , 0 ≤ f (x) ≤ 10, ∴ The maximum value of f (x)
is 10., sin x, 1 + cos x, 11., +, 1 + cos x, sin x, x, x, x, 2 sin
cos, 1 + 2 cos 2 − 1, 2, 2, 2, =, +, x, x, x, 1 + 2 cos 2 − 1, 2
sin ⋅ cos, 2, 2, 2, x, x, x, x, sin, cos, sin 2 + cos 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, =, +, =, ×, x, x, x, x, 2, cos, sin, sin ⋅ cos, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1,
=2⋅, = 2 cosec x, sin x, 12. Given,, sin 3 A = 1, , 3 sin A
− 4 sin3 A = 1, 4 sin3 A − 3 sin A + 1 = 0 sin A = −
1, 1 /2, 1 /2, This is a cubic equation and have three
roots in which, two roots are same and one different.,
So, sin A have 2 distinct values., 13. (1 + tan θ )(1 + tan
φ ) = 2, , 1 + tan θ + tan φ + tan θ tan φ = 2, , tan θ
+ tan φ = 1 − tan θ tan φ, tan θ + tan φ, , =1, 1 − tan
θ tan φ, , tan (θ + φ ) = tan 45°, , θ + φ = 45°, 14.
The conditions of trigonometric function in different,
quadrant as follows, y, , =, , x′, , cos A, sin A, = sin A ⋅
cos A ⋅, + cos A ⋅ sin A ⋅, sin A, cos A, 2, 2, 2, = sin A +
cos A = 1, (Q sin θ + cos2 θ = 1), `, , − a 2 + b2 ≤ a cos x
+ b sin x ≤ a 2 + b2, , , , , , − 3 + 4 ≤ 3 cos x + 4
sin x ≤ 3 + 4, 2, , 2, , 2, , − 25 ≤ 3 cos x + 4 sin x ≤ 25, −5
≤ 3 cos x + 4 sin x ≤ 5, −5 + 5 ≤ (3 cos x + 4 sin x + 5) ≤ 5
+ 5, , x, , O, IVth quadrant, (cosθ, secθ are, positive and
rest, trigonometric, functions are, negative), , IIIrd
quadrant, (tan θ, cot θ are, positive and rest,
trigonometric, functions are, negative), , 10. Let f (x) =
(3 cos x + 4 sin x) + 5;, We know that,, 2, , Ist quadrant,
(All trigonometric, functions are, positive ), , IInd
quadrant, (sinθ, cosecθ are, positive and rest,
trigonometric, functions are, negative), , y′, , ∴ tan θ
lies in third quadrant., 15. sin (1920° ), = sin(360° × 5°
+ 120° ), = sin 120°, , [Q sin (360° + θ ) = sin θ]

Page 358 :
231, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, [Q sin (90°
+ θ ) = cos θ], = sin(90° + 30° ), 3, = cos 30° =, 2, sin θ,
cos θ, 16. Given that,, +, cosec θ sec θ, sin θ, cos θ, =, +,
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1, (1 /sin θ ) (1 / cos θ ), 17. Let f
(θ ) = sin 3θ ⋅ cos 2θ + cos 3θ ⋅ sin 2θ, = sin (3θ + 2θ ),
= sin 5θ, [Q sin( A + B) = sin A ⋅ cos B + cos A ⋅ sin B],
We know that,, − 1 ≤ sin 5θ ≤ 1 − 1 ≤ f (θ ) ≤ 1, , 23.
Q tan A =, ∴, , 19., , 3 cosec 20° − sec 20°, 3, 1, −, sin
20° cos 20°, 3 cos 20° − sin 20°, =, sin 20° cos 20°, ,
3, 1, 2 , cos 20° − sin 20° , 2, 2, , = , 2, sin 20° cos
20°, 2, 2 [cos 60° cos 20° − sin 60° sin 20° ], =, 1, sin
40°, 2, 4 cos (20° + 30° ) 4 cos 50°, =, =, sin 40°, sin 40°,
4 cos (90° − 40° ) 4 sin 40°, =, =, =4, sin 40°, sin 40°, =, ,
20. Q (tan α − cot α )2 ≥ 0, tan 2 α + cot2 α − 2 ≥ 0
tan 2 α + cot2 α ≥ 2, 1, 99° × π 11π, 21. Let ∠A = rad,
∠B = 99° =, =, 2, 180°, 20, We know that, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C
= π, 1 11π, , +, + ∠C = π, 2, 20, 11π 1 9π − 10, ∠C = π
−, − =, , 20, 2, 20, π, 22. We know that, sec2 θ + cos 2
θ ≥ 2, ∀ 0 < θ <, 2, Q, AM ≥ GM, 1/ 2, 2, 2, 1 , 1 ,
sec, ≥, ⋅, 2, θ, , , , sec θ +, , , sec2 θ , sec2 θ , ,
∴, , (sec2 θ + cos 2 θ ) ≥ 2, y≥2, , and tan B = −, , cot ( A
− B) =, , 12, 5, , 1, 1 + tan A tan B, =, tan ( A − B), tan A −
tan B, , Which shows that cot ( A − B) has only one
value of A, and B., 1, 1, 3π, 3π, 3π, −, +1, sin, + cos, −
tan, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 24., =1, =, 3π, 3π, 3π − 2 + 2 + 1, sec, +
cosec, − cot, 4, 4, 4, 25. We know that, 1° < 1 rad, ,
sin 1° < sin 1, cos 15° sin 15°, cos 45°, 26., ×, cos 45° sin
45°, sin 45°, , cos 15°, sin 15°, , = (sin 45° cos 15° − cos
45° sin 15° ), × (cos 45° sin 15° − sin 45° cos 15° ), , So,
the maximum value of f (θ ) is 1., cos 12° − sin 12° sin
147°, 18., +, cos 12° + sin 12° cos 147°, 1 − tan 12°, =, +
tan 147°, 1 + tan 12°, = tan (45° − 12° ) + tan (180° −
33° ), = tan 33° − tan 33° = 0, , 3, 4, , = − sin (45° − 15° )
× sin (45° − 15° ), = − sin 30° × sin 30°, 1 1, 1, =− × =−, 2
2, 4, 27. Q 4 sin 2 x + 4 cos x − 1 = 0, , , 4 − 4 cos 2 x +
4 cos x − 1 = 0, , , , −4 cos 2 x + 4 cos x + 3 = 0, , , , 4
cos 2 x − 4 cos x − 3 = 0, , 4 cos 2 x − 6 cos x + 2 cos x
− 3 = 0, , , , (2 cos x − 3)(2 cos x + 1) = 0, 3, cos x =,
2, (which is not possible), 1, cos x = −, 2, , and, , 1, = cos
210° (Q A lies in IIIrd quadrant), 2, , A = 210°, 1 , 1 ,
28. Given that, cos θ = x + , , x , 2, 1, …(i), x + = 2
cos θ, , x, , , cos A = −, , 2, , We know that, x2 +, , 1
, 1 , = x + − 2, x , x2 , = (2 cos θ )2 − 2 = 4 cos 2 θ
− 2, , [from Eq. (i)], = 2 cos 2 θ, 1 2 1 1, ∴, x + 2 = ×
2 cos 2 θ = cos 2 θ, 2 , x 2, sin (B + A ) + cos (B − A ),
29., sin (B − A ) + cos (B + A ), sin (B + A ) + sin (90° − B
− A ), sin (B − A ) + sin (90° − A + B), 2 sin ( A + 45° ) cos
(45° − B), =, 2 sin (45° − A ) cos(45° − B), =

Page 359 :
232, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 1, sin A +, sin ( A + 45° ),
=, = 2, 1, sin (45° − A ), cos A −, 2, cos A + sin A, =, cos A
− sin A, , 1, cos A, 2, 1, sin A, 2, , 1, 1, =, π, π , , tan
10π + tan, , 4, 4 , =1, , =, , 4, 12, and cos B = −, 5,
13, cos ( A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B, 16 12 4,
144, = 1−, 1−, − −, , , 25, 13, 5, 169, 3 12 4 5 ,
36 20, =− ×, − − = −, +, 5 13 5 13 , 65 65, 16, =−,
65, , 30. We have, sin A =, Now,, , 36. Given,, cot θ = 2
cos θ, , cos θ (1 − 2 sin θ ) = 0, π, For, < θ < π , cos θ ≠
0, 2, ∴, 1 − 2 sin θ = 0, 1, sin θ =, , 2, 5π, θ=, , 6, 5,
37. Given, cot θ =, (Q θ lies in IIIrd quadrant), 12, C, ,
31. Let f (x) = 3 cos x + sin x, 3, , π , 1, , f (x) = 2 ,
cos x + sin x = 2 sin x + , , , 3 , 2, 2, , , , 13, , π ,
, Since, −1 ≤ sin x + ≤ 1, , 3 , , A, , π π, Hence, f (x)
is maximum, if x + =, 3 2, π, x = = 30°, , 6, , …(i), …(ii), ,
= 1 + cot2 α + 2 cot α = |1 + cot α|, 3π, <α < π, 4, , cot
α < − 1 1 + cot α < 0, Hence, |1 + cot α| = − (1 + cot α
), But, , 34. Given, (sin x + cosec x)2 + (cos x + sec x)2, =
k + tan 2 x + cot2 x, 2, , sin x + cosec2 x + 2 + cos 2 x
+ sec2 x + 2, = k + tan 2 x + cot2 x, 2, 1 + (cosec x −
cot2 x) + (sec2 x − tan 2 x) + 4 = k, Q cosec2 θ = 1 +
cot2 θ , , , , sec2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ , , 35., ,
1+1+1+4=k k=7, , 1 − 3 tan 2 A, 1, =, 3 tan A − tan3
A tan 3 A, 1, =, 41π, tan, 4, , B, , sin θ = −, , −24 − 15, 13,
−39, =, = −3, 13, π , π , 5π , 7π , 38. cos +
cos + cos + cos , 9 , 3 , 9 , 9 , =, , 33.
We have, cosec2α + 2 cot α, , , , 5, , 12, 5, , cos θ = −,
13, 13, 12 , 5 , ∴ 2 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 2 − + 3 −
, 13 , 13 , , , 32. Given that, ABCD is a cyclic
quadrilateral., So,, A + C = 180° A = 180° − C, , cos
A = cos(180° − C ) = − cos C, , cos A + cos C = 0,
Similarly,, cos B + cos D = 0, On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we get, cos A + cos B + cos C + cos D = 0, , θ, , 12, , 41π
, , Q A =, , , 12 , , = cos (20° ) + cos (60° ) + {cos
(100° ) + cos (140° )}, 1, = cos 20° + + 2 cos 120° cos
20°, 2, 1, = cos 20° + − 2 sin 30° cos 20°, 2, 1, 1, = cos
20° + − cos 20° =, 2, 2, θ, 39. Arc length of circle = 2πr
⋅, 360°, 15°, = 2π × 5 ×, (Q θ = 15° ), 360°, 5π, cm, =, 12,
40. Given, P = sin (989° ) ⋅ cos (991° ), = sin (1080° −
91° ) ⋅ cos (1080° − 89° ), = − sin 91°⋅ cos 89°, = − sin
(90° + 1) ⋅ cos 89°, = − cos 1° ⋅ cos 89°, Here, cos 1°
and cos 89° are positive., So, P is rational and
negative.

Page 360 :
233, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, 41. 1 − sin
10° sin 50° sin 70°, 1, = 1 − (2 sin 70° sin 10° ) sin 50°,
2, 1, = 1 − [(cos 60° − cos 80° ) sin 50° ], 2, 1 1, , =1 −,
sin 50° − cos 80° sin 50°, , 2 2, 1, = 1 − [sin 50° − 2
cos 80°⋅ sin 50° ], 4, 1, = 1 − [(sin 50° − sin 130° ) + sin
30° ], 4, 1, = 1 − [−2 cos 90° ⋅ sin 40° + sin 30° ], 4, 1 ,
1 , = 1 − 0 + , 4 , 2 , 1 7, =1 − =, 8 8, 5, 99, and sin φ
=, 42. Q sin θ =, 13, 101, ∴ cos { π − (θ + φ )}, , 5, 1, 1, (2
+ 3) =, =, 50, 2, 50, π, π, sin ( A + B) = sin, A+ B=, 4, 4,
=, , , , …(i), tan A − tan B = x, …(ii), cot B − cot A = y, 1,
Now, cot ( A − B) =, tan ( A − B), 1 + tan A tan B, =, tan
A − tan B, 1, tan A tan B, =, +, tan A − tan B tan A − tan
B, 1 1, [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)], = +, x y, 3π, 48. Given that,
A + B + C =, 2, ∴ cos 2 A + cos 2B + cos 2C, = (cos 2 A +
cos 2B) + cos 2C, = 2 cos ( A + B) cos ( A − B) + cos 2 C,
= − 2 sin C cos ( A − B) + 1 − 2 sin 2 C, = 1 − 2 sin C [cos
( A − B) + sin C ], = 1 − 2 sin C [cos ( A − B) − cos ( A +
B)], = 1 − 2 sin C2 sin A sin B, = 1 − 4 sin A sin B sin C,
47. Given that,, and, , (given), , = − cos (θ + φ ), = − {cos
θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ }, 2, , 25, 5, 99 , , 99 , 1− ,
×, =− 1−, −, , 101 , 169, 13 101 , , , 5, 99 ,
12 20, =− ×, −, ×, , 13 101 13 101 , 495 255,
240, =− , −, =, 1313 1313 1313, 43. We know
that,, 1 rad = 57° 16′ 22′ ′, Thus, approximate value of
1 rad = 57°., 44. ∴ x = sin θ cos θ and y = sin θ + cos θ,
∴, y2 − 2x = (sin θ + cos θ )2 − 2 sin θ cos θ, = sin 2 θ +
cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ − 2 sin θ cos θ, = sin 2 θ + cos 2
θ = 1, 45. sin 4 x − cos 4 x = p, (given), (sin 2 x − cos 2
x)(sin 2 x + cos 2 x) = p, , sin 2 x − cos 2 x = p, , − cos
2x = p, , cos 2x = − p, [Q − 1 ≤ cos 2x ≤ 1 |cos 2x| ≤
1], ∴, | p| ≤ 1, 1, 1, 46. Given that sin A =, and sin B =,
10, 5, We know that,, sin ( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A
sin B, 1, 1, 1 1, =, 1− + 1−, 5, 10 5, 10, 1, 4, 9 1, =, +, 10
5, 10 5, , sin 2 3 A cos 2 3 A, −, sin 2 A, cos 2 A, 2, 2,
sin 3 A , cos 3 A , = , −, , , , sin A , cos A , ,
49. We have,, , 2, , 4 cos3 A − 3 cos A , 3 sin A − 4
sin3 A , = , , − , sin A, cos A, , , , , , 2, , = (3 − 4
sin 2 A )2 − (4 cos 2 A − 3)2, = 16 (sin 2 A − cos 2 A ) −
24 (sin 2 A − cos 2 A ), = (sin 2 A − cos 2 A )(16 − 24) =
8 cos 2 A, 50. We know that, 1c = 57.27°, sin 1°, sin 1°,
=, <1, ∴, c, sin (57.27)°, sin 1, , [Q sin 1° < sin (57.27)° ], ,
51. We have, sin 10° + sin 20° + sin 30° + K + sin 360°,
= (sin 10° + sin 350° ) + (sin 20° + sin 340° ), + (sin 30°
+ sin 330° ) + ... + (sin 170° + sin 190° ), + sin 180° + sin
360°, = (sin 10° − sin 10° ) + (sin 20° − sin 20° ), + (sin
30° − sin 30° ) + K + 0 + 0 + 0, =0, 52. The given
expression is,, sin θ + sin (θ + 120° ) + sin (θ + 240° ),
2π , 4π , , , , = sin θ + sin θ +, , + sin θ +, ,
,3 ,3 , , = sin θ + 2 sin (θ + π ) cos, = sin θ − sin θ
= 0, , π, = sin θ + sin (π + θ ), 3

Page 361 :
234, 53., , NDA/NA Mathematics, (a) for 0° < B < 45°,
obviously X + Y > 0, (b) for B = 45° , we see that X + Y =
0, (d) for 45° < B ≤ 90°, clearly X + Y < 0, ∴ Only option
(c) is incorrect for any A and B, the, expression doesn’t
given any rational value for X + Y ., , 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4
A, = 2 + 2 + 2 (1 + cos 4 A ) (Q cos 4 A + 1 = 2 cos 2 2 A
), = 2 + 2 + 4 cos 2 2 A = 2 + 2 + 2 cos 2 A, = 2 + 2(1 +
cos 2 A ), , (Q cos 2 A + 1 = 2 cos 2 A ), , 58. tan θ + sec
θ = 4, , = 2 + 4 cos 2 A = 2 + 2 cos A, = 2(1 + cos A ), A,
A, = 4 cos 2, = 2 cos, 2, 2, , , , (Q cos A + 1 = 2 cos 2 A
/2), , , , 54. We know that,, , 1′, 60′ ′ = 1′ 30′ ′ =, 2,
1 ′ 71 , , ∴, 35′ 30 = 35 + = ′, 2 , , 2 , and,
60′ = 1°, 1 °, 1′ = , ∴, 60 , 71, ′ 71 1 °
71 °, , × = , , = , 120 , 2 , 2, 60 , 71 °
13751 °, , 114° 35′ 30′ ′ = 114 +, ∴, , = , 120
, , 120 , We know that, 2π rad = 360°, 13751,
13751 ° 2π, , ×, rad, , =, 120 , 360°, 120, 2 ×
22 × 13751, =, rad, 7 × 360 × 120, , = 2.0008069 rad,
, 114° 35′ 30′ ′ = 2 rad (approx), 1 ° , 1 ° , , 55. 1
+ cos 67 1 + cos 112 , , 2 , 2 , 1 ° , 1 ° , , ,
= 1 + cos 67 1 + cos 180° − 112 , , , 2 ,
2 , , 1 ° , 1 ° , , = 1 + cos 67 1 − cos 67 , , 2
, 2 , 1, °, °, 1, = 1 − cos 2 67, = sin 2 67, 2, 2, −1 , 1 −
cos 135°, 2+1, , =, =, Q cos 135° =, , , 2, 2 , 2 2,
Which is an irrational number and is less than 1., ,
Hence,, , x=, , π, 6, , sin θ + 1 + 2 sin θ = 16 cos 2 θ, , , ,
sin 2 θ + 2 sin θ + 1 = 16 − 16 sin 2 θ, , 2, , , , 17 sin 2
θ + 2 sin θ − 15 = 0, , , , (sin θ + 1)(17 sin θ − 15) = 0,
15, sin θ =, 17, , , , (Qsin θ ≠ − 1), , 180° , π , 59.
tan = tan , = tan 15°, 12 , 12 , = tan (45° −
30° ) =, , tan 45° − tan 30°, 1 + tan 45°⋅ tan 30°, , 1, 3 =
3 −1 × 3 −1, =, 1, 3+1, 3 −1, 1+, 3, 1−, , =, , ( 3 − 1 )2 3 +
1 − 2 3, =, =2 − 3, 3 −1, 2, , 60. Since, sin θ ≤ 1, , 2 sin
θ ≤ 2, 1, Also,, x+ ≥2, x, ∴From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get,
1, x+ =2, x, , x=1, b, 61. Given that, tan x =, a, a+b,
a−b, Now,, +, a−b, a+b, , …(i), …(ii), , b, b, 1−, 1 + tan x, 1
− tan x, a, a, =, +, =, +, 1 − tan x, 1 + tan x, b, b, 1−, 1+, a,
a, 1 + tan x + 1 − tan x, 2 cos x, =, =, 2, 1 − tan x, cos 2 x
− sin 2 x, 1+, , 1 3 3, 3, +, −2 +, =2 3, 2, 2, 2, , 57. X + Y =
sin ( A + B) sin ( A − B) + cos ( A + B) cos ( A − B), = cos {(
A + B) − ( A − B)}, , X + Y = cos 2B, , sin θ + 1 = 4 cos θ,
, , , 56. Q 4 sin x + 3 sin 2x − 2 sin 3x + sin 4x = 2 3, π,
Let x =, 6, 2π, π, π, π, ∴, 4 sin + 3 sin − 2 sin + sin, 6, 3, 2,
3, = 4⋅, , sin θ, 1, +, =4, cos θ cos θ, sin θ + 1, =4, cos θ, ,
=, , 2 cos x, cos 2x, sin 2π ≠ sin (−2π ), , 62., Q, , sin (−2π
) = − sin 2π

Page 364 :
237, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, , 4. We
have, sin A = n sin B , , n sin A, =, 1 sin B, , =, , On
applying componendo and dividendo, n − 1 sin A − sin
B, , =, n + 1 sin A + sin B, A+B, A−B, sin, 2 cos, 2, 2, =,
A+B, A−B, cos, 2 sin, 2, 2, A−B, A+B, = tan, cot, 2, 2, n
−1, A−B, A + B , = tan, , tan , 2 , n+1, 2, , , 5
−1, 5 + 1 , , cos 36° =, Q sin 18° =, , 4, 4 , , , 5. tan
15°⋅ tan 195°, = tan 15°⋅ tan (180° + 15° ), = tan 15°⋅
tan 15°, …(i), = tan 2 (15° ), 2 tan 15°, 1, =, tan 2 (15° ) =
tan 30° =, 3, 1 − tan 2 15°, , 2 tan θ , Q tan 2 θ =, ,
, 1 − tan 2 θ , , , , , 1 − tan 2 15° = 2 3 tan 15°,
tan 15° + 2 3 tan 15° − 1 = 0, 2, , tan 15° =, , −2 3 ± 12 +
4 −2 3 ± 4, =, = − 3 ±2, 2 (1), 2, , −k2, k2, −1 + 2 − 1 ,
+ k2 −, = k2 , , 2, 2, 2, , , (2 − 2) 2, =, ⋅k =0, 2, , …(i), ,
2 tan θ , sec 2 θ = 1 + tan 2θ = 1 + , , 1 − tan 2 θ
, , 2, , 2, , 2 m , = 1+ , , 1 − m , =, =, , [from Eq. (i)],
, (1 − m)2 + 4m, 12 + m2 − 2m + 4m, =, |(1 − m)|, |(1 −
m)|, (1 + m)2, 1+m, =, |(1 − m)| |1 − m|, , 7. tan 9° − tan
27° − tan 63° + tan 81°, = tan (90° − 81° ) − tan (90° −
63° ) − tan 63° + tan 81°, = cot 81° − cot 63° − tan 63°
+ tan 81°, = (cot 81° + tan 81° ) − (cot 63° + tan 63° ), 2
cos 2 81° + sin 2 81° cos 2 63° + sin 2 63° 2, = ,
− , ×, 3 sin 81°⋅ cos 81° sin 63°⋅ cos 63° 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, −, =, −, sin 162° sin 126° sin 18° cos 36°, , 9.
Given equation, tan 4 x − 2 sec2 x + a 2 = 0, , tan 4 x
− 2 − 2 tan 2 x + a 2 = 0, , tan 4 x − 2 tan 2 x + (a 2 −
2) = 0, , , tan 2 x =, , 2 ± 4 − 4(a 2 − 2), 2, , 2 ± 2 1 − a2
+ 2, = 1 ± 3 − a2, 2, For real values of tan 2 x,, 3 − a2 ≥
0 a2 − 3 ≤ 0, , a 2 ≤ 3 |a |≤ 3, 10. Given,, tan A −
tan B = x, and, cot B − cot A = y, sin A ⋅ cos B − sin B ⋅
cos A, sin ( A − B), =, x=, cos A ⋅ cos B, cos A ⋅ cos B,
1 cos A ⋅ cos B, , =, x sin ( A − B), cos B ⋅ sin A − cos A
⋅ sin B sin ( A − B), and y =, =, sin A ⋅ sin B, sin A ⋅ sin B,
1 sin A ⋅ sin B, =, , y sin ( A − B), 1 1 cos A ⋅ cos B + sin
A ⋅ sin B, ∴, + =, x y, sin ( A − B), , , 2, , = A rational
number for every non-square, natural number m., , =, ,
5 + 1 − 5 + 1 , 1, 1 , =8 , −, , =8 , 5 −1, 5 + 1 ,
, , 5 −1, 2, = 8⋅ = 4, 4, 4π , 2π , 8. x = y cos
= z cos , 3 , 3 , π , , π π , , x = y cos + = z
cos π + , , 2 6 , 3 , π , π , , , x = y − sin = z
− cos , , 6 , 3 , , , 1, 1, x= − y× = −z ×, , 2, 2, ,
2x = − y = − z, x, y, z, , =, =, =k, (1 /2) (−1) (−1), k, , x
= , y = − k, z = − k, 2, k , k , Now, xy + yz + zx =
(− k) + (− k)(− k) + (− k) , 2 , 2 , =, , tan 15° = (− 3
+ 2), , From Eq. (i), we get, tan 15°⋅ tan 195° = (2 − 3
)2, =4 + 3 −4 3, = (7 − 4 3 ), 6. Given, tan θ = m, , 2, 2, −,
5−1 5+1 , , , , 4 4 , , tan 2 x =

Page 365 :
238, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 1 1 cos ( A − B), + =, x y
sin ( A − B), 1 1, cot ( A − B) = +, x y, , , , , =, =, , 11. Q
x = sin θ + cos θ and y = sin θ ⋅ cos θ, Now, x4 − 4x2y −
2x2 + 4 y2 + 4 y + 1, = (sin θ + cos θ )4 − 4(sin θ + cos θ
)2 y − 2(sin θ + cos θ )2, + 4 y2 + 4 y + 1, = (sin 2 θ + cos
2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ )2, − 4(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos
θ ) y, −2(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ ), + 4 y2 + 4 y +
1, 2, 2, = (1 + 2 y) − 4(1 + 2 y) y − 2(1 + 2 y) + 4 y + 4 y +
1, = 1 + 4 y2 + 4 y − 4 y − 8 y 2 − 2 − 4 y + 4 y 2 + 4 y + 1
= 0, α=A+B, , 12. Q, , Now,, , , , , , , , α+x, α−x, , B=,
2, 2, tan A 2, =, tan B 1, α − x , cos , , 2 2, =, ⋅,
α − x 1, sin , , 2 , , x= A −B A =, , and, , α + x ,
sin , , 2 , α + x , cos , , 2 , , 13. We have,, , 1
+ sin x − 1 − sin x, , =, , 2, , x, x , , sin − cos , , 2, 2 , ,
2, , 2, , x, x , , − sin − cos , , 2, 2 , , 2, , x, x , , sin +
cos +, , 2, 2 , x, x , , sin + cos , , 2, 2 , , x, 2, , b, a,
a+b, a−b, +, a−b, a+b, , Now,, , 1 − tan 2 x, =, , 2, , sin x,
cos 2 x, , [from Eq. (i)], , 2 cos x, cos 2x, , 5 + 1 5 +
1 4 , , − , − , 4 4 16 , 1 1 5, −,
=, 2 4 16, 4, 5, 16. We have, cos (α + β ) = and sin (α
− β ) =, 5, 13, 3, 12, sin(α + β ) = and cos (α − β ) =, 5,
13, 3, 5, , α + β = sin −1 and α − β = sin −1, 5, 13, −1
3, −1 5, , 2 α = sin, + sin, 5, 13, , 3, 25, 5, 9 , = sin −1
, +, 1−, 1−, 169 13, 25 , 5, 36 20 , , = sin −1 ,
+, , 65 65 , 56 , , 2α = sin −1 , 65 , 56, sin
2α =, , 65, and, , x, x, x, x, + sin, + sin − cos, 2, 2, 2, 2, =,
x, x, x, x, cos + sin − sin + cos, 2, 2, 2, 2, x π π , x, x , ,
π , Qx∈ 2,π 2 ∈ 4 , 2 ∴ sin 2 ≥ cos 2
, , , , 14. Given that, tan x =, , 2, , =, , 15. sin 36° sin
72° sin 108° sin 144°, 1, = sin 2 36° sin 2 72° = [(2 sin 2
36° ) (2 sin 2 72° )], 4, 1, = [(1 − cos 72° )(1 − cos 144°
)], 4, 1, = [(1 − sin 18° )(1 + cos 36° )], 4, 1 , 5 − 1 , 5
+ 1 , = 1 −, 1 +, , 4 , 4 , 4 , , …(i), , 1, 4, ,
56 , cos 2α = 1 − , 65 , , 2, , 1089 33, =, (65)2
65, sin 2α 56 /65 56, tan 2α =, =, =, cos 2α 33 /65 33,
=, , cos, , = tan, , b2, 1− 2, a, 2, , , 1 +, , 1 , =, 1+, 4 ,
, sin α + sin x = 2 sin α − 2 sin x, 3 sin x = sin α, sin α, sin
x =, 3, 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x, , , , 2, , 1−, , =, , α − x , α
+ x , 2 sin , , cos , 2 , 2 , =2, α − x , α + x ,
2 cos , sin , , 2 , 2 , sin α + sin x, =2, sin α −
sin x, , , , , =, , 1 + b /a, 1 − b /a, +, 1 − b /a, 1 + b /a, ,
∴, , 17. We have,, cos 2( A − B) + cos 2 B − 2 cos ( A − B)
cos A cos B, = cos 2( A − B) + cos 2 B − cos ( A − B), [cos
( A − B) + cos ( A + B)], = cos 2 B − cos ( A − B) cos ( A +
B), = cos 2 B − (cos 2 A − sin 2 B) = 1 − cos 2 A, Hence,
it depends on A.

Page 366 :
239, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, 18. We
have, A = sin 2 θ + cos 4 θ, = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ cos 2 θ, ≤
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ, (since, cos 2 θ ≤ 1), 2, 4, , sin θ + cos
θ ≤ 1 A ≤ 1, Again, sin 2 θ + cos 4 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ +
cos 4 θ, , 1 °, 2 sin 2 7 , 2 , 1, 1 °, °, , 2 sin
7 cos 7 , 2 , 2 , θ, θ, , , 2θ, = 1 − cos θ and 2
sin ⋅ cos = sin θ , Q 2 sin, , , 2, 2, 2, 1 − cos 15° 1 −
cos (45° − 30° ), =, =, sin 15°, sin (45° − 30° ), , 1 , 22.
tan 7 ° =, 2 , , 2, , 3 3, 1 , , = cos 4 θ − cos 2 θ + 1
= cos 2 θ − + ≥, , 2 , 4 4, Hence,, , 3, ≤ A ≤1, 4, , =, ,
19. Q, …(i), cos A + cos B = m, and, …(ii), sin A + sin B =
n, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 2mn, 2 (cos A + cos B)
(sin A + sin B), =, 2, 2, (cos A + cos B)2 + (sin A + sin
B)2, m +n, sin 2 A + sin 2B + 2 sin ( A + B), =, 1 + 1 + 2
cos ( A − B), sin ( A + B)[2 + 2 cos ( A − B)], =, = sin ( A +
B), 2 + 2 cos ( A − B), 2mn, Hence, sin ( A + B) = 2, m +
n2, 1 , 585, , 20. sin 292 ° = sin, , 2 , 2, 1 − cos
585°, =−, 2, 1 − cos 225°, =−, 2, =−, =−, , =, , =, , 3 + 1 ,
1− , , 2 2 , 3 −1, 2 2, , =, , (2 2 − 3 − 1), 3+1, ×, 3 −1,
3+1, , 2 6 −3 − 3 + 2 2 − 3 −1, 3 −1, , = 6 − 3 + 2 −2, cos
15° + cos 45°, 23., cos3 15° + cos3 45°, cos 15° + cos
45°, =, (cos 15° + cos 45° )(cos 2 45° + cos 2 15°, − cos
45° cos 15° ), [Q a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b2)], 1, =, 2,
2, (cos 45° + cos 15° − cos 45° cos 15° ), , 1 + cos 45°, 1
+ 1/ 2, =−, 2, 2, , =, , 1, 2, , 1, 1 , 2, ⋅ cos 15°, + cos
(45° − 15° ) −, 2 , 2, 1, =, 1, cos 15°, + (cos 45° cos 30°
+ sin 45° sin 30° )2 −, 2, 2, 1, =, 2, 1 3, 1 , 1 3 + 1 ,
+ , +, −, , , 2 2 2 2 2 , 2 2 2 , , 2+1, 2 2, , 2+1, 2,
1, ×, =−, 2+ 2, 2, 2 2, 2, 1 , , [Where negative sign
shows that sin 292 ° lies in the, , 2 , third], =−, , 21.
Q A, B and C are in AP., …(i), ∴, 2B = A + C, But, A + B +
C = 180°, , 3B = 180°, , B = 60°, sin A + 2 sin B + sin
C = (sin A + sin C ) + 2 sin B, A+C, A −C, = 2 sin, cos, + 2
sin B, 2, 2, (2B), A − C , [from Eq. (i)], = 2 sin, cos ,
+ 2 sin 2B, 2 , 2, A −C, , , = 2 sin B cos, +1, , ,
2, , A − C , 2 A , = 2 sin B 2 cos 2 , Q 1 +
cos A = 2 cos, , 4 , 2 , , A − C , = 4 sin B cos
2 , , 4 , , 1 − (cos 45° ⋅ cos 30° + sin 45° ⋅ sin 30° ),
sin 45°⋅ cos 30° − cos 45°⋅ sin 30°, , 1, 1 3+1+2 3, 3+1,
+, −, 2, 8, 4, 1, 8 4, =, = =, 4 + 4 + 2 3 −2 3 −2 6 3, 8, =, ,
24., , 3 2, a, 4, ∆ ABC is an equilateral., , I. Area of ∆
ABC =, , II. tan A =, , 1 − cos B, 2 sin 2 B /2, =, = tan B /2,
sin B, 2 sin B /2 cos B /2, 2 tan A, 2 tan B /2, =, 2, 1 −
tan A 1 − tan 2 B /2, , Now, , tan 2 A =, , , , tan 2 A =
tan B

Page 367 :
240, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , III. Let y =, , Let, , ∴ tan (
A + 2B) tan (2 A + B), π 2π , 2π π , = tan +, + ,
tan , 3, 3, 6 , 6 , 2, π, 5, π, , , = tan tan ,
6 , 3 , π, π, π , , , , = tan + tan π − , , 2
6 , 6 , π , π , = − cot − tan = 1, 6 , 6 , , tan 3x, tan
x, , =, , 3 tan x − tan3 x, 1 − 3 tan 2 x, , =, , 3 − tan 2 x, 1 −
3 tan 2 x, tan x = t, 3 − t2, 1 − 3t 2, , ∴, , y=, , , , y − 3 yt
2 = 3 − t 2, , 28. We have, 2 + 2 + 2 + ... ∞ = cosec θ, , t=,
, ∴, x= 2+ x, On squaring both sides, we get x2 = 2 + x,
, x2 − x − 2 = 0, , (x + 1)(x − 2) = 0, , x = 2 , x = −1,
∴ x = 2 is correct., (Q x is positive), 1, ∴, 2 = cosec θ
sin θ =, 2, , sin A = sin B, , A = B or A = π − B, Now, sin
2 A = sin 2B is satisfied by A = B but it is, not satisfied
by A = π − B., π, 4π, 5π, II. cos cos, cos, 7, 7, 7, π, 4π, 2π
, , cos π −, = cos cos, , , 7, 7, 7 , π, 2π, 4π, = − cos
cos, cos, 7, 7, 7, 3 π , 8π, sin 2 ⋅ , sin, , 7 , 7, =−,
=−, π, π, 3, 2 sin, 8 sin, 7, 7, 1, =, 8, sin (x + y) a + b, …(i),
26. We have,, =, sin (x − y) a − b, sin (x + y) + sin (x − y) a
+ b + a − b, =, , sin (x + y) − sin (x − y) a + b − a + b, ,
25. I., , [by using componendo and dividendo rule in
Eq. (i)], sin x cos y + cos x sin y + sin x cos y − cos x sin y,
, sin x cos y + cos x sin y − sin x cos y + cos x sin y, 2a,
=, 2b, 2 sin x cos y 2a, tan x a, =, , =, , 2 cos x sin y
2b, tan y b, π, 27. We have, sin ( A + B) = 1 A + B =, 2,
1, π, and, sin ( A − B) = A − B =, 2, 6, On solving Eqs.
(i) and (ii), we get, π, π, A = ,B=, 3, 6, , x= 2+ 2+ 2+K∞, ,
Let, , y −3 1, ×, 1 3, y−, 3, y−3, 1, For existence of t,, ≥ 0,
y ≠, y − 1 /3, 3, 1 , , y ∈ − ∞ , ∪ (3, ∞), , , 3 , tan
3x, 1, never lies between and 3., tan x, 3, , , 29. The
squares of the tangents of the angles 30°, 45° and, 60°
are in GP., , tan 2 30° , tan 2 45° , tan 2 60° are in GP.,
2, 1 , 2, , , 1, ( 3 ) are in GP., 3 , 1, , 1, 3 are in
GP., , 3, (Q Condition for GP, b2 = ac is satisfied), 1,
i.e.,, 12 = × 3 1 = 1, 3, 30. We have,, …(i), x+ y=z,
Now, 1 + cos x + cos y + cos z, = (1 + cos z ) + (cos x +
cos y), z, x+ y, x− y, = 2 cos 2 + 2 cos, cos, 2, 2, 2, z, x− y,
2z, [from Eq. (i)], = 2 cos, + 2 cos cos, 2, 2, 2, z , z, x −
y , cos + cos, = 2 cos, 2 , 2, 2 , z, 2, z, = 2 cos, 2, x, =
4 cos, 2, = 2 cos, , 31. (a), , …(i), , , , …(ii), , , , Thus,, ,
z+ x− y, z − x + y , , 2 cos, cos, , , 4, 4, 2x, 2 y , ,
[from Eq. (i)], 2 cos, cos, 4, 4 , , y, z, cos cos, 2, 2, ,
x= y, sin 3 θ cos 3 θ cos 3 θ sin 3 θ, −, =, +, sin θ, cos θ,
cos θ, sin θ, 2 cos 3 θ, =0, cos θ, cos 3 θ = 0 θ = 30°,
θ = 15° is incorrect.

Page 368 :
241, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, (b) x = − y,
sin 3 θ cos 3 θ, cos 3 θ sin 3 θ, −, , =−, −, sin θ, cos θ,
cos θ, sin θ, 2 sin 3 θ, , = 0 sin 3 θ = 0, sin θ, , 3 θ
= 180° or 0°, , θ = 60° or 0°, Since, (b) comes out to
be correct, there is no need for, further checking., 32.
I. (sec θ + tan θ )−1 = (sec 1200° + tan 1200° )−1, =
[sec (6π + 120° ) + tan (6π + 120° )]−1, = (sec 120° +
tan 120° )−1, = (− cosec 30° − cot 30° )−1, 1, = (−2 − 3 )
−1 = −, , negative, 2+ 3, II. cosec θ − cot θ = cosec (6π +
120° ) − cot (6π + 120° ), = cosec 120° − cot 120°, =
sec 30° + tan 30°, 2, =, + 3 , positive, 3, Hence, both the
statements are incorrect., tan 45° − tan 30°, 33. A. tan
15° = tan (45° − 30° ) =, 1 + tan 45° ⋅ tan 30°, 1, 1−, 3 =
3 −1 × 3 −1, =, 1, 3+1, 3 −1, 1+, 3, 3 + 1 −2 3, =, =2 − 3,
2, B. tan 75° = tan (45° + 30° ), tan 45° + tan 30°, =, 1 −
tan 45° ⋅ tan 30°, 1, 1+, 3 = 3 + 1 × 3 + 1 =2 + 3, =, 1, 3
−1, 3+1, 1−, 3, tan 60° + tan 45°, C. tan (105° ) = tan
(60° + 45° ) =, 1 − tan 60° ⋅ tan 45°, =, , 3+1 1+ 3, ×, 1−
3 1+ 3, , =, , 4+2 3, = −2 − 3, −2, , 35. Given that,, tan 2
φ + tan 6 φ = tan3 φ ⋅ sec2 φ, tan 2 φ {1 + tan 4 φ −
tan φ ⋅ sec2 φ } = 0, tan 2 φ {1 + tan 4 φ − tan φ − tan3
φ } = 0, tan 2 φ {(1 − tan φ ) + tan3 φ (tan φ − 1)} = 0,
tan 2 φ {(1 − tan φ )(1 − tan3 φ )} = 0, 2, tan φ (1 − tan
φ )2(1 + tan 2 φ + tan φ ) = 0, ∴ It is notation identity
for all value of φ because at, φ = (2n + 1) π /2 the given
identify does not exist., sec A + tan A = p, 1, sin A, +,
=p, cos A cos A, 1 + sin A, =p, cos A, , 36., , , , , (1 +
sin A )2, = p2, cos 2 A, , , , (1 + sin A )2, = p2, 1 − sin 2
A, (1 + sin A )2, = p2, (1 + sin A )(1 − sin A ), 1 + sin A, =
p2, 1 − sin A, , , , , (1 + sin A ) + (1 − sin A ) p2 + 1, =,
(1 + sin A ) − (1 − sin A ) p2 − 1, , , , (using
componendo and dividendo), p2 + 1, 2, = 2, 2 sin A p −
1, , , , , sin A =, , 37. Given that, cot A ⋅ cot B = 2,
cos A ⋅ cos B 2, , =, sin A ⋅ sin B 1, cos A ⋅ cos B − sin
A ⋅ sin B 2 − 1, =, , cos A ⋅ cos B + sin A ⋅ sin B 2 + 1, ,
, , , cot2 θ − 3 3 cot θ + 6 = 0, 3 3 ± 27 − 24 3 3 ± 3,
cot θ =, =, = 2 3, 3, 2, 2, π, cot θ ≠ 2 3 , cot θ = 3 = cot, 6,
π, θ=, 6, , ...(i), , (by componendo and dividendo rule),
cos ( A + B) 1, =, , cos ( A − B) 3, 1, , cos ( A + B) ⋅
sec ( A − B) =, 3, 1, 1, 38. I. If cot θ = x, then x + = cot θ
+, x, cot θ, cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ, +, =, sin θ cos θ,
sin θ cos θ, 1, =, = cosec θ sec θ, sin θ cos θ, =, , 34. Q
cosec2 θ = 3 3 cot θ − 5, 1 + cot2 θ − 3 3 cot θ + 5 =
0 (Q cosec2 θ = 1 + cot2 θ ), , , p2 − 1, p2 + 1, , ∴
Statement I is correct., 1, = sin θ, then, x, 2, 1 , , 2, x
+ = sin θ, , x , , II. If x +

Page 369 :
242, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 1, + 2 = sin 2 θ, x2, 1, x2
+ 2 = sin 2 θ − 2, , x, ∴ Statement II is correct., III. If x
= p sec θ and y = q tan θ, then, x2q2 − y2p2 = p2q2
sec2 θ − p2q2 tan 2 θ, = p2q2(sec2 θ − tan 2 θ ), =
p2q2, ∴Statement III is correct., 1, , 3, IV. Now, cos θ
− 3 sin θ = 2 cos θ −, sin θ , 2, 2, , , , , 2x − 2 y ,
2x + 2 y , 2 cos , , sin , 2 , 2 , =, 2x − 2 y ,
2x + 2 y , 2 cos , , cos , 2 , 2 , , x2 +, , = 2
[cos 60° cos θ − sin 60° sin θ ], = 2 cos (60° + θ ), ∴
Maximum value = 2 × 1 = 2, ∴ Only I, II and III are
correct., 39. Given, θ = 18°, Now, we have 4 sin 2 θ + 2
sin θ = 4 sin 2(18° ) + 2 sin (18° ), , 5 − 1 , Q sin 18°
=, , 4 , , 2, , 5 − 1 , 5 − 1 , =4 , , +2 , 4, 4 ,
, , (5 + 1 − 2 5 ) ( 5 − 1) 3 − 5, =4⋅, +, =, +, 16, 2, 2, , 5
−1, =1, 2, , 40. Let f (x) = sin 2 x, 1, 1, f (x) = (2 sin 2 x) =
(1 − cos 2x), 2, 2, 1 1, f (x) = − cos 2x, 2 2, 1 1, 1, Q − 1 ≤
cos 2x ≤ 1 − ≤ cos 2x ≤, 2 2, 2, 1, 1, −1, ≥ − cos 2x ≥,
, 2, 2, 2, 1 1 1 1, 1 1, + ≥ − cos 2x ≥ − 0 ≤ f (x) ≤ 1,
2 2 2 2, 2 2, ∴ Maximum value of sin 2 x is 1., 41. Given
that, sin A = p and sin B = q, and, | p| < 1,|q| < 1, i.e.,, 1 −
p2 = positive and 1 − q2 = positive, Now, sin ( A + B) =
sin A cos B + cos A sin B, = ± sin A 1 − sin 2 B ± 1 − sin 2
A sin B, = ± p 1 − q 2 ± 1 − p2 q, Thus, there exists 4
number of solutions., π, 42. Given, x − y = (4n + 1), 4, π,
and, x + y ≠ (2n + 1), 2, sin 2x − sin 2 y, Now,, cos 2x +
cos 2 y, , =, , cos (x + y) sin (x − y), cos (x + y) cos (x − y), ,
= tan (x − y), = tan (4n + 1), 43. Given that,, , π, =1, 4, , 1
+ sin A − cos A, 2 sin A, =, 1 + sin A, 1 + sin A + cos A, ,
, , 2 sin A (1 + sin A ) = (1 + sin A )2 − cos 2 A, , , , 2
sin A + 2 sin 2 A = 1 + sin 2 A + 2 sin A − cos 2 A, , , ,
sin 2 A = 1 − cos 2 A, , , , sin A + cos 2 A = 1, 2, , π, ,
given, 2, identity become indeterminate. So, the given
identity is, π, true for all values of A except A = − ., 2, ,
Which is true for all values of A but for A = −, , 44. Q X
= { θ ∈ [0, 2π ] : sin θ = cos θ }, Thus, the number of
elements in X is 2. Since,, sin θ = cos θ is possible at θ
= 45° and 225°., While sin θ positive, negative in IInd,
IVth quadrant,, respectively and cos θ positive,
negative in IVth, IInd, quadrant, respectively., Hence,
A is true but R is false., π, 3 −1, 45. I. sin, = sin 15° =,
12, 2 2, Q, sin 15° = sin (45° − 30° ), = sin 45°⋅ cos 30°
− cos 45°⋅ sin 30°, =, II., , 3, 1, 3 −1, −, =, 2 2 2 2, 2 2, , π,
3+1, = cos 15° =, 12, 2 2, cos 15° = cos (45° − 30° ), cos,
, Q, , = cos 45°⋅ cos 30° + sin 45°⋅ sin 30°, =, III., , 3, 1,
3+1, +, =, 2 2 2 2, 2 2, , π, = cos 15° = 2 + 3, 12, cot 15°
= tan 75° = tan (45° + 30° ), cos, , Q, , 1, 1+, tan 45° +
tan 30°, 3, =, =, 1 − tan 45°⋅ tan 30° 1 − 1, 3, 3+1, =2 +
3, =, 3 −1, ∴ The correct sequence is III > II > I.

Page 370 :
243, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, 46. Let the
length of side of square is a., , sec2 θ + cosec2θ = tan 2
θ + cot2 θ + 2, , II. Q, , = (tan θ + cot θ ), , C, , D, , ∴, , A, ,
∴, , θ, k P, , B, , 2k, , AD = a and AB = k + 2k = a, a, a, k=,
AP =, 3, 3, , , Now,, , In ∆ APD;, , PD 2 = AP 2 + AD
2, 10a 2, a2, 10a, PD =, =, + a2 =, 9, 9, 3, AP, cos θ =,
PD, a /3, 1, =, =, 10a /3, 10, , 47. Given that, Tn = sin n x
+ cos n x, ∴, Tn − 2 = sin n − 2 x + cos n − 2 x, and, Tn − 4
= sin n − 4 x + cos n − 2 x, Now,, Tn − 2 − Tn = sin n − 2 x
+ cos n− 2 x − sin n x − cos n x, = sin n − 2 x [1 − sin 2 x]
+ cos n − 2 x [1 − cos 2 x], = sin n − 2 x ⋅ cos 2 x + cos n
− 2 x ⋅ sin 2 x, , Tn − 2 − Tn = sin 2 x cos 2 x {sin n − 4
x + cos n − 4 x}, , Tn − 2 − Tn = sin 2 x cos 2 x ⋅ Tn − 4,
Tn − 2 − Tn, = sin 2 x cos 2 x, , Tn − 4, ∴, , Tn − 2 − Tn,
Tn − 4, , is independent of n., , 48. 1 + sin 2 A = 3 sin A
cos A, On dividing both sides of above equation by cos
2 A,, we get,, sec 2A + tan 2 A = 3 tan A, , 1 + tan 2 A
+ tan 2 A = 3 tan A, , 2 tan 2 A − 3 tan A + 1 = 0, 2, ,
2 tan A − 2 tan A − tan A + 1 = 0, , 2 tan A (tan A − 1)
− 1(tan A − 1) = 0, , (2 tan A − 1) (tan A − 1) = 0, 1, ,
tan A = 1,, 2, 1 + sin θ , 49. I. Q (sec θ + tan θ )2 = ,
, cos θ , , 2, , (1 + sin θ )2, (1 + sin θ )2, =, 2, (1 − sin
θ ) (1 + sin θ ), cos θ, 1 + sin θ, =, 1 − sin θ, 1 + sin θ, 2, ∴
(sec θ + tan θ ) =, 1 − sin θ, =, , sec θ + cosec θ = tan θ +
cot θ, 2, , 2, , Hence, both of the given statements are
correct., π, radian, 50. Ist, 1° =, 180, 3.14, =, = 0 . 017 =
0. 02 (approx), 180, which is equal to 0 . 02, 180, 180,
degree =, IInd, 1 radian =, π, 3.14, = 57 . 32 degree,
which is greater than 45°., 51. Q Q3 = sin A (cos B +
cos C ) + sin B (cos C + cos A ), + sin C (cos A + cos B), =
sin A cos B + sin A cos C + sin B cos C, + sin B cos A +
sin C cos A + sin C cos B, = sin ( A + B) + sin (B + C ) +
sin (C + A ) = Q1, Q3 = Q1, 52. sin A =, , 16, 3, 4, =−,
cos A = − 1 −, 25, 5, 5, , cos B = −, , 12, 144, 5, =,
sin B = + 1 −, 169 13, 13, , ∴ sin ( A + B) = sin A cos B +
cos A sin B, 4 12 3 5, = × − − ×, 5 13 5 13, − 48
− 15, 63, =, =−, 65, 65, 53. Let the angles of a triangle
be, Q, , A = 2x, B = 5x and C = 5x, A + B + C = 180°, , , ,
2x + 5x + 5x = 180°, , , , 12x = 180°, , , , x = 15°, B =
75° , C = 75°, , ∴, , tan B tan C = tan 75° tan 75° =
[tan(45°+30° )]2, =, , tan 45° + tan 30° , 1 − tan
45° tan 30° , , 2, , 2, , 1 , , 2, 1+, , 3 = 3 + 1 , = ,
, , , 1, 3 −1 , 1 − 1 ×, , 3 , , 2, , ( 3 + 1 )2 , (4 +
2 3 )2, =, = , , 2, (3 − 1)2, ( 3) −1 , = (2 + 3 )2 = 4 + 3
+ 4 3, =7+4 3

Page 371 :
244, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 54. Given, sin3 θ +
cos3 θ = 0, , tan3 θ = − 1, , tan θ = − 1, π, , θ=−, 4,
55. The maximum value of, 3 sin x + 4 cos x + 7 = 7 +
32 + 42, =7+5, = 12, 56. We have,, , =, , sin 5 A − sin 3
A, cos 3 A + cos 5 A, 5A + 3A, 5A − 3A, 2 cos, sin, 2, 2, ,
= tan A, , 5A + 3A, 5A − 3A, cos, 2, 2, ∴From second
statement, we have,, 2 cos A sin B = sin ( A + B) − sin (
A − B), and, 2 cos A cos B = cos ( A + B) + cos ( A − B), ∴
Both A and R are individually true but R is not correct,
explanation of A., π , , ... (i), 57. We have, x = 1 + cot α
− sec α + , , 2 , π , , ... (ii), and, y = 1 + cot α + sec
α + , , 2 , 2 cos, , From Eq. (i), x = 1 + cot α + cosec
α, From Eq. (ii), y = 1 + cot α − cosec α, Now,, xy = (1 +
cot α + cosec α ) (1 + cot α − cosec α ), = (1 + cot α )2 −
cosec2α, = 1 + 2 cot α + cot2 α − cosec2α, , xy = 2
cot α, Obviously xy > 0, if either 0° < α < 90°, or, 180° <
α < 270°, since cot α > 0 either 0° < α < 90°, or, 180° <
α < 270°, so A is true., As shown above, xy ≠ 2 tan α, so
R is false., 58. (A) Since, π rad = 180°, 180° 180°, , 1
rad =, =, ×7, π, 22, 630°, 1 rad =, = 57° (approx), 11, We
know, when θ ∈ [ 45° , 90° ], cos θ < sin θ, Here,, 1 ∈ [
45° , 90° ], ∴, cos 1 < sin 1, hence, it is true., (R) It is
true that cosine is decreases but sin is increases, in
the first quadrant., x, x, x, x, 59. (A) y = 1 − sin x = sin 2
+ cos 2 − 2 sin cos, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, , Since,, , x, x, > cos, 2, 2,
(R) Above function is not true for every value of x., x
π , When,, ∈ 0, , 2 4 , x, x, y = cos − sin, 2, 2, 1, ,
where θ ≠ 0, 60. Given, cosec θ − cot θ =, 3, cos θ, 1, 1,
, −, =, sin θ sin θ, 3, (1 − cos θ ), 1, =, , sin θ, 3, then, ,
x, x, x, x , , = sin − cos = sin − cos, , 2, 2, 2, 2 , x, x,
= sin − cos, 2, 2, x π π , π , x ∈ , π ∈ , , 2 ,
2 4 2 , , , , , , , , , ∴, , sin, , , 2 θ , 1 −
1 − 2 sin 2 1, =, , sin θ, 3, , , , , 2 sin 2, ,
θ, 2, , θ, θ, 2 ⋅ sin ⋅ cos, 2, 2, θ, tan = tan 30°, 2, θ, = 30°,
2, , =, , 1, 3, , θ = 60°, 1, cos 60° =, 2, , 61. We have, 2 cos
2 x + 3 sin x − 3 = 0, , 2 − 2 sin 2 x + 3 sin x − 3 = 0, ,
(2 sin x − 1) (sin x − 1) = 0, 1, sin x = or sin x = 1, , 2, π
5π, π, or, , x= ,, 30°, 150°, 90°, 6 6, 2, 2 sec θ + tan θ
= 1, sin θ, 2, , +, =1, cos θ cos θ, sin θ − cos θ = − 2, ,
1, 1, , sin θ −, cos θ = − 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, cos θ −, sin θ = 1,
, 2, 2, π, π, , , cos cos θ − sin sin θ = 1, , , 4,
4, π , , , cos θ + = cos (0° ), , 4 , π, π, θ + = 2 nπ
± 0 ° θ = 2 nπ −, , 4, 4, c, a, b, 63., cos x =, sin x +, a
2 + b2, a 2 + b2, a 2 + b2, c, , sin (x + α ) =, >1, a 2 +
b2, 62. We have,, , (as given)

Page 372 :
245, , Trigonometric Ratios and Equations, , α=, ,
where, , a, a +b, 2, , a ± a 2 − 16 a + 64, = a ± (a − 8)2, 4,
a ± (a − 8) 2a − 8, =, =, ,2, 4, 4, a −4, (Qsin x ≥/ 1), sin x =,
2, − 1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1, a −4, −1 ≤, ≤1, 2, −2 ≤ a − 4 ≤ 2, 2 ≤ a
≤6, =, , 2, , Hence, there is no solution exist, because
sin cannot be, greater than 1., 64. sec θ + tan θ = 3,
Also, we have, sec2 θ − tan 2 θ = 1, , (sec θ + tan θ )
(sec θ − tan θ ) = 1, 1, sec θ − tan θ =, , 3, From Eqs.
(i) and (iii), we get, 1 , 1 , 1, π , = tan , tan θ = 3
−, =, , , 6 , 2, 3, 3, π, θ = nπ +, , 6, π, 7π, ., ∴
Solutions for 0 < θ < 2π are and, 6, 6, Hence, there are
two solutions., 1 − cos 2θ, 65. Given that,, =3, 1 + cos
2θ, 2 sin 2 θ, , = 3 tan 2 θ = 3, 2 cos 2 θ, π, tan 2 θ
= ( 3 )2 tan 2 θ = tan 2, , 3, π, θ = nπ ±, , 3, , ...(i), ...
(ii), , ∴, Q, , ...(iii), , ∴, , , , Solutions (Q. Nos. 70-72),
Let angles of a triangle be 2x, 3x and 5x., ∴, 2x + 3x +
5x = 180° x = 18°, ∴, A = 36° , B = 54° ,C = 90°, 70.
Here, the least angle is 36° and the greatest angle is
90°., C, 71. ∴cos 2 A + sin 3C + cos × (sin 2B)2, 2, = (cos
36° )2 + sin 3 × 90° + cos (45° ) sin (2 × 54° )2, 2, 5 +
1 , = , + 1 + cos 45° × [sin (90° + 18° )]2, 4 , =, ,
6+2 5, 1 10 + 2 5 , =, +1+, , 4, 16, 2 , , , 66.
Given that,, , , , , tan 2 θ − tan θ − 3 tan θ + 3 = 0,
tan θ (tan θ − 1) − 3 (tan θ − 1) = 0, (tan θ − 3 ) (tan θ −
1) = 0, π, π, θ = nπ + , nπ +, 3, 4, , 67. We have, 3 sin 2 x
+ 10 cos x − 6 = 0, 3 (1 − cos 2 x) + 10 cos x − 6 = 0,
, (cos x − 3) (3 cos x − 1) = 0, 1, , cos x ≠ 3 or cos x =,
3, −1 1 , x = 2nπ ± cos , 3 , 68., , sin θ = sin α,
, sin θ − sin α = 0, θ + α , θ − α , , 2 sin , =0,
cos , 2 , 2 , θ −α, θ + α , , sin, = 0 or cos ,
=0, 2 , 2, θ −α, θ+α, π, = nπ or, = (2n + 1) , n ∈ I, , 2,
2, 2, θ+α, π, θ −α, Thus,, is any odd multiple of, and, is,
2, 2, 2, any multiple of π., , 69. Given, cos 2x + a sin x =
2a − 7, ∴ 1 − 2 sin 2 x + a sin x = 2a − 7, 2 sin 2 x − a
sin x + (2a − 8) = 0, a ± a 2 − 8 (2a − 8), sin x =, ∴, 2 (2), ,
5+1+2 5, 1, +1+, × [cos 18° ]2, 16, 2, 2, , 22 + 2 5 10 + 2
5, +, 16, 16 2, 22 2 + 2 10 + 10 + 2 5, =, 16 2, =, , 72. We
know corresponding to the greatest angle have the,
greatest side., Here, C is the greatest., Hence, AB is
the greatest side., , Solutions (Q. Nos. 73-75), A + B =
180° − C, A B, C, + = 90°−, , 2 2, 2, C , , A B , tan
+ = tan 90°− , , , 2 2 , 2 , A, B, tan + tan, 2, 2 =
cot C, , A, B, 2, 1 − tan tan, 2, 2, A, B , C, A, B, ,
tan + tan tan = 1 − tan tan, , 2, 2 , 2, 2, 2, A, B, B, C,
A, C, tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, ,
73. Given,, , 74. Q, , ∴, , B+C=π − A, sin (B + C ) = sin
(π − A ) = sin A, sin 2 A + sin 2B + sin 2C

Page 373 :
246, , NDA/NA Mathematics, = 2 sin A cos A + 2 sin (B
+ C ) cos (B − C ), = 2 sin A [cos A + cos (B − C )], = 2 sin
A [cos (B − C ) − cos (B + C )], = 2 sin A [2 sin B sin C ], ,
75. Since, A + B + C = π, tan A + tan B + tan C = tan
A tan B tan C, Using, AM ≥ GM, tan A + tan B + tan C, ≥
(tan A tan B tan C )1/3, , 3, tan A + tan B + tan C ≥ 3
(tan A tan B tan C )1/3, , , , , (tan A tan B tan C )2/3
≥ 3, 1 , , k , , 2/3, , ≥3, , 1, 1, ≥ 33 / 2 = k ≤, k, 3 3, ,
Solutions (Q. Nos. 76-78), , sin ( A − B) = sin, , , ,
A−B=, , π, 3, , π, 3, , 76. On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get, , = 4 sin A sin B sin C, , , , , , π , Given that, sin
( A + B) = 1, where A , B, C ∈ 0,, 2 , π, , sin ( A +
B) = sin, 2, π, …(i), , A+ B=, 2, π, and, sin( A − B) =, 2, ,
2π, 3, π, π, and B =, A=, 3, 6, , 2A=, , , 77. Now, tan( A
+ 2B) ⋅ tan (2 A + B), 2π π , π π , + , = tan + ⋅
tan , 3, 3 3 , 6 , 2π , 5π , = tan ⋅ tan ,
3 , 6 , π π , π π , = tan + ⋅ tan + , 2 6 ,
2 3 , = [− cot, , π, π, 1 , ][− cot ] = (− 3 ) ⋅ −, =1, ,
6, 3, 3 , , 78. Now, sin 2 A − sin 2 B, = sin 2(π / 3) − sin
2(π / 6), 2, , 2, 3 , 1 , = − , 2 , 2 , , =, , 3 1 2
1, − = =, 4 4 4 2, , …(ii)

Page 374 :
13, , Properties of Triangles, , , Relation between
Sides and, Angles of a Triangle, In a ∆ABC the length
of sides opposite to the angles, A, B and C are denoted
by a , b and c. Area of a triangle and, perimeter of a
triangle are denoted by ∆ and 2s,, respectively and, a+
b+ c, s=, 2, , , , Cosine Rule, In ∆ABC,, , b2 + c2 − a 2,
2bc, a 2 + c2 − b2, 2. cos B =, 2ca, a 2 + b2 − c2, 3. cosC
=, 2ab, , In ∆ABC,, , b, , c, , B, , a, , C, , In ∆ ABC,, 2, 2, 2, %
If ∠ A = 60 ° , then b + c − a = bc, , A, b, , c, , A, , 1. cos A
=, , Sine Rule, 1, sin A sin B sin C, =, =, =, 2R, a, b, c, , 8,
12, 2, x=, 3, x=, , %, , If ∠ B = 60 °, then a 2 + c 2 − b 2 =
ac, , %, , If ∠ C = 60 °, then a 2 + b 2 − c 2 = ab, , b +c c +
a a+ b, , then, =, =, 11, 12, 13, cos A cos B cos C, (a), =,
=, 25, 19, 7, cos A cos B cos C, (b), =, =, 19, 25, 7, cos A
cos B cos C, (c), =, =, 7, 19, 25, (d) None of the above, ,
Example 2. If in a ∆ABC ,, a, , B, , C, , where, R be the
radius of circumcircle of the ∆ABC., , Example 1. In a
∆ABC, A = 30 °, b = 8, a = 6, then, , B = sin−1 x, where x
is equal to, 1, (a), 2, 2, (c), 3, , (b), , 1, 3, , (d) 1, −1, ,
Solution (c) Given, A = 30 °, B = sin x sin B = x and b
= 8,, a = 6,, By sine rule,, , , , sin A sin B, =, a, b, sin
30 ° x, =, 6, 8, x 1/ 2, =, 8 6, , b+ c c+ a a+ b, =, =, =k, 11,
12, 13, , 2 ( a + b + c) = 36k, and, b + c = 11k, c + a =
12k, a + b = 13k, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, a = 7k, b
= 6k, c = 5k, , Solution (c) Let, , Hence,, , cos A =, , b 2 +
c 2 − a2, 2bc, , ...(i), ...(ii)

Page 375 :
248, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 36k2 + 25k2 − 49k2, 1
7, = =, 2, 5, 35, 60k, 2, 2, 2, a +c −b, cos B =, 2ac, 19,
49k2 + 25k2 − 36k2 38, =, =, =, 70, 35, 70k2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 49k + 36k − 25k2 60 25, a +b −c, and cos C =, =, =, =,
2ab, 84 35, 84k2, cos A cos B cos C, , =, =, 7, 19, 25,
=, , Example 3. If in a ∆ ABC, a, b, 2 cos A cos B 2 cos C,
, then, =, +, +, +, bc ac, a, b, c, (a) ∠A = 90°, (b) ∠B = 90°,
(c) ∠C = 90°, (d) None of these, , , , 2 cos A cos B 2 cos
C, a, b, +, +, =, +, a, b, c, bc ac, 2bc cos A + ac cos B +
2ab cos C = a2 + b 2, , , , b 2 + c 2 − a2 +, , Solution (a)
Q, , a2 + c 2 − b 2, + a2 + b 2 − c 2 = a2 + b 2, 2, c 2 + a2
− b 2 = 2 a2 − 2 b 2 b 2 + c 2 = a2, , , , ∴ ∆ ABC is
right angled at A., i.e.,, ∠ A = 90 °, , Example 4 . In any ∆
ABC, then the value of, cos A cos B cos C, +, +, a, b, c,
and, c ( b cos A − a cos B) is, 2, a + b2 + c 2, a2 + b 2 + c
2, (a), , a 2 − b 2 (b), , b 2 − a2, abc, 2 abc, a2 + b 2 + c 2,
(c), , a 2 + b 2 (d) None of these, 2, , Solution (b) Using
the cosines formula, we get, b 2 + c 2 − a2 1 a2 +
c 2 − b 2 , 1 a2 + b 2 − c 2 , + , + , , , 2bc, 2ac,
c , 2ab, , b , , , 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, =, (b + c − a
+ a + c − b + a + b − c ), 2abc, a2 + b 2 + c 2, =, 2abc,
Using cosine formula, we get, a2 + c 2 − b 2 , b 2 +
c 2 − a2 , LHS = bc , , − ac , 2bc, 2ac, , , , , =, ,
1, a, , 1 2, [ b + c 2 − a2 − a2 − c 2 + b 2 ], 2, 1, = (2b 2 −
2a2), 2, = b 2 − a2, =, , Projection Formulae, In ∆ABC,,
A, , c, , B, , b, , a, , C, , 1. a = c cos B + b cos C, 3. c = a cos
B + b cos A, , 2. b = a cos C + c cos A, , Napier’s Analogy,
In ∆ABC,, C− A c−a, B, A− B a− b, C, 2. tan, 1. tan, =,
cot, =, cot, 2, c+a, 2, 2, a+b, 2, B−C b− c, A, 3. tan, =, cot,
2, b+ c, 2, , Example 5. If k be the perimeter of the ∆
ABC, then the, value of b cos2, (a) 2 k, , C, B, + c cos2
is, 2, 2, (b) k/2, , (c) 3 k/2, , (d) k, , C, B, + c cos2, 2, 2, b, c,
= (1 + cos C) + (1 + cos B ), 2, 2, b c 1, a+ b+ c k, = + + ( b
cos C + c cos B ) =, =, 2 2 2, 2, 2, , Solution (b) b cos2, ,
Example 6. In any ∆ABC, the value of, ( b + c ) cos A +
(c + a) cos B + ( a + b) cos C = a + b + c, and ( b − a cos C
) tan A = a sin C is, (a) abc , b sin A, (b) a + b − c , sin B,
(c) a − b − c , sinC, (d) a + b + c , a sin C, , Solution (d) b
cos A + c cos A + c cos B + a cos B, + a cos C + b cos C, (
b cos A + a cos B) + ( c cos A + a cos C), + ( b cos C + c
cos B), Using the projection formula, c + b + a, Using b
= c cos A + a cos C from the projection formula, we,
get, = ( c cos A + a cos C − a cos C) tan A, sin A , = c
cos A , = c sin A, cos A , Using the sine formula,
we get, sin A = ka and sin C = kc, k ≠ 0, Therefore, we
have, sin A , = ( ck ) , = a sin C, k

Page 376 :
249, , Properties of Triangles, π, 3, , Example 7. In
∆ABC , a = 2 b and | A − B| = , then the, value of ∠ C is,
(a) π /6, (c) π / 4, , (b) π /3, (d) π /2, , Example 8. If the
sides of a ∆ABC satisfy 3a = b + c , then, the value of
cot (B / 2) cot (C / 2) is, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, , (d) 4, , s ( s − c),
B, C, s ( s − b), cot =, 2, 2, ( s − a) ( s − c) ( s − a) ( s − b), a+
b+, s, a+ b+ c, , =2 , =2, since, s =, , 2, s−a, b+ c−a,
a + b + c = 2b + 2c − 2a 3a = b + c, , Solution (b) cot, ,
..(i), a = 2b, π, , ∠ A > ∠ B and| A − B| =, 3, π, ...(ii),
A−B=, , 3, From Napier's Analogy,, C, A − B a − b,
(Q ∠ A > ∠ B), tan , cot, =, 2 a+ b, 2, π 2b − b, C,
, tan =, cot, 6 2b + b, 2, C, 1, 1, C, = cot cot = 3, ,
2, 2, 3 3, π, ∠C π, =, ∠C =, , 3, 2, 6, , Solution (b) Q, ,
, , , =2, c , , , , Circumcircle, The circle passing
through the vertices of the ∆ABC is, called the
circumcircle. Its radius R is called the, circumradius. In
the ∆ABC,, A, , O, , Trigonometric Ratios of, Half-
angles of any Triangle, A, =, 2, B, 2. sin =, 2, C, 3. sin =,
2, A, 4. cos =, 2, B, 5. cos =, 2, C, 6. cos =, 2, 1. sin, , ( s −
b) ( s − c), bc, ( s − c) ( s − a ), ca, ( s − a ) ( s − b), ab, s (s −
a), bc, s ( s − b), ca, s ( s − c), ab, , 7. tan, , A, ( s − b) ( s −
c), =, 2, s (s − a), , 8. tan, , B, ( s − a ) ( s − c), =, 2, s ( s − b),
, 9. tan, , C, ( s − a ) ( s − b), =, 2, s ( s − c), , 1, ab sin C, 2,
1, 3. ∆ = ca sin B, 2, 5. ∆ =, , a 2 sin B sin C, 2 sin A, , B, ,
a, 2 sin A, c, 3. R =, 2 sin C, , 1. R =, , C, , b, 2 sin B, abc, 4.
R =, 4∆, , 2. R =, , Incircle, The circle touching the three
sides of the triangle, internally is called the inscribed
or the incircle of the, triangle. Its radius r is called the
inradius of the circle. In, the ∆ABC,, A, , O, r, , ∆, 1. r =,
s, , B, , 1, bc sin A, 2, c2 sin A sin B, 4. ∆ =, 2 sin C, , 2. ∆
=, , 6. ∆ =, , b2 sin C sin A, 2 sin B, , C, , A, B, C, = ( s − b)
tan = ( s − c) tan, 2, 2, 2, B, A, B, C, A, C, c sin sin, a sin
sin, b sin sin, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3. r =, =, =, C, A, B, cos, cos,
cos, 2, 2, 2, A, B, C, 4. r = 4R sin sin sin, 2, 2, 2, r, 5. cos A
+ cos B + cos C = 1 +, R, 2. r = ( s − a ) tan, , Area of a
Triangle, 1. ∆ =, , R

Page 377 :
250, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Given that, b = 2, c = 3,
∠A = 30 ° , then the, radius of incircle of ∆ ABC is, 1− 3,
(a), (b) 3, 2, 3 −1, (c), (d) 3 / 2, 2, , Example 9., , Solution
(c) Q b = 2, C = 3 , ∠A = 30 °, ∴, , a = b 2 + c2 − 2bc cos A,
, 3, =1, 2, A b+ c−a, A, We know that, r = ( s − a) tan =,
tan, 2, 2, 2, 3 +1, =, tan 15°, 2, 3 +1, 3 −1, 3 −1, =, =, ×, 2,
2, 3 +1, = 4 + 3 − 2 ⋅2 ⋅ 3 ⋅, , Escribed Circle, , r, ( a + b +
c), 2, r, ∆ , = (2s) = rs = s = ∆, s , 2, =, , Solution of
a Right Angled, Triangle, (i) When two sides are given
Let the triangle be, right angled at C. Then, we can
determine the remaining, elements as given in the
following table., Given, a, b, c, a, , Required, a, a, , B =
90 ° − A , c =, b, sin A, a, sin A = , b = c cos A, B = 90 ° −
A, c, tan A =, , (ii) When a side and an acute angle are,
given In this case, we can determine the remaining,
elements as given in the following table., , The circle
touching BC and the two sides AB and AC, produced
of ∆ ABC externally is called the escribed circle,
opposite A. Its radius is denoted by r1., Similarly, r2
and r3 denoted the radii of the escribed, circles
opposite angles Band C, respectively and r1 , r2 , r3
are, called the exradii of ∆ ABC., , Given, , a, A, c, A, ,
Required, , a, sin A, B = 90° − A, a = c sin A, b = c cos A, ,
B = 90° − A, b = a cot A, c =, , Solution of a Triangle in
General, B, r1, A, , O1, , C, , B, C, ∆, A, A, 1. r1 =, = s tan
= 4R sin cos cos, 2, 2, 2, 2, s−a, 2. r2 =, , B, B, C, A, ∆, = s
tan = 4R sin cos cos, s−b, 2, 2, 2, 2, , 3. r3 =, , ∆, C, C, A,
B, = s tan = 4R sin cos cos, 2, 2, 2, 2, s−c, , 4. r1 + r2 + r3
= 4R + r, 5. r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 = s2 =, , r1r2r3, r, ,
Example 10. In any ∆ABC, the value of, (a) ∆, (c) 2∆, ,
Rr(sin A + sin B + sin C ) is, ∆, (b), 2, (d) 4∆, , Solution (a)
Rr (sin A + sin B + sin C), b, c , a, = Rr , +, + , 2R
2R 2R , , (i) When three sides a, b and c are given In,
this case, the remaining elements are determined by,
using, the, following, formulae,, ∆ = s( s − a )( s − b)( s −
c) , where, 2s = a + b + c =, perimeter of triangle, 2∆,
2∆, 2∆, , sin B =, , sinC =, ,, sin A =, bc, ac, ab, A, ∆, B, ∆, ,
tan =, ,, tan =, 2 s( s − a ), 2 s( s − b), C, ∆, tan =, 2 s( s −
c), (ii) When two sides a, b and the included ∠C, are
given In this case, we use the following, formulae,, 1, ∆
= ab sin C, 2, A− B a− b, C A+ B, C, tan, =, cot ;, = 90° −,
2, a+b, 2, 2, 2, a sin C, and, c=, sin A, (iii) When one
sides a and two angles A and B, are given In this case,
we use the following, formulae to determine the
remaining elements, A + B + C = 180°

Page 378 :
251, , Properties of Triangles, , , C = 180° − A − B, 1,
a sin B, a sin C, and c =, ∆ = ca sin B, b=, 2, sin A, sin
A, , (iv) When two sides a, b and the ∠ A opposite, to
one side is given In this case, we use the, following
formulae,, b, ...(i), sin B = sin A, a, a sin C, C = 180° − ( A
+ B), c =, sin A, , Special Cases, Case I When A is an
acute angle, (a) If a < b sin A, there is no triangle.
When a < b sin A,, then Eq. (i), sin B > 1; which is
impossible., C, , a, b, , B, , b sin A, , (ii) a > b in the
following figure Let AC = b,∠CAX = A, and a > b, also a
> b sin A., C, a, , b sin A, , A, , A, , B', , a, , b, , N, , X, , B, ,
Now, taking C as centre , if we draw an arc of radius, a,
it will intersect AX at one point B and hence only, one
∆ABC is constructed. Also, this arc will intersect, XA
produced at B′ and ∆AB′ C is also formed but this, ∆ is
inadmissible (because ∠CAB′, is an obtuse angle, in
this triangle ), Hence, if a > b and a > b sin A, then only
one triangle, is possible., (iii) b > a ( i.e., b > a > b sin A),
In figure let AC = b, ∠CAX = A. Now taking C as, centre
if we draw an arc of radius a, then it will, intersect AX
at two points B1 and B2, Hence, if b > a > sin A,then
there are two triangles., C, , A, A, , N, , C2, , X, , (b) If a =
b sin A, then only one triangle is possible which, is
right angled at B. When a = b sin A, then from sine,
rule, sin B = 1, ∴ ∠B = 90° from figure. It is clear that,
CB = a = b sin A, C, , b, , C1, , b sinA, , A, A, , a, , a, , N, ,
B2, , X, , B1, , Case II When A is an obtuse angle, In this
case, there is only one triangle, if a > b, C, , b, a = b sin
A, A, , A, , B, , N, , X, , Thus, in this case, only one
triangle is possible which, is right angled at B., (c) If a >
b sin A, then three possibilities will arise, (i) a = b in
this case, from sine rule, sin B = sin A, ∴, B = A or B =
180° − A, But B = 180° − A A + B = 180°, which is
not, possible in a triangle., C, , A, A, , a, , 90°, , A, , a, , b, ,
b, , b sinA, , A, , X, , B, , Case III When b > a and B = 90°,
Again, the circle with A as centre and, b as radius will
cut the line only in one, point. So, only one triangle is
possible, , B, , X, , ∴ In this case, we get ∠A = ∠B.,
Hence, if b = a > b sin A, then only one isosceles ∆ABC,
is possible in which ∠A = ∠B., , Bc, b, , A, , Case IV
When b ≤ c and B = 90°, The circle with A as centre
and b as radius will not, cut the line in any point. So, no
triangle is possible., This is sometimes called an
ambiguous case., , b sinA, N, , C, , B, , c, b, , A

Page 379 :
252, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Example 11. If A = 30 °,
a = 7, b = 8 in ∆ABC, then B has, (a) one solution, (c) no
solution, , (b) two solution, (d) None of these, , Cyclic
Quadrilateral, A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
which can be, circumscribed by a circle., , Solution (b)
Here, b sin A = 8 sin 30 ° = 4, a = 7 thus, we have,, b > a
> b sin B. Hence, ∠B has two solutions., , π, 3, , %, , Sum
of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.,
, %, , In a cyclic quadrilateral sum of the products of
the opposite sides, is equal to the product of the
diagonals. This is known as, Ptolemy's theorem., , %, ,
If sum of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral is equal,
then and, only then a circle can be inscribed in the
quadrilateral., , Example 12. If b = 3, c = 4 and B = ,
then the number of, triangle that can be constructed
is, (a) infinite, (b) two, (c) one, (d) nil, , Solution (d)
Hence, c sin B = 4 sin π / 3 = 2 3 > b ( = 3), Thus, we
have b< sinB ⋅ C, Hence, no triangle is possible i.e., the
number of triangles, that can be constructed is nil., ,
Example 13. In a ∆ ABC, if a sin A = b sin B, then the,
nature of the triangle is, (a) a > b, (b) a < b, , (c) a = b, ,
(d) a + b = c, , Solution (c) Given, a sin A = b sin B, , , a
( ak) = b ( bk), a2 = b 2, , , , a=b, , (by sine rule), ,
Example 14. We are given b, c and sinB such that B is,
acute and b < c sin B, then, (a) no triangle is possible,
(b) one triangle is possible, (c) two triangle are
possible, (d) a right angled triangle is possible, ,
Regular Polygon, A regular polygon is a polygon which
has all its sides as, well as its angles equal. If the
polygon has ‘n’ sides, sum of, ( n − 2) π, its internal
angle is ( n − 2) π and each angle is, ., n, %, , %, , Sum of
the exterior angles of a polygon taken in one
direction, (clockwise or anti-clockwise) remains
constants and it is equal to, 360°., In the regular
polygon the centroid, the circumcentre and the,
incentre are same., , Example 16. The area of a circle is
A1 and the area of a, regular pentagon inscribed in the
circle is A2. Then, the value, of A1 : A2 is, π, π, 2π, π,
(a) sec, (b), sec, 5, 10, 5, 10, 2π, π, (c), (d) None of these,
sec, 5, 5, , Solution (b) In the ∆ OAB, OA = OB = r, D, ,
Solution (a) Q By sine rule ;, sin B sin C, =, b, c, c, sin C
= sin B > 1, , b, (Q b < c sin B), which is impossible,
Hence, no triangle is possible., , Example 15. If in a
∆ABC a, b, c and ∠A is given and, c sin A < a < c , then,
(a) b1 + b 2 = 2c cos A, (b) b1 + b 2 = c cos A, (d) b1 + b
2 = 4 c sin A, (c) b1 + b 2 = 3 c cos A, Solution (a) From
cosine formula, cos A =, b 2 − (2c cos A) b + (c 2 − a 2) =
0,, equation in b,, , b 2 + c 2 − a2, or, 2 bc, , which, , is, ,
quadratic, , Q c sin A < a < c, ∴ Two triangle will be
obtained , but this is possible when two, values of
third side are also obtained. Clearly, two values of,
side b will be b1 and b2. Let these are roots of above
equation., ∴ Sum of roots = b1 + b2 = 2c cos A., , E, , C,
O, r, , A, , B, , ∴, , 360 °, = 72°, 5, 1, ar ( ∆AOB) = ⋅ rr ⋅ sin
72°, 2, 1, = r 2 cos18°, 2, , , , A2 = ar (pentagon
ABCDEA) =, , and, , ∠AOB =, , 5 2, r cos18°, 2, A1 = πr
2, , and, ∴, , 2 πr 2, 5r cos18°, 2π, π, =, sec, 5, 10, , A1 :
A2 =, , 2

Page 380 :
253, , Properties of Triangles, , Example 17. If in a
∆ABC, the value of cot A, cot B and, , Example 18. If in
∆ABC, , cot C are in AP, then a 2, b 2 and c 2 are in, (a)
GP, (b) HP, (c) AP, (d) None of these, , sin3 A + sin3 B +
sin3 C = 3 sin A sin B sin C ,, a b c, then the value of b c
a is, , Solution (c) Qcot A, cot B and cotC are in AP., ∴, ,
2 cot B = cot A + cot C, , , , 2 ( a2 + c2 − b 2) b 2 + c2 −
a2 a2 + b 2 − c2, =, +, 2ac ⋅ kb, 2bc ⋅ ka, 2ab ⋅ kc, , , , 2
( a2 + c2 − b 2) = b 2 + c2 − a2 + a2 + b 2 − c2, , , , 2 (
a2 + c2 − b 2) = 2b 2, , , , a +c −b =b, , , , 2, , 2, , 2, , c,
(a) −1, , a, , b, , (b) 1, , (c), , 1, 2, , (d) 0, , 1 1 1, , a b c, ,
Solution (d) b c a = ( a + b + c) b c a, c, , a b, , c a b, , = ( a
+ b + c) ( bc + ca + ab − a2 − b 2 − c2), , 2, , = − ( a3 + b3
+ c3 − 3abc), , a2 + c 2 = 2 b 2, , = − 8R3(sin3 A + sin3 B
+ sin3 C − 3 sin A sin B sin C), , Then, a2, b 2 and c2 are
in AP., , = − 8R3(3 sin A sin B sin C −3 sin A sin B sin C)
= 0, , Comprehensive Approach, A, n, , n, , n, n, n, n, n, n,
n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, n, n, , n, , n, , n, , 3, , then the triangle
is equilateral., 2, 3 3, If sin A + sinB + sinC =, , then the
triangle is equilateral., 2, 2, 2, 2, If cos A + cos B + cos
C = 1, then the triangle is right angled., If tan A + tanB
+ tanC =3 3, then the triangle is equilateral., If cot A +
cot B + cot C = 3, then the triangle is equilateral., sin A
+ sinB + sinC is maximum, when A = B = C, cos A +
cosB + cosC is maximum, when A = B = C, tan A + tanB
+ tanC is minimum, when A = B = C, cot A + cot B + cot
C is minimum, when A = B = C, A, B s−c, tan tan =, 2, 2,
s, A, B, s, and cot cot =, 2, 2 s−c, A, B c, C, c, tan + tan =
cot = ( s − c), 2, 2 s, 2 ∆, A, B a−b, tan − tan =, ( s − c), 2,
2, ∆, A, B, c, C, cot + cot =, cot, 2, 2 ( s − c), 2, If cos A +
cosB + cosC =, , In an equilateral triangle,
Circumcentre, Centroid and orthocentre are
collinear., In any right angled triangle, the orthocentre
coincides with the, vertex containing the right angled.,
The mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right angled
triangle is, equidistant from the three vertices of the
triangle., The mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right
angled triangle is the, circumcentre of the triangle.,
The lenth of the medians AD,BE,CF of ∆ABC are given
by, 1, 2 b 2 + 2 c 2 − a2, AD =, 2, 1 2, =, b + c 2 + 2 bc
cos A, 2, , E, , F, G, B, , D, , C, , 1, 1 2, 2 c 2 + 2 a2 − b 2 =,
c + a 2 + 2 ca ⋅ cosB, BE =, 2, 2, 1, 1 2, 2 a2 + 2 b 2 − c 2
=, a + b 2 + 2 ab ⋅ cosC, CF =, 2, 2, n, , The area of the
quadrilateral is ( s − a) ( s − b) ( s − c) ( s − d ) ., c, , D, , C, ,
d, , b, , A, n, , n, , B, , a, , The length of the median AD,
BE, CF of ∆ ABC are, 1, 2 b 2 + 2 c 2 − a2 ,, AD =, 2, 1, 1,
2 c 2 + 2 a 2 − b 2 and CF =, 2 a2 + 2 b 2 − c 2 ., BE =, 2,
2, Circumradius of a cyclic quadrilateral, R=, , 1 ( ac +
bd ) ( ad + bc) ( ab + cd ), 4 ( s − a) ( s − b) ( s − c) ( s − d ),
D, , c, C, , d, b, , A, , a, , B

Page 381 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. If in a ∆ABC , ( s − a ) ( s − b) = s ( s −
c), then ∠C is, equal to, (a) 90°, (b) 45°, (c) 30°, (d) 60°, 2.
In a ∆ABC, if 2s = a + b + c and ( s − b) ( s − c), A, = x sin2
, then the value of x is, 2, (a) bc, (b) ca, (c) ab, (d) abc, 3.
If the angles of a ∆ABC be in AP, then, (a) c2 = a 2 + b2
− ab, (b) b2 = a 2 + c2 − ac, , 12. If a ∆ABC , ( b − c) sin A
+ ( c − a ) sin B + ( a − b) sin C is, , (c) a 2 = b2 + c2 − ac,
(d) b2 = a 2 + c2, 4. In ∆ABC ,, , b+ c, is equal to, a, , 1, (B
− C), 2, (a), 1, sin A, 2, 1, cos ( B + C ), 2, (c), 1, sin A, 2,
cos, , 10. In a ∆ABC, if sin A : sin C = sin ( A − B) : sin ( B
− C ),, then, (a) a , b, c are in AP, (b) a 2 , b2 , c2 are in
AP, (c) a 2 , b2 , c2 are in GP, (d) None of the above, A, C
1, 11. In a ∆ABC,if tan tan = , then a , b and c are in, 2, 2
2, (a) AP, (b) GP, (c) HP, (d) None of these, , 1, (B − C), 2,
(b), 1, cos A, 2, 1, cos ( B + C ), 2, (d), 1, cos A, 2, sin, , 5.
In a ∆ABC,, ( b + c) cos A + ( c + a ) cos B + ( a + b) cos C
is equal to, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) a + b + c, (d) 2 ( a + b + c), cos
A cos B cos C, , then the, 6. In a ∆ABC, if, =, =, a, b, c,
triangle is, (a) right angled, (b) obtuse angled, (c)
equilateral, (d) isosceles, C, A , , 7. In a ∆ABC, 2 a
sin2, + c sin2 is equal to, , 2, 2 , (a) a + b − c, (b) c + a
− b, (c) b + c − a, (d) a + b + c, 8. In a ∆ABC, if a = 2x, b =
2 y and ∠C = 120°, then the, area of the triangle is, (a)
xy, (b) xy 3, (c) 3xy, (d) 2xy, 1, 1, 9. If a ∆ABC , ∠ C = 60°,
then, is equal to, +, a+ c b+ c, 1, 2, (a), (b), a+ b+ c, a+ b+
c, 3, (d) None of these, (c), a+ b+ c, , (a) ab + bc + ca, (b)
a 2 + b2 + c2, (c) 0, (d) None of these, b − c cos A, 13. In
a ∆ABC ,, is equal to, c − b cos A, sin B, cos C, (a), (b),
sin C, cos B, cos B, (d) None of these, (c), cos C, sin B, ,
then the triangle is, 14. In a ∆ABC , cos A =, 2 sin C, (a)
equilateral, (b) isosceles, (c) right angled, (d) None of
these, 15. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then what
is the, value of sin A + sin B − sin C − sin D?, (NDA
2012 I), (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 2 (sin A + sin B), 16. In a
∆ABC, if (sin A + sin B + sin C ), (sin A + sin B − sin C ) =
3 sin A sin B, then the ∠C is, equal to, π, π, (a), (b), 2, 3,
π, π, (d), (c), 4, 6, A, C, 17. If in a ∆ABC , a + c = 2b, then
the value of cot ⋅ cot, 2, 2, is equal to, (a) 4.5, (b) 3, (c)
1.5, (d) 1, 18. The median AD of a ∆ABC is bisected at
F and BF is, produced to meet the side AC in P. If AP =
λ AC,, then what is the value of λ?, 1, 1, (a), (b), 4, 2, 2,
1, (d), (c), 3, 3

Page 382 :
255, , Properties of Triangles, , Level II, 1. If the sides
of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 6 : 1 + 3,, then what is
the smallest angle of the triangle?, (a) 75°, (b) 60°,
(NDA 2011 II), (c) 45°, (d) 30°, 2. In a ∆ABC, a = 8, b =
10 and c = 12. What is ∠C equal, to?, (NDA 2011 II), (a)
A / 2, (b) 2A, (c) 3 A, (d) 3 A / 2, 3. The sides a, b, c of a
∆ABC are in arithmetic, progression and ‘a’ is the
smallest side. What is cos A, equal to?, (NDA 2011 II),
3c − 4b, 3c − 4b, (a), (b), 2c, 2b, 4c − 3b, 3b − 4c, (d), (c),
2c, 2c, 4. ABC is a triangle in which BC = 10 cm, CA = 6
cm and, AB = 8 cm. Which one of the following is
correct?, (a) ABC is an acute angled triangle., (NDA
2010 II), (b) ABC is an obtuse angled triangle., (c) ABC
is a right angled triangle., (d) None of the above, 5. If
angles of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3, then, what
is the ratio of its corresponding sides?, (a) 3 : 2 : 1, (b) 1
: 2 : 3 (NDA 2009 II), (c) 1 : 3 : 2, , (d) 2 : 3 : 4, , 6. If in a
∆ABC, cos B = (sin A) / ( 2 sin C ), then the, triangle is,
(a) isosceles triangle, (b) equilateral triangle, (c) right
angled triangle (d) scalene triangle, 7. For finding the
area of a ∆ ABC, which of the, following entities are
required?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) Angles A, B and side a., (b)
Angles A, B and side b., (c) Angles A, B and side c., (d)
Either (a) or (b) or (c)., 8. ABC is a triangle in which AB
= 6 cm, BC = 8 cm and, CA = 10 cm. What is the value
of cot ( A / 4)?, (a) 5 − 2, (b) 5 + 2, (NDA 2008 II), (d) 3 +
1, (c) 3 − 1, 9. If median of the ∆ABC through A is
perpendicular to, BC, then which one of the following
is correct?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) tan A + tan B = 0, (c) tan
C + 2 tan A = 0, , (b) tan B − tan C = 0, (d) tan B + tan C
= 0, , 10. In a ∆ABC,if a = 2b and A = 3B,then which
one of the, following is correct?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) The
triangle is obtuse angled., (b) The triangle is acute
angled but not right, angled., (c) The triangle is right
angled., (d) The triangle is isosceles, but not obtuse
angled., , 3, 11. In a ∆ABC , a = 5, b = 7 and sin A = ,
then the, 4, number of possible triangles is, (a) 1, (b) 0,
(c) 2, (d) infinite, 12. In a ∆ABC, if a = 2 , b = 4, and ∠ C
= 60°, then ∠ A, and ∠ B are equal to, (a) 90° , 30°, (b)
60° , 60°, (c) 30° , 90°, (d) 60° , 45°, 13. In a ∆ABC, if b2
+ c2 = 3a 2, then cot B + cot C − cot A, is equal to, ab,
(a) 1, (b), 4∆, ac, (c) 0, (d), 4∆, A, 14. In a ∆ABC , ( b + c −
a ) tan is equal to, 2, 2∆, ∆, (a), (b), s, s, ∆s, s, (d), (c), R,
bc, a, 15. If cos2 A + cos2 C = sin2 B, then ∆ABC is, (a)
equilateral, (b) right angled, (c) isosceles, (d) None of
these, 16. If the angles of a triangle be in the ratio 1 : 2
: 7, then, the ratio of its greatest side to the least side
is, (a) 1 : 2, (b) 2 : 1, (c) ( 5 + 1) : ( 5 − 1), (d) ( 5 − 1) : ( 5 +
1), 17. In a triangle, the lengths of the two larger sides
are, 10 cm and 9 cm, respectively. If the angles of the,
triangle are in AP, then the length of the third side in,
cm can be, (a) 5 − 6 only, (b) 5 + 6 only, (c) 5 − 6 or 5 +
6, (d) Neither 5 − 6 nor 5 + 6, 18. In a ∆ABC, if ∠ A =
45° , ∠ B = 75°, then a + c 2 is, equal to, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) b,
(d) 2b, 19. In a ∆ABC,if 8R 2 = a 2 + b2 + c2, then the
triangle is, (a) right angled, (b) equilateral, (c) acute
angled, (d) obtuse angled, 20. If the sides of a triangle
be ( x 2 + x + 1), ( 2x + 1) and, ( x 2 − 1), then the
greatest angle is, (a) 105°, (b) 120°, (c) 135°, (d) None
of these

Page 383 :
256, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 21. In a ∆ABC,, a3 cos (
B − C ) + b3 cos (C − A) + c3 cos ( A − B), is equal to, (a)
abc, (b) 3 abc, (c) a + b + c, (d) None of these, 22. In a
∆ABC, a 2(cos2 B − cos2 C ) + b2(cos2 C − cos2 A), +
c2(cos2 A − cos2 B) is equal to, (a) 0, (b) 1, (d) 2 ( a 2 +
b2 + c2 ), (c) a 2 + b2 + c2, 23. In a ∆ABC ,, (a), , a−b,
a−c, , 1 + cos ( A − B) cos C, is equal to, 1 + cos ( A − C )
cos B, a+b, a 2 − b2, a 2 + b2, (b), (c) 2, (d), a+c, a − c2, a
2 + c2, sin 3B, is equal to, sin B, c2 − a 2, (b), ca, , 24. If
in a ∆ABC , 2b2 = a 2 + c2 , then, (a), , c2 − a 2, 2ca, ,
c2 − a 2 , , (c) , ca , , 2, , c2 − a 2 , , (d) ,
2ca , , 2, , 25. If in a ∆PQR, sin P , sin Q and sin R are in
AP, then, (a) the altitudes are in AP, (b) the altitudes
are in HP, (c) the medians are in GP, (d) the medians
are in AP, 26. If x , y and z are perpendicular drawn
from the, vertices of triangle having sides a , b and c,
then the, bx cy az, value of, will be, +, +, c, a, b, a 2 + b2
+ c2, a 2 + b2 + c2, (a), (b), R, 2R, a 2 + b2 + c2, 2 ( a 2 +
b2 + c2 ), (c), (d), 4R, R, 27. If for a ∆ABC, 1 + cos 2 A +
cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 0,, then the triangle must be, (a)
equilateral, (b) isosceles, (c) right angled, (d) obtuse
angled, 28. ABC is a triangle which, BC cos A = AB cos
C , then, (a)AB2 + AC 2 = BC 2, , is, , not, , isosceles,, ,
(b)AC 2 + BC 2 = AB2, (c) Area of ∆ABC =, , 1, 2 2, , (
AB) ( BC ), , (d)AB2 + BC 2 = AC 2, 29. In a ∆ABC, if the
angles, A, B and C are in AP, then, which one of the
following in correct? (NDA 2012 I), (a) c = a + b, (b) c2
= a 2 + b2 − ab, (c) a 2 = b2 + c2 − bc, (d) b2 = a 2 + c2 −
ac, , 30. In a ∆ABC , b2 = c2 + a 2, then what is the
value of, tan A + tan C ?, (a) tan B, (b) tan A ⋅ tan C, b,
b2, (c), (d), ac, ac, 31. ABCD is rhombus and K is the
middle point of the side, AB, CK is perpendicular to
AB. What is the value of, ∠A?, (a) 120°, (b) 105°, (c) 90°,
(d) 60°, 32. Consider the following statements, I. In a
∆ABC , a = 3 + 1, ∠ B = 30°, ∠ C = 45°, then, c is equal to
2., II. In a triangle, if a 2 + b2 + c2 = 8R 2, then the,
triangle is right angled., 7, III. In a ∆ABC , a = 2, b = 3, c
= 4, then cos A = ., 8, Which of the statements given
above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Only III,
(d) All of these, 33. Consider the following statements,
I. If the length of the median AD , BE and, CF of ∆ ABC,
then, 3, AD 2 + BE 2 + CF 2 = ( a 2 + b2 + c2 ), 4, II. The
area of the quadrilateral is, s(s − a ) (s − b)(s − c)(s − d ),
, Which of the given statements given above is/are,
correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) I and II, (d) Neither I
nor II, 34. Considor the following statements, I. If r1 ,
r2 and r3 are the exradii of ∆ABC, then, 1 1 1, + + = r.,
r1 r2 r3, , II. If r1 = r2 + r3 + r, then the ∆ABC is an
equilateral, triangle., Which of the given statements
given above is/are, correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) I
and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 35. Consider the following
statements, I. In an equilateral triangle, the inradius,,
circumradius and one of the exradii are in the, ratio 1 :
2 : 3, II. In ∆ABC, the cosine law define as, cos A cos B
cos C, =, =, a, b, c, Which of the given statements given
above is/are, correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I
and II, (d) Neither I nor II

Page 384 :
257, , Properties of Triangles, , Directions (Q. Nos. 36-
39), , Each of these, questions contain two statements,
one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason (R). Each of
these questions also has, four alternative choices,
only one of which is the correct, answer. You have to
select one of the codes (a), (b), (c), and (d) given below.,
Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is
the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are
individually true but R is not the, correct explanation
of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is
true., 36. Assertion (A) If the sides of the triangle are
13,14, 65, and15, then the radius of the circumcircle is
., 8, Reason (R) If a , b and c are the sides of the
triangle,, abc, then the radius of circumcircle is given
by, ., 4∆, C, A + B , 37. Assertion (A) In a ∆ABC, tan ,
= cot ., 2 , 2, Reason (R) A + B + C = 180°, and, , tan
( 90° − θ ) = cot θ., , 38. Assertion (A) The sides of a
∆ABC are a, b and, a 2 + ab + b2 , then the greatest
angle is 120°., Reason (R) If one angle of a triangle is
greater than, 90°, then the triangle is an obtuse
triangle., , cos B cos C, , then the, =, b, c, triangle is an
equilateral triangle., , 39. Assertion (A) If in a ∆ABC,, ,
Reason (R) In an equilateral ∆ABC, the length of all,
sides are equal as well as each angle is 60°., ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 40-44), , If A, B, C are in AP, , and b
: c = 3 : 2, then, 40. Measure of ∠C, (a) 30°, (c) 60°, , (b)
45°, (d) 90°, , 41. Measure of ∠A, (a) 75°, (c) 35°, , (b)
105°, (d) 180°, , 42. Ratio between the sides i.e., a : b : c,
(a) 1 : 3 : 2, (b) (1 + 3) : 3 : 2, 1+ 3, (c) 1 : 3 : 2, (d), : 3: 2,
2, 43. ∆ABC is known as, (a) a right angle triangle, (b)
an isosceles triangle, (c) a scalene triangle, (d) None of
the above, 44. The value of cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C
is, (a) 0, (b) 1, 5− 3, 3− 5, (c), (d), 4, 4, , Answers, Level I,
1. (a), 11. (d), , 2. (a), 12. (c), , 3. (b), 13. (b), , 4. (a), 14.
(b), , 5. (c), 15. (a), , 6. (c), 16. (b), , 7. (b), 17. (b), , 8. (b),
18. (d), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , 4.,
14., 24., 34., 44., , 5., 15., 25., 35., , 6., 16., 26., 36., , 7.,
17., 27., 37., , 8., 18., 28., 38., , 9. (c), , 10. (b), , Level II,
1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (c), (b), (b), (a), (a), , (b), (c), (a), (d),
(d), , (c), (c), (d), (a), (c), , (c), (a), (d), (d), (c), , (c), (b), (b),
(a), , (a), (c), (a), (a), , (c), (c), (c), (a), , (b), (d), (d), (a), , 9.,
19., 29., 39., , (b), (a), (d), (d), , 10., 20., 30., 40., , (c), (b),
(d), (b)

Page 385 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. We have, tan, , C, =, 2, , (s
− a ) (s − b), s (s − c), , Q (s − a ) (s − b) = s (s − c), C, s (s −
c), tan =, ∴, 2, s (s − c), C, π, , tan = tan C = 90°, 2, 4,
A, (s − b) (s − c), 2. We have, sin, =, 2, bc, 2 A, = (s − b) (s
− c), bc sin, , 2, A, On comparing with x sin 2 = (s − b)
(s − c), 2, Hence, x = bc, , (given), , 3. Since, angles A , B
and C are in AP., ∴, 2B = A + C, Q, A + B + C = 180° B
= 60°, a 2 + c2 − b2, ∴, cos B =, 2ac, 1 a 2 + c2 − b2, ,
=, 2, 2ac, 2, 2, 2, , a + c − b = ac, sin A sin B sin C, 4. Q,
=, =, a, b, c, B − C , B + C , sin , , cos , 2 , 2
, b + c sin B + sin C, ∴, =, =, A, A, sin A, a, cos, sin, 2, 2,
B −C, cos, 2, =, A, sin, 2, [Q A + B + C = π A = π − (B +
C )], 5. (b + c) cos A + (c + a ) cos B + (a + b) cos C, = b
cos A + c cos A + c cos B + a cos B, + a cos C + b cos C,
= (b cos A + a cos B) + (c cos A + a cos C ), + (c cos B + b
cos C ), =c+, cos A, 6., =, cos B, , , , , b+ a, a sin A,
=, b sin B, cos A sin B = sin A cos B, sin ( A − B) = 0,
A=B, , Similarly, A = B = C. Hence, it is an equilateral
triangle, , C, A , , 7. 2 a sin 2 + c sin 2 , , 2, 2 , (s −
b) (s − c) , (s − a ) (s − b), = 2 a, +c, , , , ab, bc, ,
(s − b), (s − a + s − c) , =2 , , b, 2, = (s − b) b = 2 (s −
b) = a − b + c, b, 8. We have, a = 2x, b = 2 y and ∠ C =
120°, Area of triangle, 1, 1, ∆ = ab sin C = × 2x × 2 y ×
sin (90° + 30° ), 2, 2, = xy 3, a 2 + b2 − c2, 2ab, a 2 + b2
− c2, a 2 + b2 − c2 = ab, cos 60° =, 2ab, , b2 + bc
+ a 2 + ac = ab + ac + bc + c2, , b (b + c) + a (a + c) = (a
+ c) (b + c), On dividing by (a + c) (b + c) and add 2 on
both sides, we, get, b, a, 1+, +1+, =3, a+c, b+ c, 1, 1, 3,
, +, =, a+c b+ c a + b+ c, , 9. Since, cos C =, , 10. We
have,, , , , , , sin A sin ( A − B), =, sin C sin (B − C
), , sin (B + C ) sin (B − C ) = sin ( A + B) sin ( A − B), sin 2
B − sin 2 C = sin 2 A − sin 2 B, 2, 2 sin B = sin 2 A + sin 2
C, sin A sin B sin C , =, =, 2b2 = a 2 + c2, Q, , , a, b,
c , , Hence, a 2, b2 and c2 are in AP., A, C 1, 11. We
have, tan, tan =, 2, 2 2, (s − b) (s − c) (s − a ) (s − b) 1, ,
=, s (s − a ), s (s − c), 2, s−b 1, =, , s, 2, , 2 s − 2b − s =
0, , a + c − 3b = 0, 12. (b − c) sin A + (c − a ) sin B + (a −
b) sin C, = (b − c) ak + (c − a ) bk + (a − b) kc, = k [ab − ac
+ bc − ab + ac − bc] = 0

Page 386 :
259, , Properties of Triangles, b2 + c2 − a 2, b2 + a 2
− c2 c, 2b, =, 2, 2, 2 , b2 + c2 − a 2, c + a − b b, c−,
2c, b2 + a 2 − c2, 2ac, cos C, =, ⋅ 2, =, 2ab, c + a 2 − b2
cos B, , b − c cos A, 13., =, c − b cos A, , 14., , b−, , sin B, 2
sin C, b2 + c2 − a 2 b, , =, 2bc, 2c, , b2 + c2 − a 2 −
b2 = 0 c2 = a 2 c = a, ∴The triangle is an
isosceles., cos A =, , 15. Since, ABCDs is a cyclic
quadrilateral., Then, A + C = 180°, and B + D = 180°,
(by property), Then, sin A + sin B − sin C − sin D, = sin
(180° − C ) + sin (180° − D ) − sin C − sin D, = sin C + sin
D − sin C − sin D, =0, a, b, c, 16. Q, (say), =, =, =k, sin A
sin B sin C, , (a + b + c) (a + b − c) = 3ab, ∴, (sin A + sin
B + sin C ) (sin A + sin B − sin C ), , = 3 sin A sin B, a 2
+ b2 + 2ab − c2 = 3ab, π, a 2 + b2 − c2 1, , = cos C
= cos, 3, 2ab, 2, π, ∠C =, , 3, 17. Given that, in a ∆
ABC , a + c = 2b, then, A, C, s (s − a ), s (s − c), cot ⋅ cot
=, ., (s − b) (s − c), 2, 2, (s − a ) (s − b), 2s, s2, s, =, =, (s −
b)2 s − b 2s − 2b, a+ b+ c, =, a + b + c − 2b, A, C 3b, =3,
(Q a + c = 2 b), cot cot =, 2, 2, b, =, , 18. We know
that, if the median AD of a ∆ ABC, is bisected, at F and
BF is produced to meet the side AC in P, then, AP : PC
= 1 : 2, 1, ∴, AP = AC, 3, But, AP = λAC, 1, ∴, λ=, 3, ,
Level II, 1. Let a, b and c be the sides of ∆ABC ,
respectively., Given,, …(i), a : b : c = 2 : 6 : (1 + 3 ), We
know that,, By sine law,, a, b, c, (say), =, =, =k, sin A sin
B sin C, , , , Q, , Now, from Eq. (i), we get, k sin A : k
sin B : k sin C = 2 : 6 : (1 + 3 ), , , sin A : sin B : sin C =, ,
2, 1+ 3, :1 :, 3, 6, , Q, , , , sin A : sin B : sin C =, , 1, 3 1+
3, 3, :, :, ×, 2, 2 2, 6, , , , =, , 1, 3 1+ 3, :, :, 2 2, 2 2, , = sin
45° : sin 60° : sin 75°, , A : B : C = 45° : 60° : 75°, So,
the required smallest angle of ∆ ABC is 45°., 2. Given,
in a ∆ABC , a = 8, b = 10 and c = 12, Then, by cosine
law,, 2, 2, 2, a 2 + b2 − c2 (8) + (10) − (12), cos C =, =,
2ab, 2 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 10, , , , 64 + 100 − 144, 20, 1, =, =, 2 ⋅ 8
⋅ 10, 2 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 10 8, 1, cos C =, 8, cos C =, , b2 + c2 − a 2
100 + 144 − 64, =, 2bc, 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 12, 180, 3, cos A =, =, 2
⋅ 10 ⋅ 12 4, 3, cos A =, 4, cos 2 A = − 1 + 2 cos 2 A, 2, 9
1, 3 , = −1 + 2 = −1 + =, 4 , 8 8, 1 + cos A 1 + 3
/4 7, 2 A, cos, =, =, =, 2, 2, 2, 8, A, 7, =, cos, 2 2 2, A, C≠,
2, cos 3 A = 4 cos3 A − 3 cos A, , Now,, , ∴, Q, , cos A =, ,
…(i), , …(ii), , …(iii), , 3, , 3 , 3 , =4 −3 , 4 ,
4 , 27 9 27 − 36 −9, =, − =, =, 16 4, 16, 16, ∴, C ≠ 3A,
3A, Q, cos 3 A = 1 − 2 cos 2, 2, 9 25, 9 , 2 3A, 2
cos, = 1 − − = 1 +, =, 16 , 2, 16 16, 3 A 25, =, cos
2, 2, 32, , …(iv)

Page 387 :
260, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 3A, 5, =, 2, 4 2, 3A, C≠, ∴,
2, So, the required relation is, cos C = cos 2 A, , C =
2A, , , 8. Here, a = 8, b = 10 and c = 6, , cos, , A, , …(v),
b, , c, , [From Eqs. (i) and (ii)], B, , 3. Given, sides a, b and
c of a ∆ABC are in AP. Then,, …(i), 2b = a + c, b2 + c2 − a
2, Q, cos A =, 2bc, b2 + c2 − (2b − c)2, cos A =, 2bc, [Q
from Eq. (i), a = 2b − c a 2 = (2b − c)2], b2 + c2 − 4b2
− c2 + 4bc, , cos A =, 2bc, 4bc − 3b2 4c − 3b, cos A =,
=, , 2bc, 2c, 4c − 3b, , cos A =, 2c, , ∴, , , , Now,, , 4.
Q CA 2 + AB2 = 36 + 64 = 100 = BC 2, ∴ ∆ABC is a
right angled triangle., 5. Let the angles of a triangle be
x, 2x and 3x, respectively, ∴, x + 2x + 3x = 180°, , x =
30°, ∴ Angles are 30°, 60°, 90°., By using sine rule,, a, b,
c, =, =, sin 30° sin 60° sin 90°, a, b, c, , =, =, 1, 3 1, 2, 2,
a, b, c, =, =, , 1, 3 2, 6. Using sine rule,, sin A sin B sin
C, =, =, =k, a, b, c, sin A, Given,, cos B =, 2 sin C, , a 2 +
c2 − b2 , a 2 + c2 − b2 a, =, , Q cos B =, , 2ac, 2ac,
2c, , , a +c −b =a, , b2 = c2, , b=c, Hence, it is
an isosceles triangle., 2, , 2, , 2, , Let, , tan, , (12 − 10)(12
− 6), 1 1, =, =, 12 (12 − 8), 4 2, , A, =, 2, , , A, =, Q tan,
2, , A, cot, =2, 2, , where,, A + B + C = 180°, So, finding
the area of ∆ABC , angles A, B and side c are,
required., , (s − b)(s − c), 1, , and s = (a + b + c), , s(s −
a ), 2, , A, −1, cot2, A A , 4, cot + =, A, 4, 4 , 2 cot,
4, , cot A ⋅ cot B − 1 , Q cot ( A + B) = cot A + cot B
, , , A, cot2, −1, A , 4, cot =, A, 2 , 2 cot, 4,
A , cot = x, 4 , x2 − 1, x2 − 4 x − 1 = 0, 2x, 4 ±
16 + 4, x=, 2, 4±2 5, x=, =2 ± 5, 2, A , cot = 2 + 5,
4 , 2− 5, , ∴, , 2=, , , , So,, or, , A, , 9., , B, a/2, , 2, , 7.
We know that, area of ∆ ABC whose sides are a, b and
c, are, c2 sin A ⋅ sin B a 2 sin B ⋅ sin C b2 sin C ⋅ sin A,
∆=, =, =, 2 sin C, 2 sin A, 2 sin B, , C, , a, , D, , C, a/2, , a, ,
Let, , BC = a, , ∴, , BD = CD =, , a, 2, , In ∆ABD,, tan B =, ,
AD AD, 2 AD, =, tan B =, BD a /2, a, , In ∆ACD,, tan C
=, , AD AD, =, CD a /2, , …(i)

Page 388 :
261, , Properties of Triangles, , , , tan C =, , 2 AD, a, ,
…(ii), , From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, , , tan B = tan C,
tan B − tan C = 0, , 10. We know that,, a, b, =, sin A sin
B, 2b, b, , =, sin 3B sin B, , (by sine rule), (Q a = 2b and
A = 3B), , , 2 sin B = sin 3B, , 2 sin B = 3 sin B − 4
sin3 B, , 0 = sin B − 4 sin3 B, , 0 = sin B (1 − 4 sin 2
B), , sin B = 0, or 1 − 4 sin 2 B = 0, when, sin B = 0,
then B = 0°, and, A = 3B = 0°, which is not possible., and
when, 1 − 4 sin 2 B = 0, 1, sin B = ±, , 2, , B = 30°
and A = 90°, (Q A = 3B), Given triangle is right
angled triangle., 3, 11. Given that, a = 5, b = 7, sin A =,
4, sin A sin B, As, we know that, =, a, b, 21, 3, sin B, =,
sin B =, , 20, 4 ×5, 7, Which is not possible
because its value is greater than, one., ∠C = 60° , a = 2 ,
b = 4, a 2 + b2 − c2, , cos C =, 2ab, , 2ab cos 60° = a
2 + b2 − c2, , ab = a 2 + b2 − c2, , 8 = 4 + 16 − c2, 2,
, c = 12 c = 12 = 2 3, 3, 2⋅, a sin C, 2 = 1 A = 30°,
We have, sin A =, =, c, 2, 2 3, 3, 4⋅, b sin C, 2 = 1 B =
90°, and, sin B =, =, c, 2 3, cos B cos C, 13. Now, cot B +
cot C − cot A =, +, − cot A, sin B sin C, sin C cos B + cos
C sin B, =, − cot A, sin B sin C, sin (B + C ) cos A, =, −, sin
B sin C sin A, sin 2 A − sin B sin C cos A, (Q A + B + C =
π ), =, sin A sin B sin C, a 2 − bc cos A, =, k (abc), 12.
Given,, , sin A sin B sin C, , , =, =, = k (say ) , since,, a,
b, c, , , b2 + c2 − a 2, , , , and cos A =, , , 2bc, 2,
2, 2, +, −, b, c, a, (, ), a 2 − bc, 2a 2 − (3a 2 − a 2), 2bc, =,
=, (abc) k, 2 (abc) k, [Q b2 + c2 = 3a 2 (given )], (a 2 − a
2), =, =0, abc k, A, A, = (2s − 2a ) tan, 2, 2, (s − b) (s − c),
= 2 (s − a ), s (s − a ), (s − a ) (s − b) (s − c) 2 ∆, =2, =, s, s, ,
14. Now, (b + c − a ) tan, , 15. Given that, cos 2 A + cos
2 C = sin 2 B, Obviously, it is not an equilateral triangle
because, A = B = C = 60° does not satisfy the given
condition. But, we take, B = 90°, then sin 2 B = 1 and, ,
π, cos 2 A + cos 2 C = cos 2 A + cos 2 − A , , 2, =
cos 2 A + sin 2 A = 1, Hence, this satisfies the
condition, so it is a right angled, triangle but not
necessarily isosceles triangle., 16. Let angles of a
triangle are x, 2x and 7x, respectively, ∴, x + 2x + 7x =
180° x = 18°, Hence, the angles are 18° , 36° , 126°,
Greatest side ∝ sin (126° ), Smallest side ∝ sin (18° ),
sin (126° ) sin (90° + 36° ), Ratio =, ∴, =, sin (18° ), sin
(18° ), cos 36°, 5 +1, =, =, sin 18°, 5 −1, 17. We know
that, in triangle larger side have an larger, angle. Since,
angles ∠ A , ∠ B and ∠ C are in AP., , 2B = A + C Q A +
B + C = π B = 60°, a 2 + c2 − b2, ∴, cos B =, 2ac, 1 100
+ a 2 − 81, , cos 60° = =, 2, 20a, , a 2 + 19 = 10a a
2 − 10a + 19 = 0, 10 ± 100 − 76, ∴, a=, =5 ± 6, 2, 18.
Given that, ∠ A = 45° , ∠ B = 75°, , ∠ C = 180° − 45° −
75° = 60°, a + c 2 = k (sin A + 2 sin C ), ∴, = k (sin 45° + 2
sin 60° ), 1, 1 + 3 , 3 , =k , + 2⋅ = k , , 2 , 2 ,
2, , 2 2b, b, b, and, k=, =, =, sin B sin 75°, 3+1, On
putting the value of k in Eq. (i), we get, a + c 2 = 2b, , …
(i)

Page 389 :
262, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 19. 8R2 = a 2 + b2 + c2
= 4R2 (sin 2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C ), , , sin A + sin B +
sin C = 2, , , , (cos 2 A − sin 2 C ) + cos 2 B = 0, , , ,
cos ( A − C ) cos ( A + C ) + cos 2 B = 0, , , , 2 cos B cos
A cos C = 0, , , , cos A = 0 or cos B = 0 or C = 0, π, π, π,
or B = or C =, A=, 2, 2, 2, , 2, , , , 2, , 2, , 24., , sin 3B 3
sin B − 4 sin3 B, = 3 − 4 sin 2 B, =, sin B, sin B, a 2 + c2
− b2 , = 3 − 4 + 4 cos 2 B = − 1 + 4 , , 2 ac, , , a 2 +
c2 , , , 2 , = −1 +, (ac)2, , 20. Sides of a triangle are
(x2 + x + 1), (2x + 1) and (x2 − 1)., The greatest side
subtends the greatest angle. Hence,, x2 + x + 1 is the
greatest side which makes an angle θ., (2x + 1)2 + (x2
− 1)2 − (x2 + x + 1)2, ∴, cos θ =, 2 (2x + 1) (x2 − 1), , ,
4x2 + 1 + 4x + x4 + 1 − 2x2 − x4 − x2 , , − 1 − 2x3 −
2x − 2x2 , cos θ = , 2 (2x + 1) (x2 − 1), , , , , = −1
+, , + sin 2 C {2 sin ( A + B) cos ( A − B)}, = k [sin A sin B
(sin A cos B + cos A sin B), 3, , + sin B sin C (sin B cos C
+ cos B sin C ), + sin C sin A (sin C cos A + cos C sin A )],
= k3 [sin A sin B sin C + sin B sin C sin A, + sin C sin A
sin B], = 3 k3 sin A sin B sin C = 3abc, 22. a 2(cos 2 B −
cos 2 C ) + b2(cos 2 C − cos 2 A ), , + c2 (sin 2 B − sin 2
A ), = k2a 2 (c2 − b2) + k2b2(a 2 − c2) + k2c2(b2 − c2)
= 0, 1 + cos C cos ( A − B) 1 − cos ( A + B) cos ( A − B), .,
23., =, 1 + cos ( A − C ) cos B 1 − cos ( A − C ) cos ( A + C
), (Q A + B + C = π ), 1 − cos 2 A + sin 2 B sin 2 A + sin 2
B a 2 + b2, , =, =, 1 − cos 2 A + sin 2 C, sin 2 A + sin 2
C a 2 + c2, , 2, , 25. sin P , sin Q , sin R are in AP., , a , b,
c are in AP., sin P sin Q sin R, =, =, =λ, Q, a, b, c, , (say), ,
P, , c, , b, p1, , Q, , a, , R, , Let p1 , p2, p3 be altitudes
from P , Q , R., p1 = c sin Q = λbc,, p2 = a sin R = λac,,
p3 = b sin P = λab,, Since, a , b, c in AP., 1 1 1, Hence, , ,
are in HP., a b c, abc abc abc, are in HP bc, ac, ab are
in HP., , ,, ,, a, b, c, λbc, λac, λab are in HP p1 , p2,
p3 are in HP., 26. Let area of triangle be ∆, then
according to question,, 1, 1, 1, ∆ = ax = by = cz, 2, 2, 2,
bx cy az b 2∆ , c 2∆ a 2∆ , ∴, +, +, =, + +
, c, a, b, c a a b b c , =, , = a 2(1 − sin 2 B − 1 +
sin 2 C ) + b2(1 − sin 2 C − 1 + sin 2 A ), = a 2(sin 2 C −
sin 2 B) + b2 (sin 2 A − sin 2 C ), , [Q2b2 = a 2 + c2
(given)], , (a 2 + c2)2 − 4a 2c2 c2 − a 2 , =, = , , 4
(ac)2, 2ac , , + c2(cos 2 A − cos 2 B), + c2(1 − sin 2 A
− 1 + sin 2 B), , 2, , (a 2 + c2)2, 4 (ac)2, , −2x3 − x2 + 2x
+ 1 − (x2 − 1) (2x + 1), =, =, 2 (2x + 1) (x2 − 1) 2 (2x + 1)
(x2 − 1), 1, cos θ = − = cos 120°, 2, θ = 120°, , 21. a3 cos
(B − C ) + b3 cos (C − A ) + c3 cos ( A − B), = k3 sin3 A
cos (B − C ) + k3 sin3 B cos (C − A ), + k3 sin3 C cos ( A
− B), a, b, c, , , Q, =, =, = k (say ), sin A sin B sin C,
, 1, = k3 {sin 2 A (2 sin (B + C ) cos (B − C )}, 2, + sin 2
B {2 sin (C + A ) cos (C − A }, , 2, , =, , 2∆ (b2 + c2 + a 2) 2
(a 2 + b2 + c2) abc, =, ⋅, 4R, abc, abc, abc , , , Q ∆ =,
, 4R , a 2 + b2 + c2, 2R, , 27. Since, 1 + cos 2 A + cos
2B + cos 2C = 0, 1 + 2 cos 2 A − 1 + 2 cos 2 B − 1 + 2
cos 2 C − 1 = 0, , 2 cos 2 A + 2 cos 2 B + 2 cos 2 C − 2
= 0, , cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = 1, If ∆ABC is right
angled triangle in which ∠A = 90°,, then, cos 2 90° +
cos 2 B + cos 2 (90° − B), = 0 + cos 2 B + sin 2 B = 1,
∴The given triangle is right angled triangle.

Page 390 :
263, , Properties of Triangles, 28. In ∆ ABC ,, , D, , C, ,
A, , a, b, , c, , A, B, , a, , We have, BC cos A = AB cos C, ,
a cos A = c cos C, a 2 + b2 − c2 , b2 + c2 − a 2 , ,
a , , =c , 2bc, 2ab, , , , , , , , , , , , , a
2(b2 + c2 − a 2) = c2(a 2 + b2 − c2), a 2b2 + a 2c2 − a 4
= a 2c2 + b2c2 − c4, a 2b2 − a 4 = b2c2 − c4, c4 − a 4 =
b2c2 − a 2b2, (c2 − a 2) (c2 + a 2) = b2(c2 − a 2), c2 + a
2 = b2, 2, AB + BC 2 = AC 2, , 29. Given that, angles A,
B and C are in AP., i.e.,, , 2B = A + C, , ...(i), , Also, in ∆
ABC, A + B + C = 180°, , , 2B + B = 180°, , [from Eq.
(i)], , B = 60°, From cosine law,, a 2 + c2 − b2, 1 a 2 + c2
− b2, cos B =, = cos 60° =, 2ac, 2, 2ac, , , ac = a 2 +
c2 − b2 b2 = a 2 + c2 − ac, , 30. Given that, b = c + a
2, ∴, ∠ B is a right angled., , A + C = 90°, sin A sin C, +,
tan A + tan C =, cos A cos C, sin A cos C + cos A sin C
sin ( A + C ), ∴, =, =, cos A cos C, cos A cos C, 1, 1, =, =,
cos A cos C b2 + c2 − a 2 a 2 + b2 − c2, ., 2bc, 2ab, 2,
4ab c, = 2, (b + c2 − a 2) (a 2 + b2 − c2), 4ab2c, = 2, 2, 2,
(a + c + c − a 2) (a 2 + c2 + a 2 − c2), 2, , 2, , b2, 4ab2c, =
2, =, 2c × 2a 2 ac, , (Q b2 = c2 + a 2), , 31. Let a be the
side of rhombus ABCD and K be the, a, mid-point of
AB. Therefore, BK =, 2, In ∆ BCK ,, a2, a 2 = CK 2 +, 4, a
2 3a 2, 3a, 2, 2, , =, CK =, CK = a −, 4, 4, 2, , B, , K,
a/2, , C, , a/2, , Now, in ∆ BCK ,, CK, 3 a /2, 3, sin B =, =,
=, BC, a, 2, , ∠ B = 60°, ∴ In rhombus ABCD,, ∠ A + ∠ B
= 180°, (Q AD || BC ), , ∠ A = 180° − 60° ∠ A =
120°, 32. I. Q A + B + C = 180°, , A = 180° − (45° +
30° ) = 105°, By sine law,, sin C, sin 45°, sin A sin C, ⋅a=,
× ( 3 + 1), =, c=, sin A, sin 105°, a, c, ( 3 + 1) 2 2, =, ×,
=2, ( 3 + 1), 2, II. Q a 2 + b2 + c2 = 8R2, (2R sin A )2 +
(2R sin B)2 + (2R sin C )2 = 8R2,, (by sine rule), ,
2R2{2 sin 2 A + 2 sin 2 B + 2 sin 2 C } = 8R2, (1 − cos
2 A ) + (1 − cos 2B) + (1 − cos 2C ) = 4, , , cos 2 A + cos
2B + cos 2C = − 1, , , , 2 cos( A + B) ⋅ cos ( A − B) + cos
2 C = − 1, , , , cos (π − C ) ⋅ cos ( A − B) + cos 2 C = − 1,
, (Q A + B + C = π ), , 2 cos C ⋅ cos ( A − B) + 2 cos 2 C
= 0, , 2 cos C{cos ( A − B) + cos C } = 0, 2 cos C{cos
( A − B) + cos ( A + B)} = 0, , 2 cos C ⋅ cos B ⋅ cos A =
0, If cos A = 0 ∠A = 90°, if cos B = 0 ∠B = 90° and
if, cos C = 0 ∠C = 90°, thus ∆ABC is right angled., III.
By cosine law;, 7, b2 + c2 − a 2 9 + 16 − 4 21, =, cos
A =, =, cos A =, 8, 2bc, 2 ⋅3 ⋅4, 24, So, all statements
are correct., 33. We know that, the length of the
median AD , BE and CF, of ∆ABC are, 1, 1, AD =, 2b2 +
2c2 − a 2, BE =, 2c2 + 2a 2 − b2 and, 2, 2, 1, CF =, 2a 2
+ 2b2 − c2, 2, Now, AD 2 + BE 2 + CF 2, 1, = {2b2 + 2c2
− a 2 + 2c2 + 2a 2 − b2 + 2a 2 + 2b2 − c2}, 4, 3 2, = (a +
b2 + c2), 4, and the area of quadrilateral is, ∆ = (s − a )
(s − b)(s − c)(s − d )

Page 391 :
264, , NDA/NA Mathematics, ∆, ∆, ∆, ∆, , r2 =, , r3 =,
and r =, s− a, s− b, s− c, s, 1 1 1 s− a s− b s− c, Now,, + +
=, +, +, r1 r2 r3, ∆, ∆, ∆, , 34. I. Q r1 =, , (Q 2s = a + b + c),
1, 1, s 1, {(3s) − (a + b + c)} = (3s − 2s) = =, ∆, ∆, ∆ r, II.
Given, r1 = r2 + r3 + r, , r1 − r = r2 + r3, ∆, ∆, ∆, ∆, ,
− =, +, s− a s s− b s− c, s− s+ a s− c+ s− b, =, , s(s − a )
(s − b)(s − c), a, 2s − (b + c) 2s − (2s − a ), , =, =, s(s − a )
(s − b)(s − c) (s − b)(s − c), a, a, =, s2 − sa = s2 − sb − sc
+ bc, , s(s − a ) (s − b)(s − c), , s(− a + b + c) = bc (a
+ b + c)(b + c − a ) = 2bc, , (b + c)2 − a 2 = 2bc b2 +
c2 = a 2, ∴∆ABC is a right angled triangle., abc, 35. I.
Circumradius, R =, 4∆, ∆, Inradius, r =, s, ∆, and exradii
r1 =, s− a, and in equilateral triangle, a = b = c, 3, 3a,
and, (a )2, s =, ∆=, 4, 2, abc ∆, ∆, : :, ∴ R : r : r1 =, 4∆ s s −
a, a3, 4, 3a 2, 2, 3a 2 2, =, ×, :, ×, :, ×, 4, 4, 3a, 4, a, 3a 2, a,
a a 3, 1, 1, 3, =, =, = 2 :1 :3, :, :, :, :, 2, 3 2 3, 3 2 3 2, , r :
R : r1 = 1 : 2 : 3, II. We know that, cosine law is, b2 + c2
− a 2, a 2 + c2 − b2, cos A =, , cos B =, 2bc, 2ac, a 2 + b2
− c2, and cos C =, 2ab, cos A b2 + c2 − a 2 cos B a 2 +
c2 − b2, , ,, ,, =, =, 2abc, 2abc, a, b, cos C a 2 + b2 − c2,
=, 2abc, c, cos A cos B cos C, ≠, ≠, ∴, a, b, c, abc, 36.
Circumradius, R =, …(i), 4∆, Here,, 2s = a + b + c = 13 +
14 + 15 = 42, , s = 21, ∆ 2 = s(s − a ) (s − b) (s − c) = 21
⋅ 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6, ∆ = 84, 13 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 15 65, R=, =, ∴, 4 ⋅ 84, 8, =, ,
37. Q A + B + C = π, , A + B π C , A + B = π −C ,
= − , 2 2 2 , C, π C , A + B , tan , = tan
− = cot, 2 2 , 2 , 2, , 38. cos C =, =, , a 2 + b2 − ( a
2 + ab + b2), 2ab, , 2, , 1, a 2 + b2 − (a 2 + ab + b2) − ab,
= − = cos 120°, =, 2, 2ab, 2ab, , ∠C = 120°, cos B cos
C, 39. Q, =, b, c, cos B, cos C, =, , k sin B k sin C, ,
(greatest angle), A, , E, , F, G, , (by sine rule), B, cot B
= cot C B = C b = c, So, the triangle is an isosceles
triangle., , D, , C, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 40-44), 40. Given,
A,B and C are in AP., , 2B = A + C, In ∆ ABC , A + B +
C = 180°, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 3B = 180° B =
60°, Now, by sine rule;, sin B sin C, =, b, c, c, ⋅ sin B =, b,
2 3, sin C =, ⋅, =, 3 2, , , , sin C =, , , , …(i), …(ii), , b,
3 , Q =, , 2 , c, , 2, sin 60°, 3, 1, = sin 45° ∠ C =
45°, 2, , 41. From Eq. (ii), we get, …(ii), A + B + C = 180°,
A = 180°− (B + C ), A = 180° − (60°+ 45° ), ∠A = 180°
−105° = 75°, sin A sin B sin C, 42. By sine rule,, =, =, a,
b, c, a : b : c = sin A : sin B : sin C, sin 75° : sin 60° : sin
45°, 3 +1 3 1, = ( 3 + 1) : 6 : 2, :, :, =, 2, 2 2, 2, (1 + 3), : 3:
2, 2, 43. Since, all sides as well as all angles of ∆ ABC is
different, or unequal., ∴∆ ABC is a scalene triangle.,
44. cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2 C = cos 2 75° + cos 2 60°+
cos 2 45°, 2, , 2, , 2, 3 − 1 , (3 + 1 − 2 3 ) 1 1, 1 , 1 ,
= , + +, + + =, 2 , 2 , 4 ⋅2, 4 2, 2 2 , , =, , (2
− 3 ) 1 1 2 − 3 + 1 + 2 5 − 3, + + =, =, 4, 4 2, 4, 4

Page 392 :
14, , Height and, Distance, Angle of Elevation, , m-n
Theorem, , If ‘ O ’ be the observer’s eye and OX be the
horizontal, line through O. If the object P is at a higher
level than eye,, then angle POX is called the angle of
elevation., , If D divides BC in the ratio m : n, then, A, α
β, , P, Line of sight, , B, , θ, , O, , Horizontal line, , m, , D, ,
C, m:n, , n, , C, , 1. ( m + n ) cot θ = n cot B − m cot C, 2. (
m + n ) cot θ = m cot α − n cot β, , Angle of Depression,
If the object P is at a lower level than O, then angle,
POX is called the angle of depression., Horizontal line,
O, , θ, , B, , X, , Apollonius Theorem, A, , X, , θ, , Line of
sight, , C, , P, , B, D, , If in ∆ ABC, AD is median, then,
AB2 + AC 2 = 2 ( AD 2 + BD 2 ), , %, , a = h (cot α − cot
β), A, , %, , α + β , If AB = CD, then x = y tan , , 2 ,
A, y, , h, D, , B, , β, , α, a, , D, , x, , C, , C, , α, x, , β, B, , E

Page 393 :
266, , %, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , h=, , %, , H sin (β −
α), h cot α, and H =, cot α − cot β, cos α sin β, , H = x cot
α tan (α + β), A, , A, , D, , α, , E, , B, , B, , %, , D, , β, , x, , β, ,
h, , hcot β, H =, cot α, , %, , C, , α, , C, , a sin (α + β), H =,
sin (β − α), A, , D, , α, β, , B, , A, , h, , H, , E, h, , h, , α, C, , B,
, C, , A, , Example 1. The angle of elevation of the Sun
when the, length of the shadow of a pole is 3 times the
height of the, pole is, (a) 30°, (b) 40°, (c) 45°, (d) None of
these, , Solution (a) Let the length of pole = h m, , C, , x,
, B, , x + 20 = h 3, , From Eqs. (i) and (ii),, x + 20 = 3x
x = 10 m, And from Eq. (i), h = 3 × 10 = 10 3 m, , In ∆
ABC,, C, , h, , ...(ii), , Example 3. The upper part of a tree
broken over by the, , θ, , wind makes an angle of 30°
with the ground and the distance, from the foot to
where the top of the tree touches the ground is, 10 m.
The height of the tree is, (a) 14 m, (b) 15 3 m, (c) 20 m,
(d) None of these, , B, 3h, , tan θ =, , h, , D, , ∴ Length of
the shadow of the pole = 3 h, , A, , H, , H, , BC, h, 1, =, =,
= tan 30 °, AB, 3h, 3, θ = 30 °, , Example 2. A person
standing on the bank of a river, , Solution (b) Let AB be
the tree and BC be the broken part of the, tree, then
BC takes the position CD. Let CD = BC = x m., ,
observes the angle subtended by a tree on the
opposite bank, is 60° when he retreats 20 m away
from the bank, he finds, the angle of tree be 30°. The
height of the tree, (a) 14 3 m, , (b) 20 m, , (c) 10 3 m, ,
(d) None of these, , B, x, C, , x, , Solution (c) Let the
height of the tree = h m, and breadth of the river = x
m, h, In ∆ ABC,, tan 60 ° =, x, h= 3x, , h, Now in ∆
ABD, tan 30 ° =, x + 20, , h, , 30°, D, 15 m, , ...(i), , In ∆
ACD, we have, cos 30 ° =, , 15, x, , A

Page 394 :
267, , Height and Distance, , , and, , , 15, 30, =, = 10
3 m, cos 30 °, 3, h, tan 30 ° =, 15, h = 15 tan 30 ° = 5 3
m, x=, , BP = 100 cot 60 ° =, Hence,, , Hence, height of
the tree = x + h = 10 3 + 5 3 = 15 3 m, , Example 4. A
man on the top of a cliff 100 m high, observes the
angle of depression of two points on the, opposite
sides of the cliff as 30° and 60° respectively. The,
distance between the two points is, 200, 400, m, (b),
m, (a), 3, 3, (c) 100 m, (d) None of these, Solution (b)
Let PQ be the cliff and A and B be the points under,
observation., In ∆ OAP ,, AP, ,, cot 30 ° =, 100, , 1 400,
, m, AB = AP + BP = 100 3 +, =, , 3 , 3, , Example
5. The shadow of a tower standing on a level, plane is
found to be 60 m longer when the Sun’s altitude is,
30° than when it is 45°. The height of the tower is, (a)
40( 3 + 1) m, (b) 30( 3 + 1) m, (c) 200 m, (d) None of
these, Solution (b) Let OP be the tower. Let OA and
OB be its, shadows when the altitude of the Sun is 45°
and 30°,, respectively. Then, AB = 60 m; ∠OAP = 45°
and ∠OBP = 30 °., Let, OP = h, OA, Then,, = cot 45° =
1 OA = OP = h, OP, 45° 30°, , O, 30°, , A, , 60°, , Also,,
100, , , 30°, A, , 60°, P, , 100, 3, , , , B, , AP = 100 cot
30 ° = 100 3, BP, In ∆ BOP , cot 60 ° =, 100, , , , 45°, ,
30°, B, , P, , O, , OB, = cot 30 °, OP, h + 60, = 3 h + 60 =
3h, h, ( 3 − 1) h = 60, 60, 3 + 1 , h= , ×, = 30 ( 3 + 1)
m, 3 + 1 , 3 −1, , Hence, the height of the tower is 30
( 3 + 1) m., , Comprehensive Approach, n, n, , n, , Angle
of depression and angle of elevation are always acute
angle., A line perpendicular to the plane is
perpendicular to each point, that lies on the plane., In
an isosceles triangle median is perpendicular to base.,
, n, n, , n, , In similar triangle corresponding sides are
proportional ., Exterior angle of a triangle is equal to
the sum of interior opposite, angle., Angle of same
segment are equal.

Page 395 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. A flagstaff 6 m high is placed on
the top of a tower., The flagstaff casts a shadow, which
is 2 3 m long, when measured along the ground. The
angle in, degrees that the Sun-rays make with the
ground is, (a) 60°, (b) 45°, (c) 30°, (d) 15°, 2. The angle of
elevation of the tip of a flagstaff from a, point 10 m
due South of its base is 60°. What is the, height of the
flagstaff correct to the nearest metre?, (NDA 2012 I), ,
(a) 15 m, , (b) 16 m, , (c) 17 m, , (d) 18 m, , 3. A tower of
height 15 m stands vertically on the, ground. From a
point on the ground the angle of, elevation of the top
of the tower is found to be 30°., What is the distance
of the point from the foot of the, tower?, (NDA 2011
II), (a) 15 3 m (b) 10 3 m (c) 5 3 m (d) 30 m, 4. What is
the angle subtended by 1 m pole at a distance, 1 km
on the ground in sexagesimal measure?, (NDA 2012 I),
, 9, degree, (a), 50 π, (c) 3.4 min, , 9, (b), degree, 5π, (d)
3.5 min, , 5. A person at the top of a hill observes that
the angles, of depression of two consecutive
kilometre stones on, a road leading to the foot of the
hill are 30° and 60°., The height of the hill is, 3, 5, 6, 7,
km (b), km (c), km (d), km, (a), 2, 2, 2, 2, 6. The angle of
elevation of top of a tree on the bank of a, river from
its other bank is 60° and from a point 20 m, further
away from this is 30°. The width of the river, is, (d) 20 3
m, (a) 10 m, (b) 10 3 m (c) 20 m, 7. The angles of
elevation of the top of a tower as, observed from the
bottom and top of a building of, height 60 m are 60°
and 45° respectively. The, distance of the base of the
tower from the base of the, building is, (a) 30 ( 3 − 1)
m, (b) 30 ( 3 + 3 ) m, (d) 30 ( 3 + 1) m, (c) 30 ( 3 − 3 ) m, 8.
Two poles are 10 m and 20 m high. The line joining,
their tops makes an angle of 15° with the horizontal.,
What is the approximate distance between the poles?,
(NDA 2010 II, 2012 I), , (a) 35.3 m, , (b) 37.3 m, , (c) 41
m, , (d) 44 m, , 9. The angle of elevation of a tower at a
level ground is, 30°. The angle of elevation becomes θ
when moved, 10 m towards the tower. If the height of
tower is 5 3, m, then what is the value of θ?, (NDA
2012 I), (a) 45°, (b) 60°, (c) 75°, (d) None of these, 10.
The angle of elevation of the top of a tower at a point,
on the ground is 30°. If on walking 20 m toward the,
tower, the angle of elevation becomes 60°, then the,
height of the tower is, 10, m, (a) 10 m, (b), 3, (c) 10 3 m,
(d) None of these, 11. When the elevation of Sun
changes from 45° to 30° the, shadow of a tower
increases by 60 m. The height of the, tower is, (a) 30 3
m, (b) 30 ( 2 + 1) m, (d) 30 ( 3 + 1) m, (c) 30 ( 3 − 1) m,
12. A person standing on the bank of a river observes,
that the angle subtended by a tree on the opposite,
bank is 60°. When he retire 40 m from the bank, he,
finds the angle to be 30°. The breadth of the river is,
(a) 20 m, (b) 40 m, (c) 30 m, (d) 60 m, 13. From of 60 m
high tower angles of depression of the, top and
bottom of a house are α and β respectively. If, 60 sin
(β − α ), the height of the house is, , then x is, x, equal
to, (a) sin α sin β, (b) cos α cos β, (c) sin α cos β, (d) cos
α sin β, 14. From the top of a building of height h
metre, the, angle of depression of an object on the
ground is θ., What is the distance (in metre) of the
object from the, foot of the building?, (NDA 2012 I),
(a) h cotθ, (b) h tanθ, (c) h cosθ, (d) h sinθ, 15. The
angle of elevation of the top of a flag post from a,
point 5 m away from its base is 75°. What is the,
approximate height of the flag post?, (NDA 2010 I), (a)
15 m, (b) 17 m, (c) 19 m, (d) 21 m, 16. Looking from the
top of a 20 m high building, the, angle of elevation of
the top of a tower is 60° and the, angle of depression
of its bottom is 30°. What is the, height of the tower?,
(NDA 2009 II), (a) 50 m, (b) 60 m, (c) 70 m, (d) 80 m

Page 396 :
269, , Height and Distance, 17. The horizontal
distance between two towers is 60 m, and the angular
depression of the top of the first tower, as seen from
the top of the second is 30°. If the height, of the
second tower be 150 m, then the height of the, first
tower is, (b) 90 m, (a) (150 − 60 3) m, (c) (150 − 20 3 )
m, (d) None of these, , angle α at a point P on the
ground. If AP = n AB,, then the correct relation is, (a) n
= ( n 2 + 1) tan α, (b) n = ( 2n 2 − 1) tan α, (c) n 2 = ( 2n 2
+ 1) tanα, (d) n = ( 2n 2 + 1) tan α, , 18. From the top of
a light house 60 m high with its base, at the sea level
the angle of depression of a boat is, 15°. The distance
of the boat from the foot of light, house is, 3 − 1 , 3
+ 1 , (b) , (a) , 60 m, 60 m, 3 + 1 , 3 − 1 , 3 +
1 , (d) None of these, (c) , m, 3 − 1 , , 22. The
angle of elevation from a point on the bank of a, river
of the top of a temple on the other bank is 45°.,
Retreating 50 m, the observer finds the new angle of,
elevation as 30°. What is the width of the river?, (a) 50
m, (b) 50 3 m (NDA 2009 I), (d) 100 m, (c) 50 / ( 3 − 1)
m, , 19. A tower subtends an angle α at a point A in the
plane, of its base and angle of depression of the foot
of the, tower at a point l m just above A is β. The
height of, the tower is, (a) l tan β cot α, (b) l tan α cot β,
(c) l tan α tan β, (d) l cot α cot β, 20. Two poles of equal
height stand on either side of a, 100 m wide road. At a
point between the poles, the, angles of elevation of
the topes of the poles are 30°, and 60°. The height of
each pole is, (a) 25 m, (b) 25 3 m, 100, m, (d) None of
these, (c), 3, 21. AB is vertical tower. The point A is on
the ground and, C is the middle point of AB. The part
CB subtend an, , 23. The tower 24 m portion of a 50 m
tall tower is painted, green and the remaining portion
red. What is the, distance of a point on the ground
from the base of the, tower where the two different
portions of the tower, subtend equal angles?, (NDA
2007 I), (a) 60 m, (b) 72 m, (c) 90 m, (d) 120 m, 24. An
observer on the top of tree, finds the angle of,
depression of a car moving towards the tree to be
30°., After 3 min this angle becomes 60°. After how
much, more time, the car will reach the tree?, (a) 4
min, (b) 4.5 min, (c) 1.5 min, (d) 2 min, 25. A house of
height 100 m subtends a right angle at the, window of
an opposite house. If the height of the, window be 64
m, then the distance between the two, houses is, (a)
48 m, (b) 36 m, (c) 54 m, (d) 72 m, , Level II, 1. A ladder
rests against a wall making an angle α with, the
horizontal. The foot of the ladder is pulled away, from
the wall through a distance x, so that it slides a,
distance y down the wall making an angle β with the,
horizontal. The correct relation is, α +β, α +β, (a) x = y
tan, (b) y = x tan, 2, 2, (c) x = y tan (α + β ), (d) y = x tan
(α + β ), 2. The angle of elevation of the top of the
tower observed, from each of the three points A, B
and C on the, ground forming a triangle is the same
angle α. If R is, the circumradius of the ∆ABC, then the
height of the, tower is, (a) R sinα, (b) R cosα, (c) R cotα,
(d) R tanα, 3. The angle of elevation of the top of a
tower from a, point A due South of the tower is α and
from a point B, due East of the tower is β. If AB = d,
then the height, of the tower is, , (a), (c), , d, tan α − tan
β, d, 2, , 2, , cot2 α + cot2 β, , (b), (d), , d, tan α + tan2 β,
d, 2, , cot2 α − cot2 β, , 4. From the bottom of a pole of
height h the angle of, elevation of the top of a tower is
α and the pole, subtends an angle β at the top of the
tower. The height, of the tower is, h tan (α − β ), h cot
(α − β ), (a), (b), tan (α − β ) − tan α, cot (α − β ) − cot α,
cot (α − β ), (c), (d) None of these, cot (α − β ) − cot α, 5.
An aeroplane flying horizontally 1 km above the,
ground is observed at an elevation of 60° and after, 10
s the elevation is observed to be 30°. The uniform,
speed of the aeroplane (in km/h) is, (a) 240, (b) 240 3,
(c) 60 3, (d) None of these

Page 397 :
270, 6. From a point a m above a lake the angle of
elevation, of a cloud is α and the angle of depression
of its, reflection is β. The height of the cloud is, a sin (α
+ β ), a sin (α + β ), (a), m, (b), m, sin (α − β ), sin (β − α ),
a sin (β − α ), m, (d) None of these, (c), sin (α + β ), 7. A
vertical tower stands on a horizontal plane and is,
surmounted by a vertical flagstaff of height h. At a,
point P on the plane, the angle of elevation of the,
bottom of the flagstaff is β and that of the top is α.,
What is the height of the tower?, (NDA 2011 II), h tan
β, h tan β, (a), (b), tan α − tan β, tan α + tan β, h cos β, h,
(d), (c), cos α − cos β, cos (α − β ), 8. An aeroplane flying
at a height of 300 m above the, ground passes
vertically above another plane at an, instant when the
angles of elevation of two planes, from the same point
on the ground are 60° and 45°,, respectively. What is
the height of the lower plane, from the ground?, (NDA
2011 II), 100, (a) 50 m, (b), m, 3, (c) 100 3 m, (d) 150 ( 3
+ 1) m, 9. An observer measures angles of elevation of
two, towers of equal heights from a point between
the, towers. If the angles of elevation are 60° and 30°
and, distance of the nearer tower is 100 m, then the
height, of each tower and the distance between the
towers,, respectively are, 100, 100, (a), m and 400 m,
(b), m and 300 m, 3, 3, (c) 100 3 m and 400 m (d) 100 3
m and 300 m, 10. The upper part of a tree broken over
by the wind makes, an angle of 60° with the ground
and the distance from, the roots to the point where
the top of the tree meets, the ground is 20 m. The
length of the broken part of the, tree is, (a) 20 m, (b)
40 m, (c) 20 2 m (d) 40 3 m, 11. From the top of a
tower 60 m high, the angles of, depression of two
objects which are on the horizontal, plane and in a line
with the foot of the tower are α and, β with β > α.
What is the distance between the two, objects in
metres?, (a) 60 sin (β − α ) cosec α cosec β, (b) 60 cos
(β − α ) sec α sec β, (c) 60 (cot α + cot β ), (d) 60 (tan β −
tan α ), 12. A man on the top of a rock rising on a sea-
shore, observes a boat coming towards it. If it takes
10 min, for the angle of depression to change from
30° to 60°,, how soon will the boat reach the shore?,
(a) 20 min (b) 15 min (c) 10 min (d) 5 min, , NDA/NA
Mathematics, 13. A flag of height h stands on the top
of a hemispherical, dome of radius 10 m. From a point
on the ground,, when the flag is just visible the angle
of elevation is, 45°. What is the height of the flag?, (a)
5 m, (b) 10 m, (c) 10 ( 2 − 1) m, (d) 10 ( 2 + 1) m, 14. A
man standing on the bank of a river observes that, the
angle of elevation of the top of a tree just on the,
opposite bank is 60°. The angle of elevation is 30°,
from a point at a distance y m from the bank. What is,
the height of the tree?, (NDA 2011 I), 3y, y, (a) y m, (b)
2y m, (c), m, m (d), 2, 2, 15. A man observes the
elevation of a balloon to be 30°., He, then walks 1 km
towards the balloon and finds, that the elevation is
60°. What is the height of the, balloon?, (NDA 2009 I),
(a) 1/ 2 km, (b) 3/ 2 km, (c) 1/ 3 km, (d) 1 km, 16. The
foot of a tower of height h m is in a direct line,
between two observers A and B. If the angles of,
elevation of the top of the tower as seen from A and
B, are α and β respectively and if AB = d m, then what
is, the value of h / d ?, (NDA 2008 II), tan (α + β ), cot (α
+ β ), (a), (b), (cot α cot β − 1), (cot α cot β − 1), tan (α +
β ), cot (α + β ), (c), (d), (cot α cot β + 1), (cot α cot β +
1), 17. The length of the shadow of a tree is 10 3 m,
when, the angle of elevation of the Sun is 60°. What is
the, length of the shadow of the tree when the angle
of, elevation of the Sun is 30°?, (a) 30 3 m, (b) 10 3 m,
(d) 4 3 m, (c) 5 3 m, 18. The shadow of a pole standing
on a horizontal plane, is d m longer when the Sun’s
altitude is α, then when, it is β. What is the height of
the pole?, cos α cos β, sin α cos β, (a) d, (b) d, cos (α − β
), sin (α − β ), sin α sin β, sin β cos α, (d), (c) d, sin (β − α
), cos (α + β ), 19. A vertical pole with height more than
100 m consists, of two parts, the lower being one-
third of the whole., At a point on a horizontal plane
through the foot and, 40 m from it, the upper part
subtends an angle whose, 1, tangent is . What is the
height of the pole?, 2, (a) 110 m (b) 200 m (c) 120 m,
(d) 150 m, 20. Assertion (A) A flagstaff of length 100
m stands on a, tower of height h. If a point on the
ground the angle of, elevation of the tower and top of
the flagstaff be 30°, and 45°, respectively, then h = 50(
3 + 1) m

Page 398 :
271, , Height and Distance, Reason (R) A flagstaff of
length d stand on tower of, height h. If at a point on
the ground the angle of, elevation of the tower and
top of the flagstaff be, d cot β, ., α and β , then h =, cot
α − cot β, (a) A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation, of A., (b) A and R are true but R is not the
correct, explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is false.,
(d) A is false but R is true., , Directions (Q. Nos. 21-22)
Let 20 ft long ladder, reaches 20 ft below the flag. The
angle of elevation of the, top of the flag at the foot of
the ladder is 60°?, 21. Find the height of the flag., (a)
20 ft, (b) 30 ft, (c) 40 ft, (d) 20 2 ft, 22. Find the
distance between the foot of the ladder and, bottom
of the building., (b) 10 3 ft, (a) 5 3 ft, (c) 7 3 ft, (d) None
of these, , Answers, Level I, 1. (a), 11. (d), 21. (d), , 2. (c),
12. (b), 22. (c), , 3. (a), 13. (d), 23. (d), , 4. (a), 14. (a), 24.
(c), , 5. (a), 15. (c), 25. (a), , 6. (a), 16. (d), , 7. (d), 17. (d), ,
8. (b), 18. (b), , 9. (b), 19. (b), , 10. (c), 20. (b), , 2. (d), 12.
(d), 22. (b), , 3. (c), 13. (c), , 4. (b), 14. (c), , 5. (b), 15. (b), ,
6. (b), 16. (b), , 7. (a), 17. (a), , 8. (c), 18. (c), , 9. (c), 19. (c),
, 10. (b), 20. (a), , Level II, 1. (a), 11. (a), 21. (b), , Hints &
Solutions, Level I, 1. Given that the height of the
flagstaff = 6 m, and the length of shadow on the
ground = 2 3 m, , O, , θ, 2√3 m, , tan 60° =, , h, 10, , R, ,
, , h = 10 tan 60° = 10 ⋅ 3, , 6m, , , , h = 10 ⋅ (1 .732),
, Q, , , , h = 17 .32 m, , , , h = 17 m, , (approx.), , 3. Let
AB = x m, P, , C, , 6, tan θ =, 2 3, tan θ = 3, tan θ = tan
60° θ = 60°, , In ∆ OQR,, , , 2. In ∆ABC,, , C
(flagstaff), , h, , A, , 60°, 10 m, , 15 m, A, , x, , Then in ∆
ABC ,, BC 15, =, AB, x, 1, 15, =, x, 3, , tan 30° =, , ,
(tip), B, , 30°, , , , x = 15 3 m, , B

Page 399 :
272, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 4. Let ∠CAB = θ, , D, C, ,
h, 1 m (Pole), , 1 km, = 1000 m, , tan θ =, , B, , BC, 1,
radian, =, AB 1000, , tan θ = 0.001 radian, , , , θ = tan
−1 (0.001) radian, , , , θ = 9.999 × 10−4 radian, 180,
degree, θ = 9.999 × 10−4 ×, π, , , , , θ = 0.057324
degree, 9, degree, θ=, 50π, , h, E, , A, , 0°, , , , , 60°, ,
h = 3h − 3, , , , , , ( 3 − 1) x = 60 x =, , , , 8. Q,
, , B, , x, , 3x = 60 + h, [from Eq. (i)], 60, 3+1, ×, 3 −1,
3+1, , 60 ( 3 + 1), 2, x = 30 ( 3 + 1) m, , ∴ Distance
between the bases = 30 ( 3 + 1) m, , B, x, , − 2h = − 3, ,
x=, , AC = 20 m, ED = 10 m, A, , 3, km, 2, CD, 6. In
∆BCD, tan 60° =, BC, , , C, , 60°, C, , From Eqs. (i) and
(ii), we get, h, = 3h − 1, 3, , , 45°, , BD, tan 60° =, AB,
60 + h, 3=, , x, 3x = 60 + x, 3x − x = 60, , , h, , 1 km, ,
A, , In ∆ABD,, , 30°, , 30°, , D, , ... (ii), , 6, , h=, , 3=, x=, , E, ,
h, x, , h, 3, , ...(ii), , ...(i), , ...(i), , 1 + x = 3h, x= 3 h −1, , D, ,
tan 30° =, , 7. Let CD = h m and AB = x m, CD , In,
∆CDE , tan 45° = , , CE , h, 1= x=h, , x, , 5. Let
CB = x km and AB = h km, AB, h, In ∆ABC ,, tan 60° =,
3=, BC, x, h, , x=, 3, AB, In ∆ ABD,, tan 30° =, BD, 1,
h, =, , 3 1+ x, , , , C, , x, , CD, AC, h, 1, =, h 3 = 20
+ x, , 3 20 + x, , x = h 3 − 20, From Eqs. (i) and (ii),, h,
= h 3 − 20 h = 3h − 20 3, 3, 2h = 20 3 , h = 10 3 m,
, Now, putting h = 10 3 in Eq. (i), we get, x = 10 m,
Thus, the width of the river is 10 m., In ∆ACD,, , , , ,
, B, , 20 m, , θ, , A, , 60°, , 30°, , A, , 15°, , B 20 m, , 10 m, ,
... (i), , D, , C, , ∴ AB = AC − BC = AC − ED = 10 m

Page 400 :
273, , Height and Distance, Now in ∆ABE,, , , , AB,
BE, 10, tan (45° − 30° ) =, BE, tan 15° =, , , , , , 1, 1−,
tan 45° − tan 30°, 10, 3 3 − 1 = 10, =, =, , 1, 1 + tan
45° tan 30° BE 1 +, 3 + 1 BE, 3, 3 + 1 10 × ( 3 + 1)2,
BE = 10 , =, 2, 3 − 1 , , h=, , 20, , 1, 3−, 3, h = 10 3
m, , 11. Let the height of the tower be h., h, In ∆ BCD,,
tan 45° =, BC, , BC = h, h, h, In ∆ ACD, tan 30° =,
AC =, tan 30°, AC, , h, , Again in ∆ADC ,, , , , A, , 30°,
10 m, , 30°, 60 m, , A, , 53m, , 45°, C, , B, , AB + BC = 3h
60 + h = 3h, 60, 60 ( 3 + 1), [from Eq. (i)], h=, =, 2, 3
−1, , , , h = 30 ( 3 + 1) m, , 12. Let the height of the
tree be h m and breadth of the river, be b m., , θ, B, , ...
(i), , D, , = 5 (3 + 1 + 2 3 ) = 5 (4 + 2 × 1.73) (Q 3 =
1.732), = 5 ( 4 + 3.46 ), CD = BE = 5 × 7.46 = 37.3 m,
5 3, 9. In ∆BCD,, tan θ =, x, D, , 20 3, 2, , h =, , xm, , D, ,
C, , 5 3, 1, =, 10 + x, 3, 10 + x = 15, x=5m, , tan 30° =, ,
, h, , From Eq. (i), , 30°, , , , 60°, , A, , 5 3, tan θ =, = 3 =
tan 60°, 5, θ = 60°, , B, , 40 m, , h, h=b 3, b, h, In ∆
DAC , tan 30° =, 40 + b, 40 + b, , h=, 3, From Eqs. (i)
and (ii), we get, 40 + b, b 3=, 3, , 2b = 40 b = 20 m,
60, 13. In ∆ ABD, tan β =, d, , d = 60 cot β, In ∆ DEC ,,
tan 60° =, , P, , βα, , h, , 60°, , B, , , , , 20 m, , AB + AO
= 3h, h, 20 +, = 3h, 3, , A, , C, , In ∆ DBC ,, , 10. Let the
height of the tower be h m., h, In, ∆PAO, tan 60° =, OA,
, OA = h cot 60°, h, =, 3, h, In ∆ PBO,, tan 30° =, OB, h,
, OB =, 1, 3, , 30°, , b, , α, , E, , O, , d, , D, , C 60 m, , h, A, ,
β, d, , B, , ...(i), , ...(ii), , ...(i)

Page 401 :
274, , NDA/NA Mathematics, DC, EC, DC = d tan α, 60
− h = d tan α, [Q BC = EA = h ], [from Eq. (i)], 60 − h =
60 cot β tan α, cos β sin α , , h = 60 1 −, ⋅, , , sin β
cos α , 60 sin (β − α ), h=, cos α sin β, 60 sin ( β − α ) 60
sin (β − α ), (given), =, x, cos α sin β, tan α =, , , , ,
, , , , , x = cos α sin β, , 14. In ∆ABC,, , F, , hm,
60º, 30º, , D, , C, , 20 m, , 20 m, 30º, , A, , , h = 3 ⋅ 20 3
(Q AB = DC = 20 3 ), [from Eq. (i)], , h = 60 m, ∴
Height of the tower, BF = 60 + 20 = 80 m, (Q BF = h +
20), BC, 17. In ∆ ABC , tan 30° =, AC, , hm, (object), , h, ,
30º, , A, , (foot), , θ, , B, , 30º, , C, , A, , B, , C, , 150 m, , B, ,
xm, , O, , D, , 60 m, , 1, h − 150, , =, 60, 3, 60, h =
(150 + 20 3 ) m, h − 150 =, , 3, 60, 18. In ∆ ABC , tan
15° =, d, , h, tan θ =, x, x = h cot θ, 15. Let h be the
height of the flag-post., In ∆ABC ,, AB h, tan 75° =, =,
BC 5, , C, 15º, , A, , 60 m, 15º, d, , A, , hm, , 3 + 1 , d =
60 cot 15° = 60 , m, 3 − 1 , , , 75º, C, , , , , 5m,
, B, , 19. In ∆ AOT , tan α =, , tan 45° + tan 30°, h, =, 1 −
tan 45° tan 30°, 5, , , , h=, , T, , α, , , , 3 + 1 + 2 3 , h
=5 , , 3 −1, , , , In, , 16. In ∆ABD, tan 30° =, , In
∆DCF ,, , β, , A, , = 5 (2 + 3 ), (Q 3 = 1.732), (approx), = 5
× 3.732 = 18.660 = 19 m, , , , h, , l, , ( 3 + 1 )2, ×5, ( 3 )2
− (1)2, , AD 20, =, AB AB, AB = 20 3 m, h, tan 60° =, = 3,
DC, , h, OA, , P, , 1+ 3 h, =, 3 −1 5, , , , B, , ...(i), , , , ,
O, , OA = h cot α, l, ∆ AOP, tan β =, AO, l, tan β =, h cot
α, , ...(i), , [from Eq. (i)], , h = l tan α cot β, , 20. Let the
height of pole AD = BC = h m, h, In ∆ OBC ,, tan 60° =,
x, h, , x=, 3, , ...(i)

Page 402 :
275, , Height and Distance, , tan 30° =, , In ∆ AOD,, , h,
100 − x, C, , D, , , , , x + 50 = h 3, h + 50 = h 3, 50, h=,
3 −1, , So, width of the river is x = h =, , 30º, 60º, 100 m,
x, , A, , h, 1, =, 3 x + 50, , , , h, , h, , , , B, , 1, , h =
(100 − x), 3, h 1, , = 100 −, , , 3 3, 3h = 100 3 − h,
, 100 3, , h=, 4, h = 25 3 m, , AB, 21. In ∆ PAB, tan
β =, AP, , [from Eq. (i)], , [from Eq. (i)], , 50, m., 3 −1, , 23.
Let AC be the tower whose length is 50 m., Let, AB =
24 m and BC = 26 m, AB, In ∆ABD,, tan θ =, AD, 24, ,
tan θ =, x, C, 26 m, , B, , B, =, , P, , β, , D, , =, , tan 2θ =, ,
AC, AP, , In ∆ PAC ,, , tan θ =, , ∴, , tan α = tan (β − θ ) =, ,
tan β − tan θ, 1 + tan β tan θ, , AB AC, −, ...(i), = AP AP,
AB AC, ⋅, 1+, AP AP, Q, AP = n ( AB), = n (2 AC ) (QC is
the mid-point of BA), 1, 1, −, n, From Eq. (i) tan α = n 2n
=, 2, 1, n, +1, 2, 1+, 2n 2, , n = (2n 2 + 1) tan α, tan 45°
=, , A, , x, , and in ∆ACD,, , A, , 22. In ∆ABC ,, , 24 m, , θ,
θ, , C, α, θ, , AC, 2 tan θ, 50, , =, AD, x, 1 − tan 2 θ, , ,
, 24, x = 50, 576, x, 1− 2, x, , , , 24x2, = 25, x2 − 576, ,
2⋅, , , , [from Eq. (i)], , 24x2 = 25x2 − 576 × 25, , , ,
, x2 = 576 × 25, x = 24 × 5 = 120 m, h, 24. In ∆ ABC ,
tan 60° =, BC, BC = h cot 60°, , A, , h, , 60º, B, , 45º, C, , D,
, , , x, , 1=, , tan 30° =, , B, , h, h = x, x, , Now in
∆ABD,, AB, BD, , ....(i), , A, , AB, BC, , 30º, , …(i), , …(i), ,
30º, C, , d, , D, , h, In ∆ABD,, tan 30° =, BD, , BD = h
cot 30°, , BC + CD = h cot 30°, , CD = h cot 30° −
BC, [from Eq. (i)], , d = h cot 30° − h cot 60°

Page 405 :
278, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 9. Given that the angle
of elevation of two towers of equal, heights from a
point between the towers is 60° and 30°,, respectively.
Let the height of each tower be h m., B, , D, , 12. Let CD
= h m, AB = x m and BC = y m, h, In ∆ BCD, tan 60° =, y,
h=y 3, , , ...(i), , D (man), , h, , h, , 60º, A, 100 m, , h, , 30º,
P, , C, , x, , 30º, , h, or h = 100 3 m, 100, h, 1, tan 30° = =,
x, 3, , In ∆ APB,, , tan 60° =, , In ∆ CPD,, , A, , x = 100 3 ×
3, = 300 m, ∴ The total distance between the towers,
= AP + PC = 100 + x, = 100 + 300 = 400 m, 10. Let the
length of the tree be x m. Suppose AQ be the, broken
part of the tree OP whose upper, P, part touches the
ground A such that, ∠ QAO = 60°, Given that,, OA = 20
m, Q, OQ, 20, OQ = 20 3 m, , tan 60° =, , , Now in, ,
60º, A 20 m O, , ∆ OAQ, AQ = (OA )2 + (OQ )2, , x+ y,
11. In ∆ ADC , cot α =, 60, , y, , B, , C, , h, and in ∆ ACD,
tan 30° =, x+ y, y 3, 1, , =, 3 x+ y, , , , In ∆ AOQ,, , 60º,
, x, , [using Eq. (i)], , , , 3y = x + y, , , , 2y = x y =, , x,
2, ∴ Time taken to cover a distance from A to B = 10,
10, Time taken to cover a unit distance =, x, Time
taken to cover a distance of y m, 10, 10 x, =, × y=, × = 5
min, x, x 2, 13. A flag BC of height h stands on the top
of a, hemispherical dome of radius 10 m ( AB). From a
point E, on the ground when the flag is just visible, the
angle of, elevation is 45°., ∴, ∠ DCA = 45°, , = 400 +
1200 = 40 m, , C, , ...(i), , h, , 45º, , B, , D, , D, α β, , 10, 10,
45º, E, , 60 m, , A, , In ∆DCA,, , A, , In ∆ BCD,, , α, x, , cot
β =, , β, B, , y, , , C, , y, 60, , ...(ii), , From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we get, x + 60 cot β, cot α =, 60, , 60 cot α = x + 60
cot β, , x = 60 (− cot β + cot α ), cos β cos α , x = 60
−, +, , sin β sin α , x = 60 (− sin α ⋅ cos β + cos α
⋅ sin β ) cosec α cosec β, x = 60 sin (β − α ) cosec α ⋅
cosec β, , N, , DA, sin 45° =, AC, 1, 10, =, 10 + h = 10
2, 10, +h, 2, , , , , h = 10 2 − 10, h = 10 ( 2 − 1) m, ,
14. In ∆ACD,, D, h, A, , 60º, , 30º, y, , tan 30° =, , CD, AC, ,
B, , C, x

Page 407 :
280, , NDA/NA Mathematics, (A) Put d = 100 m, α =
30, β = 45°, 3+1, 100 cot 45°, 100 × 1, ∴, h=, =, ×, cot
30° − cot 45°, ( 3 + 1), 3−1, 100( 3 + 1), =, = 50( 3 + 1)m,
3−1, Hence, both the statements are true and R is the,
correct explanation of A., , 1, 2, Let h be the height of
pole, then, in ∆ ABC,, BC, tan φ =, AB, h/3, h, =, =, 40
120, , 19. Q, , tan θ =, , 21. Let BD is a flag and BD = (h
+ 20) ft, , D, , D, 20 ft, , h, , C, θ, A, , φ, , 20, , 40 m, , and
in ∆ ABD,, tan (θ + φ ) =, , , , C, , h/3, , 60º, , BD, AB, ,
A, , 80 (60 + h ) = 240 h − h 2, 2, h − 160 h + 4800 = 0,
(h − 120) (h − 40) = 0, h = 120 m, , , , , (Q h > 100), ,
d, C, h, B, , In ∆ ABC,, h, AB, AB = h cot α, , tan α =, , In
∆ ABD ,, , h+ d, tan β =, AB, , AB = cot β (h + d ), From
Eqs. (i) and (ii),, h cot α = cot β (h + d ), d cot β, , h =,
cot α − cot β, , BD, AB, h + 20, 3=, AB, (h + 20), AB =, 3,
3, , tan 60° =, , D, , A, , B, , In ∆ABD,, , 20. (R) Let BC = h
be the height of the tower and CD = d be, the height
of the flagstaff., , α β, , h, , B, , 1, h, +, tan θ + tan φ, h, h,
2, 120, , =, =, h, 40, 1 − tan θ tan φ 40, 1−, 240, 2 (60
+ h ) h, =, (240 − h ) 40, , , , , , , ft, , …(i), , Now, in
∆ABC ,, AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2, 3 (h + 20)2, [from Eq. (i)],
, 202 =, + h 2,, 9, (h + 20)2 + 3h 2, , 400 =, 3, ,
1200 = h 2 + 40h + 400 + 3h 2, , 4h 2 + 40h − 800 =
0, , h 2 + 10h − 200 = 0, 2, , h + 20h − 10h − 200 =
0, , h (h + 20) − 10(h + 20) = 0, , h = 10, (Q h ≠ − 20),
∴ Height of flag = BD = BC + CD, = 10 + 20, = 30 ft, 22.
In ∆ ABC,, BD, AB, 30, 3=, AB, 30, 3, AB =, ×, 3, 3, ft, =
10 3, , tan 60° =, …(ii), , …(i), , , ,

Page 408 :
15, Inverse Trigonometric, Functions, Properties of
Inverse Trigonometric Function, , Inverse Functions, If
a function f is one-one and onto from A to B, then,
function of which associates each element y Î B to one
and, only one element x Î A, such that y = f ( x ) , then g
is called, the inverse of function of y., \, g = f -1 Þ x = f
-1( y ), %, , If y = f (x ) and x = g( y) are two functions
such that f { g( y)} = y, and g { f ( y)} = x , then f and g are
said to be inverse function of, each other., , Domain
and Range of Inverse Functions, S.No., 1., 2., ,
Function, sin -1 x, cos, , -1, , [-p / 2 , p / 2], , x, , [-1, 1], ,
[0, p ], , x, , R, , (-p / 2 , p / 2), , (-¥ , - 1] È [1, ¥ ), , [- p / 2 , p
/ 2] - {0}, , (-¥ , - 1] È [1, ¥ ), , [0, p ] - { p / 2}, , R, , (0, p ), ,
-1, , tan, , 4., , cosec -1 x, , 6., , -1, , sec x, cot, , -1, ,
Range, , [-1, 1], , 3., , 5., , Domain, , x, , Principal Value of
Inverse Functions, S.No. Function, , Principal value
branch, , 1., , sin -1 x, , - p /2 £ y £ p /2 , where y = sin -1
x, , 2., , cos -1 x, , 0 £ y £ p , where y = cos -1 x, , 3., , tan
-1 x, , - p /2 < y < p /2 , where y = tan -1 x, , 4., , cosec-
1x, , - p /2 £ y £ p /2 , where y = cosec-1x, y ¹ 0, , 5., ,
sec-1 x, , 0 £ y £ p, where y = sec-1 x, y ¹ p /2, , 6., , cot-1
x, , 0 < y < p , where y = cot-1 x, , p p, 1. (i) sin -1 (sin q )
= q ; " q Î é - , ù, êë 2 2 úû, (ii) cos -1 (cos q ) = q ; " q Î [0,
p ], p p, (iii) tan -1 (tan q ) = q ; " q Î æç - , ö÷, è 2 2ø, p p,
(iv) cosec -1 ( cosec q ) = q ; " q Î é - , ù , q ¹ 0, êë 2 2 úû,
p, (v) sec -1 ( sec q ) = q ; " q Î [0, p ], q ¹, 2, (vi) cot -1 (cot
q ) = q ;" q Î ( 0, p ), 2. (i) sin(sin -1 x) = x, " x Î [-1, 1], (ii)
cos(cos -1 x) = x, " x Î [-1, 1], (iii) tan(tan -1 x) = x," x Î R,
(iv) cosec( cosec -1 x ) = x," x Î ( -¥ , - 1] È [1, ¥ ), (v) sec(
sec -1 x) = x," x Î ( -¥ , - 1] È [1, ¥ ), (vi) cot(cot -1 x) = x,"
x Î R, 3. (i) sin -1 ( - x) = - sin -1 ( x)," x Î [-1, 1], (ii) cos -1 (
- x) = p - cos -1 ( x)," x Î [-1, 1], (iii) tan -1 ( - x) = - tan -1
x, " x Î R, (iv) cosec -1 ( - x) = - cosec -1 x,, " x Î ( -¥ , - 1] È
[1, ¥ ), (v) sec -1 ( - x) = p - sec -1 x," x Î ( -¥ , - 1] È [1, ¥ ),
(vi) cot -1 ( - x) = p - cot -1 x," x Î R, 1, 4. (i) sin -1 æç ö÷
= cosec -1 x," x Î ( -¥ , - 1] È [1, ¥ ), è xø, 1, (ii) cos -1 æç
ö÷ = sec -1 x," x Î ( -¥ , - 1] È [1, ¥ ), è xø, ì, cot -1 x, " x >
0, 1, (iii) tan -1 æç ö÷ = í, è x ø î - p + cot -1 x, " x < 0

Page 411 :
Exercise, Level I, æ 5ö, 1. What is the value of sec2
tan-1 ç ÷ ?, è 11 ø, , (NDA 2012 I), , (a) 121 / 96, (c) 146
/ 121, , (b) 217 / 921, (d) 267 / 121, 1, 1, 2. sin-1 x +
sin-1 + cos-1 x + cos-1 is equal to, x, x, p, (a) p, (b), 2,
3p, (d) None of these, (c), 2, 3. The value of sin (cot-1 x
) is, (a) 1 + x 2, (c) (1 + x 2 )-3/ 2, -1, , 4. If tan x - tan, (a)
x - y, x- y, (c), 1 + xy, , (b) x, (d) (1 + x 2 )-1/ 2, -1, , y = tan,
, -1, , A, then A is equal to, (b) x + y, x+ y, (d), 1 - xy, , é 1 -
sin x + 1 + sin x ù, 5. cot-1 ê, ú is equal to, ë 1 - sin x - 1
+ sin x û, (a) p - x, (b) 2p - x, x, x, (c), (d) p 2, 2, -1, 6. The
value of sin ( 2 sin 0.8) is, (a) 0.96, (b) 0.48, (c) 0.64, (d)
None of these, -1 3, -1 5, is, 7. The value of cot, + sin, 4,
13, 63, 12, (b) sin-1, (a) sin-1, 65, 13, 65, 5, (c) sin-1, (d)
sin-1, 68, 12, 8. tan (cos-1 x ) is equal to, (a), , 1- x, x, ,
(NDA 2008 I), , 2, , (b), , x, , 2, , 1 + x2, , 2, , 1+ x, (d) 1 - x
2, x, æ 1 ö, 9. If cos-1 ç, ÷ = q, then what is the value of,
è 5ø, cosec-1 ( 5) ?, (NDA 2007 II), (c), , æpö, (a) ç ÷ + q,
è 2ø, p, (c), 2, , æpö, (b) ç ÷ - q, è 2ø, (d) - q, , 10. If sin-1
x + cot-1 (1 / 2) = p / 2, then what is the value, of x?,
(NDA 2009 II), 1, (a) 0, (b), 5, 2, 3, (c), (d), 2, 5, 11. sin-1,
, 1, , p, 6, p, (c), 3, , 5, , + cot-1 3 is equal to, p, 4, p, (d), 2,
, (a), , (b), , 12. The value of sin cot-1 tan cos-1 x is
equal to, p, (a) x, (b), 2, (c) 1, (d) None of these, 1, 1, 1,
13. tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 is equal to, 2, 3, 4, 5, -1 3, (b)
tan-1, (a) tan, 5, 3, 1, 7, (c) tan-1, (d) tan-1, 5, 3, 4, 2ù, é,
14. The value of tan ê cos-1 + tan-1 ú is, 5, 3û, ë, 16, 7,
(a), (b), 17, 16, 16, 17, (d), (c), 7, 6, 1, 1, 15. If tan-1 -
tan-1 = tan-1 x, then x is equal to, 3, 4, 1, 1, (a), (b), 11,
12, 1, 3, (d), (c), 13, 4, 1, ö, æ, 16. If sin ç sin-1 + cos-1 x
÷ = 1, then x is equal to, ø, è, 5, (NDA 2011 I), (a) 0, (c)
4 / 5, , (b) 1, (d) 1 / 5, , 17. If sin-1 x - cos-1 x =, (a) x = (c)
x =, , 1, 2, , 1, 2, , p, , then what is the value of x?, 6,
(NDA 2008 I), (b) x = 1, (d) x =, , 3, 2

Page 412 :
285, , Inverse Trigonometric Functions, ép, æ, 3 öù,
18. The value of sin ê - sin-1 ç ÷ ú is, è 2 øû, ë2, 3, 3, (a),
(b) 2, 2, 1, 1, (d) (c), 2, 2, , 1, = 2, what is the principal
value of sin-1 x?, x, (a) 30°, (b) 45°, , 28. If x +, , (c) 60°, ,
30. What is the value of sin-1cos sin-1 x + cos-1sin
cos-1 x ?, (a) 2x, (b) p / 2, (c) - p / 2, , 4, 12ü, ì, 20. What
is the value of cos í cos-1 + cos-1 ý?, 5, 13þ, î, (NDA
2012 I), , (b) 33/65, (d) 11/65, , 21. If tan-1 2, tan-1 3
are two angles of a triangle, then, what is the third
angle?, (NDA 2012 I), (b) tan-1 4, (a) tan-1 2, (c) p/4, (d)
p/3, 22. What is the value of sin-1, p, (a), 3, 23. If sin-1,
(a) 1, 24. If sin-1, (a) 1, (c) 0, , 1, 4, + 2 tan-1 ?, 3 (NDA
2010 II), 5, p, p, (c), (d), 4, 6, , p, (b), 2, 5, 12, p, + sin-1, =
, then what is the value of x?, x, x, 2, (NDA 2010 I), (b)
7, (c) 13, (d) 17, 1, 1, x = tan-1 y, what is the value of 2 -
2 ?, x, y, (b) -1, (NDA 2007 II), (d) 2, , 25. If cos-1 x +
cos-1 y + cos-1 z = p, then, (a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + xyz = 0,
(b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + xyz = 1,
(d) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xyz = 1, x-1, x+1 p, = , then x is
equal to, + tan-1, x+2, x+2 4, 1, 1, (b) (a), 2, 2, 1, 5, (c) ±,
(d) ±, 2, 2, , 26. If tan-1, , 27. If sin-1 x + sin-1 y + sin-1 z
=, value of x + y + z?, (a) -3, 1, (c) 3, , 3p, , then what is
the, 2, , (b) 3, 1, (d), 3, , -1, , 29. If, cos x + cos y = p, what
is the value of, sin-1 x + sin-1 y?, (a) 0, (b) p / 2, (c) p, (d)
2 p, , é, æ1ö p ù, 19. tan ê 2 tan-1 ç ÷ - ú is equal to, è
5ø 4 û, ë, 17, 17, (b) (a), 7, 7, 7, 7, (d) (c), 17, 17, , (a)
63/65, (c) 22/65, , (d) 90°, -1, , (d) 2x + p, , p, 31. If sin-1
x = for some x Î ( -1, 1) , then the value of, 5, cos-1 x is,
3p, 5p, 7p, 9p, (a), (b), (c), (d), 10, 10, 10, 10, 32. If x 2 +
y 2 + z 2 = r 2, then, æ xz ö, æ xy ö, æ yz ö, tan -1 ç ÷ +
tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ is equal to, è zr ø, è xr ø, è yr ø, ,
p, 2, (d) None of these, , (a) p, , (b), , (c) 0, , 2p ö, æ, 33.
What is the value of sin-1 ç sin, ÷?, è, 3ø, (a) -, , p, 3, ,
(b), , 2p, 3, , (c) -, , 2p, 3, , (d), , p, 3, , 34. In a D ABC, if A =
tan-1 2 and B = tan-1 3, then C is, equal to, (NDA 2011
II), p, p, p, p, (a), (b), (c), (d), 3, 4, 6, 2, 35. What is the
value of tan-1 x + cot-1 x ?, p, -p, for x > 0 and, for x <
0, (a), 2, 2, p, (b), for all x, 2, -p, for all x, (c), 2, p, for
integral x, (d), 2, 36. What is the value of, tan (tan-1 x +
tan-1 y + tan-1 z ) cot (cot, (a) 0, 3p, (c), 2, , -1, , x + cot-
1 y + cot-1 z ) ?, , (b) 2 ( x + y + z ), 3p, +x+ y+ z, 2, , (d), ,
37. What is the value of x that satisfies the equation,
cos-1 x = 2 sin-1 x ?, 1, 1, (a), (b) -1, (c) 1, (d) 2, 2

Page 414 :
287, , Inverse Trigonometric Functions, 14. Which one
of the following is not correct?, (NDA 2008 II), , (a), (b),
(c), (d), , sin-1 {sin ( 5p / 4)} = - p / 4, sec-1 { sec ( 5p / 4)}
= 3p / 4, tan-1 {tan ( 5p / 4)} = p / 4, cosec-1 { cosec ( 7p
/ 4)} = p / 4, , 15. If sin2 x + sin2 y = 1, then what is the
value of, cot ( x + y )?, (NDA 2009 I), , (a) 1, , (b), , 3, , (c)
0, , (d) 1 /, , 16. Let - 1 £ x £ 1. If cos (sin-1 x ) =, value
does tan (cos-1 x ) assume?, (a) One, (c) Four, , 3, , 1, ,
then how many, 2, (NDA 2008 I), , (b) Two, (d) Infinite, ,
17. The equation sin-1 ( 3x - 4x3 ) = 3 sin-1 ( x ) is true
for, all values of x lying in which one of the following,
intervals?, (NDA 2008 I), , é 1 1ù, (a) ê - , ú, ë 2 2û, 1ù,
é, (c) ê - 1 , - ú, 2û, ë, , é1 ù, (b) ê , 1ú, ë2 û, , (c), , 2, , 1, 2, ,
(d), , 2 2, , D., , p, 2, p, (d), 3, , 20. What is the value of sin
[cot-1 {cos (tan-1 x )}], where, x > 0,, (a), (c), , ( x 2 + 1), (
x 2 + 2), ( x 2 + 1), ( x 2 + 1), , 21. Consider the
following, p, æ 2 ö, I. cosec-1 ç ÷=è, ø, 3, 3, , B., C., , (b), ,
p, 4, , A., , 1, , (NDA 2007 II), , (c), , 23. Match List I
(function ) with List II ( their values), and select the
correct answer using the codes given, below the lists.,
, (b) 0, , æm - nö, æmö, 19. What is the value of tan-1 ç
÷ - tan-1 ç, ÷?, ènø, èm + nø, (a) p, , Which of the
following statements given above are, correct?, (a)
Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, ,
List I, (Function), , (NDA 2007 II), , 1, , (b), (d), , ( x 2 + 2),
( x 2 + 1), ( x 2 + 2), ( x 2 + 1), , (NDA 2011 I), , 22.
Consider the following statements, æbö p, æaö, I. If
tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ = , then x = ab ., è xø 2, è xø, II. If
tan -1 ( x - 1) + tan -1 ( x ) + tan -1 ( x + 1) = tan -1 ( 3x ),,
1, then x = 0, ± ., 2, , (d) [- 1, 1], , é, ì, æ 15p öü ù, 18.
What is the value of cos ê tan-1í tanç, ÷ý ?, è 4 øþ úû, î,
ë, (a) -, , æ 2 ö p, II. sec-1 ç, ÷=, è 3ø 6, Which of the
above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I
and II, (d) Neither I nor II, , List II, (Their values), , æ,
æ3öö, cos ç tan -1 ç ÷ ÷, è4øø, è, , 1., , 1, 1ü, ì, sinísin -1
+ cos -1 ý, 2, 2þ, î, 1, 4, æ, ö, sin ç cos -1 ÷, è2, 5ø, 4, 2ü,
ì, tan í cos -1 + tan -1 ý, 5, 3þ, î, , 1, 17, 6, 4, 5, 1, 10, , 2.,
3., 4., , Codes, , A, (a) 3, (c) 3, , B, 1, 1, , C, 4, 2, , D, 2, 4, ,
A, (b) 1, (d) 1, , B, 3, 3, , C, 4, 2, , D, 2, 4, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 24-26) Each of these questions, contain two
statements, one is Assertion (A) and other is, Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has four, alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct, answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d)
given below., Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually
true and R is the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A
and R are individually true but R is not, the correct
explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is
false but R is true.

Page 415 :
288, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 24. Assertion (A) sin-1
x = tan-1, , x, , Directions (Q. Nos. 27-29), , 1 - x2, ,
Consider, , the, , statement, , Reason (R) -1 < x < 0,
æ1ö, æ1ö, 25. Assertion (A) The value of 2 tan-1 ç ÷ +
tan-1 ç ÷ is, è 7ø, è 3ø, p, equal to ., 2, 2x, Reason (R), 2
tan-1( x ) =, 1 - x2, æx+ yö, and, tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-
1 ç, ÷, è 1 - xy ø, 26. Assertion, (A) If, - 1 £ x < 0,,
cos(sin-1 x ) = - 1 - x 2, Reason (R) If - 1 £ x < 0, then, ,
then, , If sin-1 x + sin-1 y + sin-1 z =, when, , 3p, 2, , - 1 £
x , y , z £ 1, then, , 27. The value of x 2000 + y 2001 +
32002 is, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) None of these, 28. The
value of x 4 + y 4 + z 4 - 4x 2 y 2z 2 + 4xyz is, (a) 1 + 2x
2z 2 + 2 y 2z 2 - 2x 2 y 2, (b) x 2z 2 + y 2x 2, (c) x3 y3,
(d) None of the above, 29. The value of cos(sin-1 x +
sin-1 y ) is, (a) xyz, (b) - z, (c) x 2 + y 2, (d) None of these,
, sin(cos-1 x ) = 1 - x 2, , Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21.,
31., , (c), (b), (c), (a), , 2., 12., 22., 32., , (a), (a), (c), (b), , 3.,
13., 23., 33., , (d), (b), (c), (d), , 4., 14., 24., 34., , (c), (d),
(a), (b), , 5., 15., 25., 35., , (d), (c), (d), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36.,
, (a), (d), (c), (a), , 7., 17., 27., 37., , (a), (d), (b), (a), , 8., 18.,
28., 38., , (a), (c), (d), (d), , 9., 19., 29., 39., , (b), (d), (a), (d),
, 10., 20., 30., 40., , (b), (b), (b), (a), , Level II, 1. (c), 11. (c),
21. (c), , 2. (c), 12. (b), 22. (c), , 3. (d), 13. (d), 23. (a), , 4.
(c), 14. (d), 24. (a), , 5. (d), 15. (c), 25. (d), , 6. (c), 16. (b),
26. (d), , 7. (d), 17. (a), 27. (c), , 8. (c), 18. (c), 28. (a), , 9.
(a), 19. (c), 29. (b), , 10. (b), 20. (a)

Page 424 :
16, , Functions, Constant, A quantity which retains the
same value throughout a, set of mathematical
operation is called a constant., , Variable, A quantity
which can take a number of values is called, a
variable., Variables are of two types, (i) Independent
variable A variable which can, take an arbitrary value
from a given set is called an, independent variable., (ii)
Dependent variable A variable whose value, depends
upon the value of independent variable is, called a
dependent variable., , Function, Let X and Y be two
non-empty sets. A function f of X, into Y (or from X to
Y ) written as f : X Y is a rule or a, correspondence
which connects every member, say x of X, to exactly
one member say y of Y., , Domain and Range of a
Function, The set X is domain (or definition or inputs)
of f and Y is, called codomain of f. The set of f ( x ), {f ( x
), x ∈ X } consisting, of all images f (x), is called the
range of f i.e., range is, always a subset of the
codomain. Range is also set of, outputs., %, %, , y = f (x )
is not a function ( y as a function of x), if there is an
input, for which we get more than one outputs, y = f (x
) is not a function, if there is an element in the set of X
for, which we do not have it’s image (corresponding
element in set Y)., , Algebraic Operation on Functions,
(Combination of Functions), If f and g are two
functions with domains D1 and D2, respectively, then,
, 1. ( f + g) x = f ( x ) + g( x ) with domain D1 ∩ D2, 2. ( f −
g) x = f ( x ) − g( x ) with domain D1 ∩ D2, 3. ( fg) x = f ( x
) ⋅ g( x ) with domain D1 ∩ D2, f(x), f, 4. ( x ) =, , provided
g( x ) ≠ 0 with domain D1 ∩ D2, g( x ), g, , Example 1.
The domain of the function f ( x) = x2 − 4 is, (a) (−∞,
+∞), (c) (−∞, −2 ] ∪ [2, ∞), , (b) (−∞, −2], (d) None of
these, , Solution (c) Since, f ( x) is real number for
which x2 − 4 ≥ 0, , , x2 ≥ 4 x ≥ ± 2, , , x ∈ ( −∞ , −
2] ∪ [2, ∞), ∴ Required domain of f is ( −∞ , − 2] ∪ [2, ∞).,
, Example 2. The domain and range of the function, f (
x) =, , 1, are, respectively, 2 − cos 3x, 1 , 1 , (b) R −
{}, (a) R, ,1 , 1 , ,2 , 3 , 3 , (c) R − {2}, [2, 3], (d)
None of these, , Since, −1 ≤ cos 3x ≤ 1 for all x ∈ R ,,
therefore −1 ≤ − cos 3x ≤ 1 1 ≤ 2 − cos 3x ≤ 3 for all
x ∈ R, f ( x) is defined for all x ∈ R., ∴ Domain of f is a
set of real number R., 1, Range Let, f ( x) = y , =y, 2 −
cos 3x, 1, 1, 2 − cos 3x =, cos 3x = 2 −, , y, y, 1, ,
−1 ≤ 2 − ≤ 1, [Q − 1 ≤ cos 3x ≤ 1], y, 1, , −3 ≤ − ≤ −1, y,
1, , 3 ≥ ≥1, y, 1, 1 , ≤ y ≤ 1 y ∈ , 1 , , 3, 3 ,
1 , ∴ Range of f is , 1 ., 3 , , Solution (a) Domain

Page 425 :
298, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Intervals, , Onto and
Into Functions, , Closed interval If a real number x is
such that, a ≤ x ≤ b,then x lies in closed interval a and b
and is written, as x ∈ [a , b]. e.g., if x ∈[2, 3] 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
(here end points are, included)., Open interval If a real
number x is such that, a < x < b,then x lies in the open
interval a and b and written, as x ∈( a , b). e.g., x ∈ ( 2,3)
2 < x < 3. (here, end points are, not included).
Interval of real number R is written as, ( −∞ , ∞ )., Half
open, half closed interval If x is such that, a < x ≤ b. It is
written as ( a , b] or x ∈ ] a , b ] e.g.,, x ∈ ( 2, 3] 2 < x ≤
3 (here, left end point is not included, but right end
point is included)., Half closed, half open interval If x is
such that, a ≤ x < b. It is written as [a , b) or [a , b[ e.g., x
∈ [2, 3) or [2, 3[, 2 ≤ x < 3. (here, left end point is
included but right end, point is not included.)., One-
one and many-one functions If, f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) x1 =
x2 , then function f ( x ) is one-one. i.e., If, distinct
elements in domain of a function f have distinct,
images in codomain, then f is said to be one-one and
if,, there exist atleast two distinct elements in domain
having, same image,then it is many-one function. One-
one, functions are also called injective functions., , If
each element in codomain have atleast one, pre-
image in the set of domain, then the function is onto,
and if there is even single element in the set of
codomain, which does not have it’s pre-image, then it
is into function, or if range is same as codomain, then
function is onto and if, range is proper subset of
codomain, then the function is, into. Onto functions
are also called ‘surjective functions’., e.g.,, π π , 1. If a
function f : − , R is defined as y = sin x., 2 2 ,
Here, codomain of this function is R while range is,
[−1, 1]. Hence, the function is into function., 2. If a
function f: [− 1, 1] [0, 1] is defined as y = x 2., Here,
codomain of this function is [0, 1] and range is, also [0,
1], hence, the function is onto function., , y-axis, , y-
axis, , %, , Functions which are one-one functions as
well as onto functions, are called ‘bijective functions’., ,
Example 3. If the function f : R A given by f ( x) =, a
surjection, then the set A is, (a) [0, 1), (c) (2,3), , x-axis,
One-one function, , O, , x-axis, Many-one function, ,
Methods to Find one-one and, Many-one Functions, 1.
If x1 ≠ x2 f ( x1 ) ≠ f ( x2 ), then f ( x ) is one-one., 2. If
f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) x1 = x2 , then f ( x ) is one-one., 3.
Any function, which increases monotonically or,
decreases monotonically is one-one function i.e.,, f ′( x
) > 0 for all x in domain or f ′( x ) < 0 for all x in,
domain., 4. Any continuous function f(x) which has
atleast one, local maxima or local minima, is many-
one., 5. If there is any line parallel to x-axis
intersecting the, graph of y = f ( x ) in more than one
point, then, function is many-one., 6. We put f ( x1 ) = f
( x2 ). Since, x1 = x2 always satisfies, f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ), so
( x1 − x2 ) will be a factor of f ( x1 ) − f ( x2 )., Hence,,
we, can, write, as, f ( x1 ) − f ( x2 ) = ( x1 − x2 ) g( x1 , x2
), where g( x1 , x2 ) is, some function of x1 and x2.
Now, if g( x1 , x2 ) = 0, and x1 ≠ x2, hence f ( x ) is
many-one., , is, , (d) None of these, x2, x2 + 1, , y ( x2 +
1) = x2 x2 (1 − y) = y, , y, y, x=, 1− y, 1− y, y, Since, x
is real, therefore, ≥ 0 0 ≤ y <1, 1− y, , , O, , x2 + 1, ,
(b) (1,2), , Solution (a) We have, y = f ( x ) =, , , x2, , x2
=, , Therefore, the set A = [0 , 1), , Some Special
Functions, Constant function The function f : R R is
said, to be a constant function, if f ( x ) = c, ∀ x ∈ R,
Domain of f = R and Range of f = {c}., Identity function
The function f : R R is said, to be an identity
function, iff, f(x) = x, ∀ x ∈ R, Domain of f = R and
Range of f = R, Polynomial function A function f : R
R, defined by f ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ... + an x n ,
where, a0 , a1 , a2 , ... , an are real constants and n is a
non-negative, integer, is called a polynomial function.,
Rational function Let, P ( x ) = a0x n + a1x n − 1 + K +
an, and Q( x ) = b0x m + b1x m − 1 + K + bm, Then, f ( x
) =, , P( x), is called a rational function., Q( x )

Page 426 :
299, , Functions, Exponential function The function
defined by, f ( x ) = a x , x ∈ R is called an exponential
function., Domain of f = R and Range of f = ( 0, ∞ ),
Logarithmic function The function defined by, f ( x ) =
loga x is called a logarithmic function., Domain of
logarithmic function = ( 0, ∞ ), Range of, logarithmic
function = R, Trigonometric, function The, functions,
involving circular functions of variable angles are
known, as trigonometric function., Function, , Domain,
, Range, , sin x, , R, , [ − 1, 1 ], , cos x, , R, , [ − 1, 1 ], , tan x,
cot x, sec x, cosec x, , R − {( 2 n + 1), , π, : n ∈ I}, 2, , R −
{nπ : n ∈ I}, π, R − {(2 n + 1) : n ∈ I}, 2, , ( − ∞, − 1 ] ∪ [1, ∞),
, R − {nπ : n ∈ I}, , ( − ∞, − 1 ] ∪ [1, ∞), , sin x, cos −1 x, tan
−1 x, , [ − 1, 1 ], [ − 1, 1 ], R, , R, R, , cot−1 x, sec −1 x, , R, (
− ∞, − 1 ] ∪ [1, ∞), , cosec −1 x, , ( − ∞ , − 1 ] ∪ [1, ∞), , π, :
n ∈ I}, 2, R − {nπ : n ∈ I}, π, R − {( 2 n + 1) : n ∈ I}, 2, R − {n
π : n ∈ I}, R − {( 2 n + 1), , Absolute Value Function,
(Modulus Function), x, x ≥ 0, y =|x| = , − x, x < 0, x 2
=|x|, y-axis, , y=–x, , 1, if x > 0, |x|, ,x ≠ 0 , , = −1, if
x < 0, f(x) = x, 0 , x = 0 0, if x = 0, , y-axis, , 1, , x-
axis, , R, , Range, , Also,, , Signum Function, , O, ,
Domain, , −1, , 1.|x|≤ a − a ≤ x ≤ a 2.|x|≥ a x ≤ − a
or x ≥ a, 3.|x ± y|≤|x| +| y|, 4.|x ± y|≥||x| −| y||, , R, ,
Inverse, trigonometric, function The, functions
involving inverse trigonometric ratios are known, as
inverse trigonometric functions., Function, ,
Properties of Modulus Functions, , –1, , It is written as
sign x. Domain ∈ R, Range ∈ {−1, 0, 1} ., , Even and Odd
Functions, A function is said to be an even function, if f
( − x ) = f ( x ),, e.g.,, f ( x ) = cos x , f ( x ) = x 2 etc., On the
other hand a function is said to be an odd, function, if,
f(− x) = − f(x), e.g., f ( x ) = sin x , f ( x ) = x3 etc., ,
Properties of Even and Odd, Functions, 1. Derivative
of an odd function is an even function and, derivative
of an even function is an odd function., 2. Each
function can be expressed as the sum of an even, and
an odd function., 3. Graph of an even function is
symmetrical about y-axis, and the graph of an odd
function is symmetric about, origin., 4. f ( x ) = 0 is both
an even and an odd function., 5. f ( x ) = constant, is an
even function., , Even Extension and Odd, Extension
of a Function, , y=x, , Let y = f ( x ) is defined in [a , b],
then y = f ( − x ) is it’s, even extension in [− b, − a ] and y
= − f ( − x ) is it’s odd, extension in [− b, − a ]., 45°, , 45°,
O, , x-axis, , %, , Here, a and b both are either non-
negative or non-positive.

Page 427 :
300, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Example 4. If f is an
even function defined on the interval, [ −5, 5] , then
the number of real values of x satisfying the, x + 1 ,
equation f ( x) = f , is, x + 2 , (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4,
Solution (d) Since, f ( x ) is an even function defined on
[ −5, 5]., Therefore, f ( − x ) = f ( x ) for all x ∈ [ −5, 5], x
+ 1 , f ( x) = f , Q, , x + 2 , , , x=, , x + 1 , x+1, or
x = − , , x+2, x + 2 , , , or, , x2 + x − 1 = 0, 2, x + 3x
+ 1 = 0, −1 ± 5, , x=, 2, −3 ± 5, or, x=, 2, −1 + 5 −1 − 5
−3 + 5, Hence, the values of x are, ,, ,, 2, 2, 2, −3 − 5,
and, ., 2, , Periodic Function, A function f : X Y is said
to be a periodic function, if, there exist a positive real
number T such that, f ( x + T ) = f ( x ), ∀ x ∈ X . The least
value of T is called the, fundamental period of a
function. In general, the, fundamental period
(principal period) is called the period, of a function.
Graphically, graph gets repeated after each, period of
the function., , Properties of a Periodic Function, 1. If f
( x ) is a periodic function with fundamental period, 1,
will also be a periodic function with same, T, then, f(x),
fundamental period T., 2. If f ( x ) is a periodic function
with period T, then, f ( ax + b) is also a periodic
function with fundamental, T, period, ., |a|, 3. If f ( x ) is
a periodic function with period T, then, af ( x ) + b is
also a periodic function with same, fundamental
period T., 4. If f ( x ) and g( x ) are two functions with
fundamental, periods T1 and T2 respectively, then f ( x
) + g( x ) is a, periodic function with fundamental
period LCM of, T1 and T2 , provided f ( x ) and g( x )
cannot be, interchanged by adding a positive number
in x, which is less than LCM of T1 and T2, in that case,
period becomes that number and also LCM of T1, and
T2 should exist otherwise this is not a periodic,
function., , 5. If f ( x ) is a periodic function with period
T and g (x) is, a monotonic function, then g (f (x)) is also
a periodic, function with same period T as that of f (x).,
x, 2x, e.g., f ( x ) = sin + cos, is a periodic function with,
3, 3, LCM of 6π and 3π, so period of f ( x ) is 6π., ,
Example 5. Let f ( x) be a function and k be a positive
real, number such that f ( x + k) + f ( x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R, then
f ( x) is a, periodic function with period, (a) k, (b) 2k, (c)
3k, (d) 4k, , Solution (b) We have,, f ( x + k ) + f ( x ) = 0 ,
∀ x ∈R, , f ( x + k ) = − f ( x ), ∀ x ∈ R, , f ( x + 2k) = − f (
x + k), ∀ x ∈ R, , f ( x + 2k) = f ( x ), ∴ f ( x) is a periodic
function with period 2k., , Identical Functions or
Equal, Functions, Two functions y = f ( x )and y = g( x
)are equal functions,, if f ( x ) = g( x ) and they have
same domain and range., x2, x3, e.g., f ( x ) = x and g( x )
=, and g( x ) = 2 are equal, x, x, functions (identical
functions)., , Explicit Functions, y is said to be an
explicit function of the independent, variable x, if we
can write y = f ( x ) i.e., if y can be expressed, directly in
terms of the independent variable x., e.g.,, y = x 2 , y =
2x3 + 3x 2 + x + 9, , Implicit Functions, y is said to be
an implicit functions of the independent, variable x, if
it cannot be expressed directly in terms of x., e.g., x3 y
2 + 3xy 2 + x3 + y3 + 3 y + 2 x + 5 = 0, , Invertible
Functions, A function y = f ( x )is said to be invertible if
and only if f, is one-one onto., All one-one and onto
functions (bijective functions) are, invertible
functions. Their graphs are symmetrical about, the
line y = x., , Method of Finding Inverse of a, Function,
Suppose, y is written as a function of x., l First find x in
terms of y, −1, l and write it as f, ( y), , (step 1), (step 2)

Page 428 :
301, , Functions, , l, , Now, replace y by x., (step 3), π
π , e.g., y = sin x , D ∈ − , and codomain ∈ [−1,1], 2
2 , x = sin, , −1, , sin, %, , −1, , y =f, , −1, , x = f (x), , If f −1
(x ) is inverse function of y = f (x ), then D f = R f−1 and,
D f−1 = R f, , Example 6. The inverse of the function f (
x) =, y , (b) log , , 2 − y , , y, 2 −y, 1, (c), 1− y, , , , (
e x − e − x), ex + e− x, , +1, , 1/ 2, , ex − e− x, +1, ex + e−
x, , 5 , and g = 1, then the value of gof ( x) is, 4 ,
(a) 2, , y , x = log , , 2 − y , , =, , Let f : X Y and g
: Y Z be two functions, we define, a function h : X
Z by putting h ( x ) = g ( f ( x ))., , (d) 4, , 1 , 2π , π , , ,
1 − cos 2x + 1 − cos 2x +, + cos 2x + , , , 3 , 2 ,
3 , + cos, , π , 3 , , =, , 1 , 2π , π 1 , , , , 2 −
cos 2x + cos 2x +, + cos 2x + + , , , , 2 , 3,
3 2 , , , , =, , 1, 2, , π , π , 5, , , π , 2 − 2 cos
3 cos 2x + 3 + cos 2x + 3 , , , , 1 5,
π , π , , , − cos 2x + + cos 2x + , , , 2 2,
3 , 3 , 5, = , ∀ x ∈R, 4, 5 , gof ( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ,
4 , =, , 1/ 2, , Composite Functions, , (c) 3, , π , π , , ,
f ( x) = sin 2 x + sin 2 x + + cos x cos x + , , , 3 ,
3 , , y , 1, log , , 2, 2 − y , , , , (b) 1, , Solution (b)
Given that,, , y , y, = e2x 2 x = log , , 2 −y, 2 −
y , x=, , 3 , π , , + cos x cos x + , , 3 , , e2x − 1, y −
1 = 2x, e +1, , , , g (x), , π, Example 7. If f ( x) = sin2 x +
sin2 x + , , Applying componendo and dividendo
rule,, 2e2x, y − 1 + 1 e2x − 1 + e2x + 1, y, , = 2x, =, −2,
y − 1 − 1 e − 1 − e2x − 1 y − 2, , , f (x), , , , (d) None of
these, , Solution (b) Let y = f ( x) =, , x, , (step 3), , is, , g, ,
f, , (let) (step 2), , ( y), , −1, , (a), , h = gof, , ∴, , =1, , , ,
5 , given g 4 = 1 , ,

Page 429 :
302, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Comprehensive
Approach, n, , n, n, n, n, , n, , n, n, , n, , n, n, , n, , If a
polynomial satisfies the property, 1, 1, f ( x) + f =
f ( x) f , then f ( x ) = 1 ± xn ., x , x , Domain of
polynomial functions is ( − ∞ , ∞)., Range of odd degree
polynomial functions is ( − ∞ , ∞)., Even functions are
many-one functions., Any function can be written as
sum of an even function and an, odd function., f ( x) + f
( − x) f ( x) − f ( − x), i.e.,, f ( x) =, +, 2, 2, Every constant
function is an even function and f ( x) = 0is an even,
function as well as an odd function., f ( x) = x function
is an identity function. (Df ∈ R and Rf ∈ R), Constant
functions are periodic functions with no fundamental,
period., If f ( x) is inverse function of g( x) , then f ( g( x))
= x or g( f ( x)) = x, i.e.,, same as f −1( f ( x)) = x or f ( f −1(
x)) = x., f ( x) = 0 is the only function which is both even
and odd., If f ( x) is an odd function (or even function), f
'( x) is an even function, (or odd function). f ( x) is
differentiable of R., If A and B are finite having m and
n elements respectively, then, n P , if n ≥ m, (a)
Number of one-one function from A to B = m, 0 , if
n < m, , a, , r =1, , n, , n, , (c) Number of bijection = m!,
Number of disjoint elements in A and B are m and n
respectively ,, then number of mappings from A to B =
mn ., If A = B, then number of mappings from A to B =
nn ., , = f ( x), , = 2n log |x| , where n ∈ N., 1, 1, ≥ 2 (If x ∈
R+ ) and x + ≤ − 2 (If x ∈ R− ), x, x, Two functions y = f (
x) and y = g( x) can be combined (added,, subtracted,
multiplied or divided) only in common domains.,
Range of f ( x) = a sin x + b cos x + c is, 2n, , log x, , x+, ,
n, , n, , [c −, n, , n, , n, n, n, n, , n, , (b) Number of onto
functions = Σ ( −1) n − r nC r r m, , log a f ( n ), , n, , n, , a2
+ b 2 , c +, , a2 + b 2 ], , Range of f ( x) = ax + bx + c is,
D , D, , , − 4 a , ∞ , if a > 0 and − ∞ , − 4 a ,
if a < 0, , , (where D = b 2 − 4 ac), a, c LCM of a and c,
LCM of and =, b, d HCF of b and d, LCM of a rational
number and an irrational number does not exist., The
graph of an odd function is symmetric about origin.,
The graph of an even function is symmetric about y-
axis., If A and B are two different sets, the number of
elements in each of, these is n, then number of one-
one onto functions= n!., (a) If gof is one-one f is one-
one, (b) If gof is onto f is onto, (c) If f and g are one-
one onto, then gof will also be one-one, onto., If f ( x) is
any function, then, (a) f ( x) + f ( − x) is an even
function., (b) f ( x) − f ( − x) is an odd function., ax + b, If
y = f ( x) =, , then ( fof ) ( x) = x., x−a, 2

Page 430 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. Suppose that g ( x ) = 1 + x and, f ( g
(x)) = 3 + 2 x + x, then f (x) is, , (a) 1 + 2 x 2, (c) 1 + x, , (b)
2 + x 2, (d) 2 + x, , 2. The domain of the function log( x 2
− 6 x + 6) is, (a) ( − ∞ , ∞ ), (b) ( − ∞ , 3 − 3 ) ∪ ( 3 + 3 , ∞ ),
(c) ( − ∞ , 1] ∪ [ 5, ∞ ), (d) [0, ∞ ), 3. If n is an integer, then
domain of the function sin 2x, is, π, π , , , , (a) nπ −
, nπ , (b) nπ , nπ + , 2, 2 , , , , (c) [( 2n − 1) π , 2nπ ],
(d) [2nπ , ( 2n + 1) π ], 4. The domain of the function f (
x ) = exp ( 5x − 3 − 2 x 2 ), is, (a) [ 3/ 2, ∞ ), (b) [1, 3/ 2],
(c) ( − ∞ , 1], (d) (1, 3/ 2), 5. If f : R R, g : R R and g( x
) = x + 3 and, ( fog) ( x ) = ( x + 3)2, then what is the
value of f( − 3)?, (NDA 2010 I), , (a) − 9, , (b) 0, , (c) 9, (d)
3, 1, 2, 6. Given that f ( x ) = x + , then f ( x ) is equal to,
x, (NDA 2007 II), , x +1, x, + 2, x, x +1, 1, (c) x 4 + 4, x, 2,
, (a), , 1 , , (b) x + , , x , 1, (d) x 2 + 2, x, , 2, , 7. The
inverse f −1( x ) of the function f : [R{ 1}] [R/{ 1}],
x+1, is, defined by f ( x ) =, x−1, x+1, x−1, (a), (b), x−1,
x+1, 1, (d) x, (c), x, 8. If f ( x + 1) = x 2 − 3x + 2 , then f ( x
) is equal to, (a) x 2 − 5x − 6, (b) x 2 + 5x − 6, 2, (d) x 2 −
5x + 6, (c) x + 5x + 6, 9. If y = f ( x ) =, (a) 2x, (c) −x, , ax +
b, , then f ( y ) is equal to, cx − a, (b) x, (d) −2 x, , 10. Let
g( x ) = x3 − 4x + 6. If f ′ ( x ) = g′ ( x ) and f(1) = 2,, then
what is the value of f ( x )?, (NDA 2009 II), (b) x3 − 4x +
6, (a) x3 − 4x + 3, (d) x3 − 4x + 5, (c) x3 − 4x + 1, 3x + 2, ,
then the value of f −1( x ) is, 11. If f ( x ) =, 5x − 3, 3x +
2, (a) 4x − 2, (b), 5x − 3, x−1, (c), (d) None of these, x+1,
12. The period of function f ( x ) = sin4 x + cos4 x is, π,
(a) π, (b), (c) 2π, (d) 3π, 2, 13. The, domain, of, the,
function, f ( x ) = log ( x − 4 + 6 − x ) is, (a) [4, ∞ ), (c) [4,
6], , (b) ( − ∞ , 6], (d) None of these, , 14. The range of f (
x ) = cos ( x/ 3) is, (a) ( − 1 / 3, 1 / 3), (b) [− 1, 1], (c) (1 / 3,
− 1 / 3), (d) ( − 3, 3), 15. The domain of the function f ( x
) = sin−1 [log2 ( x/ 2)] is, (a) [ 1, 4], (b) [− 4, 1], (c) [− 1,
4], (d) None of these, x+2, 16. The range of the
function f ( x ) =, is, |x + 2|, (a) { 0, 1} (b) { − 1, 1}, (c) R, (d)
R − { − 2}, 2, 3, 17. If f ( x ) = x + , x ∈ R, then what is the
value of, 3, 2, f −1( x )?, (NDA 2010 II), 3x 2, 3x 9, (a),
(b), +, −, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2x 4, 2x 2, (d), (c), −, −, 3, 9, 3, 3, 18. If
f ( x ) = x and g( x ) =| x|, then what is the value of, (NDA
2008 I), ( f + g) ( x )?, (a) 0, ∀x ∈ R, (b) 2 x,∀x ∈ R, 0, for
x ≥ 0, 2x , for x ≥ 0, (d) , (c) , 2x , for x < 0, 0, for x
< 0, 19. The inverse of the function y =, (a) log10 ( 2 − x
), (c), , 1, 2x, log10, 4, 2− x, , 10 x − 10− x, , is equal to,
10 x + 10− x, 1, (b), log10 ( 2x − 1), 2, , (d), , 1, 1+ x,
log10, 2, 1− x

Page 431 :
304, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 2x , 1 + x , 20. If f (
x ) = log , is equal to, , then f , 1 − x , 1 + x2 ,
1 −, (a) f , 1 +, , x , , x , , (c) 1, , (b) f ( x )2, (d) 2f ( x ),
, 1 − x , 21. If f ( x ) = log , . What is the value of f (
a ) + f ( b) ?, 1 + x , (a) f ( a + b), , a − b , (b) f , , 1
+ ab , , a + b , (c) f , , 1 + ab , , (d) f ( a − b), , 22.
Let fog ( x ) = F ( x ). If F ( x ) = a 2 − x 2 and g( x ) = − x 2
,, what is the value of f ( x ) ?, (a), , a2 − x, , (b), , a2 + x, ,
(c), , a2 + x2, , (d), , a2 − x2, , 1, π , 23. If g( x ) = sin x, x
∈ R and f ( x ) =, , x ∈ 0, , what, 2 , sin x, is the
value of ( gof ) ( x )?, (NDA 2008 I), 1, (a) 1, (b), sin (sin x
), 1 , 1, (c), (d) sin , , sin x , sin2( x ), 1, 24. If f ( x )
= 2 + , then which one of the following is, x, correct?,
(a) As x increases, f ( x ) also increases., (b) As x
becomes larger and larger, f ( x ) assumes, values
nearer to 2., (c) As x increases, f ( x ) takes values
nearer and, nearer to 3 for sufficiently large values of
x., (d) As x becomes larger and larger, it is not possible,
to find the value of f ( x )., 1 − x , 1− x, , then f , is
equal to, 1 + x , 1+ x, 1− x, (a) x, (b), 1+ x, 1+ x, 1, (d),
(c), 1− x, x, , 25. If f ( x ) =, , 26. Let y 2 = 4ax , a ≠ 0. Now,
consider the following, statements, I. y = 2 ax
expresses y as a function of x., II. y = − 2 ax expresses y
as a function of x., III. y = ± 2 ax expresses y as a
function of x., Which of these is/are correct?, (a) I and
II, (b) I and III, (c) II and III, (d) Only III, , 2x − 1, , ( x ≠ 5),
then f −1( x ) is equal to, x+5, 1, x+5, 5x + 1, (b), (a), ,x ≠,
,x ≠2, 2x − 1, 2, 2− x, 1, x−5, 5x − 1, (d), (c), ,x ≠ −, ,x ≠2,
2x + 1, 2, 2− x, , 27. If f ( x ) =, , 2x + 1, , then ( fof ) (2) is
equal to, 3x − 2, (a) 1, (b) 3, (c) 4, (d) 2, 1+ x, , then f ( x )
is, 29. If f ( x ) = log, 1− x, (a) even function, (b) f ( x1 ) f (
x2 ) = f ( x1 + x2 ), f ( x1 ), (c), = f ( x1 − x2 ), f ( x2 ), (d)
odd function, 28. If f ( x ) =, , 30. What, is, the, period,
of, f ( x ) =|sin x| +|cos x| ?, (a) π/ 2, (b) π, (c) 2π, (d) π/ 4,
, the, , function, , 31. What is the inverse of f ( x ) = (1 −
x3 )1/ 5 + 2 ?, (a) [1 − ( x − 2)5 ]1/ 3, (b) [1 + ( x − 2)5 ]1/
3, 1/ 3, (d) [1 + ( x + 2)5 ]1/ 3, (c) ( x + 2), 32. A, ,
function, satisfies, the, condition, f(x), 1 , 1, , 2, f x +
= x + 2 , x ≠ 0. What is the value of f ( x ) ?, , x , x, 2,
(a) x − 2 for all x ≠ 0, (b) x 2 − 2 for all x satisfying|x|> 2,
(c) x 2 − 2 for all x satisfying|x|< 2, (d) x 2 + 2 for all x ≠
0, , 3x + 2 , 3 , x ≠ , then which one of the, 5x − 3 ,
5 , following is correct?, (a) f −1( x ) = f ( x ), (b) f −1( x )
= − f ( x ), 1, (c) ( fof ) ( x ) = − x, (d) f −1x = −, f(x), 19, x( x
− p) x ( x − q ), 34. f ( x ) =, +, , p ≠ q. What is the value of,
q− p, p− q, f ( p) + f ( q ) ?, (a) f ( p − q ), (b) f ( p + q ), (c) f (
p ( p + q )), (d) f ( q ( p − q )), 33. If f ( x ) =, , 1 , 35. If 2 f
( x + 1) + f , = 2 x and x ≠ − 1, then f ( 2) is, x + 1 ,
equal to, (a) −1, (b) 2, (c) 5/3, (d) 5/2, 36. The function f
: R R defined by f ( x ) = ex is, (a) onto, (b) many-one,
(c) one-one and into, (d) many-one and onto

Page 432 :
305, , Functions, , f ( x ) = ( 3 − cos 2 x )−1 ?, 1 1 , , ,
4 2 , 1 1 , 4 , 2 , , 37. If R denotes the set of all
real number, then the, function f : R R defined f ( x )
=| x| is, (a) one-one only, (b) onto only, (c) Both one-
one and onto, (d) Neither one-one nor onto, , 44.
What is the range of function, 1 , (b), (a) , 1 , 4 ,
1 , 1, (d), (c) − , − , 4, 2 , , 38. Let f : R R be
defined by f ( x ) = 2 x +| x|, then, f ( 2x ) + f ( − x ) − f ( x )
is equal to, (a) 2 x, (b) 2|x|, (c) − 2x, (d) − 2|x|, , 45. If X =
{ 1, 2, 3} and Y = { 0, 1} and f : X Y defined by, f = {(1,
1), ( 2, 1), ( 3, 0)}, then f is, (a) one-to-one but not onto,
(b) onto but not one-to-one, (c) one-to-one and onto,
(d) neither one-to-one nor onto, , 39. If f : R R and g :
R R defined by f ( x ) = 2 x + 3 and, g( x ) = x 2 + 7,
then the value of x for which, f ( g ( x )) = 25, are, (a) ±
1, (b) ± 2, (c) ± 3, (d) ± 4, 40. If f ( x ) =, , cos2 x + sin4 x,
sin2 x + cos4 x, , for x ∈ R, then f( 2002) equals, , 47. If f
( x ) = cos (loge x ) , then, , to, (a) 1, (c) 3, 41. If f ( x ) =, ,
(b) 2, (d) 4, 1, x + 2 2x − 4, , then f(11) is equal to,
(a)7/6, (c) 6/7, , 46. Domain of the function f ( x ) =
sin−1 (log2 x ) in the set, of real numbers is, (a) { x : 1 ≤
x ≤ 2}, (b) { x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 3}, , 1, (c) { x : − 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 }, (d) x
: ≤ x ≤ 2 , , 2, , +, , f(x) f( y) −, 1, , x − 2 2x − 4, , , for x >
2,, , (b) 5/6, (d) 5/7, , 42. Let f : R R : f ( x ) = x 2 and g :
R R: g( x ) = x + 5,, then gof is, (a) ( x + 5), (b) ( x + 52 ),
2, (c) ( x + 5), (d) ( x + 5)2, 43. The function f satisfies
the functional equation, x + 59 , 3 f(x) + 2 f , =
10x + 30 for all real x ≠ 1. The, x−1 , value of f( 7) is,
(a) 8, (b) 4, (c) −8, (d) 11, , (a) 1, (c) –2, , 1 y , ,f +
f ( xy ) has the value, , 2 x , , (b) 1/2, (d) 0, , 48.
The range of the function sin( sin−1 x + cos−1 x ),| x|≤
1, is, (a) [− 1, 1], (b) [1, − 1], (c) { 0}, (d) { 1}, 49. The
domain of sin−1 (log3 x ) is, (a) [−1, 1], (b) [0, 1], 1 ,
(c) [0, ∞ ], (d) , 3 , 3 , αx, , x ≠ − 1 for what value of
α is f ( f ( x )) = x?, x+1, (a) 2, (b) − 2, (c) −1, (d) 2, , 50. If f
( x ) =, , Level II, 1. The largest possible set of real
numbers which can be, 1, the domain of f ( x ) = 1 − is,
x, (a) ( 0, 1) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ), (b) ( −1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞ ), (c) ( −∞ , − 1) ∪ (
0 , ∞ ), (d) ( −∞ , 0) ∪ (1, ∞ ), 1, is, 2. The domain of the
function f ( x ) = log, |sin x|, (a) R − { 2nπ, n ∈ I }, (b) R − {
nπ, n ∈ I }, (c) R − { − π, π }, (d) ( − ∞ , ∞ ), 10 x − 10− x, 3.
The inverse of the function, is, 10 x + 10− x, 1 + x ,
1 − x , 1, 1, (a), (b), log10 , log10 , , , 1 − x , 1 +
x , 2, 2, 2x , 1, (d) None of these, (c) log10 , , 2 −
x , 4, , 4. Domain of f ( x ) = log|log x| is, (a) ( 0, ∞ ), (b)
(1, ∞ ), (c) ( 0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞ ), (d) ( −∞ , 1), 5. Which one of
the following is a bijective function on, the set of real
numbers?, (a) 2x − 5, (b) | x|, (c) x 2, (d) x 2 + 1, 6. If p, q
and r are positive integers, ω is the cube root of, unity
and f ( x ) = x3 p + x3 q + 1 + x3 r + 2, then what is the,
value of f(w)?, (NDA 2011 II), 2, (a) ω, (b) − ω, (c) − ω,
(d) 0, 7. The function y = f ( x ) = mx + c has, (NDA 2011
II), (a) maximum point but no minimum point, (b)
minimum point but no maximum point, (c) both
maximum and minimum points, (d) neither maximum
point nor minimum point

Page 433 :
306, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 8. Let X and Y be
subsets of R, the set of all real, numbers. The function
F : X Y defined by f ( x ) = x 2, for x ∈ X is one-one
but not onto, (here R + is the set of all positive real
numbers)., (b) X = R , Y = R +, (a) X = Y = R +, (c) X = R + ,
Y = R, (d) X = Y = R, 9. The, function, is, defined, by, f
:R R, f ( x ) = cos2 x + sin4 x for x ∈ R, then f ( R )
equals to, 3 , 3 , 3 , 3 , (b) , 1 , (c) , 1 , (d)
, 1 , (a) ,1 , 4 , 4 , , 4, 4, , , , 10 + x, , x ∈( − 10,
10) and, 10 − x, 200x , f ( x ) = kf , , then k is equal
to, 100 + x 2 , (a) 0.5, (b) 0.6, (c) 0.7, (d) 0.8, , 10. If e f
( x ) =, , 12. Suppose f : [2, 2] R is defined by, , for − 2
≤ x ≤ 0, −1, ,, f (x) = , x − 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, then { x ∈{
−2, 2}: x ≤ 0 and f (| x|) = x} is equal to, , (b) { 0}, (d) φ, ,
13. If f ( xy ) = f ( x ) f ( y ), then f(t) may be of the form,
(NDA 2012 I), , (a) t + k, (b) ct + k, where R is constant.,
, (c) t k + c, , 3 − 1 , (a) 0 < x < , , 2 , −1 − 5 , (c)
, < x< 0, 2 , , , 1, x, , x + 1 is, , 5 − 1 , (b) 0 < x ≤ ,
, 2 , 5 − 1 , (d) 0 ≤ x < , , 2 , , 18. If f ( x ) = 2 x
+ 7 and g( x ) = x 2 + 7 , x ∈ R, then which, value of x will
satisfy fog( x ) = 25?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) − 1 and 1, (b) −
2 and 2, (c) − 2 and 2, (d) None of these, 19. Let f : R
R be defined as f ( x ) = x|x|., , 11. If f : R R and g : R
R are defined by f ( x ) = 2x + 3, and g( x ) = x 2 + 7, then
the values of x such that, g( f ( x )) = 8, are, (a) 1, 2, (b) −
1, 2, (c) − 1, − 2, (d) 1, − 2, , (a) { − 1}, (c) { − 1 / 2}, , 17.
The domain of the function, , (d) t k, , 14. If the roots of
the equation x 2 − 4x − log3 N = 0 are, real, then what
is the minimum value of N?, (NDA 2011 II), , 1, (a), 256,
, 1, 1, 1, (b), (c), (d), 27, 64, 81, a, 15. If sin θ = x + , ∀ x ∈
R − { 0}, then which one of the, x, following is correct?,
(NDA 2011 II), 1, (a) a ≥ 4, (b) a ≥, 2, 1, 1, (c) a ≤, (d) a ≤,
4, 2, 16. If a real valued function of a real variable is
defined, as f ( x ) = cos−1( 3x − 1), then the domain of
the, function f, is given by, 1 , , (a) x : 0 ≤ x ≤ , (b) { x
: 1 ≤ x ≤ 2}, 3 , , 2 , 3 , , , (c) x : 0 ≤ x ≤ , (d) x : 0
≤ x ≤ , 3 , 2 , , , , Which one of the following is
correct?, (a) f is only into., (b) f is only one-one., (c) f is
neither onto nor one-one., (d) f is one-one and onto.,
20. Let f ( x ) be a differentiable even function.
Consider, the following statements, I. f ′( x ) is an even
function., II. f ′( x ) is an odd function., III. f ′( x ) may be
even or odd., Which of the above statements is/are
correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) I and III, (d) II and III,
21. Let g( x ) be the inverse of an invertible function f (
x ), which is differentiable at x = c. Which one of the,
following is equal to g ′ [ f ( c)]?, 1, (a) f ′( c), (b), f ′( c), 1,
(c) f ( c), (d), f ( c), 22. Let f : R R be defined by f ( x ) =|
x|/ x, x ≠ 0, f( 0) = 2., What is the range of f ?, (NDA
2009 II), (a) { 1, 2}, (b) { 1, − 1} (c) { −1, 1, 2} (d) { 1}, 23. A
function f : R R is defined by f ( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x − 2).,
Which one of the following is correct in respect of,
function?, (a) It is one-one but not onto., (b) It is onto
but not one-one., (c) It is both one-one and onto., (d) It
is neither one-one nor onto., 24. What is period of the
function, f ( x ) =|sin x + cos x| +|sin x − cos x| ?, (a) π/ 6,
(b) π/ 4, (c) π/ 2, , (d) π, , 25. Which one of the following
is correct for the graph of, y =|x|?, (a) It lies only in the
first quadrant of the xy-plane., (b) It lies only in the
first and third quadrants of the, xy-plane., (c) It lies
only in the first and second quadrants of, the xy-
plane., (d) It lies only in the third and fourth quadrants
of, the xy-plane.

Page 434 :
307, , Functions, 26. If f ( x ) = l x 2 + m x + n , x ∈ R,
then what is the value of, f ( x + 3) − f ( x ), ?, f ( x + 2) − f
( x + 1), (a) 0, (b) 3, 3l − m + n, l+m+n, (c), (d), l − 2m + n,
l+m−n, 27. If f ( x ) = ax + b and g( x ) = cx + d such that,
fog( x ) = gof ( x ), then which one of the following is,
correct?, (a) f ( a ) = g( c), (b) f ( b) = g( a ), (c) f ( c) = g( d ),
(d) f ( d ) = g( b), 28. A rectangular box with a cover is to
have a square, base. The volume is to be 10 cu cm. The
surface area, of the box in terms of the side x is given
by which one, of the following functions?, (NDA 2008
II), 2, (a) f ( x ) = ( 40 / x ) + 2 x, (b) f ( x ) = ( 40 / x ) + x 2,
(c) f ( x ) = ( 40 / x ) + x, (d) f ( x ) = ( 60 / x ) + 2 x, 29.
Which one of the following real valued function is,
never zero?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) Polynomial function, (b)
Trigonometric function, (c) Logarithmic function, (d)
Exponential function, 30. Let f : [− 100 π , 1000 π ]
[− 1, 1] be defined by, f(θ ) = sin θ. Then, what is the
number of values of, θ ∈ [− 100 π , 1000 π ] for which
f(θ ) = 0? (NDA 2007 I), (a) 1000, (b) 1101, (c) 1100, (d)
1110, 31. Let f : R R be defined as f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx +
c, a , b, and c being fixed non-zero real numbers.
Which one, of the following statements is correct in
general?, (NDA 2007 I), , (a), (b), (c), (d), , If b2 − 4ac > 0,
then f −1( 0) does not contain 0, If b2 − 4ac < 0, then f
−1( 0) must contain 0, If b2 − 4ac > 0, then f −1( 0) may
contain 0, If b2 − 4ac < 0, then f −1( 0) may contain 0, ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 32-36), , Each of these, questions
contain two statements, one is Assertion (A), and
other is Reason (R). Each of these questions also has,
four alternative choices, only one of which is the
correct, answer. You have to select one of the codes
(a),(b),(c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a) Both A and R
are individually true and R is the, correct explanation
of A., (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is
not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is
false., (d) A is false but R is true., , 32. Assertion (A)
The function f ( x ) =, , sec4x + cosec4x, x3 + x 4 cot x, ,
is, , an odd function., Reason (R) f ( x ) is an odd
function, since,, f ( x ) = − f ( − x )., 33. Assertion (A) If f (
x ) is a periodic function, then, T, ., f ( ax + b) is a
periodic function with period, |a|, T, ., Reason (R)
Since, f ( ax − b) has a period, |a|, 34. Assertion (A) The
modulus function f ( x ) =|x| is not, one-one., Reason
(R) The negative real numbers are not the, images of
any real numbers., If f ( x ) = x and F ( x ) =, , 35.
Assertion (A), , F ( x ) = f ( x ) always., Reason (R) At x =
0, F ( x ) is not defined., , x2, , then, x, , 36. Assertion (A)
The function f ( x ) =|x|/ x does not, pass through the
origin., Reason (R) f ( x ) is undefined for x ≤ 0., 37.
Match List I with List II and select the correct, answer
using the code given below the lists, List I, A., , List II, , f
( x) = cos x, , 1. The graph cuts y-axis in, infinite
number of points, B., 2. The graph cuts x-axis in, f ( x) =
ln x, two points, C. f ( x) = x2 − 5 x + 4 3. The graph cuts
y-axis in, only one point, D., 4. The graph cuts x-axis in,
f ( x) = e x, only one point, 5. The graph cuts x-axis in,
infinite number of points, (NDA 2007 I), , Codes, A B,
(a) 1 4, (c) 5 4, , C, 5, 2, , D, 3, 3, , A, (b) 1, (d) 5, , 38.
Function ‘f ’ defined by f ( x ) = x +, , B, 3, 3, , C, 5, 2, , D,
4, 4, , 1, , then consider the, x, , following statements,
(NDA 2008 II), 2, 2, I. { f ( x )} = f ( x ) + 2, II. { f ( x )}3 = f (
x3 ) + 3 f ( x ), Which of the correct in above
statements?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d)
Neither I nor II, 39. Consider the following
statements, I. Every function has a primitive., II. A
primitive of a function is unique.

Page 435 :
308, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Which of the
statements given above is/are correct?, (NDA 2010 I),
, (a) Only I, (c) Both I and II, , (b) Only II, (d) Neither I
nor II, , 40. Consider the following statements, 1− x, is
inverse of itself., I. f ( x ) =, 1+ x, II. f ( x ) = 5log x is
inverse of itself., Which of the statements given above
is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II,
(d) Neither I nor II, 41. Consider the following
statements, I. The function log ( x + ( x 2 + 1)) is an odd,
function., II. The function cos (log ( x + x 2 + 1 )) is an
even, function., III. If f ( x ) is an even function, then
curve y = f ( x ) is, symmetric about x-axis., Which of
the statements given above is/are correct?, (a) Only I,
(b) Only II, (c) Only III, (d) All I, II and III, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 42-44) Consider, x 2 − 4x + 3, x < 3, ;, f(x) = , x
− 4 , x ≥ 3, x − 3 ; x < 4, g( x ) = 2, x + 2x + 2, x ≥ 4 ,
then, , 42. The value of f + g, when x < 3 is, (b) x − 2, (a)
x 2 − 3x, (c) x − 1, (d) None of these, f, 43. The value of
when x ≥ 4 is, g, x−4, (a), x+2, x−4, (b) 2, x + 2x + 2, x+1,
(c), x−1, (d) None of these, 44. The value of f ( g( x ))
when x < 4 is, (a) ( x − 6)( x − 4), (b) ( x − 6)( x − 2), (c) ( x
− 3), (d) None of these, , Directions (Q. Nos. 45-46)
Consider the function, f(x) = x − x2, 45. The domain of
f ( x ) is, (a) [0, 2], (c) [0, 3], , (b) [0, 1], (d) None of these, ,
46. The range of f ( x ) is, 1 , (b) 0, , 2 , (d) None
of these, , (a) [0, 3], (c) [0, 1], , Answers, Level I, 1., 11.,
21., 31., 41., , (b), (b), (c), (a), (c), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., ,
(c), (b), (b), (a), (c), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (b), (c), (d), (a),
(b), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (b), (b), (b), (b), (d), , 5., 15., 25.,
35., 45., , (c), (a), (a), (c), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (b),
(b), (d), (c), (d), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , (a), (b), (b), (d), (d), ,
8., 18., 28., 38., 48., , (d), (c), (d), (b), (d), , 9., 19., 29., 39.,
49., , (b), (d), (d), (b), (d), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (d), (d),
(a), (a), (c), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (b), (c), (c), (a), (a), , 3.,
13., 23., 33., 43., , (a), (d), (b), (b), (b), , 4., 14., 24., 34.,
44., , (c), (d), (c), (a), (a), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (a), (c), (c),
(d), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (d), (c), (b), (c), (b), , 7., 17.,
27., 37., , (d), (b), (d), (c), , 8., 18., 28., 38., , (d), (c), (a), (c),
, 9., 19., 29., 39., , (c), (a), (d), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., , (a),
(b), (c), (a), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (d), (c), (b), (a),
(d)

Page 436 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. Given that, g (x) = 1 + x
and f ( g (x)) = 3 + 2 x + x ... (i), f (1 + x ) = 3 + 2 x + x,
Put 1 + x = y x = y − 1 x = ( y − 1)2, Then, f ( y) = 3
+ 2( y − 1) + ( y − 1)2, = 3 + 2 y − 2 + y2 + 1 − 2 y = 2 + y
2, Replacing y on x, we get f (x) = 2 + x2, 2. Let the
function be f (x) = log (x2 − 6x + 6 ) is defined,, when
log (x2 − 6x + 6) ≥ 0, , x2 − 6x + 6 ≥ 1 x2 − 6x + 5 ≥
0, , (x − 5) (x − 1) ≥ 0, This inequality hold, if x ≤ 1 or x
≥ 5. Hence, the domain, of the function will be (− ∞ , 1]
∪ [5, ∞ )., 3. Let f (x) = sin 2x, As sin 2x can’t be
negative., We know sin x is positive, if 0 ≤ x ≤ π, π, ,
sin 2x is positive, if 0 ≤ x ≤, 2, ∴ Domain of function sin
2x is [nπ , nπ + π /2]., 4. Given that, f (x) = exp ( 5x − 3 −
2x2 ), or, , f (x) = e, , 5 x − 3 − 2x 2, , For domain, 5x − 3 −
2x2 > 0, , , , ∴, , 2 x2 − 5 x + 3 ≤ 0 2 x2 − 2 x − 3
x + 3 ≤ 0, 2x(x − 1) − 3 (x − 1) ≤ 0 (2x − 3) (x − 1) ≤ 0,
3, 3, and x ≥ 1 1 ≤ x ≤, x≤, 2, 2, 3 , Domain of f (x) =
1, , 2 , , 5. Q fog (x) = (x + 3)2 = f ( g (x)), and, g (x) =
x + 3, , f (x + 3) = (x + 3)2, , f (x) = x2, , f (−3) =
(−3)2 = 9, 1 , 1 , , , 6. Given that, f (x) = x + f
2(x) = x + , , , x , x , x+1, x+1, 7. Let y = f (x) =, .
Now, y =, x−1, x−1, , , , 2, , xy − y = x + 1 x ( y − 1)
= y + 1, y+1, y+1, x=, f −1 ( y) =, y−1, y−1, x+1,
(replacing y by x), f −1 (x) =, x−1, , 8. We have f (x + 1) =
x2 − 3x + 2, Put x = x − 1, , , , f (x) = (x − 1)2 − 3(x − 1)
+ 2, f (x) = x2 − 2x + 1 − 3x + 3 + 2, f (x) = x2 − 5 x + 6,
ax + b, 9. y = f (x) =, f ( y) = f { f (x)}, cx − a, ax + b ,
a , +b, cx − a , a 2x + ab + bcx − ab, =, =, ax + b ,
acx + bc − acx + a 2, c , −a, cx − a , x (a 2 + bc), f (
y) =, =x, (a 2 + bc), 10. Given, f ′ (x) = g′ (x), On
integrating both sides, we get, f (x) = g (x) + C, …(i), , f
(x) = x3 − 4x + 6 + C, (given), Q, f (1) = 2, ∴, 2 = 1 − 4 + 6
+ C C = −1, [from Eq. (i)], ∴, f (x) = x3 − 4x + 5, 3x + 2,
11., y=, 5x − 3, 5xy − 3 y = 3x + 2 (5 y − 3) x = 3 y +
2, 3y + 2, x=, , 5y −3, 3x + 2, 3x + 2, −1, f ( y) =, f
−1 (x) =, 5y −3, 5x − 3, 12. Qsin 4 x + cos 4 x = (sin 2 +
cos 2 x)2 − 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x, 1 1 − cos 4 x 3 1, 1, = 1 −
(sin 2x )2 = 1 − , = + cos 4x, 4 4, 2 , 2, 2, Since, cos
x is periodic with period 2π, then cos 4x is, 2π π,
periodic with period, = ., 4 2, π, So, the period of
function f (x) = sin 4 x + cos 4 x is ., 2, 13. Given that, f
(x) = log ( x − 4 + 6 − x ), , x − 4 ≥ 0 and 6 − x ≥ 0 x ≥
4 and x ≤ 6, ∴ Domain of f (x) = [4, 6 ], 14. Given that, f
(x) = cos (x/3), We know that − 1 ≤ cos (x/3) ≤ 1, Range
of f (x) = [−1, 1], ∴, 15. Given that, f (x) = sin −1 [log 2
(x/2)], Domain of sin −1 x is x ∈ [− 1, 1], x, x , , −1 ≤
log 2 ≤ 1 2−1 ≤ ≤ 21, 2 , 2, 1 x, , ≤ ≤ 2 1 ≤ x
≤4, 2 2, ∴, x ∈[1, 4]

Page 437 :
310, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 16. Given that, f (x) =, ,
x+2, | x + 2|, , (1 + ab) − (a + b) , = log , , (1 + ab) +
(a + b) , , Now, we can define the function, − 1 , x < −
2, f (x) = , 1, x > − 2, ∴ Range of f (x) is { − 1, 1}, 2, 3,
17., f (x) = x + = y, 3, 2, , 4x + 9 = 6 y, 6y − 9, , x=, = f
−1 ( y), 4, 6x − 9 3x 9, , f −1(x) =, =, −, 4, 2 4, , (say), ,
18. Q f (x) = x and g (x) = | x|, ∴ ( f + g ) (x) = f (x) + g (x), =
x + | x|, x + x, x ≥ 0, (by redefining the function), = ,
x − x, x < 0, 2x, x ≥ 0, = , 0, x < 0, 19. We have, y =, ,
10 x − 10− x, 10 x + 10− x, , Using componendo and
dividendo,, 1+ y, 1 + y 2 ⋅ 10 x, = 102x, , , =, −x, 1−
y, 1 − y 2 ⋅ 10, , x=, , , , 1, log10, 2, , 1 +, , 1 −, , y ,
, y , , , , f, , ( y) =, , 1 + y , 1, log10 , , 2, 1 − y , ,
∴, , f −1 (x) =, , 1 + x , 1, log10 , , 2, 1 − x , , −1, ,
1 + x , 20. We have, f (x) = log , , 1 − x , 2x , , ,
1 +, 1 + x 2 + 2 x , 2x , 1, x 2 , +, , log, f , =, log,
=, , , , 2, 2, 1 − 2x , 1 + x , 1 + x − 2 x , , 2 , 1+
x , , 2, , 1 + x , 1 + x , = log , = 2 f (x), = 2 log
, 1 − x , 1 − x , 1 − x , 1 − a , 21. We have, f (x)
= log , , f (a ) = log , , 1 + x , 1 + a , 1 − b , f (b)
= log , , 1 + b , ∴, , 22. Given that, F (x) = a 2 − x2
and g (x) = − x2, , 1 − a , 1 − b , f (a ) + f (b) = log ,
+ log , , 1 + a , 1 + b , , f (x) = a 2 + x, , Let, then, , (
fog )(x) = f [ g (x)], , , , a 2 − x2 = F (x), , 23. Q g (x) = sin
x and, , f (x) =, , 1, sin x, , 1 , ( gof )(x) = g [ f (x)] = sin f
(x) = sin , , sin x , 1, x, Then, as x becomes larger
and larger, f (x) assumes, values nearer to 2., 1−x, 25.
We have, f (x) =, 1+ x, , 24. If f (x) = 2 +, , 1 − x , 1− , ,
1 + x , 1 − x , 1+ , , 1 + x , 1 + x − 1 + x 2x, =, =,
1+ x+1−x 2, , 1 − x , Then, f , =, 1 + x , , 1 + y ,
2x = log10 , , 1 − y , , , , ∴, , [Q log a + log b = log
ab], a+b , , −, 1, , , a + b , 1 + ab , = log , =f , ,
+, a, b, 1 +, , 1 + ab , , , 1 + ab , , , So,, , 1 − x ,
f , =x, 1 + x , , 26. We have, y2 = 4ax, a ≠ 0. So,
clearly y = ± 2 ax, 2x − 1, 27. We have, f (x) =, ...(i), x+5,
Let, ...(ii), y = f (x) x = f −1 ( y), 2x−1, where,, y=, x+5,
, yx + 5 y − 2x + 1 = 0, 5y + 1, We get,, x=, 2− y, 5y +
1, −1, [using Eq. (ii)], f ( y) =, ∴, 2− y, 5x + 1, or, , when x
≠ 2, f −1 (x) =, 2−x, 4+1 5, 2x+ 1, 28. Given that, f (x) =,
f (2) =, =, 6 −2 4, 3x − 2, 5, 2 × +1, 5 , 4, ∴, ( fof ) (2)
= f ( f (2)) = f =, 5, 4 , 3 × −2, 4, 10, +1, 14, = 4, =,
=2, 15, 7, −2, 4

Page 438 :
311, , Functions, 1 + x , 29. Here, f (x) = log , and
replacing x by − x, we get, 1 − x , 1 − x , 1 + x , f
(− x) = log , = log , , 1 + x , 1 − x , 1 + x , = −
log , = − f (x), 1 − x , , −1, , f (x) is an odd
function., 30. |sin x| and |cos x| has period π. Here, f (x)
is an even, function and sin x, cos x are
complementary., 1, π, Thus, period of f (x) = |LCM of π
and π |=, 2, 2, 31. We have, f (x) = (1 − x3 )1/5 + 2, Let,
y = (1 − x3 )1/5 + 2 y − 2 = (1 − x3 )1/5, 3, 1 − x = ( y −
2)5 , x3 = 1 − ( y − 2)5, x = [1 − ( y − 2)5 ]1/3, −1, f ( y) =
[1 − ( y − 2)5 ]1/3, On interchanging y by x, we get, f −1
(x) = [1 − (x − 2)5 ]1/3, 2, , 1 , 1, 1 , 1 , , , f x + =
x2 + 2 , f x + = x + − 2, , , x , x , x , x, ∴, f (x) =
x2 − 2, Hence, f (x) = x2 − 2 , ∀ x ≠ 0, 3x + 2, 33. Given
that, f (x) =, 5x − 3, 3x + 2, Let, =y, f (x) = y , then, 5x − 3,
3y + 2, 3y + 2, , x=, f −1 ( y) =, 5y − 3, 5y − 3, x, +, 3,
2, ∴, f −1 (x) =, = f (x) for all x, 5x − 3, 32., , f −1 (x) = f (x),
x (x − p) x (x − q), 34., f (x) =, +, q− p, p−q, p ( p − p) p ( p
− q ), , f ( p) =, +, =p, (q − p), ( p − q), q (q − p) q (q − q),
and, f (q) =, +, =q, (q − p), ( p − q), ( p + q ) ( p + q − p) ( p +
q ) ( p + q − q ), Now, f ( p + q) =, +, (q − p), ( p − q), q ( p +
q ) ( p + q ) ( p), =, +, q− p, ( p − q), 2, 2, pq + q − p − pq, =,
(q − p)2, 2, q − p2 (q − p) (q + p), =, =, q− p, (q − p),
Hence,, , = q + p = f (q) + f ( p), ∴ f ( p) + f (q) = f ( p + q),
1 , 35. We have, 2 f (x + 1) + f , = 2x and x ≠ − 1, x
+ 1 , Put, , x = 1, we get, , 1 , 2 f (1 + 1) + f , =2 ×1,
1 + 1 , , 1 , 2 f (2) + f = 2, 2 , Putting x = − 1 /2
, we get, 1 , 2 f + f (2) = − 1, 2 , , , , ...(i), , ...(ii), ,
Multiplying Eq. (i) by 2 and subtracting Eq. (ii) from,
Eq. (i), we get, 1 , 4 f (2) + 2 f = 4, 2 , 1 , f (2) +
2f = − 1, 2 , –, –, +, 3 f (2) = 5, , f (2) = 5 /3, 36.
Function f : R R is defined by f (x) = ex ., Let x1 , x2 ∈
R and f (x1 ) = f (x2) ex1 = ex2 x1 = x2., Therefore,
f is one-one, let f (x) = ex = y. Taking log on, both sides,
we get x = log y, We know that log is defined only of
non-zero positive, number, we conclude that there is
some element left in, codomain which does not have
pre-image., Therefore, function f is into., x, x ≥ 0, 37.
The given function is f (x) =|x|= , − x, x < 0, and, f
:R R, Then, it is clear that function is neither one-
one nor, onto., 38. Given that, f (x) = 2x + | x|, ∴, f (2x) =
2 (2x) + |2x| = 4x + 2| x|, f (− x) = − 2x + | − x| = − 2x + |
x|, ∴, f (2x) + f (− x) − f (x), = 4x + 2| x| + | x| − 2x − 2x − |
x| = 2| x|, 39. Given that, f ( g (x)) = 25 f (x2 + 7) = 25,
, 2 (x2 + 7) + 3 = 25 2x2 = 8 x2 = 4, , x=±2, cos
2 x + sin 4 x, sin 2 x + cos 4 x, cos 2 x + sin 2 x (1 − cos 2
x), f (x) =, sin 2 x + cos 2 x (1 − sin 2 x), sin 2 x + cos 2 x
− sin 2 x cos 2 x, f (x) =, sin 2 x + cos 2 x − sin 2 x cos 2
x, , 40. Given that, f (x) =, , , , ∴, f (x) = 1, This is a
constant function f (2002) = 1, 1, 1, 41. f (x) =, +, x +
2 2 x −4, x −2 2 x −4, 1, 1, +, f (11) =, 11 + 2 22 − 4, 11 −
2 22 − 4, 1, 1, +, f (11) =, 11 + 2 18, 11 − 2 18, 1, 1, =, +,
3 2 + ( 2 )2 + 2 9 × 2, 3 2 + ( 2 )2 − 2 9 × 2, =, , 1, 1, 3− 2
3+ 2 6, +, =, +, =, 7, 7, 7, 3+ 2 3− 2

Page 439 :
312, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 42. gof = g { f (x)} = g
(x2) = x2 + 5, x + 59 , 43. Given that, 3 f (x) + 2 f ,
= 10x + 30, x −1 , Or it can be written as, x + 59 ,
40x + 560, 3f , + 2 f (x) =, x −1, x −1 , , …(i), , …(ii), ,
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 6x2 − 4x − 242, f (x)
=, x−1, 6 × 49 − 28 − 242 294 − 270 24, ∴, f (7) =, =, =4,
=, 6, 6, 6, 1, 44. We have, f (x) = (3 − cos 2 x)−1 =, 3 −
cos 2 x, The function f (x) is defined for all x ∈ R., ∴
Domain of f (x) is R. Let f (x) = y,, 1, then, = y and y > 0,
(3 − cos 2 x), 1, 3y − 1, , 3 − cos 2x =, cos 2x =, y, y,
1, −1 3 y − 1 , , x = cos , , y , 2, Now, x ∈ R, if, ,
3y − 1, ≤1, y, 1, , −1 ≤ 3 − ≤ 1, y, −1, 1, , −4 ≤, ≤ −2
2 ≤ ≤ 4, y, y, 1, 1, < y≤, , 4, 2, 1 1 , ∴ Range of
function y ∈ , ., 4 2 , −1 ≤, , 46. Q, , , , , 1, ∴
Domain of the function = x : ≤ x ≤ 2 , , 2, 47. Q f (x)
= cos (log e x), , 1 y , ,f + f (xy) , , , , 2 x, ,
= cos (log e x) cos (log e y), 1 , , y , , − cos log e
+ cos log e(xy) , x , 2 , , 2, = cos (log e x) cos log e
y − cos (log e x) cos (log e y), 2, =0, , ∴, , f (x) f ( y) −, , 48.
sin (sin −1 x + cos −1 x) = sin π / 2 = 1, ∴ Range of sin
(sin −1 x + cos −1 x) = 1, 49. For domain of sin −1 (log3
x), − 1 ≤ log3 x ≤ 1, , 3 –1 ≤ x ≤ 3, 1 , ∴ Domain of
sin −1 (log3 x) = , 3 , 3 , αx, 50., f (x) =, x+1, αx ,
α , , αx , x + 1 , α 2x, =, ∴, f ( f (x)) = f , =, α x+
x+1, x + 1 α x , +1, , x + 1 , But, ∴, , 45. We
have, X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {0, 1}, and f : X Y is defined
by f = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 0)}, Here, f shows the property
of onto not one-to-one., , −1 ≤ log 2 x ≤ 1, 2−1 ≤ x ≤ 21,
1, ≤ x ≤2, 2, , , , , , , , f ( f (x)) = x, α 2x, =x, αx+
x+1, α 2 = α x + x + 1 α 2 − 1 = (α + 1) x, (α − 1) (α +
1) − (α + 1) x = 0, (α + 1) (α − 1 − x) = 0, α + 1 =0, (Qα −
1 − x ≠ 0), α = −1, , Level II, 1−, , 1., , , 1, >0, x, , Taking
log, we get x =, , x −1, >0 x<0, x>1, x, , , 2. f (x) = log,
, (−∞ , 0) ∪ (1, ∞ ), 1, sin x ≠ 0, |sin x|, , x ≠ n π +
(−1)n0 x ≠ n π ., All real values of x except {n π}, i.e.,
Domain of f (x) = R − { nπ, n ∈ I }, −x, , 10 − 10, 10 − 1,
y = 2x, −x, x, 10 + 10, 10 + 1, 1+ y, 2x, 2x, 10 (1 − y) =
(1 + y) 10 =, 1− y, , 3. Let f (x) = y =, , x, , 2x, , , , f, , ,
, f, , 1 + y , 1, log10 , , 2, 1 − y , , −1, , ( y) =, , 1 +
y , 1, log10 , , 2, 1 − y , , −1, , (x) =, , 1 + x , 1,
log10 , , 2, 1 − x , , 4. Given that, f (x) = log|log x|, f
(x) is defined, if|log x| > 0, and x > 0 i. e., if x > 0 and x ≠
1, (Q|log x| > 0, if x ≠ 1), , x ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞ ), 5. |x|is not
one-one, x2 is not one-one, x2 + 1 is not one-one., But
2 x − 5 is one-one because, f (x) = f ( y) 2x − 5 = 2 y −
5 x = y, 5+ y, Now,, y=2 x−5 x=, 2

Page 440 :
313, , Functions, For every value of y, we get pre-
image., ∴ It is onto., ∴, f (x) = 2x − 5 is bijective., 6.
Given, p, q and r ∈ z + ,, and ω is the cube root of unity.,
Then,, , f (x) = x3 p + x3 q + 1 + x3 r + 2, , , , f (ω ) = ω3
p + ω3 q + 1 + ω3 r + 2, = (ω ) + (ω ) ⋅ ω + (ω ) ⋅ ω, 3 p, ,
3 q, , 3 r, , 2, , = 1 + ω + ω2 = 0, 7. Given function, f (x) =
y = mx + c., Which is the general equation of straight
line and a, straight has neither maximum point nor
minimum, point, dy, = m = constant, Q, dx, So, the
function has not any point to define its, maximum or
minimum position., 8. Now, f (x1 ) = f (x2) x12 = x22
x1 = x2, [if X = R+ ], Since, f (x) is onto. It mean that
we take all real number, in codomain either it has pre-
image or not, ∴Y = R, y = f (x) = cos 2 x + sin 4 x, , ,
, , y = f (x) = cos 2 x + sin 2 x (1 − cos 2 x), y = cos 2 x +
sin 2 x − sin 2 x cos 2 x, y = 1 − sin 2 x cos 2 x, 1, 1, , y
= 1 − (2 sin x cos x)2 y = 1 − sin 2 2 x, 4, 4, 2, 1, 2x,
sin, We know, 0 ≤ sin 2 2 x ≤ 1 − ≤ −, ≤0, 4, 4, 3, 3, sin
2 2x, , ≤1 −, ≤1 , ≤ f (x) ≤ 1, 4, 4, 4, 3 , , f (x) ∈ ,
1 , 4 , 10 + x , 10 + x, 10. ef ( x ) =, , x ∈ ( − 10, 10)
f (x) = log , , 10 − x, 10 − x , , , , , 200x , ,
10 + 100 + x2 , 200x , f , , = log , 2, 100 + x
, 10 − 200x , , 100 + x2 , 10 (102 + x2 + 2 ×
10x) , 200x , f , = log , , 2, 2, 2, 100 + x , 10
(10 + x − 2 × 10x) , 2, , ∴, , Hence,, f (| x|) = x, This,
option satisfies the condition., 13. Given that, f (xy) = f
(x ) f ( y), , Q ω3 = 1 and , , = (1) p + (1)q ⋅ ω + (1)r ⋅
ω 2 , , 2, 1 + ω + ω = 0 , , 9., , 12. Now, taking
option (c), 1, 1 , 1 1, By verification f − = f
= − 1 = −, , , 2 , 2, 2, 2, , 10 + x , (10 + x) , =
log , = 2 log 10 − x = 2 f (x), (, x, ), 10, −, , , , , 1
200x , 1, f (x) = f , k = = 0.5, 2 100 + x2 , 2, ,
11. Given that, g [ f (x)] = 8 g (2x + 3) = 8, , (2 x +
3)2 + 7 = 8, (Q f (x) = x2 + 7 given), 2x + 3 = ± 1 2x
= ± 1 − 3 x = − 1, − 2, , From option, we take f (t ) = t
k, then,, f (xy) = (xy)k = (x k ) ( y) y = f (x ) ⋅ f ( y), 14.
Given equation is, x2 − 4x − log3 N = 0, Then, ∆ ≥ 0 for
real roots, , B2 − 4 AC ≥ 0, , (−4)2 − 4(1)(− log3 N )
≥ 0, , 16 + 4 log3 N ≥ 0, , log3 (3)16 + log3 (N )4 ≥
0, , log3 {(3)16 ⋅ (N )4 } ≥ 0, , 316 ⋅ N 4 ≥ 30 = 1, 1,
1, 1, 4, , N ≥ 16 N ≥ 4 =, 81, 3, 3, 1, ∴ Minimum
value of N is ., 81, a, 15. Given , sin θ = x + ,∀ x ∈ R − {0},
x, We know that,, AM ≥ GM, 1/ 2, a , a , , , x +
≥ 2 x. , x , , x , , sin θ ≥ 2 a, 2 a ≤ sin θ, , We
know that −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1, , …(i), , [from Eq.(i)], …(ii), ...
(iii), , From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get, , , 2 a ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
2 a ≤ 1 , , a≤, , 1, 1, a≤, 2, 4, , 16. Given that, f (x)
= cos −1 (3x − 1), Then, the domain of cos −1 (3x − 1)
exist between the, interval [–1, 1]., , −1 + 1 ≤ 3 x ≤ 1
+ 1, [Q − 1 ≤ 3x − 1 ≤ 1], 2, 2 , , 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 2 0 ≤ x ≤
x ∈ 0, , 3, 3 , 2 , , −1, ∴ Domain of cos (3x − 1)
is x : 0 ≤ x ≤ ., 3 , , 1, +, x, x>0, , 17. The given
function f (x) =, , 1, For domain, +, x, , , , , x + 1 is
defined for, , x+ 1 ≥0, x2 + x ≥ −1 x2 + x − 1 ≥ 0, , ,
−1 − 5 , −1 + 5 , x − , ≥0, x − , 2, 2,
, , , , , , , −1 − 5 , −1 + 5 , ≥ 0 or
x − , ≥0, x − , 2, 2, , , , , , , , …(i)

Page 441 :
314, , NDA/NA Mathematics, −1 − 5, −1 + 5, or x ≥, …
(ii), 2, 2, , , −1 − 5 , −1 + 5 , and, ≤ 0 or x
− , ≤0, x − , 2 , 2 , , , , , −1 − 5, 5 −1, or x
≤, , x≤, 2, 2, 5 −1, From all these conditions, we get 0
< x ≤, ., 2, , , x≥, , 18. f (x) = 2 x + 7 and g (x) = x2 + 7, ∴,
, fog (x) = f { g (x)} = f (x2 + 7), = 2(x2 + 7 ) + 7 = 2 x2 +
14 + 7 = 2x2 + 21, , But, , fog (x) = 25, , , , 2 x2 + 21 =
25 x2 = 2, , , , x=± 2, , (given), , 24. Given that f (x) =
|sin x + cos x| + |sin x − cos x|, π, π, , π, ,
Now, f + x = sin + x + cos + x , 2, 2, ,
2, , π, , π, , + sin + x − cos + x , , 2,
, 2, = |(cos x − sin x)| + |(cos x + sin x)|, = |sin x +
cos x| + |sin x − cos x|, π, , f + x = f (x), , 2, , π,
This shows that period of given function is ., 2, 25. The
graph of y =|x| lies only in the first and second,
quadrants of the xy-plane., y, y, , 19. We have, f : R R
is defined as f (x) = x|x|, when x < 0 f (x) = − x2, ∀ x ∈
R, and when x > 0 f (x) = x2, ∀ x ∈ R, which is only
into., , =, , |, |x, , O, , x, , 20. Since, f (x) is an even
function, therefore, f (− x) = f (x) for all x , − f ′ (− x) = f ′
(x) for all x, f ′ (− x) = − f ′ (x) for all x, ∴ f ′ (x) is an
function., 21. Since, g (x) is the inverse of function f (x),
therefore, gof (x) = I (x) for all x, Now, gof (x) = I (x), gof
(x) = x, ( gof )′ (x) = 1,, (using chain rule), g′ ( f (x)) f ′ (x)
= 1,, 1, g ′ ( f (x)) =, f ′ (x), 1, (by putting x = c), , g ′ ( f
(c)) =, f ′ (c), 1, , g ′ ( f (c)) =, f ′ (c), 22., , | x|, ,, , Given,
f (x) = x, 2,, , x≠0, x=0, , 1,, , Now, redefine the
given function = 2,, − 1 ,, , ∴ Range of f (x) is { −1, 1,
2}., 23. Q f (x) = (x − 1) (x − 2), For one-one, Let, f (x1 ) =
f (x2), , , (x1 − 1) (x1 − 2) = (x2 − 1)(x2 − 2), , , , x12 −
3x1 = x22 − 3x2, , (x1 − x2) (x1 + x2 − 3) = 0, , , x1
= x2 or x1 + x2 = 3, , Since, at x1 = 1 and x2 = 2 1 + 2
= 3, ∴ Function is not one-one., For onto, Range of f (x)
is R., ∴ Function is onto., , x>0, x=0, x<0, , 26. We have,
f (x) = l x2 + mx + n, f (x + 1) = l (x + 1)2 + m (x + 1) + n, =
l (x2 + 2 x + 1) + m (x + 1) + n, = l x2 + (2l + m) x + l + m
+ n, f (x + 2) = l (x + 2)2 + m (x + 2) + n, = l (x2 + 4x + 4) +
m (x + 2) + n, = l x2 + (4l + m) x + 4l + 2m + n, and, , f (x
+ 3) = l (x + 3)2 + m (x + 3) + n, = l (x2 + 6x + 9) + m (x +
3) + n, , = l x2 + (m + 6 l) x + 9 l + 3m + n, f (x + 3) − f (x),
Now,, f (x + 2) − f (x + 1), lx2 + mx + 6lx + 9l + 3m + lx2
− mx − n, = 2, lx + 4 xl + mx + 4 l + 2m + n − lx2 − 2l x −
mx − l − m − n, =, , 6 lx + 9 l + 3m 3 (2 lx + 3 l + m), =, =3,
2 lx + 3 l + m, 2 lx + 3 l + m, f (x) = ax + b and g (x) = cx +
d, fog (x) = f [ f (x)] = a (cx + d ) + b, = acx + ad + b, gof (x)
= g [ f (x)] = c(ax + b) + d, = acx + bc + d, fog (x) = gof (x),
acx + ad + b = acx + bc + d, ad + b = bc + d, f (d ) = g (b), ,
27. We have,, , and, Also,, , , , , 28. Let the height
of rectangular box be y cm., ∴ Volume of rectangular
box = x × x × y = 10, , (given)

Page 442 :
315, , Functions, 10, (Q volume = l × b × h) …(i), x2,
Now, surface area of box, = 2(x2 + xy + yx), [Q surface
area = 2(lb + bh + hl)], 2 20 , 2, [from Eq. (i)], = 2(x +
2xy) = 2 x +, , , x , 40, = 2 x2 +, x, , , y=, , Q f −1 (0)
does not contain 0 for non-zero real numbers, a, b and
c., So, option (a) is correct., 32. Q, , f (x) =, , ∴, , f (− x) =, ,
sec 4 (− x) + cosec 4 (− x), (− x)3 + (− x)4 cot (− x), sec
4x + cosec 4x, = − f (− x), =− 3, x + x4 cot x, , 29. We
know that the exponential function is never zero.,
Because its graph never passes through the origin., y, ,
x′, , f (x) = − f (− x), Thus, both A and R are true and R
is the correct, explanation of A., , y = ex, , (0,1), , 33. If f
(x) is a periodic function with period T, then f (ax + b),
T, is a periodic function with period, . But also f (ax −
b), |a |, T, ., is a periodic function with period, |a |, Thus,
both A and R are true but R is not the correct,
explanation of A., , x, , O, , y′, , 30. Given that,, f :
[−100π , 1000π ] [−1, 1], And, Now,, , f (θ ) = sin θ,
sin θ = 0 = sin 0, , , , θ = nπ , where n ∈ Z, , Then,, , n =
− 100 to n = 1000, , …(i), , Now, the number of values
of θ which satisfy the Eq.(i), = 1000 + 100 = 1100, Q f
(θ ) is defined for every integer value of n., 31. Given, f
(x) = ax2 + bx + c, b, c , , f (x) = a x2 + x + , , a, a ,
, 2 bx, b2, b2, c , = a x +, +, −, + , 2, 2, a, a, 4a, 4a, ,
, 2, 2, , , b , b − 4ac, , = a x +, , −a , 2, , 2a ,
4a , 2, , Let, , , (b2 − 4ac), b , , y = f (x) = a x +, −,
, 2a , 4a, 2, b2 − 4ac , b , , a x +, , = y+ , , 2a
, 4a , , , , x+, , , , f, , −1, , b, =, 2a, , y b2 − 4ac ,
+ , , a 4a 2 , , ( y) = −, , b, +, 2a, , y b2 − 4ac , + , ,
a 4a 2 , , b, +, 2a, , b2 − 4ac, 4a 2, , f, , , , 34. The
assertion and reason both are true and R is the,
correct explanation of A. The correct reason may
stated, as follows., For y = f (x) = |x|to be one-one
every element must have, a distinct image but in the
present case it is not so,, since, distinct elements have
same images. For, example, the correct image of x and
(−x) comes out to, be x. Thus, the function cannot be
one-to-one., x2, 35. Assertion (A) f (x) = x and F (x) =, x,
At x = 0, F (x) ≠ f (x), ∴ It is false statement., Reason (R)
It is true that F (x) is not defined at x = 0., ∴ Option (d)
is correct., 36. Assertion (A) At x = 0, f (x) =, , −1, , (0) =
−, , 37. (A) The graph of f (x) = cos x cuts x-axis in
infinite, number of points., (B) The graph of f (x) = ln x
cuts x-axis in only one point., (C) The graph of f (x) = x2
− 5x + 4 cuts x-axis in two points., (D) The graph of f
(x) = ex cuts y-axis in only one point., y, , x′, , b, +, 2a, ,
b2 − 4ac, 2a, , Graph of cos x, , 5π/2, , π/2, O, , b2 − 4ac
> 0, f −1 (0) = −, , |x|, does not defined, x, , ∴ It is true.,
Reason (R) Since, f (x) is defined for every value of x,
except x = 0., ∴ It is false., , y = 0,, , At, , Here,, , sec 4x +
cosec 4x, x3 + x4 cot x, , y′, , 3π/2, , x

Page 443 :
316, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Graph of loga x, , y, ,
(1,0), x′, , O, , x, , x′, , y, , O, , y′, 0<a<1, , (1,0), a>1, , y′, ,
B (4,0), , A, O (1,0), , x, , x, , O, , 2, , 1, 1 , , + 2 = x + =
{ f (x)}2, , x , x2, 1, 1 , , 3, 3, f (x ) + 3 f (x) = x + 3 + 3
x + , , x , x, 3, 1, , , = x + = { f (x)}3, , x , , 38. f
(x2) + 2 = x2 +, , , 1, x2 + 1 ) = log , x2 + 1 +, , , f
(− x) = − f (x), ∴ f (x) is an odd function., , x2 + 1 )), , =
cos (log (x +, , x2 + 1 )) = g (x), , , g (− x) = g (x), ∴ g (x)
is an even function., III. If f (x) is an even function, then
the curve y = f (x), is symmetric about x-axis., , = x2 −
6x + 9 − 4x + 12 + 3 = x2 − 10x + 24, , x2 + 1 ), , x2 + 1 )
= − f (x), , = cos (− log (x +, , 44. ∴ f ( g (x) ) = (x − 3)2 − 4
(x − 3) + 3, , 39. Every function doesn’t have a
primitive, but a primitive, of a function is unique, by
definition of function., 1−x, 1− y, 40. I. Let y =, y(1 +
x) = (1 − x) x =, 1+ x, 1+ y, 1−x 1−x, is, ., ∴ Inverse of,
1+ x 1+ x, Thus, f (x) is inverse of itself., II. Let y = 5 log
x, , log y = log x log 5, log y, log x =, log x = log5 y
x = elog 5 y, , log 5, i.e., inverse of 5log x is elog 5 y,
Thus, f (x) is not inverse of itself., Hence, it is clear that
the statement I is correct., , = − log(x +, , x2 + 1 )), , , ,
x − 1, when x < 3, , x− 4, = , , when 3 < x < 4, x− 3, ,
x− 4, , when x ≥ 4, x 2 + 2x + 2, For x < 4 , g (x) = x −
3, , y′, , ∴ f (− x) = log (− x +, , g (− x) = cos (log (− x +, ,
42. ( f + g ) x = f (x) + g (x), = (x2 − 4x + 3 ) + (x − 3),
when x < 3, = x2 − 3x , when x < 3, x2 − 4 x + 3, x − 3
, when x < 3, , f (x) , x −4, 43., = , , when 3 < x < 4, g
(x) , x −3, x −4, , , when x ≥ 4, x2 + 2 x + 2, , , (0, 1), ,
41. I. Let f (x) = log (x +, , ∴, , x −3 ,, x2 − 4 x + 3 ,,
x<3, , , 3 ≤ x < 4, g (x) = x − 3 ,, f (x) = x − 4 ,, x2 +
2 x + 2 ,, x −4 ,, x ≥4, , , , Graph of e x, y, , and, , x + 1
)), , Solutions (Q. Nos. 42-44), , y′, , x′, , g (x) = cos (log
(x +, , x, , Graph of f(x) = x 2 – 5x + 4, f(x) = (x – 1) (x –
4), y, , x′, , II. Let, , , , x , , = (x − 6) (x − 4), , Solutions
(Q. Nos. 45-46), 45. The given function is defined only
if, x − x2 ≥ 0 x(1 − x) ≥ 0, , x(x − 1) ≤ 0 0 ≤ x ≤ 1,
Hence, domain of f (x) is [0,1]., 46. To find out its range,
Let, y = x − x2,, so that, , , y2 = x − x2, x2 − x + y2 = 0
x =, , 1 ± 1 − 4 y2, 2, , Since, x is real., ∴, 1 − 4 y2 ≥ 0,
, 4 y2 − 1 ≤ 0 (2 y + 1)(2 y − 1) ≤ 0, 1, 1, , − ≤ y≤,
2, 2, But x ≥ 0, ∴y cannot be negative., 1, ∴, 0 ≤ y≤ ⋅, 2,
1 , i.e., The range is 0, ., 2 , , x<3, 3 ≤ x <4, x ≥4

Page 444 :
17, Limits, Continuity, and Differentiability, Limit of a
function exists, if, left hand limit = right hand limit, ,
Limits, Limit of a function y = f ( x )at a point x = a
exists, if as x, approaches a from left or from right, y =
f ( x ) approaches to, same value., y-axis, , Definition of
Limit, A real number l is called the limit of the function
f, if, for every ε > 0, however small, there exists δ > 0
such that, | f ( x ) − l|< ε , whenever 0 <| x − a|< δ, or we
write lim f ( x ) = l, , y = x + 2, x ≠ 2, , x a, , 2, ,
Indeterminate Forms, –2, , e. g. ,, , f(x) =, , O, , x-axis, , 2,
, If a function f ( x ) takes any of the following forms at,
0 ∞, x = a , , , ∞ − ∞ , 0 × ∞ , 00 , ∞ 0 , 1∞ , then f ( x ) is
said to be, 0 ∞, indeterminate at x = a., , x2 − 4, x−2, ,
(we have to check limit at x = 2), f(x) = x + 2, ( if x ≠ 2),
%, , Function is not defined at x = 2., Now,, if x = 1.9,
1.999, 1.99999, and, x = 2.1, 2.001, 2.0001, , 1. lim (
mx + c) = ma + c, x a, , 2. lim, , x a, , f (x ) = 3.9, 3.999,
3.99999, f (x ) = 4.1, 4.001, 4.0001, , n, , x=, , n, , a, , 3.
lim ( cf ( x )) = c lim f ( x ), x a, , x a, , 4. lim ( f ( x ) + g(
x )) = lim f ( x ) + lim g( x ), x a, , x a, , x a, , 5. lim ( f (
x ) − g( x )) = lim f ( x ) − lim g( x ), x a, , So, as x
approaches 2 either from left or from right, f ( x ), gets
closer and closer to 4. So, limit of f ( x )at x = 2is 4.
Limit, at x = a of a function y = f ( x ) is written as lim f (
x ), left, x a, , hand limit at x = a is written as lim f ( x )
or f ( a − h ) or, x a−, , −, , f ( a ), similarly right hand
limit is written as lim f ( x ) or, x a, , f ( a + h ) or f ( a + )
., , Some Important Properties of Limits, , +, , x a, ,
x a, , 6. lim ( f ( x ) g( x )) = lim f ( x ) lim g( x
) , , x a, x a, x a, 7. lim ( f ( x ))n = lim f (
x ) , , x a, x a, lim f ( x ), f ( x ) x a, 8. lim ,
=, x a g( x ) , lim g( x ), x a, , n, , Provided lim g( x
)≠0 , , , , ,x a

Page 445 :
318, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 9. lim f ( g( x )) = f lim
g( x ) (Only, if f ( x ) does not have, , x a, x a,
non-removable discontinuity at x = g( a )., (i) lim log f (
x ) = log lim f ( x ) , x a, x a, , , Important
Results, 1., 2., , lim f ( x ), , (ii), , lim e f ( x ) = ex a, , 3., ,
x a, , lim g ( x ), , x a, 10. lim [ f ( x )] g ( x ) = lim f ( x
) , , x a, x a, , 4., , 11. If f ( x ) ≤ g( x ), then lim f (
x ) ≤ lim g( x ), , sin f ( x ), =1, f ( x), , Provided lim f(x)
= 0 , , , x a, , lim cos f ( x ) = 1, , Provided lim
f(x) = 0 , , , x a, , lim, , x a, , x a, , lim, , x a, ,
Provided lim f(x) = 0 , , , x a, , tan f ( x ), =1, f ( x), ,
Provided lim f(x) = 0 , , , x a, , lim (1 + f ( x ))1 /
f (x ) = e, , x a, , f (x ), , 5., , , 1 , lim 1 +, , x a , f ( x
) , , 1, 13. If lim f ( x ) = + ∞ or − ∞, then lim, =0, x a, x
a f(x), , 6., , lim, , e f (x ) − 1, =1, f ( x), , x − 7x + 15 x −
9, , 7., , lim, , b f (x ) − 1, = log b ( b > 0), f ( x), , lim, , xm −
am m m − n, = a, n, xn − an, , x a, , x a, , 12. lim | f ( x )|
= lim f ( x ), x a, , x a, , 3, , Example 1. The value of
lim, , x 3, , (a) 4, (c), , 2, 3, , 2, , x − 5 x + 27x − 27, 2, (b),
9, 4, , 3, , is, , (d) None of these, , 8., , x a, , x a, , x a, ,
Provided lim f(x) = ∞ , , , x a, , =e, ,
Provided lim f(x) = 0 , , , x a, , Example 3. The
value of lim, , x 0, , Solution (b) We have, lim, x 3, ,
x3 − 7x2 + 15x − 9, x4 − 5x3 + 27x − 27, , ( x − 3) ( x2 −
4x + 3), x 3 ( x − 3) ( x3 − 2 x2 − 6 x + 9), , = lim, , ( x −
3) ( x − 1), x2 − 4x + 3, = lim, = lim 3, x 3 ( x − 3) ( x2 +
x − 3), x 3 x − 2 x2 − 6 x + 9, , 4, 3, 2, (c), 3, , (a), , x
0, , x 0, , = lim, , ( x + x2 + x3 + K + xn) − n, is, x 1, x
−1, , (b), , n(n + 1), 3, , (d) None of these, , Example 4.
The value of lim, , π, x , 4, , ( x − 1), ( x3 − 1), x2 − 1, +
lim, + lim, x 1 ( x − 1), x 1 ( x − 1), x 1 ( x − 1), , =
lim, , (x n − 1), + K + lim, x 1 (x − 1), , (a) 4, , (b) 2, ,
Solution (c) lim, x , , π, 4, , cos x − sin x, is, , π, − x
(cos x + sin x), , 4, (c) 1, (d) 3, , cos x − sin x, π, , −
x (cos x + sin x), 4, , , = 1 + 2 (1) 2 − 1 + 3 (1)3 − 1 +
K + n (1) n − 1, n (n + 1), 2, , x , x , − log 5 − log 1 −
, 5 , , 5, x, , x , x , , , log 1 + , log 1 − , , , ,
5 1 1 2, 5, = lim, = + =, − lim, x 0, x, 0, , x, x, 55
5, , ( −5) − , 5 , 5 , 5 , , 2, , ( x + x2 + x3 + K +
xn) − n, Solution (a) lim, x 1, x −1, , =1+ 2 + 3 + K + n
=, , x , x , , − log 5 1 − , , , 5 , 5 , ,
x, , , log 5 + log 1 +, , , x 0, , lim, , n(n + 1), 2, n2, (c),
4, , log (5 + x) − log (5 − x), x, , , log 5 1 +, , = lim,
, Example 2. The value of, , (a), , (d) None of these, ,
Solution (b) lim, , 2, 3 −1, x −1, =, = lim 2, =, x 3 x + x −
3, 9 + 3 −3 9, , log (5 + x) − log (5 − x), is, x, 2, (b), 5, , =
lim, x , , π, 4, , 1, 1, , 2 , cos x −, sin x , 2, , 2, π,
, − x (cos x + sin x), 4,

Page 446 :
319, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, , = lim, ,
π, x , 4, , =, , , π, 2 sin − x , , 4, 1, ⋅, π, (cos x + sin
x), , , − x , , 4, , Example 6. The value of lim, , x
0, , (a) 4, , 2, 2, 2, =, =, =1, 1, 1, π, π , , 2, +, cos + sin ,
, 2, 2, 4, 4 , , (b), , x2, x3, +, +…, 2! 3!, x2, x3, a x = 1 + x
log a +, (log a )2 +, (log a )3 + …, 2!, 3!, x2, x3 x4, log (1 +
x ) = x −, +, −, + …, | x | < 1, 2, 3, 4, n( n − 1) 2, (1 + x )n =
1 + nx +, x +…, 2!, x3, x5, sin x = x −, +, −…, 3! 5!, x2, x4,
cos x = 1 −, +, −…, 2! 4 !, 3, 5, 2x, x, tan x = x +, +, +…, 3,
15, 1 2 3 1 2 ⋅ 3 2 5 12 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 5 2 7, x +, x +, sin −1 x = x
+, x +…, 3!, 5!, 7!, x3, cos−1 x = x −, +…, 6, 3, x, x5, tan
−1 x = x −, +, −…, 3, 5, xn − an, = xn − 1 + xn − 2 a + xn −
3a2 + … + an − 1, x−a, , 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., ,
Example 5. The value of lim, , ex + e− x − 2, x2, (b) 1, (d)
3, , x 0, , (a) 4, (c) 2, , is, , = lim, , ex + e− x − 2, lim, x
0, x2, , , x2 x3 x4, = lim 1 + x +, +, +, + K , x 0 , 2!
3! 4!, , , , x2 x3 x4, + 1 − x +, −, +, − K − 2, 2! 3! 4!,
, , x2, , 1, x, x, 2x2 +, +, + K , !, !, !, 2, 4, 6, , , 2, ,
= lim, , x 0, , 2, , 4, , x, 1, , = 2 + 0 + 0 + K = 1, 2!,
, , 2, 3, , (d) None of these, , x cos x − log (1 + x), x2, 2,
, , , x, x4 x6, +, −, + K , x 1 −, , , 2! 4! 6!, , ,
2, 3, 4, , , x, x, x, , − x −, +, −, + K , 2, 3, 4, ,
, , , x2, 1 x x, 1, = lim −, − + K =, 2, x 0 2,
2! 3, x 0, , Standard Results, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , lim c =
c, , x a, , lim sin x = 0, , x 0, , lim cos x = 1, , x 0, , lim
tan x = 0, , x 0, , sin x, tan x, = lim, =1, x, , 0, x, x, lim
(1 + x )1 / x = e, lim, , x 0, x 0, , x, , 7., 8., , 1 , , lim 1
+ = e, x ∞ , x , lim (1 + λx )1 / x = e λ, , x 0, , x, , 9.,
10., 11., 12., , Solution (b), , (c), , is, , x 0, , 1. e x = 1 + x
+, , 3., , 1, 2, , x2, , Solution (b) lim, , Important Results, ,
2., , x cos x − log (1 + x), , 13., 14., 15., , λ , , lim 1 +
= e λ, x ∞ , x , x, a −1, = loge a, lim, x 0, x, ex − 1,
lim, =1, x 0, x, xn − an, lim, = na n − 1, x 0 x − a, loga
(1 + x ), = loga e, lim, x 0, x, sin −1 x, tan −1 x, lim, =
lim, =1, x 0, x 0, x, x, If m and n are positive integers
and a0 , b0 are non-zero real, numbers, then, a x m +
a1 x m − 1 + … + am, lim 0 n, x ∞ b x + b xn − 1 + … +
b, 0, 1, n, a0, , if m = n, b, 0, = 0, if m < n, ∞, if m
> n, ,

Page 447 :
320, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , , , , Example 7. The
value of lim tan , x 0, , (a) e, , (b), , 1, e, , (c) e 2, ,
π, , , Solution (c) lim tan + x , , 4, x 0 ,
, 2 tan x , = lim 1 +, , x 0 , 1 − tan x , , 1/ x, , 1/ x,
, lim, , Example 9. If f ( a) = 2, f ′ ( a) = 1, g ( a) = − 1, g ′ (
a) = 2. Then,, , 1/ x, , π, , + x is, , 4, , the value of,
lim, , (d) e3, , x a, , 1 + tan x , = lim , , x 0 1 −
tan x , , 2 tan x, , ⋅, , = ex 0 1 − tan x, , 1, x, , 2, , lim, ,
(a) 5, , 1/ x, , = ex 0 1 − tan x, , Solution (a) We have,
lim, , x a, , ⋅, , tan x, x, , = e2, , 1/ x, , = 2 (2) − ( −1) (1) =
4 + 1 = 5, , 1/3, , (a) 4abc, (c) 2a, , (b) ( abc ), (d) None of
these, , x 0, , x 1/ x, , a + b + c, , 3, , , , Solution
(b) lim , , x, , x, , , ax + b x + c x − 3 , = lim 1 +, , x
0 , 3, , , 1/ x, , ( ax − 1) + ( b x − 1) + ( cx − 1) , = lim
1 +, , x 0 , 3, , a x − 1 b x − 1 c x −1, lim , +, +,
3x, 3x, 3x, , x 0 , , 1, 3, , =, , g ( x) f ( a) − g ( a) f ( x),
x−a, , = g ′ ( a) f ( a) − g ( a) f ′ ( a), , ax + b x + c x , is,
x 0 , 3, , , =e, , (d) 1, , Using L’ Hospital’s rule,, g ′ ( x)
f ( a) − g ( a) f ′ ( x), = lim, x a, 1, , Example 8. The
value of lim , , =e, , g ( x) f ( a) − g ( a) f ( x), is, x−a, (b) 4,
(c) 3, , 1/ x, , , , , , , Continuous Function, The word
‘continuous’ means without any break or, gap. If the
graph of a function has no break or gap or jump,, then
it is said to be contiuous., A function which is not
continuous is called a, discountiuous function. While
studying graphs of, functions, we see that graphs of
functions sin x, x cos x, ex, 1, etc., are continuous but
reciprocal function has break at, x, x = 0, so it is not
contiuous. Similarly, tan x, cot x, sec x etc.,, are also
discontinous function., y, , x, x, x, , , lim a − 1 + lim b
− 1 + lim c − 1 , x 0 x, x, x , x, , 0, x, , 0, , , 1,
(log a + log b + log c ), e3, , (0,1), , =e, , = ( abc), , 1/3, , –
2π, , –π, , Let f ( x )and g( x )be two functions such that f
( a ) = 0and, g( a ) = 0, then, f(x), f ′ (x), lim, = lim, x a
g( x ), x a g′ ( x ), , Sandwitch Theorem or, Squeeze
Principle, If f , g and h are functions such that f ( x ) ≤ g(
x ) ≤ h( x ),, then, lim f ( x ) ≤ lim g( x ) ≤ lim h( x ), x a, ,
and let lim f ( x ) = lim h( x ) = l , then lim g( x ) = l, x a, ,
x a, , x, , Continuous Function, y, f (x) = x, , For other
indeterminate forms we have to convert, 0, ∞, them
into either or form and then we may apply, 0, ∞, L’
Hospital’s rule., , x a, , 2π, , Oπ/2, (0,–1) y = sinx, , L’
Hospital’s Rule, , x a, , π, , –π/2, log( abc )1/ 3, , x a, ,
x′, , O, , x, , y′, , (1) Continuity at a point, A function y =
f ( x ) is said to be continuous at x = a, if, lim f ( x ) = f ( a
) i. e. ,, lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( a ), x a−, , x a, , x
a+, , (2) Continuity in an interval, (a) A function y = f ( x
) is said to be continuous in a, closed interval [a , b], if,
(i) lim f ( x ) = f ( a ), x a+

Page 448 :
321, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, , π,
cos − h , , 2, sin h, =1, = lim, = lim, h 0 π, h, , 0,
π, h, , , − − h , , 2 2, , (ii) lim f ( x ) = f ( c) (Here, c is
every point in ( a , b)), x c, , (iii) lim f ( x ) = f ( b), x
b−, , (b) Continuity in an open interval ( a , b) is, lim f ( x
) = f ( c) [Here, c is every point in ( a , b)]., , , π, RHL =
lim f (t ) = lim f + h , , h 0 2, π+, , x c, , %, , %, ,
x , , If y = f (x ) and y = g(x ) are continuous functions
at x = a, then, +, functions f (x ), g(x ) are also
continuous at x = a, only in case of, ×, ÷, f (x ) ÷ g(x ),
g(a) ≠ 0, If y = f (x ) and y = g(x ) are discontinuous
functions at x = a, then, +, f (x ), g(x ) may be
continuous function at x = a, ×, ÷, , Discontinuous
Function, A function f which is not continuous at a
point x = a in, its domain is said to be discontinuous.
The point a is called, a point of discontinuity of the
function., y, , x', , O, , x, , f (x) = 1/x, , π, , cos + h , 2,
, sin h, = lim =, =1, = lim −, h 0, π π, −h, h 0, −
+ h , , 2 2, LHL = RHL = f(p / 2) = 1, π, ∴ Function is
continuous at t =, 2, Q, , Example 11. The function, ,
e1/x − 1, , f(x) = e1/x + 1 , when x ≠ 0 is
discontinuous at, 0, , when x = 0, , (a) x = 1, (c) x = 3, ,
(b) x = 0, (d) x = 4, , Solution (b) At x = 0, LHL = lim f ( x )
= lim f (0 − h) = lim f ( −h), x 0−, , Discontinuous
Function, The discontinuity may arise due to any of
the following, situations., (i) lim f ( x ) or lim f ( x ) or
both may not exist, x a, , +, , x a, , (iii) lim f ( x ) as
well as lim f ( x ) both may exist, but, x a +, , x a −, ,
either of the two or both may not be equal tof ( a )., ,
Example 10. The function, cos t, , t ≠ π/ 2, , is
continuous at, f ( t ) = π/ 2 − t, , t = π/ 2, 1, π, (a) t =
4π, (b) t =, 2, (c) t = π, (d) None of these, π, 2, , π, ,
LHL = lim f (t ) = lim f − h , −, 2, , h, 0, , π, x , , 2, ,
h 0, , e, −1, e−1/ h + 1, 0 −1, =, = −1, 0 +1, h 0, , 1, ,
, Q lim 1/ h = 0 , , h 0 e, , RHL = lim f ( x ) = lim f
(0 + h), x 0+, , h 0, , −, , (ii) lim f ( x ) as well as lim f (
x ) may exist, but are, x a +, x a −, unequal., ,
Solution (b) At t =, , h 0, , −1/ h, , = lim, y', , 2, , = lim f
(h) = lim, h 0, , h 0, , e1/ h − 1, e1/ h + 1, , 1, 1/ h, 1−
0, e, = lim, =, =1, 1, h 0, 1, +0, 1 + 1/ h, e, 1−, , ∴LHL ≠
RHL, So, f ( x) is discontinuous at x = 0., ,
Differentiability of a Function, at a Point, The
function, f ( x ) is differentiable at point P, iff there,
exists a unique tangent at a point P. In other words, f (
x ) is, differentiable at a point P iff the curve does not
have P as a, corner point. i.e., ‘‘the function is not
differntiable at a, those points on which function has
jumps (or holes) and, sharp edges.’’

Page 449 :
322, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Let us consider the
function f ( x ) =|x − 1|, which can be, graphically
shown,, y, , f (x)= – x + 1, f ′ (x)= –1, , O, ,
Differentiability in an Interval, , f (x)= x – 1, f ′ (x) = 1,
1, , 2, , 3, , and the common limit is called the
derivative of f ( x ), f(x) − f(a), at x = a, denoted by f ′ ( a
). Clearly, f ′ ( a ) = lim, x a, x−a, {x a from the left
as well as from the right}., , x, , Which shows f ( x ) is
not differentiable at x = 1. Since,, f ( x ) gas sharp edge
at x = 1., (i) Right hand derivative Right hand
derivative of, f ( x ) at x = a, denoted by f ′ ( a + 0) of f ′ (
a + ), is the, f(a + h ) − f(a), ., lim, h 0, h, (ii) Left hand
derivative Left hand derivative of f ( x ), at x = a,
denoted by f ′ ( a − 0) or f ′ ( a − ), is the, f(a − h ) − f(a), .,
lim, h 0, −h, (iii) A function f ( x ) is said to be
differentiable (finitely) at, x = a if f ′ ( a + 0) = f ′ ( a − 0)
= finite, f(a + h ) − f(a), f(a − h ) − f(a), i.e., lim, = finite, =
lim, h 0, h, , 0, h, −h, , A function y = f ( x ) defined
on an open interval ( a , b) is, said to be differentiable
in open interval ( a , b), if it is, differentiable at each
point of ( a , b)., A function y = f ( x ) defined on a closed
interval [a , b] is, said to be differentiable in closed
interval [a , b], if it is, f(x) − f(a), differentiable at each
point of ( a , b) and lim, (x − a), x a+, f ( x ) − f ( b), and
lim, both exist., ( x − b), x b–, , Continuity for
Composite, Functions, If the function u = f ( x ) is
continuous at the point x = a, and the function y = g( u
) is continuous at the point, u = f ( a ),then the
composite function y = gof ( x ) = g ( f ( x ))is,
continuous at the point x = a., , Continuity and
Differentiability Table, Types of Function, , Curve, ,
Domain and Range, , Continuity and Differentiability, ,
Continuous and differentiable in their, domain,
Continuous and differentiable in (0, ∞), , Identity
function, Exponential, function, , f ( x) = x, f ( x) = ax , a
> 0, a ≠ 1, , Logarithmic, function, , f ( x) = log a x; x, a >
0, and a ≠ 1, , Domain = R, Range = ] −∞ , ∞[ , Domain
= R, Range = ] 0, ∞ [ , , , , Domian = ( 0, ∞), Range =
R, , , Root function, , f ( x) = x, , Domain = [0, ∞],
Range = (0, ∞), , Sine function, , y = sin x, , Domain = R,
Range = [−1, 1], , Cosine function, , y = cos x, , Domain
= R, Range = [−1, 1], , Tangent function, , y = tan x, , π ,
, Domain = R − ( 2 n + 1) , 2 , , Range = R, ,
Cosecant function, , y = cosec x, , Secant function, , y =
sec x, , Domain = R − nπ,, Range = ( −∞, − 1 ] ∪ [1, ∞),
π , , Domain = R − ( 2 n + 1) , 2 , , Range = ( −∞, −
1 ] ∪ [1, ∞), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Continuous and differentiable in their, domain

Page 450 :
323, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, ,
Continuity and Differentiability Table, Cotangent
function, Arc sine function, , y = cot x, y = sin −1 x, ,
Domain = R − {nπ }, Range = R, , Arc cosine function, , y
= cos −1 x, , Arc tangent function, , y = tan −1 x, ,
Domain = [−1, 1], Range = [ 0, π ], −π π , Domain = R,
Range = , , , 2 2 , , Arc cosecant, function, , y =
cosec −1 x, , Domain = ( −∞, 1 ] ∪ [1, ∞),, π π , Range =
− , = {0}, 2 2 , , Arc secant function, , y = sec − 1 x,
, Domain = ( − ∞, − 1 ] ∪ [1, ∞), π , Range = [ 0, π ] −
, 2 , , Arc cotangent, function, , y = cot− 1 x, ,
Domain = R, Range = ( 0, π ), , π π , Domain [1, 1 ],
Range = , , , − 2 2 , , Continuous and differentiable
in their, domain, , Comprehensive Approach, n, ,
limcos−1 x, lim x does not exist because one side of
limit cannot, x 1, , x 0, , −1 +, , be evaluated as cos
(1 ) is not defined and, , n, , −, , 0 is also not, , defined., n,
, 1, lim sin does not exist because we are not
sure what value it, x , takes in [ −1, 1,] through it’s a
finite value., 1, if x is rational, , does not exist
because, lim f ( x), where f(x) = , x 1, −1, if x is
irrational, x 0, , n, , n, , it is not known what is the
number just adjacent to any number, so, we do not
know just adjacent to a rational number or irrational,
number, number is rational or irrational., lim e1/ x
does not exist, as we have to find LHL and RHL
separately, , n, , All polynomials, logarithmic functions,
exponential functions,, trigonometric functions,
modulus function are continuous in their, domains.
The greatest integer function is discontinuous at,
integers., If lim f ( x) = l and lim g( x) = m, then lim [ f (
x)] g( x )= l m, x a, , n, , lim log f ( x) = log (lim f ( x)), ,
x a, n, , x a, , lim fog( x) = f (lim g( x)), , x a, n, , x
a, , If lim f ( x) = 1 and lim g( x) = ∞ , then, x a, , x a, ,
1, changes it’s characteristics at 0 (discontinuous
graph,, x, rectangular hyperbola). Here, LHL = 0 and
RHL = ∞., If a function is continuous at x = a,then lim f (
x) exist, but converse, x a, may not be true., , n, , lim
g( x ) [ f ( x ) − 1], , lim [ f ( x)] g( x ) = e x a, , x 0, , as, ,
x a, , x a, , x a, n, , If lim f ( x) = lim g( x) = 0, then,
x a, , x a, , lim, , f ( x), , lim [1 + f ( x)]1/g( x ) = e x a
g( x ), , x a

Page 451 :
Exercise, Level I, 3x − a − x + a, is equal to, x−a, (b) 1 /
2a, (a) 2a, (c) 2a, (d) 1 / 2 a, , 10. Which of the following
is not true?, (a) A polynomial function is always
continuous, (b) A continuous function is always
differentiable, (c) A differentiable function is always
continuous, (d) ex is continuous for all x, , 1. lim, , x a,
, 2. The value of lim, , 3x / 2 − 3, 3 −9, x, , x 2, , is, , 11.
lim, , ex − 1, a , (a) log , b , (c) log ( ab), , x 0, , (a)
0, (b) 1/3, (c) 1/6, (d) ln 3, 1 + log x − x, is equal to, 3.
lim, x 1 1 − 2x + x 2, (a) 1, 4. lim, , (b) –1, , asin x − 1, ,
bsin x − 1, a, (a), b, log a, (c), log b, , x 0, , (c) 0, , x 0, ,
b, a, log b, (d), log a, , 15., , 16., , (NDA 2008 II), , x 0, ,
(b) ∞, (d) Does not exist, , (a) 0, (c) e, , x 2+, , (b) lim f (
x ) ≠ 0, x 2−, , xa − aa, , x+ 2 , 17. What is the value
of lim 3, ?, x − 2 x + 8 , 1, 4, 1, (c), 12, , −, , = − 1,
then a is equal to, (b) 0, (d) 2, , (NDA 2012 I), , 1, 4, 1,
(d) −, 12, (b) −, , x −1, , 2x 2 − 7x + 5, (a) 1 / 3, (c) −1 / 3,
x 1, , (d) f ( x ) is continuous at x = 2, ax − xa, , b , (b)
log , a , (d) log ( a + b), , x2 − 9, , if x ≠ 3, , , is
continuous at x = 3,, If f ( x ) = x − 3, 2x + k,
otherwise, , then k is equal to, (a) 3, (b) 0, (c) – 6, (d)
1/6, sin 2x, If lim, is equal to, x 0, x, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 1 /
2, (d) 2, tan x − sin x, is equal to, lim, x 0, x3, (a) 0, (b)
1, (c) 1/2, (d) –1/2, log ( x − a ), is equal to, lim, x a log
( e x − e a ), (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) a, (d) Does not exist, sin x,
What is the value of lim, ?, (NDA 2008 I), x ∞, x, (a) 1,
(b) 0, (c) ∞, (d) − 1, , 18. lim, , (c) lim f ( x ) ≠ lim f ( x ), x
2, , is equal to, , (a), , 8. If f ( x ) =|x − 2|, then, (a) lim f ( x
) ≠ 0, , (a) –1, (c) 1, , (d) 0, (NDA 2010 II), , 7. lim e−1/ x
is equal to, , x 0, , 14., , (b), , a , (c) log , b , , 9. If
lim, , 13., , log a, log b, b , (d) log , a , , (a) log (
ab), , +, , 12., , (b), , a x − bx, is equal to, x, , x 2, , 1, (d)
−, 2, , is equal to, , ex − 1 , 5. The value of lim , is,
x 0 , x , 1, (a), (b) ∞, (c) 1, 2, 6. lim, , a x − bx, , is equal
to, (b) 1 / 11, (d) None of these, , , 2 , 19. What is
the value of lim x sin ?, x ∞ , x , (a) 2, (b) 1,
(c) 1/2, (d) ∞

Page 452 :
325, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, , 20. Let
f ( x ) =, , 1, 18 − x 2, , ., , What is the value of lim, x 3, ,
(a) 0, , (b) −, , 1, 9, , f ( x ) − f ( 3), ?, x−3, 1, (c), 3, , (d), , 1,
9, , sin2 α − sin2 β , 21. lim , is equal to, α β, α2
− β2, , , (a) 0, (b) 1, sin β, sin 2β, (c), (d), β, 2β, , x( x −
2), , x ≠ ± 2 is continuous at, x2 − 4, (NDA 2010 II), x =
2, then what is the value of f( 2)?, 1, (a) 0, (b), (c) 1, (d)
2, 2, x +4, , ?, , (NDA 2010 I), , (b) e2, (d) e5, , a + x − a
− x , 27. The value of lim , is, x 0, x, , , (a) 1, (b) 0,
1, (d), (c) a, a, sin πx, , x≠, , 28. Let f ( x ) = 5x, k,,
x=, x = 0, then k is equal to, π, (a), 5, (c) 1, , 0, , . If f ( x ) is
continuous at, , 0, 5, π, (d) 0, (b), , x< 2, , when, , x≥ 2, , ,
then f ′ ( 2) is equal, , (b) 1, (d) Does not exist, , 30.
What is the value of lim, , x 0, , 25. If the function f ( x
) =, , (a) e, (c) e4, , when, , constants)?, (a) 0, a2, (c), b, ,
2− x+ 4, 22. If f ( x ) =, , ( x ≠ 0), is continuous function
at, sin 2x, x = 0, then f ( 0) is equal to, 1, 1, 1, 1, (c), (b) −,
(d) −, (a), 4, 8, 4, 8, loge (1 + x ), 23. lim, is equal to,
x 0, 3x − 1, (a) loge 3, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) log3 e, cos( ax ) −
cos( bx ), ?, 24. What is the value of lim, x 0, (NDA
2010 II), x2, (a) a − b, (b) a + b, b2 − a 2, b2 + a 2, (d), (c),
2, 2, , x + 6 , 26. What is the value of lim , , x ∞
x + 1 , , x + 1,, 29. Let f ( x ) = , 2x − 1,, to, (a) 0, (c)
2, , sin2 ax, ( a and b are, bx, (NDA 2009 I), , (b) a, (d)
Does not exist, , 3x − 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 31. If f ( x ) = , 2x
+ λ , 2 < x ≤ 3, is continuous at x = 2, then what is the
value of λ?, (NDA 2009 I), , (a) 1, , (b) − 1, , x , 32.
What is the value of lim , , x ∞ 3 + x , (a) e, 33.
lim, , (a) 0, , 3x, , ?, , (NDA 2009 II), , (c) e−9, , (b) e3, ,
sin−1 x − tan−1 x, , x 0, , (d) − 2, , (c) 2, , x3, (b) 1, , (d)
e9, , is equal to, (c) –1, 2x − sin, , (d) 1/2, −1, , x, , , ( x ≠ 0)
is, 2x + tan x, continuous at each point of its domain,
then the value, of f( 0) is, (a) 2, (b) 1/3, (c) 2/3, (d) –1/3,
, 34. If, , the, , function, , f(x) =, , −1, , 5x − 4,, if 0 < x ≤
1, 35. If the function f ( x ) = 2, is, if 1 < x < 2, x, bx, ,, +,
4, 3, , continuous at every point of its domain, then
the, value of b is, (a) –1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) None of these,
2x + 1,, , 36. If f ( x ) = k,, 5x − 2,, , , x>1, x = 1 , is
continuous at x = 1, then, x<1, , the value of k is, (a) 1,
(b) 2, 1 − sin x, , x≠, , 37. If f ( x ) = π − 2x, λ, , x=, ,
then the value of λ is, (a) –1, (b) 1, , (c) 3, , (d) 4, , π, 2 ,
be continuous at x = π/ 2,, π, 2, (c) 0, , (d) 2, , x +1, , x +
3 , 38. lim , is equal to, , x ∞ x + 1 , (a) e2, (b) e3,
(c) e, , (d) e−1

Page 453 :
326, , NDA/NA Mathematics, x +b, , x + a , is equal
to, 39. lim , , x ∞ x + b , (a) 1, (b) eb − a, (c) ea − b,
1 , 40. What is the value of lim x 2 sin ?, x ∞,
x , (a) 0, 1, (c), 2, , (d) eb, (NDA 2012 I), , (b) 1, (d) Limit
does not exist, 3x −1, , , 4 , is equal to, 41. lim 1 −, ,
x ∞ , x − 1 , (b) e− 12, (c) e4, (a) e12, 42., , (d) e3, , a
cot x − a cos x, is equal to, x π / 2 cot x − cos x, (a) log
a, (b) log 2, (c) a, (d) log x, lim, , 43. lim, x , , π, 6, , 2
sin2 x + sin x − 1, 2 sin2 x − 3 sin x + 1, , (a) 3, , (b) –3, ,
1 + tan x , 46. lim , , x 0 1 + sin x , 1, (a), e, (c) e, ,
cosec x, , is equal to, (b) 1, (d) e2, , 4 × 5x for x < 0, 47.
If the function f ( x ) = , is continuous,, 8a + x for x ≥
0, then the value of a is, (a) 1/2, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, f ( a ) =
2, f ′ ( a ) = 1; g( a ) = − 1, g′ ( a ) = 2 ,, g( x ) ⋅ f ( a ) − g( a )
⋅ f ( x ), , is equal to, lim, x a, x−a, (a) –5, (b) 0, (c) 1/5,
(d) 5, , 48. If, , is equal to, (c) 6, , 2x − 2− x, , x ≠ 0, is
continuous at x = 0, is, x, (a) 0, (b) log 4, (c) 4, (d) e4, ,
f(x) =, , (d) 0, , 2 −1, , −1 ≤ x < ∞ , x ≠ 0, , 44. If f ( x ) =
1 + x − 1, is, k, , x=0, , continuous everywhere, then
k is equal to, 1, (a), (b) log 4, log 2, 2, (c) log 8, (d) log 2,
x, , 45. The value of f at x = 0 so that function, , then, ,
mx + 1 , x ≤ π / 2, 49. If f ( x ) = , sin x + n , x > π / 2, is
continuous at x = π / 2, then which one of the,
following is correct ?, nπ, (a) m = 1, n = 0, (b) m =, +1, 2,
(c) n = m( π / 2), (d) m = n = π / 2, x sin 5x, 50. What is
the value of lim, ?, x 0 sin2 4x, (a) 0, (b) 5/4, (c) 5/16,
(d) 25/4, , Level II, x3 + 1, , 1. If lim 2, − ( ax + b) =
2, then, x ∞ x +1, , , (a) a = 1 and b = 1, (b) a = 1 and
b = − 1, (c) a = 1 and b = − 2, (d) a = 1 and b = 2, 1, for x
≠ 0. Then,, 2. Given, f( 0) = 0 and f ( x ) =, (1 − e−1/ x ),
only one of the following statements on f ( x ) is true.,
That is f ( x ), is, (a) continuous at x = 0, (b) not
continuous at x = 0, (c) both continuous and
differentiable at x = 0, (d) not defined at x = 0, sin 2x +
sin 6x, is equal to, 3. lim, x 0 sin 5x − sin 3x, (a) 1 / 2,
(b) 1 / 4, (c) 2, (d) 4, 4. lim ( 3 + 4 ), n, , n ∞, , (a) 3, , n 1/
n, , is equal to, , (b) 4, , (c) ∞, , (d) e, , |x|, is, x, (a)
continuous at the origin, (b) discontinuous at the
origin because| x| is, discontinuous there, |x|, (c)
discontinuous at the origin because, is, x,
discontinuous there, (d) discontinuous at the origin
because both|x| and, |x|, are discontinuous there, x, ,
5. The function f ( x ) =|x| +, , , 3x + 4 tan x, , 6. If f (
x ) = , ; x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0,, x, , k; x = 0,
then the value of k is, (a) 7, (c) − 5, , (b) 6, (d) − 1

Page 454 :
327, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, 7. f ( x )
= cos(| x|) is a continuous function because, (a)
composition of continuous functions is a, continuous
function, (b) product of continuous functions is a
continuous, function, (c) cosine is an even function, (d)
sum of continuous functions is continuous, 1 − cos θ,
is equal to, θ 0, θ, (a) 2, (b) 2 2, 1, (c), (d) Does not
exist, 2, , 8. lim, , | x − 3|, x−3, (a) is equal to 1, (c) is
equal to –1, , 9. lim, , x 3, , (b) is equal to 0, (d) Does
not exist, , 10. If f ( x ) = x 2 + 4x − 5, then the domain
of the, real-valued function f ( x ) is, (a) set of all real
numbers, (b) set of all integers, (c) [–5, 1], (d) ( −∞ , − 5]
∪ [1, ∞ ), 11. If f ( x ) = a sin| x| + be| x | is differentiable
at x = 0 and, f( 0) = 0 ,then, (a) a = 0, (b) b = 0, (c) a − b =
0 (d) a + b = 0, 12. If f ( x ) =|x − 3| +|x − 4|, then in the
interval [0, 5],, the function f ( x )is, (a) differentiable at
x = 3, (b) differentiable at x = 4, (c) not differentiable
at x = 3 and x = 4, (d) not continuous in the interval [0,
5], , 1 − cos 4x, , , if x < 0, x2, , 13. If f ( x ) = , a, , if x
= 0, , x, , if x > 0, , 16 + x − 4, is continuous at x = 0,
then the value of a is, (a) 4, (b) 6, (c) 8, (d) 16, 14. Two
functions f and g are continuous at x = a ; and, f + g, f −
g, f / g, [g( a ) ≠ 0] and f × g are also, continuous at x = a.
If a function F is defined as, ex + e− x − 2, π π , on −
, , then which one of the, F( x) =, x sin x, 2 2 ,
following is correct?, (a) F ( x ) is continuous on [−π/ 2,
π/ 2], (b) F ( x ) is not continuous on [−π / 2, π / 2]/{ 0},
(c) F ( x ) is continuous on [−π / 2, π / 2]/{ 0}, (d) F ( x ) is
continuous on ( −π/ 2, π/ 2), 15. The value of lim, , log (
x − a ), , is, log ( ex − ea ), (b) ea, (c) e− a, , x a, , (a) 1, ,
(d) –1, , 16. If f : R R is differentiable function and
f(1) = 4, f (x ), 2t, then the value of lim ∫, dt is, x 1 4, ( x
− 1), (a) 8 f ′ (1), (b) 4 f ′ (1), (c) 2 f ′ (1), (d) f ′ (1), 17.
The, , function, is, given, f(x), x 2 , if x is rational, then,
it is, f(x) = 2, − x , if x is irrational, (a) continuous at x
= 0, 1, (b) continuous at x =, 2, (c) discontinuous at x =
0, (d) None of the above, , by, , sin x , x ≠ nπ , n ∈ Z, 18.
If f ( x ) = , otherwise, 0,, 2, x + 1, x ≠ 0, 2, , and g( x
) = 4,, x = 0 , then lim g {f ( x )}is equal to, x 0, 5,, x,
=2, , (a) 1, 1, (c), 2, , (b) 0, 1, (d), 4, , 1 − cos x, , x≠0, ,
19. If f ( x ) = , is continuous at x = 0,, x, k, , x=0,
then the value of k is, 1, (a) 0, (b), 2, 1, 1, (c), (d) −, 4, 2,
20. What is lim ( a 2x 2 + ax + 1 − a 2x 2 + 1 ) equal to?,
x ∞, , 1, (a), 2, (c) 2, , (NDA 2011 II), , (b) 1, (d) 0, , 21.
What is the value of k for which the following,
function f ( x ) is continuous for all x?, (NDA 2011 I),
x3 − 3x + 2, , for x ≠ 1, , f(x) = ( x − 1)2, , k,, for x = 1,
, (a) 3, (b) 2, (c) 1, (d) − 1, 22. Which one of the
following is correct in respect of the, function f ( x ) =|
x| + x 2 ?, (NDA 2011 I), (a), (b), (c), (d), , f ( x ) is not
continuous at x = 0, f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0, f ( x )
is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0, None of
the above

Page 455 :
328, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , , − 2 sin x , if, , , 23.
Let f ( x ) = A sin x + B, if, , cos x ,, if, , , x≤, , −π, 2, ,
−π, π, < x<, 2, 2, π, x≥, 2, , The values of A and B, so that
f ( x ) is continuous, everywhere are, (a) A = 0, B = 1, (b)
A = 1, B = 1, (c) A = − 1, B = 1, (d) A = − 1, B = 0, 24.
Consider the following statements, I. f ( x ) =| x − 3| is
continuous at x = 0., II. f ( x ) =| x − 3| is differentiable
at x = 0., Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?, (NDA 2010 II), , (a), (b), (c), (d), , Only I, Only
II, Both I and II, Neither I nor II, , ( x − 1)2, 25. What is
the value of lim, ?, x 1 | x − 1|, (a), (b), (c), (d), , (NDA
2010 I), , 0, 1, −1, The limit does not exist, , 26. Match
List I with List II and select the correct, answer using
the codes given below the lists., List I, A., B., C., D., , lim
x3 / 2 ( x3 + 1 −, , x ∞, , lim ( 3 x +, , x ∞, , C, 2, 4, ,
x+1, 3, , D, 4, 2, , 29. Consider the following function f :
R R such that, f ( x ) = x , if x ≥ 0 and f ( x ) = − x 2, if x
< 0. Then, which, one of the following is correct?,
(NDA 2009 II), (a) f ( x ) is continuous at every x ∈ R, (b)
f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0 only, (c) f ( x ) is
discontinuous at x = 0 only, (d) f ( x ) is discontinuous
at every x ∈ R, 30. What is the set of all points, where
the function, x, is differentiable?, f(x) =, (NDA 2009 I),
1 +| x|, (a) Only ( − ∞ , ∞ ), (b) Only ( 0, ∞ ), (c) Only ( − ∞
, 0) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ) (d) Only ( − ∞ , 0), 1, 31. Let f ( x ) =, . Then,
what is the, 1 −|1 − x|, value of, , lim f ( x ) ?, , (NDA
2008 II), , x 0, , (b) ∞, , (a) 0, , 32. What is the value of
lim, , x α, , (a), , 4. e −2 / 3, , B, 3, 4, , C, 2, 1, , α + 2x −
3x, 3α + x − 2 x, , ?, , (NDA 2008 II), , 3. 1, , A, (b) 1, (d) 3,
, (d) − 1, , (c) 1, , 2. e −1, , 9 x2 − x), , 3x − 4 , lim , , x
∞ 3x + 2 , log x − 1, lim, x e, x−e, , Codes, A B, (a)
3 1, (c) 3 1, , x3 − 1 ), , List II, 1, 1., 6, , 28. Consider the
following statements, (NDA 2008 II), x2, I. lim, exists.,
x 0 x, x2 , II. is not continuous at x = 0., x , |
x|, doesn’t exist., III. lim, x 0 x, Which of the
statements given above are correct?, (a) I, II and III, (b)
Only I and II, (c) Only II and III, (d) Only I and III, , D, 4,
2, , 27. It the function defined by, π, 1 − sin x, when x
≠, ( π − 2x )2, 2 is continuous at, f(x) = , π, , when x
=, k,, , 2, π, x = , then the value of k is, 2, 1, 1, (b), (a), 4,
8, 1, (c), (d) None of these, 2, , 2, 3, , (b), , 1, (3 3), , (c), , 2,
(3 3), , (d), , 1, 3, , 33. Let f : R R be defined as, f ( x ) =
sin(| x|), Which one of the following is correct?, (NDA
2008 I), (a) f is not differentiable only at 0, (b) f is
differentiable at 0 only, (c) f is differentiable
everywhere, (d) f is non-differentiable at many points,
34. A function f is defined as follows, 1 , f ( x ) = x p
cos , x ≠ 0, f( 0) = 0., x , What conditions should
be imposed on p, so that f, may be continuous at x = 0?,
(NDA 2007 II), (a) p = 0, (b) p > 0, (c) p < 0, (d) No value
of p, 35. If f ( x ) = ( x + 1)cot x is continuous at x = 0,
then what is, the value of f( 0) ?, (NDA 2007 I), 1, (a) 1,
(b) e, (c), (d) e2, e

Page 456 :
329, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, 36. If f (
x ) is differentiable everywhere, then which one of, the
following is correct?, (NDA 2007 I), (a)| f| is
differentiable everywhere, (b)| f|2 is differentiable
everywhere, (c) f| f|is not differentiable at same
points, (d) None of the above, , Reason (R) Both h( x ) =
x and, 1, , x sin , x ≠ 0, are continuous at x = 0., g( x )
= , x, 0, x = 0, , 40. Assertion (A) | x| is not
differentiable at x = 0., | x|/ x ; x ≠ 0, , then lim f ( x ),
Reason (R) If f ( x ) = , x 0, x=0, 0;, does not exist., ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 37-40), , Each of these, questions
contain two statements, one is Assertion (A), and
other is Reason (R). Each of these questions also has,
four alternative choices, only one of which is the
correct, answer. You have to select one of the codes
(a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a) Both A and
R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., 1 , f ( x
) = x sin is differentiable at, x , , 37. Assertion (A),
x = 0., , Reason (R) f ( x ) is continuous at x = 0., 1, 1, 38.
Assertion (A) lim, =, x 0 x cot x, 2, x a, , { lim ( f ( x )
⋅ g( x )} exists., x a, , 39. Assertion, , (A), , continuous
at x = 0., , lim, , 4 + sin 2x + a sin x + b cos x, x2, , x 0, ,
exists. Then,, , 41. The value of a is, (a) −2, (c) 5, , (b) 4,
(d) None of these, , 42. The value of b is, (a) −2, (c) 3, ,
(b) −4, (d) None of these, , 43. The value of limit is, (a)
4, (c) 2, , (b) 5, (d) None of these, , Directions (Q. Nos.
44-45) Consider the function, , Reason (R) If lim f ( x )
and lim g( x ) exist, then, x a, , Directions (Q. Nos. 41-
43) Consider, , 1, 2, x sin , x ≠ 0, f(x) = , x, 0, ,
x=0, , is, , ax 2 + b,, x < −1, is continuous everywhere,,
f(x) = 2, x ≥ −1, bx, ax, +, +, ,, 4, , then, , 44. The value
of a is, (a) 1, (c) 4, , (b) 2, (d) None of these, , 45. The
value of b is, (a) 2, (c) 3, , (b) 4, (d) None of these, ,
Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (b), (a), (d), (d),
(b), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (c), (b), (d), (c), (a), , 3., 13., 23.,
33., 43., , (d), (d), (d), (d), (b), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (c),
(c), (c), (b), (b), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (c), (b), (b), (a), (b), ,
6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (c), (b), (d), (c), (b), , 7., 17., 27., 37.,
47., , (d), (c), (d), (c), (a), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., , (d), (c), (a),
(a), (d), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., , (c), (a), (d), (c), (c), , 10., 20.,
30., 40., 50., , (b), (d), (a), (a), (c), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., ,
(b), (c), (c), (c), (b), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (d), (c), (c), (d),
(c), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (b), (c), (c), (b), (b), , 5., 15., 25.,
35., 45., , (c), (a), (a), (b), (c), , 6., 16., 26., 36., , (a), (a), (c),
(c), , 7., 17., 27., 37., , (a), (a), (b), (d), , 8., 18., 28., 38., ,
(d), (a), (d), (d), , 9., 19., 29., 39., , (d), (a), (a), (a), , 10., 20.,
30., 40., , (d), (a), (a), (b), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., ,
(c), (b), (a), (c), (a)

Page 457 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. lim, x a, , 3x − a − x + a,
3x − a + x + a, ×, x−a, 3x − a + x + a, , −, , LHL = lim e, , 7.,
, h 0, ∞, , (3x − a ) − (x + a ), = lim, x a (x − a ) ( 3 x − a
+ x + a ), , RHL = lim, , 2 (x − a ), x a (x − a ) ( 3 x − a + x
+ a ), , h 0, , LHL ≠ RHL, −, , So, lim e, , 3x/ 2 − 3 ,
3x/ 2 − 3 , 2. lim x, , = lim x / 2 2, x 2 (3, x
2 3 − 9 , ) − 32 , , h 0, , 8. Given,, ∴, , 1, 1, 1, =, =, + 3
31 + 3 6, , x 2−, , h 0, , x 2 +, , h 0, , 9. We have,,
, 11. lim, , x 0, , , , x x2, +, + ... − 1 , 1 +, 1! 2!, , , e
−1, 5. lim, = lim, x 0, x 0, x, x, , , x x2, = lim 1 +,
+, + ... ∞ , x 0 , 2! 3!, , x, , x 3, , , 0, form , ,
0, , a log a − b log b, (by L’Hospital’s rule), 1, a log a −
b0 log b, =, 1, a, = log a − log b = log, b, x 0, 0, , h 0, ,
a x − xa, = −1, xa − a a, 1 −0, 1, = −1 , = −1, 0 − aa, −a
a, a, a =1 a =1, , a x − bx, a x − bx, x, = lim, ⋅ x, x, x 0,
x, e −1, e −1, a x − 1 bx − 1 x, = lim , −, , x 0, x
ex − 1, x, , a x − 1 , b x − 1 , 1, = lim , − lim
, lim x, x 0 x x 0 x x 0 e − 1, x,
1, a , = (log e a − log e b) = log e , b , 1, , 12. lim f
(x) = lim, , =1, , = lim, , x 0, , , , Using L’ Hospital’s
rule,, log e a asin x log e a, = lim, =, x 0 log b bsin x,
log e b, e, , x, , h 0, , 10. A continuous function may or
may not be differentiable., So, option (b) is not true.,
0, , form , 0, , , x, , lim, , , , Again, applying L’
Hospital’s rule,, 1, 1, = lim −, =−, x 1 2x, 2, , x 0, , f
(x) =|x − 2|, f (2) =|2 − 2| = 0, , Hence, f (x) is continuous
at x = 2., , (On applying L’ Hospital’s rule), 1−x, = lim, x
1 2 x (x − 1 ), , a x − bx, x, , doesn’t exist., , lim f (x) =
lim f (2 + h ) = lim|2 + h − 2| = 0, , 1, −1, 1 + log x − x, x,
3. lim, =, lim, x 1 1 − 2 x + x2, x 1 − 2 + 2x, , 6. lim, ,
1, x, , lim f (x) = lim f (2 − h ) = lim|2 − h − 2| = 0, , x 2
3x / 2, , x 0, , e, , 1, (0 + h), , h 0, , Q, , asin x − 1, bsin
x − 1, , −, , = lim e−1/ h = e−∞ = 0, , 2, 1, =, =, 2a + 2a, 2a,
, 4. lim, , −1, , 1, , = lim eh, h 0, , =e =∞, , = lim, , = lim, ,
1, (0 − h), , x 3, , x2 − 9, = lim (x + 3) = 6, x − 3 x 3, f
(3) = 2 (3) + k = 6 + k, , and, , Q f is continuous at x = 3,,
∴ f (3) = lim f (x), x 3, , 6 + k = 6 k = 0, sin 2x 2, sin
2x, 13. lim, × = 2 lim, = 2 (1), x 0, x 0 2 x, x, 2, =2, ,
sin x , , = 1 , Q lim, x 0 x,

Page 458 :
331, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, , 14. lim,
, x 0, , tan x − sin x, x3, , 1, ∴, , tan x (1 − cos x), x 0,
x3, tan x 2 sin 2(x / 2) 1, = lim, ⋅, =, x 0, x, 2, 4 ⋅ (x /
2)2, , = lim, , log (x − a ), log (ex − ea ), 1, x−a, (by L’
Hospital’s rule), = lim, 1, x a, ex, x, a, e −e, ex − ea, =
lim x, x a e ⋅ (x − a ), ex, (again, by L’ Hospital’s rule),
= lim x, x a e (x − a ) + ex, ea, = a =1, e, sin x, 16. lim,
x ∞, x, 1, Put, and as x ∞, h 0, x=, h, sin x, 1, ∴,
lim, = lim h sin = 0, x ∞, h 0, x, h, 1, , , lies
between −1 and 1 , Q value of sin, , , h, , lim, x 3, ,
15. lim, , x a, , x+2 , 17. lim 3, , x − 2 x + 8 ,
(x + 2), (x + 2) (x2 + 4 − 2x), 1, 1, 1, = lim, =, =, x − 2
(x2 − 2 x + 4 ), (4 + 4 + 4) 12, = lim, , = lim, x 1, , sin 2 α
− sin 2 β, , applying L’ Hospital’s rule, α β, α 2 − β2, =
lim, , 2 sin α cos α − 0, 2α − 0, , = lim, , sin 2α, sin 2 β, =,
2α, 2β, , α β, , α β, , 22. If f (x) is continuous at x =
0, then, f (0) = lim f (x) = lim, x 0, , =, , 19. lim x sin,
x ∞ , , 2 sin 2 /x , 2 , = lim , , x x
∞ 2 /x , h 0, , =2, 20. Q, , f (x) =, , 1, , 18 − x2, 1, ∴ f
(3) =, 18 − 9, 1, =, 3, , sin h, h, , 2− x+ 4, sin 2x, , 23. lim, ,
x 0, , log e (1 + x), 3x − 1, , , 0, form , , 0, , Using
L’ Hospital’s rule,, 1, 1, 1+ x, 1+0, = lim x, = 0, x 0 3
log 3, 3 log e 3, e, =, , 1, = log3 e., log e 3, , , log e e, =
log3 e , Q, , log e 3, , cos ax − cos bx, x2, Using
L’Hospital’s rule,, − a sin ax + b sin bx, = lim, x 0, 2x,
Using L’Hospital’s rule,, − a 2 cos ax + b2 cos bx, = lim,
x 0, 2, , − a 2 cos 0° + b2 cos 0°, 2, b2 − a 2, =, 2, x(x −
2), x, 25. Q f (x) = 2, =, 2, +, x, x −4, =, , (where h = 2/x), ,
0, , form , 0, , , Using L’ Hospital’s rule,, , 1 , 1,
−, −, 2 0 + 4 −1 / 4, 2 x + 4 , 1, f (0) = lim, =, =,
=−, x 0, 2 cos 2x, 2 cos 0, 2, 8, , x 0, , 1, −3, , = 2 lim,
, x 0, , 24. lim, , 1, (2x − 5), , 1, 3, , 21. lim, , x − 2, , x
−1, (x − 1), 18. lim 2, = lim, x 1 2 x − 7 x + 5, x 1 (x −
1 ) (2 x − 5 ), , −, , 18 − x, f (x) − f (3), = lim, x 3, x−3,
x−3, 1, = lim − (18 − x2)−3/ 2 (−2x), x 3, 2, 1, = −
(9)−3/ 2 (−2 × 3), 2, 1, 1, =, ×3 =, 27, 9, 2, , and f (x) is
continuous at x = 2., x, lim, = f (2), x 2 x + 2, 2 1, , f
(2) = =, 4 2, , , 0, form , , 0, , 0, , form , 0,

Page 459 :
332, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , x + 6 , 26. lim , , x
∞ x + 1 , , x+ 4, , , 5 , = lim 1 +, , x ∞ , x + 1 ,
, , , 5 , = lim 1 +, , x ∞ , x + 1 , , 4, x, 1, x
∞, 1+, x, , x+ 4, 5, ⋅, ⋅ ( x + 1), 5, x+1, , x+ 4, x + 1 5 ⋅ x +
1, 5 , , , , , x, 32. lim , x ∞ 3 +, , =e, , [(1) form],
, , , Q lim 1 +, x ∞ , , x, , 1 , = e , , x, , ,
a + x − a − x , 27. lim , , x 0, x, , , ( a + x − a −
x) ( a + x + a − x) , = lim , , x 0, x ( a + x + a − x), , ,
(a + x) − (a − x), = lim, x 0 x ( a + x + a − x), , , 2x, 2,
1, =, = lim , =, x 0 x ( a + x + a − x), a, a, a, +, , , 28.
Since, f (x) is continuous at x = 0, therefore, lim f (x) = f
(0), , x 0, , sin πx, , lim, =k, x 0, 5x, sin πx π, =k,
lim , , , x 0 πx 5, π, π, sin x, , , , =k k=,
(1), = 1 , Q lim, , , x, , 0, x, 5, 5, f (2 + h ) − f (2), 29.
Rf ′ (2) = lim, h 0, h, 2 (2 + h ) − 1 − (4 − 1), 4 + 2h − 1
− 3, = lim, = lim, h 0, h, , 0, h, h, 2h, = lim, =2, h 0
h, f (2 − h ) − f (2), and Lf ′ (2) = lim, h 0, −h, 2 − h + 1
−3, = lim, =1, h 0, −h, ∴, Lf ′ (2) ≠ Rf ′ (2), Thus, f′ (2)
does not exist., 30. lim, , sin θ, , , = 1 , Q lim, ,
θ 0 θ, , Also, f (x) is continuous at x = 2., ∴, lim f (x) = f
(2), x 2, , , , , lim (2x + λ ) = 6 − 4, , x 2, , lim 2(2 −
h ) + λ = 2, 4 + λ = 2 λ = −2, , h 0, , −3 x, , , = lim 1
+, x ∞ , , 3 , , x , , , = lim 1 +, x ∞ , , 3 3, , x ,
, x, , ( −9 ), , [(1)∞ form], , x, , , 1 , , Q lim 1 + =
e , , x ∞ , x, , , , = e−9, , = e5, , sin 2 ax a 2 x, ⋅
2⋅, x 0, bx, a x, 2, 2, sin ax a, x=0, = lim , ⋅, x 0
ax , b, 3x − 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 31. Q f (x) = , 2x + λ , 2 < x
≤ 3, , 3x, , ∞, , 1+, , 5 lim, , , , x , , sin −1 x − tan −1 x,
x 0, x3, Applying L’ Hospital’s rule,, 1, 1, −, 2, 2, 1−x
1+ x, = lim, x 0, 3 x2, , , 0, form , , 0, , 33. lim, ,
0, , form , 0, , , Again, applying L’ Hospital’s rule,,
2x, −1, −2 x, +, ×, 2, (1 − x2)3/ 2 (1 + x2)2, = lim, x 0,
6x, = lim, , x 0, , 1, 6, , 1, , 1, 2, 1, +, = (3) =, , 2 3/ 2,
2 2 , 6, 2, 1, 1, (, x, ), (, x, ), −, +, , , , 34. Since, f (x) is
continuous., 2x − sin −1 x , f (x) = lim , ∴, = f (0), x
0 2 x + tan −1 x , Applying L’ Hospital’s rule,, , 1
, 2 −, , 2−, , 1 − x2 , , f (0) = lim, =, x 0 , ,
1 , 2 +, 2 +, , , 1 + x2 , , 2 −1 1, =, =, 2+1 3, , ,
0, form , , 0, , 1 , , 1 , 1 , , 1 , , 35. f (x) is
continuous at every point., ∴, lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1),
x 1−, x 1+, , 5 ×1 −4 =4 ×1 + 3 × b ×1, , 1 = 4 +
3b 3b = − 3, , b = −1, 2x + 1 , when x > 1, , 36.
Given, that,, ,, f (x) = k, , when x = 1, 5x − 2 ,, x, <,
when, 1, , is continuous at x = 1, then, lim f (x) = lim f
(x) = f (1), x 1−, x 1+, , lim 5 (1 − h ) − 2 = lim 2 (1
+ h ) + 1 = k, h 0, , , , 1+2=k, , , , k =3, , h 0, , 37.
Since, f (x) is continuous at x = π /2 ., π , ∴, f = lim
f (x), 2 x π/ 2, , , λ = lim, , x π/ 2, , 1 − sin x, π
− 2x, , , 0, form , , 0

Page 460 :
333, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, , 2x −
1, , x≠0, , 44. Q f (x) = 1 + x − 1, k, x=0, ,, , x, 2 −1,
2x log e 2, (by L’ Hospital’s rule), ∴ lim, = lim, 1, x 0 1
+ x − 1, x 0, 2 1+ x, , Applying L’ Hospital’s rule,, − cos
x, , λ = lim, λ =0, x π/ 2, −2, x + 3 , 38. lim , ,
x ∞ x + 1 , , x+1, , , 2 , = lim 1 +, , x ∞ , x +
1 , , x+1, 2, 2, , 2, , x +1 , , 2 2 , , 2, = lim 1 +, ,
=e, x ∞ , +, x, 1, , , , , , , x + a , 39. lim , , x
∞ x + b , , x+b, , , a − b , = lim 1 +, , x ∞ , x +
b , , , a − b , , = lim 1 +, , x ∞ , x + b , , , =
ea − b, 1 , 40. lim x2 sin , x , x 0, , x, , , 1 , ,
Q lim 1 + = e , x , x ∞ , , , = 2 log e 2 = log
e 4, Q f (x) is continuous at k = 0., ∴, lim f (x) = f (0), ,
x+b, , , 45. lim, , , , Q lim 1 +, x ∞ , , , , , ,
2 −2, x, x, , x 0, , x + b a − b, a −b , , x 0, , , 1 , =
e , , x, , x, , , 0, form , , 0, , −x, , log e 4 = k, , =
lim 2x log 2 + 2− x log 2, x 0, , (by L’ Hospital’s rule), =
log 2 + log 2 = log 4, Q Function is continuous at x = 0.,
2x − 2−x, ∴, f (0) = lim, x 0, x, , f (0) = log 4, 1/cos x, ,
Put x = 1 / y, , 1, ⋅ sin ( y), y2, y, lim sin 2, y ∞, y, , , ,
lim, , y ∞, , , , 1 + tan x , 46. lim , , x 0 1 + sin
x, , , , cosec x, , lim 1/cos x, , (Q − 1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1, θ ∈ R), ,
sin ∞, = 0 × (finite value) = 0, ∞, , , , , 4 , 41. Given
that, lim 1 −, , x ∞ , x − 1 , , , 4 , = lim 1 −, ,
x ∞ , x − 1 , , , 3x −1, , 3 x − 1 , − ( x − 1 ) −4
x − 1 , 4, , , 1 , 1 , , lim 3 − / 1 − , x ,
x , −4 x ∞ , , =e, , , , , = e−4 × 3 = e−12, , a cot x
− cos x − 1 , = a cos ( π / 2) lim , = 1 log a = log a, x
π / 2 cot x − cos x , , , ax − 1, = log a , Q xlim,
0, x, , , x , , π, 6, , 2 sin 2 x + sin x − 1, 2 sin 2 x − 3
sin x + 1, , = lim, , π, x , 6, , 4 sin x cos x + cos x, 4 sin x
cos x − 3 cos x, , =, , e x 0, e, , =, , e, =1, e, , 4 × 5x for
x < 0, 47. We have, f (x) = , 8a + x for x ≥ 0, LHL = lim
f (0 − h ) = lim 4 × 5− h = 4, h 0, , and, , h 0, , RHL =
lim f (0 + h ) = lim (8a + h ) = 8a, h 0, , h 0, , Since, if
f (x) continuous function., LHL = RHL 8a = 4 a =, ,
cot x − cos x, a cot x − a cos x , − 1 , cos x a, 42. lim
, , , = lim a, x π / 2 cot x − cos x , x π/ 2,
cot x − cos x , , 43. lim, , cos x , , 1 + sin x sin x ,
, , , cos x , , , = lim, x 0, (1 + sin x)1/sin x, ,
(by L’ Hospital’s rule), , π, 4 sin + 1, cos x (4 sin x + 1),
2+1, 6, = lim, =, =, = −3, π cos x (4 sin x − 3 ), π, x , 4
sin − 3 2 − 3, 6, 6, , 4 1, =, 8 2, , 48. Given that, f (a ) = 2,
f ′ (a ) = 1, g (a ) = − 1, g ′ (a ) = 2, g (x) f (a ) − g (a ) f (x),
lim, ∴, x a, x−a, On putting x = a , above expression
become, 0 , indeterminate form of ., 0 , f (a ) g ′
(x) − g (a ) f ′ (x), = lim, x a, 1 −0, (on applying L’
Hospital’s rule), = f (a ) g ′ (a ) − g (a ) f ′ (a ), = 2 × 2 −
(−1) × 1 = 4 + 1 = 5, mx, + 1, x ≤ π / 2, , 49. f (x) = ,
sin x + n , x > π / 2, π, Since, f (x) is continuous at x =,
2, π, , π, , π , f + 0 = f − 0 = f , ∴, 2, , 2,
, 2

Page 461 :
334, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , π, lim f + h = lim f,
h 0, 2, , , , π , , π, − h = f , 2 , , 2, ,
h 0, , 50. lim, x 0, , mπ, π, , π, , lim sin + h
+ n = lim m − h + 1 =, +1, 2, , 2, , h 0, h 0, 2,
, , , , m π, mπ, − mh + 1 =, lim( cos h + n) = lim
, +1, , h 0 2, 2, mπ, mπ, 1+ n=, +1 =, +1, 2, 2, π ,
n = m , 2 , , h 0, , 5x, x sin 5x, sin 5x , = lim x ,
⋅, 2, 2, , , , x, 0, 5x, sin 4x, sin 4x , 2, × 16x, ,
4x , sin 5x, 5, 1, lim, =, ⋅, 2, 16 x 0 5x , sin 4x , ,
lim, x 0 4x , 5, 1, =, ×1 ×, 16, 1, 5, =, 16, , Level II,
x3 + 1, , lim 2, − (ax + b) = 2, x ∞ x + 1, , , 3, x
(1 − a ) − bx2 − ax + (1 − b) , lim , , =2, x ∞, x2 +
1, , , a (1 − b) , , x (1 − a ) − b − x + x2 , , lim ,
=2, 1, x ∞, , , 1+ 2, x, , , This limit will exist, if, 1 −
a = 0 and b = − 2 a = 1 and b = − 2, 1, 1, 1, 2. lim, , =,
= 1 and f (0) = 0, x 0 1 − e− 1/ x, 1 − e−1/ 0 1 − 1, ∞,
e, 1, lim, ≠ f (0), , x 0 1 − e−1/ x, 1. Given that,, , ∴
Function is not continuous at x = 0., sin 2x + sin 6x, sin
4x cos 2x, 3. lim, = lim, x 0 sin 5 x − sin 3 x, x 0 2
sin x cos 4x, sin 4x x cos 2x , = lim 4 , , , ,
x 0 4x sin x cos 4 x , 1, =4 ×1 ×1 × =4, 1, 1/
n, , 3n, , 4. lim (3n + 4n )1/ n = lim 4 n + 1 , n ∞,
n ∞, 4, , , , 1 +, = lim 4 , n ∞, , , , 0, 1 , , =
4 1 + , ∞ , , = 4 × (1)0 = 4, , 1/ n, , , 1 , n, 4 ,
, 3 , , , 5. Since, |x| is discontinuous at x = 0 and,
discontinuous at x = 0., |x|, is discontinuous at x = 0., ∴
f (x) = |x| +, x, , |x|, is, x, , 3x + 4 tan x, 4 tan x , , =
lim 3 +, , x 0 , x, x , tan x, = 3 + 4 lim, =3 + 4 = 7,
x 0, x, If the given function f (x) is continuous at x =
0, then, lim f (x) = f (0) k = 7, , 6. lim f (x) = lim, x 0, ,
x 0, , x 0, , 7. f (x) = cos (|x|), Let, φ (x) = |x|and g (x)
= cos x,, then, ( go φ ) (x) = g (φ (x)) = g (|x|), , ( go φ )
(x) = cos (|x|), Since, φ and g are continuous functions,
so ( go φ ) is also, a continuous function., 1 − cos θ, 8.
Let y = lim, θ 0, θ, θ, 2 sin 2, , 2, 2 θ , y = lim, Q
1 − cos θ = 2 sin 2 , θ 0, θ, θ, 2 sin, 2, y = lim, θ 0,
θ, θ, sin, 2, −1 −1, LHL = 2 lim, = 2 × =, 2 , 2, θ
0− θ, ×2, 2, θ, sin, 1, 1, 2, RHL = 2 lim, = 2× =, 2, 2,
x 0 + θ, ×2, 2, Q RHL ≠ LHL, ∴ The limit does not
exist., − (x − 3); x < 3, 9. We know that,|x − 3| = , (x
− 3); x > 3, |x − 3|, Now, LHL = lim f (x) = lim, −, −, x−3,
x 3, x 3, − (x − 3), = lim, = −1, x 3, x−3, |x − 3|, RHL
= lim f (x) = lim, x 3 +, x 3 + x − 3

Page 462 :
335, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, , = lim, ,
x 3, , Since,, , (x − 3), =1, x−3, , Now,, lim f (x) = lim f (0
− h ), , x 0−, , lim f (x) ≠ lim f (x), , x 3, , −, , x 3, , +, ,
h 0, , 1 − cos 4 (0 − h ), 1 − cos 4 h, 2 sin 2 2 h, lim, =,
=, lim, h 0, h 0, h 0, (0 − h )2, h2, h2, , = lim, ,
Thus, the limit does not exist., 10. We have, f (x) = x2 +
4x − 5, ∴, , 2, , sin 2h , =2 ×4 =8, = 2 × 4 lim , h 0
2h , , , f (x) = x2 + 5x − x − 5 f (x) = (x − 1) (x + 5), ,
Now,, f (0) = a, From Eq. (i), lim f (x) = f (0), x 0−, , a
=8, , For f (x) to be real-valued function., (x − 1) (x + 5)
≥ 0 x ≥ 1 and x ≤ −5, x ∈ (−∞ , − 5] ∪ [1, ∞ ), which
is required domain., 11. f (x) = a sin|x| + be |x |, a sin
(− x) + be( − x ), , f (x) = , 0, a sin x + bex, , , ex + e−
x − 2, x sin x, The function ex and e− x both are
continuous on, [−π / 2, π / 2] ., , 14. We have, F (x) =, , ,
x<0, , x=0, , x>0, , So, that ex + e−x − 2 is also
continuous on [−π / 2, π / 2]., , LHL = lim f (x) = lim [a
sin (− x) + be( − x ) ], x 0, , −, , x 0, , Also, x and sin x
both are continuous on [−π / 2, π / 2]., , = lim [− a sin x
+ be− x ], x 0, , ex + e− x − 2, is continuous on [−π / 2,
π / 2] ., x sin x, , = − a sin (0) + be0 = b, RHL = lim f (x) =
lim [a sin x + bex ], , Then, F (x) =, , = a sin(0) + be0 = b,
Also,, f (0) = 0, Since, the given function is
differentiable at x = 0,, therefore it is also continuous
at x = 0., LHL = RHL = f (0) b = 0, , Provided x sin x ≠
0 at every point of [−π / 2, π / 2]., , x 0 +, , x 0, , But
x sin x = 0 at x = 0, ex + e− x − 2, is continuous except
at x = 0 on, x sin x, the interval [−π / 2, π / 2]., log (x − a
), 15. lim, x a log (ex − ea ), So, F (x) =, , 12. At x = 3,, ,
f (3 − h ) − f (3), −h, |3 − h − 3| + |3 − h − 4| − (0 + |3 −
4|), = lim, h 0, −h, 2h + 1 − 1, = lim, = −2, h 0, −h, f
(3 + h ) − f (3), RHD = lim, h 0, h, |3 + h − 3| + |3 + h −
4| − 1, = lim, h 0, h, 2h − 2, = lim, =∞, h 0, h, Q, LHD
≠ RHD, ∴ f (x) is not differentiable at x = 3., Now, at x =
4,, |4 − h − 3| + |4 − h − 4| − 1, LHD = lim, h 0, 4 − h
−4, 1 − h + h −1, = lim, =0, h 0, −h, |4 + h − 3| + |4 + h
− 4| − 1, RHD = lim, h 0, 4 + h −4, 1 + h + h −1, = lim,
=2, h 0, h, Q, LHD ≠ RHD, ∴ f (x) is not differentiable
at x = 4., LHD = lim, , h 0, , 13. Since, f (x) is
continuous at x = 0., , lim f (x) = f (0), x 0−, , Using
L’Hospital’s rule, we get, 1, ex − ea, x−a, = lim, = lim, x, x
a (x − a ) ex, x a, e, x, a, e −e, Again, by L’ Hospital’s
rule, we get, ex, ea, = lim, = a =1, x, x, x a (x − a ) e +
e, e, f ( x) 2 t, 16. Here, lim ∫, dt, x 1 4, (x − 1), On
integrating wrt t, we have, f ( x), , 2 t2 , lim , , x
1 2 (x − 1 ), 4, , , = lim, , x 1, , 1, f ( x), [t 2]4, x−1, , 1,
[( f (x))2 − 16], x−1, [ f (x)]2 − 16, = lim, x 1, x−1, = lim,
, x 1, , Using L’ Hospital’s rule,, 2 f (x) ⋅ f ′ (x) − 0, lim, =
lim 2 f (x) f ′ (x) = 2 f (1) f ′ (1), x 1, x 1, 1 −0, = 2 (4) f
′ (1), ...(i), , = 8 f ′ (1), , [given f (1) = 4]

Page 463 :
336, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 17. At the rational
point x = 0, we have f (0) = 0, lim, x2 = 0, , Also,, lim f
(x) = x 0, x 0, (− x2) = 0, lim, x 0, ∴ f (x) is
continuous at x = 0., , , LHL = RHL = f (0), f (x) is
continuous at x = 0., , 18. lim g {f (x)} = lim {f (x)}2 + 1, ,
Now,, , x 0, , RHL = lim f (x) = lim f (0 + h ), , and, , x
0, , h 0, , x 0, , h 0, , = lim sin 2 x + 1 = 1, , 1 − cos
x, ,, , 19. Given that, f (x) = , x, k, ,, , = lim, , h 0, ,
x≠0, x=0, , 1 − cos x, x, 2 sin 2 x/ 2, x=0, = lim, x 0 4 (x
/ 2 )2, , 2, , k =0, , −π , −π , f = −2 sin = + 2,
2 , 2 , π , lim f (x) = A sin − + B = B − A, π, 2 ,
x − + 0, , 20. lim [ a 2x2 + ax + 1 − a 2x2 + 1 ], x ∞, ,
After rationalization,, a 2x2 + ax + 1 − a 2x2 − 1 , ,
= lim , 2 2, 2 2, x ∞ , a x + ax + 1 + a x + 1 , a, a,
1, a2 + + 2 +, x x, a, a, 1, =, =, a 2 + a 2 2a 2, , = lim, , x
∞, , x3 − 3x + 2, ,, , 21. Q f (x) = (x − 1)2, , k, ,, , , 2,
, If f (x) is continuous at x = −, B − A =2, , 1, a2 + 2, x, ,
Again,, , lim f (x) = cos, , π, x + 0, 2, , By L’Hospital’s
rule,, , π, , then we must have, 2, ...(ii), A + B =0, On
solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A = − 1 , B = 1, x − 3 , x ≥
3, 24. Q f (x) = | x − 3| = , 3 − x, x < 3, , , 0, Q
form , , 0, , ∴ LHL = lim f (x) = lim f (0 − h ) = lim (3 +
h ) = 3, x 0−, , By L’Hospital’s rule,, = lim, , x 1, , 6x,
2, , and, , LHL = lim f (x) = lim f (0 − h ), h 0, , = lim (− h
)2 + h = 0, h 0, , h 0, , h 0, , RHL = lim f (x) = lim f
(0 + h ), x 0+, , h 0, , = lim (3 − h ) = 3, , =3, f (x) = | x|
+ x2, x2 + x, x ≥ 0, f (x) = , 2, x − x, x < 0, x 0−, , π,
=0, 2, , ∴ If f (x) is continuous at x = +, , , 0, Q form ,
, 0, , 3 x2 − 3, x 1 2 (x − 1 ), , ...(i), , π , lim f (x) = A
sin + B = A + B, π, 2 , x − 0, π, π , f = cos =
0, 2 , 2, , ∀x=1, , k = lim, , π, , then we must have, 2, ,
2, , ∀x≠1, , and f (x) is continuous., x3 − 3x + 2, ∴, lim,
=k, x 1, (x − 1)2, , , f (0 + h ) − f (0), h, , h2 + h, = lim h
+ 1 = 1, h 0, h 0, h, , LHD ≠ RHD, f (x) is not
differentiable at x = 0., π , 23. Here, lim f (x) = −2 sin
− = + 2, −π, 2 , x , , x 0, , , , h 0, , [Q f (0) =
0], , = lim, , and, f (0) = k, Q Function is continuous at x
= 0,, ∴, lim f (x) = f (0), , =, , Rf ′ (0) = RHD = lim, , and, ,
x 0, , , , h2 + h, = − lim h + 1, h 0, −h, , = −1, , lim f
(x) = lim, , x 0, , f (0 − h ) − f (0), −h, , Lf ′ (0) = LHD =
lim, , x 0, , 22. Q, , h 0, , = lim (+ h 2) + h = 0, , h 0, ,
, LHL = RHL, ∴ f (x) is continuous at x = 0., Now,, , f
(0) − f (0 − h ), h, 3 − (3 + h ), = lim, = −1, h 0, h, , LHD
= f ′ (0− ) = lim, , h 0

Page 464 :
337, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, , and, ,
RHD = f ′ (0+ ) = lim, , h 0, , f (0 + h ) − f (0), h, , 3 − h
−3, = lim, = −1, h 0, h, , LHD = RHD, ∴ f (x) is
differentiable at x = 1., Hence, both statements I and
II are correct., (x − 1)2, | x − 1|, (x − 1),, = , − (x − 1),,
, f (x) =, , 25. Let, , Now,, , x≥1, x<1, , h 0, , h 0, , h
0, , RHL = lim f (1 + h ), h 0, , = lim (1 + h − 1) = lim h =
0, h 0, , h 0, , (x − 1)2, =0, LHL = RHL lim, x 1 |
x − 1|, , Q, , 26. (A) lim x3/ 2 ( x3 + 1 − x3 − 1 ), x ∞, ,
2x3/ 2, , = lim, , x ∞, , x3 + 1 + x3 − 1, 2, 2, = lim, =, =1,
x ∞, 1+ 1, 1, 1, 1+ 3 + 1− 3, x, x, , (B) lim (3x + 9x2 − x
), x −∞, , y ∞, , lim, , y, 3y + 9y + y, , 3x − 4 , (C) lim
, , x ∞ 3 x + 2 , , 2, , x+1, 3, , =, , 1, 1, =, 3+3 6, , ,
−6 , = lim 1 + , , x ∞, 3x + 2 , , lim, , =, , 2, ,
1, 1 − sin x, 1 sin(h / 2) , = lim ⋅ , =, x π / 2 (π − 2
x)2, h 0 8 , 8, h /2 , π, Since, the function f (x) is
continuous at x = ., 2, 1, π , ∴, lim f (x) = f k =, π,
2 , 8, x , Hence, lim, , x2, 28. I. lim, = lim (x) = 0, x
0 x, x 0, So, it is exist., x2, II., = x,, x, Since, a
polynomial is continuous everywhere, so it, is
continuous at x = 0., |0 − h |, h, III. LHL = lim, = lim, =
−1, h 0 (0 − h ), h 0 −h, |0 + h |, h, RHL = lim, = lim
= 1, h 0 (0 + h ), h 0 h, Q LHL ≠ RHL, So, it does not
exist., x,, x≥0, 29. Given, f (x) = 2, − x , x < 0, LHL =
lim f (x) = − lim x2 = 0, x 0, x 0−, RHL = lim f (x) =
lim x = 0, x 0+, , Let − x = y, lim (−3 y + 9 y2 + y ), ∴,
y ∞, , 2, , 2, , LHL = lim f (1 − h ), = lim [− (1 − h − 1)] =
lim h = 0, , and, , , π, 1 − sin + h , , 2, , 1 − cos h,
4h, 4h 2, 2, 1 2 sin (h / 2) 1 sin 2(h / 2), = ⋅, = ⋅, 4 (h / 2)2
⋅ 4, 8 (h / 2)2, , 1 − sin x, =, ∴, (π − 2x)2, , −6, , x ∞ 3x +
2, , ⋅, , x+1, 3, , x+1, 3, , =e, = e−2/ 3, log x − 1, log x − log
e, (D) lim, = lim, x e, x e, x−e, x−e, log (e + h ) − log
e, = lim, h 0, e+ h −e, h , , log 1 + , , 1, e 1, = lim,
= = e−1, h, e h 0, e, e, 1 − sin x, π, as x ., 27. We
first of all, find out the limit of, 2, (π − 2x)2, π, π, For
this, let x − = h, so that when x , h 0, 2, 2, , x 0, ,
and, f (0) = 0, ∴, LHL = RHL = f (0), ∴ It is continuous at
x = 0., Also, f (x) is continuous in the given interval.,
Hence, f (x) is continuous in every x ∈ R., x, 30. Q f (x)
=, 1 + | x|, x, , x<0, 1 − x, = , x , x≥0, 1 + x, f (0 −
h ) − f (0), ∴ LHD = f ′ (0− ) = lim, h 0, −h, −h, −0, 1+ h,
= lim, h 0, −h, 1, = lim, =1, h 0 1 + h, and RHD = f ′
(0+ ), f (0 + h ) − f (0), = lim, h 0, h

Page 465 :
338, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 1 , lim f (x) = lim x p
cos , x , x 0, x 0, , h, −0, 1, 1+ h, = lim, = lim,
=1, h, , 0, h 0, 1+ h, h, , ∴, 32. lim, , x α, , = lim, ,
x α, , = lim, , x α, , α + 2x + 3x, , ×, , α + 2x + 3x, , ×, ,
=, , 3α + x + 2 x, 1, lim, 3 x α α + 2x + 3x, , =, , 1 4α + 2
α, ⋅, 3 3α + 3α, , =, , 1 4 α, 2, ⋅, =, 3 2 3 α 3 3, , lim x cot x,
, lim, , x, , x 0 tan x, , =e, , = e1 = e, , , , x, = 1 , (1 +
x)1/ x = e and lim, Q xlim, x 0 tan x, 0, , , Since,
f (x) is continuous at x = 0., ∴, f (0) = lim f (x) = e, x 0, ,
36. If f (x) is differentiable everywhere, then f | f| is
not, differentiable at same points., Since, the product
of two functions in which one is, differentiable and
other is not differentiable, then the, resultant is not
differentiable., 1 , 37. Q f (x) = x sin , x , 3α + x +
2 x, , ( 3α + x )2 − (2 x )2, , 3α + 2x + 2 x, α + 2x − 3x, ×,
3α + x − 4x, α + 2x + 3x, 3α + x + 2 x, , = lim [(1 + x)1/ x
]x cot x, =e, , α + 2x − 3x, , x α, , x 0, , x 0, , 3α + x
− 2 x, = lim, , [(1)∞ form], , lim f (x) = lim (x + 1)cot x, ,
x 0, , x 0, , x 1, , 2, , f (x) is continuous at x = 0,
1 , lim x p cos = f (0) = 0, x , x 0, , Which is
possible only, if p > 0 ., 35., , lim f (x) = 1, , ( α + 2x) − ( 3x
)2, , Q, ∴, , Q, LHD = RHD, ∴ f (x) is differentiable at x =
0., Hence, f (x) is differentiable in (−∞ , ∞ )., 1, 31., LHL
= lim, h 0 1 − |1 − (1 − h )|, 1, = lim, h 0 1 −| h |, 1, =
lim, =1, h 0 1 − h, 1, RHL = lim, h 0 1 − |1 − (1 + h
)|, 1, = lim, h 0 1 −| − h |, 1, = lim, =1, h 0 1 − h, , (α
− x), 3(α − x), , 33. f (x) = sin| x|, x≥0, sin x,, = , sin (−
x), x < 0, sin (x), x ≥ 0, = , − sin x, x < 0, cos x, x ≥ 0,
f ′ (x) = , − cos x, x < 0, From above it is clear that f
(x) is not differentiable, at x = 0 and f (x) is a periodic
function. Thus, f (x) is, non-differentiable at many
points., P, 1 , x ≠0, x cos ,, (, ), =, f, x, x, , 34.
Q, 0,, x =0, , , For differentiability at x = 0, f (0 − h ) −
f (0), LHD = lim, h 0, −h, 1 , (− h ) sin − , h , =
lim, h 0, −h, 1 , h sin , h , = lim, h 0, h, 1 , =
lim sin = a value lies between –1 and 1., h , h 0,
= does not exist, f (0 + h ) − f (0), h, 1 , h sin , h ,
= lim, h 0, h, 1 , = lim sin , h , h 0, , RHD =
lim, , h 0, , = a value lies between –1 and 1 = does
not exist., LHD ≠ RHD, Hence, f (x) is not
differentiable at x = 0. For continuity, at x = 0, LHL =
lim f (0 − h ), x 0−, 1 , = lim − h sin − , h , h
0, = lim h sin, h 0, , 1, = 0 × (finite value lies between
−1 to +1), h, , =0, RHL = lim f (0 + h ), x 0 +

Page 466 :
339, , Limits, Continuity and Differentiability, , lim h
sin, , h 0, , 1, = 0 × (finite value lies between −1 to
+1) = 0, h, , f (0) = 0, , , LHL = RHL = f (0), , Hence, f (x)
is continuous at x = 0, Thus, A is false but R is true., tan
x, 1, 38. We have, lim, = lim, x 0, x 0 x cot x, x,
Using L’ Hospital’s rule,, 1, sec 2x, =1 ≠, = lim, x 0, 2,
1, If lim f (x) exist and lim g (x) exist., ∴, , x a, , x a, ,
lim { f (x) ⋅ g (x)} exists., , x a, , (by property of limit), ,
∴ A is false, but R is true., 1, 2, x sin , x ≠ 0, 39.
Assertion (A) f (x) = , x, , x=0, 0, 1 , LHL = lim f (x)
= lim (− x)2 sin − = 0, −, x , x, 0, , x 0, 1 ,
RHL = lim f (x) = lim x2 sin = 0, x , x 0, x 0+,
∴, , f (0) = lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 0, x 0 −, , x 0+, , ∴ It
is continuous at x = 0., Reason (R) We have,, h (x) = x, it
is continuous for every values of x., 1, , x sin , x ≠ 0,
Now,, g (x) = , x, , x=0, 0, 1 , LHL = lim g (x) = lim x
sin = 0, − x , x 0, x 0 −, 1 , RHL = lim g (x) =
lim x sin = 0, x , x 0, x 0 +, ∴, , f (0) = lim f (x) =
lim f (x) = 0, x 0−, , x 0, , ∴ Both A and R are true
and R is the correct explanation, of A., 40. Assertion
(A) Let f (x) = |x|, f (0 − h ) − f (0) h − 0, LHD = lim, =, =
−1, h 0, −h, −h, f (0 + h ) − f (0) h, RHD = lim, = =1, h
0, h, h, , LHD ≠ RHD, ∴ f (x) is not differentiable at x
= 0 ., |x|, , x≠0, Reason (R) We have, f (x) = x, 0 , x
= 0, , x , LHL = lim f (x) = lim − = − 1, −, x , , x,
0, x 0, x, RHL = lim f (x) = lim = 1, +, x, , 0, x, x 0,
Limit does not exist., ∴Both A and R are true, but R is
not the correct, explanation of A ., , Solutions (Q. Nos.
41-43), Since, the given limit exists and denominator,
approaches 0 as x 0., The numerator must
approach zero as x 0, which is, ∴, possible, if 4 + b =
0, which is obtained by putting x = 0, in the
numerator., ∴, b = −4, Hence, the given function
becomes, 4 + sin 2x + a sin x − 4 cos x, x2, Now, the
numerator is (on expansion), , , , x3, , 8x3, x2 x
4, 4 + 2x −, −... , +, + ... − 4 1 −, + ... + a x −, 3!, 2!
4!, , , , 3!, , a , 2, 3 −8, = (4 − 4) + (2 + a ) x + 2x
+ x − + ..., 6 6 , 1, 2, = 0 + (2 + a ) x + 2x − (8 + a )x3
+ K, 6, 1, (2 + a ) + 2x2 − (8 + a )3 + K, 6, The expression
=, x2, If the limit exists, then we must have 2 + a = 0,
i.e., a = − 2 and in that case, the limit = 2, Hence, a = −
2, b = − 4 and the limit = 2, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 44-45),
ax2 + b,, x< −1, Given that, f (x) = 2, +, +, ≥ −1, ,, bx,
ax, 4, x, , Since, f ′ (x) is continuous everywhere, sof
(x) is also, continuous everywhere., So,, f (− 1) = lim f
(x) = lim a (−1 − h )2 + b, , , , x 1 −, , b−a+4=a+ b, a
=2, 2ax, Now,, f ′ (x) = , 2bx + a, , h 0, , , x < −1, ,, ,
x≥ −1, , Now, given that f ′ (x) is everywhere
continuous., ∴, f (−1) = lim f (x) = lim (2a ) (− 1 − h ) = −
2a, x − 1 −, , h 0, , 2b(− 1) + a = − 2a, , 3a − 2b
= 0 ; put a = 2, we get b = 3

Page 467 :
18, Differentiation, Differentiation is a method to
compute the rate at, which a dependent variable y
changes with respect to the, change in the
independent variable x. This rate of change is, called
the derivative of y with respect to x., , Geometrical
Meaning of Derivative, Let us consider a function y = f
( x ) and x and y are real, numbers. If the graph of y is
plotted against x. The, derivative measures the slope
of this graph at each point., Let a point Q( x + h , f ( x +
h )) is very near to point, P ( x , f ( x )) on y = f ( x ). The
value g / h is an approximation to, the slope of the
tangent which we require., y, , It gives the
instantaneous rate of change of y with, respect to x., ,
Differentiation of Some, Important Functions, 1., 2.,
3., 4., , Q, g, , y = f (x), , 5., , P, h, , 6., , O, , Also, it can be
written as, , x, , change in y, ∆y, or m =, change in x, ∆x, ,
If we move Q closer and closer to P, the line PQ will
get, closer and closer to the tangent at P and so the
slope of PQ, gets closer to the slope that we require. If
we let Q go all the, way to touch P ( i.e . , h = 0), then
we would have the exact, slope of the tangent., g f(x +
h ) − f(x), Now,, =, h, h, So, also the slope PQ will be
given by, f(x + h ) − f(x), m=, h, But we require the slope
at P, so let h 0, then in, effect, Q will approach P and
g / h will approach the, required slope. Putting this
together, the slope of the, tangent at P is, dy, f(x + h ) −
f(x), = lim, dx h 0, h, , 7., 8., 9., 10., , d, ( c) = 0, c is
independent of x, dx, d, ( x n ) = nx n − 1, dx, d, (sin x ) =
cos x, dx, d, (cos x ) = − sin x, dx, π , d, , (tan x ) = sec2
x , x ≠ nπ + , 2 , dx, , d, 2, (cot x ) = − cosec x , { x ≠
nπ}, dx, d, , (sec x ) = sec x tan x , x ≠ nπ +, dx, , d, (
cosec x ) = − cosec x cot x , { x ≠, dx, d, 1, (sin−1 x ) =, ,|x|
< 1, dx, 1 − x2, , π , , 2 , nπ }, , d, 1, (cos−1 x ) = −, ,|x|<
1, dx, 1 − x2, , d, 1, (tan−1 x ) =, dx, 1 + x2, d, 1, 12.,
(cot−1 x ) = −, dx, 1 + x2, , 11., , 13., , d, 1, (sec−1 x ) =, ,|
x|> 1, dx, | x| x 2 − 1, , 14., , d, 1, ( cosec−1x ) = −, ,|x|> 1,
dx, |x| x 2 − 1, , 15., , d, ( a x ) = a x loge a, dx

Page 468 :
341, , Differentiation, , 16., 17., 18., 19., 20., 21., , d x, (
e ) = ex, dx, 1, d, (log x ) = , ( x > 0), dx, x, d, 1, (loga x ) =,
dx, x loge a, x, d, |x|, or, |x| =, , { x ≠ 0}, |x|, dx, x, 1, d, x=,
dx, 2 x, d x, x = x x (1 + log x ), dx, , xx − x− x , , 2 ,
, Solution (a) f ( x) = cot −1 , , On differentiating, we
get, f ′( x) = −, , =−, , ∴, , d, F ( x ) = f ( x ),, dx, d, then, F (
ax + b) = af ( ax + b), dx, d, d, ( kf ( x )) = k, f ( x ), where k
is a constant., dx, dx, d, d, d, [( f ( x ) ± g( x ))] =, g( x ), f(x)
±, dx, dx, dx, d, d, d, f(x), g( x ) + g( x ), [ f ( x ) g( x )] = f ( x
), dx, dx, dx, d f ( x ) g( x ) f ′ ( x ) − f ( x ) g′ ( x ), , g( x ) ≠
0, , =, dx g( x ) , [g( x )]2, d, d, ( f ( x )) g ( x ) = ( f ( x ))
g ( x ), ( g( x ) log f ( x )), dx, dx, 1, d 1, d, =−, ⋅, f ( x ), f ( x )
≠ 0, 2, dx f ( x ), dx, ( f ( x )), , 1. If, , 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., , , ,
xx − x, , 1+ , 2 , , 2, 4 + ( x − x− x) 2, x, , ⋅, , d xx −
x− x , , , dx 2 , , d −x , d x, dx ( x ) − dx ( x ) , ,
, , 2, [ xx (1 + log x) + x− x(1 + log x)], ( xx + x− x) 2, 2,
=− x, ( xx + x− x) (1 + log x), ( x + x− x) 2, 2, =− x, (1 + log
x), x + x−x, 2, f ′ (1) = −, (1 + 0), 1+ 1, 2, = − = −1, 2, f ′( x
) = −, , Example 3. The derivative of the function, f ( x)
=, , x2, 1 − x2, , 4x, 1− x, 1, (c), 1− x, , Example 1. If f ( x)
= | x − 2 | and g ( x) = f ( f ( x)), then the, (b) 1, (d) 3, , is,
(b), , (a), , 8. Chain rule If y is a function of z and z is a
function, dy dy dz, of x, then, =, ⋅, dx dz dx, value of g ′ (
x) for x > 20 is, (a) 4, (c) 2, , −x 2, , , d x, x, , Q dx (
x ) = x (1 + log x), , , and d ( x− x) = − x− x (1 + log x )
, , , dx, , Algebra of Differentiable, Functions, , 2.,
, 1, , 2x, (1 − x 2) 2, , (d) None of these, , Solution (b) We
have, f ( x) =, , x2, 1 − x2, , On differentiating both sides
wrt x, we get, (1 − x2) (2x ) − x2 ( −2x ), f ′ ( x) =, (1 − x2)
2, = 2x ⋅, , (1 − x2 + x2), 2x, =, (1 − x2) 2, (1 − x2) 2, ,
Solution (b) We have, f ( x) = | x − 2|, for, , ∴, , x > 20 ,, f (
x) = x − 2, g ( x) = f ( f ( x)), = f ( x − 2) = x − 2 − 2 = x − 4, g
′ ( x) = 1, , (given), , xx − x− x , , then the value of f
′(1), 2 , , Example 2. If f ( x) = cot −1 , is, , (a) −1, , (b)
7, , (c) −2, , (d) 3, , Differentiation of Functions in,
Parametric Form, Sometimes x and y are given as
functions of a single, variable, for example, x = φ( t ), y
= ψ( t ) are two functions, and t is a variable. In such a
case x and y are called, parametric functions or
parametric equations and t is, dy, called the
parameter. To find, in case of parametric, dx,
functions, we first obtain the relationship between x
and y, by eliminating the parameter t and then we
differentiable x

Page 470 :
343, , Differentiation, , Important Trigonometrical,
Formulae, The following formulae will be helpful to
solve the, problems involving inverse trigonometric
function etc., 2 tan x, 1. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x =, 1 +
tan2 x, 2. sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x, 3. cos 2x = 2 cos2 x
− 1, = 1 − 2 sin x = cos x − sin x =, 2, , 2, , 2, , 1 − tan2 x,
1 + tan2 x, , 4. cos 3x = 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x, 5. tan 2x =, 6.
tan 3x =, , 2 tan x, , The following table will be useful to
reduce the, function into simple form, Expressions, 1.,
2., 3., 4., , 3 tan x − tan3 x, 1 − 3 tan x, , a+ x, a− x, or, a−
x, a+ x, 2x, 2x, 6., or, 2, 1+ x, 1 − x2, , x = a cos θ, x = tan
θ, , 1+ x + 1−, 2, , −1, , π, 2, π, (ii) tan−1 x + cot−1 x =,
2, π, (iii) sec−1x + cosec−1x =, 2, , 2 cos θ /2 + 2 sin θ
/2 , , = sin −1 , 2, , , 1, θ, θ , 1, = sin −1 , cos +,
sin , 2, 2, 2 , 2, π, θ, π, θ , , = sin −1 sin cos + cos
sin , , 4, 2, 4, 2 , , π θ π θ, = sin −1 sin + =
+, 4 2 4 2, , , , 12. sin−1 x ± sin−1 y = sin−1 ( x 1
− y 2 ± y 1 − x 2 ), , 1− x 1, = cos−1 x, 1+ x 2, , (d) None
of these, , Putting x = cos θ , we get, 1 + cos θ + 1 −
cos θ , , y = sin −1 , 2, , , , (i) sin−1 x + cos−1 x =,
, 1 − x2 , = 2 tan−1 x, 15. cos−1 , 2, 1 + x , , 2 1−
x 2, , (1 + x) + (1 − x) , , 2, , , , , −1 x + y , ∀ x ,
y > 0 and xy < 1, tan 1 xy ,, − , , = , π + tan−1
x + y , ∀ x , y > 0 and xy > 1, , 1 − xy , , 2x ,
14. sin−1 , = 2 tan−1 x, 1 + x2 , , (b), , x , wrt x
is, , , Solution (b) Let y = sin−1 , , 10. tan−1 x +
tan−1 y, , 13. cos−1 x ± cos−1 y = cos−1 ( xy m, , 1, , 1−
x 2, 1, (c), 3x, , 1 ± tan x, π, , = tan ± x , , , 1 m tan
x, 4, , 16. tan−1, , x = a tan θ, x = a sin θ or x = a cos θ, x
= asec θ or x = a cosec θ, x = a tan θ, , 2, , 5., , (a), , 2, ,
mx, 2, 2 mx, 8. 1 − cos mx = 2 sin, 2, , 11., ,
Substitutions, , a + x, a 2 − x2, x2 − a 2, a+ x, a− x, or, a−
x, a+ x, 2, , Example 7. The derivative of sin−1 , , 1 −
tan2 x, , 7. 1 + cos mx = 2 cos2, , 9., , Differentiation by
Substitution, , 1 − x2, , 1 − y2 ), , y=, , π 1, + cos−1 x, 4 2,
, On differentiating, we get, dy, 1, 1, =0 −, =−, 2, dx, 2
1− x, 2 1 − x2, , 1 + x 2 − 1 , wrt, , , x, , , ,
Example 8. The derivative of tan−1 , 2 x 1 − x2 ,
at x = 0, is, tan−1 , 1 − 2 x2 , , , 2, 1, (a), (b), 3, 4, ,
(c) 2, , (d), , 4, 3

Page 471 :
344, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 1 + x2 − 1 , , , , x, ,
, , Solution (b) Let y = tan−1 , and, , …(i), , Example 9.
If f ( x) = θ sec x, , 2x 1 − x2 , , z = tan −1 , 1 − 2x2
, , , , …(ii), , ∴, , , Solution (b) We have, f ( x) = θ sec
x, 1, , 1, , sec θ, ∴ f ′(θ) = 0 + θ sec θ tan θ, 1, , sec θ tan
2 θ 1, sec θ 1 + θ sec θ tan θ θ, 0, 0, 0, sec2θ 0, , tan 2 θ
0, 2, , = 1( −1) + 0 = − 1, , Successive Differentiation, ,
To differentiate a determinant, we differentiate one,
row (or column) at a time, keeping others unchanged.,
f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ), If, y = p( x ) q( x ) r( x ), u( x ) v( x ) w( x ),
q( x ), v( x ), , tan x − tan θ 0, , = 1 (tan 2 θ − sec2θ) −
sec2θ (θ sec θ − θ sec θ), , 1− 0, 1, dy , =, =, , dz
( x = 0) 4 (1 + 0) 4, , dy, = p( x ), dx, u( x ), , f(x), , g( x ), ,
dy, is called first, dx, derivative of a function and
derivative of first derivative,, d2y, is called second
derivative of original function and so, dx 2, on., The
process of differentiating a function more than, once
is called successive differentiation., Let y = f ( x ) be a
function of x, then, , %, , h( x ), , dn, dx, , r( x ) + p′( x ) q ′(
x ) r ′( x ), w( x ), u( x ) v( x ) w( x ), , %, , %, , n, , dn, dx, , f
(x) g (x) h (x), + p(x) q(x) r (x), u′(x) v′(x) w′(x), , n, , dn,
dx n, , (x n ) = n !, , %, , e mx = m n e mx, , %, , dn, dx n,
dn, dx n, , (log x ) = (−1) n − 1 (n − 1)! x − n, ,
Comprehensive Approach, n, , n, , n, , 1, , tan x, x, tan x
− tan θ 0, , 1, tan 2 θ, sec θ, sec θ tan 2 θ 1, 2, 1 + θ sec
x tan x x, sec x, + θ sec x tan x, 1, tan x − tan θ 0, sec2x
0, 0, , 1 − x2, dy dy /dx, 1, =, =, ⋅, 2, dz dz /dx 2 (1 + x ), 2,
, Differentiation of a Function Given, in the Form of
Determinant, , ∴, , tan 2 θ, , On differentiating both
sides, wrt x, we get, 0, 0, 0, f ′( x) = θ sec x, tan x, x, , 2
sin θ cos θ , −1, = tan −1 , = tan (tan 2 θ) = 2θ, cos
2θ , dz, 2, z = 2 sin −1 x , =, dx, 1 − x2, , f ′( x ) g′( x ) h
′( x ), , (b) −1, (d) 3, sec θ, , 1 − cos θ , θ , , = tan −1 ,
= tan −1 tan , , 2 , sin θ , θ 1, dy, 1, y = = tan −1
x , =, 2 2, dx 2 (1 + x2), , 1, , tan x, x , then the, tan x −
tan θ 0, , value of f ′ (θ) is, (a) 4, (c) 2, , Again, putting x
= sin θ in Eq. (ii), we get, 2 sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ , , z =
tan −1 , 1 − 2 sin 2 θ , , , , , , tan2 θ, , 1, , Putting
x = tan θ in Eq. (i), we get, 1 + tan 2 θ − 1 , = tan −1
sec θ − 1 , y = tan −1 , , , tan θ , θ, tan, , , ,
, , sec θ, , f ′( x), d, , , [ f ( x)] g( x ) = [ f ( x)] g( x ) g(
x), + g ′( x)log f ( x) , dx, f ( x), , , d, f ( x), f ( x), [ f ( x)] =
[ f ( x)] [1 + log f ( x)] f ′( x), dx, y 2f ′( x), dy, If y = [ f ( x)]y
, then, =, dx f ( x) (1 − log y), , n, , If y =, , n, , If xmy n = ( x
+ y) m +, , f ′( x), dy, =, dx 2y − 1, dy y, n, =, , then, dx x, , f
( x) + y , then, , , nπ , (sin x ) = sin x +, , , 2 , , nπ
, (cos x ) = cos x +, , , 2

Page 472 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. If f ( x ) = sin (cos x ), then f ′ ( x ) is,
(a) cos (cos x ), (b) sin ( − sin x ), (c) − sin (cos x ), (d) − sin
x cos (cos x ), 2x , 2x , 2. The derivative of sin−1
, wrt tan−1 , is, 2, 1 + x , 1 − x2 , (a) −2, (c) 1,
, (b) −1, (d) 2, , 3. If y = cosec−1, , x+1, x−1, , + cos−1, ,
x−1, x+1, , 2, , ( x − 1), 1, (c), x−1, , 2, , (b), , dy, is equal,
dx, , , then, 2, , ( x + 1)2, , (d) 0, , 4. If y = sin x + sin x +
sin x + .. ,then, (a), , sin x, 2y − 1, , (b), , cos x, 2y − 1, , (d),
, 2y − 1, cos x, , 2, , (c), , y, cos x − x, , 2, , , tan−1 1 + x
− 1 is equal to, , , x, , , 1, x2, (a), (b), 1 + x2, 2 1 + x
2 ( 1 + x 2 − 1), 2, 1, (d), (c), 2, 1+ x, 2 (1 + x 2 ), , d, dx, ,
10. If f ( x ) = sin2 x 2, then what is the value of f ′ ( x )?,
, to, (a), , 9., , dy, is equal to, dx, , (NDA 2009 I), 2, , (a) 4x
sin ( x ) cos ( x ), (c) 4 sin ( x 2 ) sin2 x, , 2, , (b) 2 sin ( x )
cos ( x 2 ), (d) 2x cos2 ( x 2 ), , 11. If x = cos 2t and y =
sin2 t, then what is the value of, d2y, (NDA 2010 II), ?,
dx 2, (a) 0, (b) sin ( 2t ), 1, (c) − cos ( 2t ), (d) −, 2, 4x ,
dy, ?, 12. If y = sin−1 , , then what is the value of, 2,
dx, 1 + 4x , (NDA 2010 I), , dy, π, at x = ?, dx, 4, , (a), ,
(NDA 2011 II), , (c), , 5. If y = log tan x , then what is the
value of, (b) − 1, , (a) 0, 1, (c), 2, , 2, , (d) 1, , 1, , (b) −, , 1 +
4x 2, 4, , (d), , 1 + 4x 2, , 1, 1 + 4x 2, 4x, , 1 + 4x 2, , 13. If
x = t 2, y = t3 , then what is the value of, , 6. What is the
derivative of sin2x wrt cos2 x ?, (NDA 2010 II), , (a)
tan2 x, , (b) cot2 x, , (c) − 1, , (d) 1, , 7. If x +, , y = 2 , then
what is the value of, , (NDA 2010 II), , (a) 5, (c) 2, , (b) 4,
(d) − 1, , 8. If x m y n = 2 ( x + y )m + n , then the value of,
(a) x + y, x, (b), y, y, (c), x, (d) x − y, , dy, is, dx, , dx 2, , ?, ,
(NDA 2010 I), , 3, (b), 2t, 3, (d), 2, , (a) 1, (c), , dy, at y =
1?, dx, , d2y, , 3, 4t, , x +1, dy, , then what is the value of,
?, x −1, dx (NDA 2012 I), −2, −2, (b), (a), x −1, ( x − 1)2,
2, 2, (d), (c), 2, ( x − 1), ( x − 1), , 14. If y =, , 3, , 15. The
differential of ex wrt log x is, (a), (b), (c), (d), , 3, , ex, 3,
3x 2 2ex, 3, 3x3 ex, 3, 3x 2ex + 3x 2

Page 473 :
346, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 16. If x + y = t −, , 1 2, 1,
, x + y 2 = t 2 + 2 , what is the value of, t, t, , dy, ?, dx, 1,
(a), x, 1, (c) 2, x, , (a), (b) −, (d) −, , 1, x, 1, , equal to, 1, (a),
+ x log a, x, 1, (c), + x log a, x log a, 1, , 18. If y = e 2, , log
(1 + tan 2 x ), , (c) sec x tan x, 19. If y = 2x ⋅ 32x − 1,
then, (a) (log 2) (log 3), (c) (log 182 ) y 2, , 1, 3a, 4a, (c),
3, , dy, is, dx, , 27. If x y = ex − y , then, , log a, x, +, x, log
a, 1, log a, (d), −, x log a x (log x )2, , 1, sec2x, 2, ,
following?, (x − y), (a), (1 + log x )2, (x + y), (c), (1 + log x
), , dy, is equal to, dx, (b) sec2x, (d), , dy, is equal to, dx,
(b) (log 18), (d) (log 18) y, dy, ?, dx, , (c), , 1 − x2, 1 − y2, ,
(b), , y, x, , d2y, dx 2, (b) −, , (d) 1, , at t = 2 is, 1, 16a, , (d)
None of these, dy, is equal to which one of the, dx,
(NDA 2009 I), , y, (b), (1 + log x ), (log x ), (d), (1 + log x
)2, , 29. If f ( x ) = x + x + x + K ∞ , then what is the value,
of f ′ ( x )?, 1, (a), 1 − 2 f(x), 1, (c), 1 + 2 f(x), , (NDA 2009
II), , (1 − x 2 )(1 − y 2 ), , (c), , dy, ?, dx, , 28. If x = sin t − t
cos t and y = t sin t + cos t ,then what is, π, dy, at point t
= ?, (NDA 2008 I), 2, dx, π, (a) 0, (b), 2, π, (d) 1, (c) −, 2, ,
1, log (1 + tan 2 x ), e2, , 20. If 1 − x 2 + 1 − y 2 = a, then
what is the value of, , (a), , (b) xy, , (a) −, , x2, , (b), , , then,
, x, y, , 26. If x = at 2 and y = 2at, then, , 17. If y = loga x
+ logx a + logx x + loga a , then, , (a), , 25. If ( x + y )m + n
= x m y n , then what is the value of, , 1 − y2, 1 − x2, , (d)
None of these, , 21. If x = log t and y = t 2 − 1, then
what is the value of, d2y, (NDA 2009 II), at t = 1 ?, dx 2,
(a) 2, (b) 3, (c) − 4, (d) 4, 22. If f ( x ) = tan x + e−2x − 7x3
, then what is the value of, (NDA 2009 I), f ′ ( 0)?, (a) −
2, (b) − 1, (c) 0, (d) 3, dy, 3, is, 23. If x = 3 cos θ − 2 cos θ
, y = 3 sin θ − 2 sin3 θ , then, dx, (a) cotθ, (b) tanθ, (c)
sec θ, (d) cosec θ, dy, 24. If y = cos x + cos x + cos x .... ∞
, then, is equal, dx, to, sin x, sin x, sin x, sin x, (d) −, (b),
(c) −, (a), 2y + 1, 2y − 1, 2y − 1, 2y + 1, , (NDA 2007 II), ,
1, (b), 2 f(x) − 1, 1, (d), 2 + f(x), , 30. If 2x + 2 y = 2x + y ,
then the value of, (b) −1, (d) 2, , (a) 0, (c) 1, , dy, at x = y
= 1 is, dx, , 2, 2x , −1 1 − x , , is, , wrt, 31. The
derivative of sin−1 , cos, , 2, 1 + x2 , 1 + x , (a)
−1, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 4, , 1 − t2, , dy, 2t, is equal to, and y =,
, then, dx, 1 + t2, 1 + t2, y, x, y, x, (c) −, (a) −, (b), (d), x, y,
x, y, , 32. If x =, , 33., , d , −1 a − x , is equal to,
tan , dx , 1 + ax , 1, 1, 1, (b), (a) −, −, 2, 2, 1+ x,
1+ a, 1 + x2, 1, −1, (d), (c), 2, 2, a−x , a−x , 1+ , ,
1− , , 1 + ax , 1 + ax

Page 474 :
347, , Differentiation, 34. If x = k (θ + sin θ ) and y = k
(1 + cos θ ), then what is, the derivative of y wrt x at θ
= π / 2?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) − 1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) 2, 35. If f (
x ) = 2x , then what is the value of f ′ ′ ( x )?, (NDA 2011
I), x +1, , (c) 2, , 2, , x, , (d) 2 (log10 2), , (log 2), , 37. If u =
sin−1 ( x − y ), x = 3 t , y = 4 t3 , then what is the,
derivative of u wrt t?, −, , (b) 3 (1 − t 2 ), , 1, 2, , 39. If y =
x + e , then what is the value of, (a) e, , (b) −, , (c) −, , e, ,
x, , (d) −, , (1 + e x ), , dy, ?, dx, , d 2x, dy 2, , ?, , (1 + e x )3, ,
π, 2, , 1 1 , , ?, 4 4 , 1, (a), 2, , (b) 1, , dy, ?, dx, , 1, 1,
+, 1 − x 2 (b), cos x cos 1 − x 2, , dy, at, dx, , (d) 2, , 1, 1,
42. If x + y = t + , x 4 + y 4 = t 2 + 2 , then what is the, t,
t, 3 dy, value of −x y ?, dx, 2, , 2, , (d), , 2xyz, cos( x 2 ), t,
xyz t, cos ( x 2 ), , sec x + tan x, ?, sec x − tan x, , 48.
What is the differential coefficient of f (log x ), where,
f ( x ) = log x ?, x, (b) ( x log x )−1, (a), (log x ), (log x ),
1 , (c), (d) f , x , x, d 2x, cos x, is, , then, 2, dy 2, 2
cos x, 4 cos x, (a) −, (b) −, ( 6 + sin x )2, ( 6 + sin x )2, 4
cos x, 4 sin x, (d) −, (c) −, ( 6 + sin x )3, ( 6 + sin x )3, , 49.
If y = 3x −, , y = 1, what is the value of, , (c) –1, , (b), , (d)
sec x ( sec x + tan x )2, , (1 + e x )2, , (d) 0, , 41. For the
curve x +, , xyz, t, xyz cos ( x 2 ), (c), t, , (c) 2 sec x ( sec x
+ tan x )2, , x, , (NDA 2008 I), , (c), , dt, is equal, dx, , (a) 2
sec x ( sec x + tan x ), (b) 2 sec2x ( sec x + tan x )2, , 40.
If y = sin−1 x + sin−1 1 − x 2 , what is the value of, (a)
cos−1 x + cos−1, , xx − x− x , , then f ′ (1) is equal
to, 45. If f ( x ) = cot−1 , 2, , , (a) −1, (b) 1, (c) log 2, (d)
− log 2, , 47. What is the derivative of, , ex, e, , sin ( a + y
), sin a, , a cos x − b sin x , dy, is equal to, 44. If y =
tan−1 , , then, dx, b cos x + a sin x , a, b, (a) 2, (b) −
1, (c), (d), b, a, , (d) − x / y, , x, , x, , (d), , (a), , (NDA 2012 I),
, (c) − y / x, , sin2( a + y ), sin a, , to, , (d) 5 (1 − t 2 ), , (b)
x/y, , dy, is, dx, (b) sin2 ( a + y ), , 2, , 38. If y = cos t and x
= sin t, then what is the value of, (a) xy, , (d) 1, , 46. If y =
sin ( x 2 ), z = e y , t = z , the value of, , 1, , (c) 5 (1 − t 2 )
2, , 1, 3, , 43. If sin y = x sin ( a + y ), then, , (c), , , t ,
wrt, 36. What is the derivative of sin−1 , 1 + t2 , ,
, 1 , ?, cos−1 , 1 + t2 , , , (a) 1, (b) –1, (c) 2, (d)
–2, , (a) 3 (1 − t 2 ), , (b), , (a) sin ( a + y ), , (b) x ( x − 1) 2x
− 2, , (a) 2x (log 2)2, , 1, 4, 1, (c), 2, (a), , 50. If y = a
cos(log x ) − b sin(log x ), then the value of, dy, d2y, x2,
+x, + y is, dx, dx 2, (a) 4, (b) 0, (c) 2, (d) 3

Page 475 :
348, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Level II, 1+ x − 1− x ,
,, 1. The differential coefficient of tan−1 , 1+ x +
1− x , is, 1, (b), (a) 1 − x 2, 1 − x2, 1, (c), (d) x, 2 1 − x2, ,
x3, 9. f ( x ) = 1, , p, is, , (a) proportional to x 2, (c)
proportional to x3, , x + 2 , − 1 ≤ x < 3, , 5. If f ( x ) =
5, ,, x = 3 ,then at x = 5, f ′ ( x ) is, 8 − x ,, x> 3, , equal
to, (a) 1, (c) 0, , (b) −1, (d) Does not exist, , 6. If y = (1 +
x1/ 4 ) (1 + x1/ 2 ) (1 − x1/ 4 ), then what is the, dy,
(NDA 2011 II), ?, value of, dx, (a) 1, (b) − 1, (c) x, (d) x1/
2, x , 7. What is the derivative of x a 2 − x 2 + a 2
sin−1 ?, a , (NDA 2010 II), , (a), , a −x, , (c), , x −a, ,
2, , 2, , 2, , (b) 2 a − x, , 2, , (d) 2 x 2 − a 2, , 2, , , d 2, −1
1 − x , 8., sin cot , equals, dx , 1 + x , (a)
−1, 1, (b), 2, 1, (c) −, 2, (d) 1, , 2, , (b) proportional to x,
(d) a constant, , 10. What is the differentiation of logx
x wrt log x ?, , d, 2. The value of, (|x − 1|+|x − 5|) at x = 3
is, dx, (a) − 2, (b) 0, (c) 2, (d) 4, 1 , 3. Let 3 f ( x ) − 2 f
= x, then f ′ ( 2) is equal to, x , 2, 1, (b), (a), 7, 2, 7, (c)
2, (d), 2, dy, is equal to, 4. If x = y 1 − y 2 , then, dx, (a) 0,
(b) x, 1 − y2, 1 − y2, (d), (c), 1 − 2 y2, 1 + 2 y2, , x 2 3x
2 , d3 f ( x ), −6 4 , here p is a constant, then, , dx3,
p2 p3 , , (NDA 2010 I), , (a) 0, 1, (c), x, , (b) 1, (d) x, , 11.
If e y + xy = e, then what is the value of, , d2y, dx 2, , at
x = 0?, , (NDA 2009 II), , (a) e−1, (c) e, , (b) e−2, (d) 1, , ,
y − x2 , dy, , then, 12. If x = exp tan−1 ,
equals, 2, dx, , x , (a) 2x [ 1 + tan (log x )] + x
sec2 (log x ), (b) x [1 + tan (log x )] + sec2 (log x ), (c) 2x
[1 + tan (log x )] + x 2sec2 (log x ), (d) 2x [1 + tan (log x
)] + sec2 (log x ), 13., , d, [sin−1( x 1 − x − x 1 − x 2 )] is
equal to, dx, 1, 1, (a), −, 2 x (1 − x ), 1 − x2, 1, (b), 1 − { x
1 − x − x (1 − x 2 )} 2, 1, 1, (c), −, 2, 2 x (1 − x ), 1− x, 1,
(d), x (1 − x )(1 − x )2, , 14. The derivative of y = a x log a
sin x is equal to, (a) log sin x + x tan x, (b) log sin x + x
cot x, (c) y log (sin x ex cot x ), (d) y log (sin x ex tan x ),
15. If y =, , x sin−1 x, 1 − x2, , to, (a) 0, 1, (c), 2, , d 2 y ,
is equal, + loge 1 − x 2 , then 2 , dx x = 0, (b) 1, (d)
2, , 16. What is the derivative of logx 5 wrt log5 x?,
(NDA 2009 II), −2, , (a) − (log5 x ), (c) − (logx 5)2, , −2, ,
(b) (log5 x ), (d) (logx 5)−2

Page 476 :
349, , Differentiation, 17. If y = (1 + x1/ 4 ) (1 + x1/ 2 )
(1 − x1/ 4 ), then what is the, dy, (NDA 2009 II), ?, value
of, dx, (a) 1, (b) − 1, (c) 0, (d) − 2x, , 26. Which one of the
following functions is differentiable, for all real values
of x?, (NDA 2012 I), x, 1, 1, (b) x|x|, (c), (d), (a), |x|, |x|, x,
, 18. What is the derivative of|x − 1| +|x − 4| at x = 3?,
(a) – 3, (b) 3, (c) 0, (d) 2, , 27. If f ( x ) = cos x , g( x ) = log
x and y = ( gof ) ( x ), then what, dy, is the value of, at x =
0?, (NDA 2009 I), dx, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) − 1, (d) 2, , 19. y = A
sin (log x ) + B cos (log x )., d dy , What is the value
of x, x ?, dx dx , (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) y, , 28. If f ( x ) = log|
x|, x = 0, then what is the value of f ′ ( x )?, (NDA 2008
II), , (d) –y, , 20. Consider the following in respect of
the function, f ( x ) =|x − 3|, I. f ( x ) is continuous at x =
3., II. f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 0., Which of the
above statements is/are correct?, (NDA 2012 I), , (a)
Only I, (c) Both I and II, , (b) Only II, (d) Neither I nor II, ,
21. The second derivative of the function, f ( x ) = ( |x|
− ex )2 − e2x + 2ex |x| − cos 2x + 2 cos2 x, is identically
zero. What is the value of f( 2)?, (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 3, ,
1, (a), | x|, −1, (c), x, , 23. If f ( x ) = ex and g( x ) = log x,
then what is the value of, (NDA 2009 II), ( gof )′ ( x )?,
(a) 0, (b) 1, (c) e, (d) None of these, dy, 24. If 3x + 3 y =
3x + y , then what is the value of, ?, dx, (NDA 2009 I), ,
(a), (c), , 3x +, , y, , − 3x, , 3y, x, 3 + 3y, 3x − 3 y, , (b), , 1 −
3x, 3 + 3y, x, , (d), , 25. If x = f ( t ), y = g( t ) such that,
following is correct?, dx d 2 y dy d 2x, (a), ⋅, =, ⋅, dt dt 2,
dt dt 2, d 2x d 2 y, (c), +, =0, dt 2, dt 2, , 3x − y ( 3 y − 1), ,
1 + 3x +, , d2y, dx 2, , (b), , y, , = 0. Which one of the, , d
2x, 2, , =, , d2y, , dt, dt 2, 2, dx d y dy d 2x, (d), ⋅, +, ⋅, =0,
dt dt 2, dt dt 2, , (d) None of these, , 29. If y = sin ( m
sin−1 x ), then what is the value of, x = 0?, (a) m, (c) m 2
+ 2, , value of, (a) −, (c), , d 2x, dy 2, , d2y, dx 2, , at, ,
(NDA 2008 II), 2, , (b) m, (d) None of these, , 30. If y = f (
x ), p =, , 22. The derivative of the function, π, , f ( x )
= 2 sin + x cos x − sin x ( 3 cos x − sin x ), 6, , π ,
is identically zero. What is the value of f ?, 12 ,
5−1, 1, (a), (b) 0, (c) 1, (d), 2, 2, , 1, (b), x, , dy, d2y, and q
=, , then what is the, dx, dx 2, , ?, (NDA 2008 I), , q, , (b)
−, , p2, , 1, q, , (d), , q, p3, , q, p2, , Directions (Q. Nos. 31-
33), , Each of these, questions contain two statements,
one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason (R). Each of
these questions also has, four alternative choices,
only one of which is the correct, answer. You have to
select one of the codes (a),(b),(c) and, (d) given below.,
Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is
the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are
individually true but R is not, the correct explanation
of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is
true., 31. Assertion (A) If x =, , 1 − t2, 1 + t2, , dy a ( t 2
− 1), =, dx, 2t, 1 + t2, Reason (R) If x = f ( t ) and y = g( t ),
then, dy g ′ ( t ) dy dt, =, ⋅, =, dx f ′ ( t ) dt dx, and y =, ,
2at, , , then

Page 477 :
350, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 32. Assertion (A) If f ( x
) is an even function, then f ′ ( x ), is an odd function.,
Reason (R) Derivative of an even function is always,
an odd function., 33. Assertion (A) If xy = c2, where c
is a constant and if, du, du, u is any function of x, then
x, +y, =0, dy, dx, Reason (R) If x = a cos3 t and y = a sin3
t, then, d2y , 4 2, 2 , =, 3a, dx at t = π, 4, , 34.
Consider the following statements, dy, cos x, I. If y =
sin x + y , then, =, dx 2 y − 1, d n y ( −1)n −1( n − 1)!, II. If
y = log x, then, =, dx n, xn, Which of the statements
given above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c)
Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 35. Consider the
following statements, I. If y = aex + be− x + c, where
a,b and c are, parameters, then y ′′′ is equal to y ′., II. If
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) and f ( x ) = 1 + sin( 3x ) ⋅ g( x ) ,,
where g( x ) is continuous, then f ′ ( x ) is 3 f ( x )g( 0).,
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?,
(a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor
II, 36. Match List I with List II and select the correct,
answer using the codes given below the lists., List I, A.,
B., C., D., , List II, , d, {log (log x)}, dx, 2, d , 1 , x+, ,
dx , x , d, 2 x, ( x e sin x), dx, d, ( xx ), dx, , Codes, A B,
(a) 2 4, (c) 1 3, , 1. 1 − 1, x2, 2. ( x log x) −1, , 39. If y =, ,
1, dy, ?, , then what is the value of, log10 x, dx, (NDA
2008 I), , (a) x, (c) −, , (logx 10)2 (log10 e), x, , Consider
x =, , Directions (Q. Nos. 40-42), y=, , D, 1, 2, , (b) e, , 1 +
t3, , ,, , . On the basis of this parametric equation solve,
1 + t3, the following questions., 40. The value of, (a),
(c), , dx, is, dt, , 5a, , (b), , 1+ t, 3a(1 − 2t3 ), 2, , (a), , dy, is,
dt, , 5t, , (b), , 1+ t, 7at, (c), 1+ t, , 3, , 42. The value of, , (1
+ t3 )2, , (d) None of these, , (1 + t3 )2, , 41. The value
of, , 2a, , 3at( 2 − t3 ), (1 + t3 )2, , (d) None of these, 1,
dy, at t = is, 2, dx, , 5, 4, 1, (c), 5, , (b), , (a), , 2, 3, , (d)
None of these, , (NDA 2007 II), , 3. xx log ex, 4. xe x ( 2
sin x + x sin x + x cos x), , 1, (b), 2, , 1, (a) −, 4, 3, (c), 2, ,
(d) 1, , 44. If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0, what is the value of, C,
3, 4, , 3at, , 3at 2, , A, (b) 2, (d) 4, , B, 1, 2, , C, 4, 3, , D, 3,
1, , (c) 1, , (d) 0, , 38. If f ( x ) = esin (log cos x ) and g( x ) =
log cos x , then what is, the derivative of f ( x ) wrt g( x
)?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) f ( x ) cos [g( x )], (b) f ( x ) sin [g( x )],
(c) g( x ) cos [ f ( x )], (d) g( x ) sin [ f ( x )], , dy, ?, dx, ,
(NDA 2007 II), , (a) −, , 1, 1+ x, , (b) −, , (NDA 2008 I), ,
(a) e, , (d) x log10 e, , x − x , at x = 1?, 43. What is
the derivative of tan−1 , 3/ 2, 1 + x , , 37. If f ( x ) =
loge [loge x ], then what is the value of f ′ ( e)?, −1, , (b)
x loge 10, , 45. If sin x cos y =, π π , , ?, 4 4 , (a) –
4, (c) – 6, , 1, (1 + x )2, , (c), , 1, (1 + x )2, , (d), , x, 1+ x, ,
d2y, 1, at, , then what is the value of, 2, dx 2, (NDA
2007 I), , (b) – 2, (d) 0

Page 478 :
Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (d), (a), (d), (b),
(c), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (c), (c), (b), (c), (d), , 3., 13., 23.,
33., 43., , (d), (c), (a), (a), (c), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (b),
(b), (d), (a), (b), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (d), (c), (c), (a), (a), ,
6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (c), (c), (b), (a), (b), , 7., 17., 27., 37.,
47., , (d), (d), (d), (b), (c), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., , (c), (c), (a),
(d), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., , (d), (d), (b), (b), (c), , 10.,
20., 30., 40., 50., , (a), (d), (b), (d), (b), , 2., 12., 22., 32.,
42., , (b), (a), (c), (a), (a), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (b), (c), (b),
(b), (a), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (c), (c), (b), (c), (b), , 5., 15.,
25., 35., 45., , (b), (b), (a), (c), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., , (b),
(c), (b), (b), , 7., 17., 27., 37., , (b), (b), (a), (a), , 8., 18., 28.,
38., , (b), (c), (b), (a), , 9., 19., 29., 39., , (d), (d), (d), (c), ,
10., 20., 30., 40., , (a), (c), (b), (c), , Level II, 1., 11., 21.,
31., 41., , (c), (b), (d), (a), (b), , Hints & Solutions, Level I,
1. We have, f (x) = sin (cos x), On differentiating wrt x,
we get, d, f ′ (x) = cos (cos x), (cos x), dx, ∴, f ′ (x) = cos
(cos x) ⋅ (− sin x), = − sin x ⋅ cos (cos x), , 2x , 2x ,
and tan −1 , , 2. We have, sin −1 , 2, 1 + x , 1 −
x2 , 2x , , Suppose,, p = sin −1 , 1 + x2 , 2x ,
, and, q = tan −1 , 1 − x2 , , It can be rewritten as,
x−1, x−1, y = sin −1, + cos −1, x+1, x+ 1, π, π , , −1, −1,
y=, , Q sin x + cos x = 2 , 2, , , dy, =0, , dx, 4. We
have, y = sin x + sin x + sin x + K, …(i), …(ii), , Now,
putting x = tan θ in Eqs. (i) and (ii), From Eq. (i),, 2 tan
θ , , p = sin −1 , 1 + tan 2 θ , = sin −1 (sin 2θ ) =
2θ = 2 tan −1 x, p = 2 tan −1 x, dp, 2, =, dx 1 + x2, , ∴, ,
Similarly,, , ∴, , q = 2 tan −1 x, dq, 2, =, dx 1 + x2, dp
dp dq, =, =1 , dq dx dx, , , y = sin x + y, On squaring
both sides, we get, y2 = sin x + y, On differentiating
the above equation wrt x, we get, dy, dy, 2y, = cos x +,
dx, dx, dy, dy dy, (2 y − 1) = cos x, , 2y, −, = cos x ,
dx, dx dx, dy, cos x, , =, dx (2 y − 1), 5. Given,, , , ,
dp, =1, dq, , , , y = log tan x, 1, y = log tan x, 2, dy 1, 1,
= ⋅, ⋅ sec2 x, dx 2 tan x, , dy , , dx , , π , , at x
= , , 4 , , 1, = ⋅, 2, , 3. We have,, −1, , y = cosec, , x+1,
x−1, , + cos, , −1, , x−1, x+1, , =, , π , sec2 , 4 ,
π , tan , 4 , , 1 ( 2 )2 1 2, ⋅, = ⋅ =1, 2, 1, 2 1

Page 483 :
356, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Again, differentiating
wrt y, we get, 2, 3d 2x cos x dx , sin x d 2x, +, 0=, ⋅ 2,
+, 2, 2 dy , 2, dy, dy, 2, 1, sin x d x cos x, , = 3 +,
+, ⋅, , 2, , 2 dy2, 2, sin x , , 3 +, , , 2 , , , , =−, ,
4 cos x, (6 + sin x)3, , y = a cos (log x) − b sin (log x), dy a
(− sin (log x)) b cos (log x), ∴, =, −, dx, x, x, (a sin (log x) +
b cos (log x)), =−, x, dy, , x, = − (a sin (log x) + b cos
(log x)), dx, d 2y dy, y, a cos (log x) b sin (log x) , x
2+, =− , −, =−, , , dx, x, x, x, dx, dy, d 2y, + y =0, x2
2 + x, dx, dx, , 50. Q, , [from Eq. (i)], sin x d 2x, 2 cos x,
, = 3 +, +, , , 2 dy2 (6 + sin x)2, sin x d 2x, 2 cos x,
, =−, 3 +, , , 2 dy2, (6 + sin x)2, 2 cos x, 1, d 2x, =−,
⋅, sin x , (6 + sin x)2 , dy2, 3 +, , , 2 , , Level II, 1.
Let, Put, ∴, , 1 + x − 1 − x , , y = tan −1 , 1 + x +
1 − x , 1, x = cos 2θ θ = cos −1 x, 2, , +, cos, 1, 2θ −
1 − cos 2θ , , y = tan −1 , 1 + cos 2θ + 1 − cos 2θ
, , , , On differentiating wrt x, we get, 1 , 1 , 2 , 2
1, f ′ (x) = 3 − 2 f ′ (2) = 3 − =, 5 , 5 , 4 2, x , ,
cos θ − sin θ , 1 − tan θ , y = tan −1 , = tan −1 ,
, cos θ + sin θ , 1 + tan θ , , π, , y = tan −1
tan − θ , 4, , , π, y= −θ, , 4, π 1, y = − cos −1 x,
4 2, On differentiating wrt x, we get, dy, 1 −1 , 1,
=− , =, dx, 2 1 − x2 2 1 − x2, , 4. Given that, x = y
1 − y2, On differentiating wrt x, we get, dy, 1, dy, 1=, 1
− y2 + y ⋅, (− 2 y), 2, dx, dx, 2 1− y, , , 1=, , dy 1 − y2 −
y2 , dy 1 − 2 y2 , , , 1 =, , dx 1 − y2 , dx 1
− y2 , , , , , , 1 − y2, dy, =, dx 1 − 2 y2, x + 2 , − 1 ≤
x < 3, , 5. Given, f (x) = 5, ,, x=3, 8 − x ,, x>3, , , 2.
Given that, f (x) = | x − 1| +|x − 5|, − (x − 1) − (x − 5), x
< 1, , f (x) = (x − 1) − (x − 5), 1 ≤ x ≤ 5, x − 1 + x − 5,
x > 5, , For x = 5, we take the function, f (x) = 8 − x, On
differentiating wrt x, we get, , f ′ (x) = − 1, , [Q x = 3 ∈
(1, 5)], , 6. Given, y = (1 + x1/ 4 )(1 + x1/ 2)(1 − x1/ 4 ),
, y = {(1 + x1/ 4 )(1 − x1/ 4 )} (1 + x1/ 2), , , ∴ For x =
3, f (x) = 4 f ′ (x) = 0, 3. Given that, 3 f (x) − 2 f (1 /x) =
x, 1, Let, = y, then 3 f (1 / y) − 2 f ( y) = 1 / y, x, , −2 f (
y) + 3 f (1 / y) = 1 / y, , …(ii), , Multiply Eq. (i) by 3 and Eq.
(ii) by 2 and adding, equations, we get, 2, 1 , 2 , 5 f (x)
= 3x +, f (x) = 3x + , x, x , 5 , , 2 cos 2 θ − 2 sin 2
θ , , y = tan −1 , 2 cos 2 θ + 2 sin 2 θ , , , , 6 −
2x, x < 1, , f (x) = 4, 1 ≤ x ≤ 5, 2x − 6, x > 5, , −2 f (x)
+ 3 f (1 /x) = 1 /x, , …(i), , y = (1 − x1/ 2) (1 + x1/ 2), , ,
y=1 − x, On differentiating, we get, dy, , = −1, dx

Page 485 :
358, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 14. y = a x log a sin x, ,
, y=a, , , y = (sin x)x, Taking log on both sides, we get,
log y = x log sin x, On differentiating wrt x, we get, 1
dy, x, ⋅, = log (sin x) +, (cos x), y dx, sin x, = log (sin x) + x
cot x, dy, = y [log sin x + log ex cot x ], dx, dy, = y log (sin
x ⋅ ex cot x ), dx, 15. y =, , x sin −1 x, 1 − x2, , log 5 ,
=− , , log x , , 17. Given, y = (1 + x1/ 4 )(1 + x1/ 2)(1
− x1/ 4 ), = (1 + x1/ 2)[1 − (x1/ 4 )2], = (1 + x1/ 2)(1 −
x1/ 2), , y=1 − x, On differentiating wrt x, we get, dy,
= −1, dx, , + log e 1 − x2, , x , du, x sin −1 x 1, 1, 1, +,
…(i), =, ⋅, +, 2 1/ 2, −1, dx (1 − x ) x sin x 1 − x2 1 − x2
, , , v = log 1 − x2, 1, log (1 − x2), 2, dv 1, 1, x, = ×, ×
(−2x) = −, 2, dx 2 1 − x, 1 − x2, v=, , Q, , ∴, , …(ii), ,
y=u+ v, dy du dv, =, +, dx dx dx, dy sin −1 x, x, x2 sin −1
x, x, =, +, +, −, 2, 2 3/ 2, 2, dx, (1 − x ) (1 − x ), 1 − x2, 1−x,
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)], sin −1 x, sin −1 x, [1 − x2 + x2] =,
=, 2 3/ 2, (1 − x2)3/ 2, (1 − x ), (1 − x ) − sin, 2, , ∴, , d 2y,
=, dx2, , −1, , 3 , x (1 − x2 )1/ 2 × (−2x), 2 , (1 −
x2)3, , d 2y (1 − x2) + sin −1 x ⋅ 3 x(1 − x2)1/ 2, =, (1 −
x2)3, dx2, ∴, , d 2y , 2 , =1, dx x = 0, , 16. Let u =
log x 5 and v = log5 x, du − log 5 1, Then,, =, ⋅, dx (log
x)2 x, , 2, , = − (log x 5)2, , y=u+ v, x sin −1 x, and v = log
e 1 − x2, where, u=, 1 − x2, 1, log u = log x + log sin −1 x
− log (1 − x2), ∴, 2, 1 du 1, 1, 1, 1, = +, ⋅, −, (−2x), ⋅, u
dx x sin −1 x 1 − x2 2 (1 − x2), , Now,, , − log 5 1, ×, du
du /dx (log x)2 x, =, =, dv dv/dx 1 1, , ×, log 5 x,
, (Q a log a = x), , Let, , ∴, , dv, 1, =, dx x log 5, , and, , log a
(sin x )x, , 18. Let f (x) =|x − 1| + |x − 4|, x<1, 1−x+4−x
,, , = x − 1 − (x − 4) , 1 ≤ x < 4, x − 1 + x −4 ,, x≥4, ,
x≥4, 2x − 5 ,, , , 1 ≤ x<4, = 3, 5 − 2 x ,, x<1, , For x
= 3, we take the function, f (x) = 3, On differentiating
wrt x, we get, f ′ (x) = 0, , f ′ (3) = 0, 19. y = A sin (log
x) + B cos (log x), …(i), On differentiating Eq. (i), we get,
dy, 1, 1, = A cos (log x) ⋅ − B sin (log x) ⋅, dx, x, x, dy, …
(ii), x, = A cos (log x) − B sin (log x), dx, On
differentiating Eq. (ii), we get, d dy , 1, 1, x = − A
sin (log x) − B cos (log x), , , dx, dx, x, x, d, dx, d, x,
dx, x, , dy , x = − ( A sin (log x) + B cos (log x)),
dx , dy , x = − y, dx , , 20. Given function, f (x)
=|x − 3|, I. LHL at x = 3, f (3 − 0) = lim f (3), x 3 −, = lim
(3 − h ), h 0, , = lim|3 − h − 3|= lim|− h|= lim h = 0, h
0, , h 0, , h 0, , RHL a ⋅ x = 3, f (3 + 0) = lim f (3) = lim
f (3 + h ), x 3 +, , = lim|3 + h − 3|= lim| h| = 0, h 3, ,
h 0, , Here, LHL = RHL = f (3), , h 0

Page 486 :
359, , Differentiation, So, f (x) is continuous at x = 3., f
(0 − h ) − f (0), |− h − 3|−|− 3|, II. Lf ′ (0) = lim, = lim,
x 0, h 0, −h, −h, h + 3 −3, h, = lim, = lim, = −1, h 0,
h 0 − h, −h, f (0 + h ) − f (0), |h − 3|−|− 3|, Rf ′ (0) = lim,
= lim, h 0, h 0, h, h, − h + 3 −3, − h, = lim, = lim, h
0, h 0 h, −h, , dy g′ (t ), =, dx f ′ (t ), , , , On
differentiating Eq. (i) wrt t, we get, d 2x, d 2y, = f ′ ′ (t ),
2 = g′ ′ (t ), 2, dt, dt, d 2y f ′ (t ) g′ ′ (t ) − g′ (t ) f ′ ′ (t ),
=0, =, ( f ′ (t ))2, dx2, , =1, ∴ Lf ′ (0) = Rf ′ (0), f (x) is
differentiable at x = 0., , , , f ′ (t ) g′ ′ (t ) − g′ (t ) f ′ ′ (t )
= 0, , , , dx d 2y dy d 2x, ⋅, −, ⋅, =0, dt dt 2 dt dt 2, , = (
|x|)2 + e2x − 2ex |x| − e2x, + 2ex |x| − 2 cos 2 x + 1 + 2
cos 2 x, f (x) = |x| + 1, f (2) = |2| + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3, π, , 22.
f (x) = 2 sin + x cos x − sin x ( 3 cos x − sin x), 6, , π,
π, , , f (x) = 2 sin cos x + cos sin x cos x, , , 6, 6, ,
26. Let us take the function f (x) = x|x|, Redefine this
function,, x2,, if x ≥ 0, f (x) = , 2, − x , if x < 0, f (0 −
h ) − f (0), Lf ′ (0) = lim, h 0, −h, − (− h )2 − 0, h 0, −h,
, = lim, , − sin x ( 3 cos x − sin x), f (x) = (cos x + 3 sin x)
cos x − sin x ( 3 cos x − sin x), f (x) = cos 2 x + 3 sin x
cos x − 3 sin x cos x + sin 2 x, f (x) = cos 2 x + sin 2 x =
1, f (x) = 1, f (x) is a constant function, π , ∴, f
=1, 12 , , y, , x', , 23. ( gof )x = g ( f (x)), = g (ex ) = log ex
= x, On differentiating wrt x, we get, ( gof )′ (x) = 1, , O,
, x, , f(x) = x |x|, , y', , 24. 3x + 3y = 3x + y, On
differentiating wrt x, we get, dy, dy , , 3x log 3 + 3y
log 3, = 3( x + y ) log 3 1 +, , , dx, dx , dy, dy, 3x + 3y,
= 3x + y + 3( x + y ), , dx, dx, dy, , (−3x + y + 3y ) = 3x
+ y − 3x, dx, , − h2, = lim(+ h ) = 0, h 0 − h, h 0, , =
lim, , f (0 + h ) − f (0), h, h2 − 0, = lim, h 0, h, lim h = 0, ,
Rf ′ (0) = lim, , h 0, , h 0, , dy 3x (3y − 1) 3x − y (3y −
1), =, =, dx 3y (1 − 3x ), (1 − 3x ), , ∴ L f ′ (0) = R f ′(0), ∴ f
(x) is differentiable for all real values of x., f (x) = cos x,
g (x) = log x, y = gof (x), = g{ f (x)} = g{cos x}, = log (cos x),
dy, 1, ∴, =, (− sin x) = − tan x, dx cos x, dy , = − tan 0 =
0, , , dx at x = 0, , 27. Q, ∴, , 25. We have,, x = f (t
) and y = g (t ), On differentiating wrt t, we get, dx, dy, =
f ′(t ),, = g′(t ), dt, dt, dy dy dt, ∴, =, ⋅, dx dt dx, , (given), ,
dx d 2y dy d 2x, ⋅, =, ⋅, dt dt 2 dt dt 2, , , , 21. The
given function is, f (x) = ( |x| − ex )2 − e2x + 2ex |x| −
cos 2x + 2 cos 2 x, , , , …(ii), , …(i)

Page 488 :
361, , Differentiation, , sin 3 h , , = 3 f (x) lim,
lim g (h ) , , h 0 3 h h 0, 36. (A), , (B), , (C), ,
(D), , = 3 f (x) g (0), 1 1, 1, d, ⋅ =, {log (log x)} =, log x x x
log x, dx, d, ∴, {log (log x)} = (x log x)−1, dx, 2, d , 1 , d
, 1, , x + + 2 , x+, =, , dx , dx , x, x , 1, =1 − 2,
x, d 2x, (x e sin x), dx, = x2 [ex cos x + sin x ex ] + 2x ex
sin x, = x ex [2 sin x + x cos x + x sin x], d x, (x ) = xx (1 +
log x), dx, = xx (log e + log x), = xx log ex, , 37. Q f (x) =
log e [log e x], On differentiating wrt x, we get, 1, 1, f ′
(x) =, ⋅, log e x x, 1, 1 1, f ′ (e) =, ⋅ = = e−1, , log e e e e,
38. Q f (x) = esin (log cos x ), ∴ f ′ (x) = esin (log cos x ) ⋅
cos (log cos x) ⋅, , 1, (− sin x), cos x, , = − esin (log cos x )
⋅ cos (log cos x) ⋅ tan x, and g (x) = log cos x, 1, ∴ g′ (x)
=, (− sin x) = − tan x, cos x, Hence,, f ′ (x) − esin (log cos
x ) ⋅ cos (log cos x) ⋅ tan x, =, g′ (x), − tan x, = esin (log
cos x ) ⋅ cos (log cos x), = f (x) ⋅ cos [ g (x)], 39. Q, ∴, , 1,
y=, log10 x, dy, 1, 1, =−, ⋅ log10 e, dx, (log10 x)2 x, , , 1
, Q logb a =, , log a b , , , (log x 10)2 ⋅ log10 e, =−,
x, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 40-42), Given, x =, , 3at, 1 + t3, ,
y=, , 3at 2, 1 + t3, , Taking log of x and y, we have, log x
= log (3at ) − log (1 + t3 ), = log (3a ) + log t − log (1 + t3
), , and, log y = log 3a + 2 log t − log (1 + t3 ), Now,
differentiating them wrt t, we get, 1 dx, 1, 3t 2, ⋅, =0 +
−, x dt, t 1 + t3, =, , (1 + t3 ) − 3t3, 1 − 2t3, =, t (1 + t3 ), t
(1 + t3 ), , dx x(1 − 2t3 ), (1 − 2t3 ) 3a (1 − 2t3 ), 3at, =,
=, =, ⋅, 3, 3, dt t (1 + t ) (1 + t ) t (1 + t3 ), (1 + t3 )2, and,
, , 2 + 2t3 − 3t3, 2 − t3, 1 dy 2, 3t 2, =, =, ⋅, = −, 3, 3, y
dt t 1 + t, t (1 + t ), t (1 + t3 ), 3at (2 − t3 ), dy 3at 2 2
− t3, , =, = , dt 1 + t3 t (1 + t3 ), (1 + t3 )2, dy dy, =,
dx dt, , dx y(2 − t3 ), =, dt t (1 + t3 ), , x(1 − 2t3 ), t (1 + t3
), , =, , y(2 − t3 ) 3at 2(2 − t3 ), 1 + t3, ×, =, 3, 3, x(1 − 2t ),
(1 + t ), 3at (1 − 2t3 ), , =, , t (2 − t3 ), 1 − 2t3, , 1 , 1 , 2
− , 1 dy 2 , 8 15 4 5, ∴ At t = ,, =, =, × =, 2, 16 3 4, 2
dx, 1−, 8, , , x−x , −, x, x, = tan −1 , 43. Let y =
tan −1 , , 3/ 2, 1 + x , 1 + x ⋅ x , = tan −1 x − tan
−1 x, On differentiating wrt x, we get, dy, 1, 1, 1, =, ⋅, −,
dx 1 + x 2 x 1 + x2, 1, 1, 1, 1 1, 1, dy , Now, , =, ⋅ −,
= − =−, dx x = 1 1 + 1 2 1 + 1 4 2, 4, 44. Given that, x
1 + y + y 1 + x = 0, x 1+ y=− y 1+ x, , On squaring
both sides, we get, x2(1 + y) = y2(1 + x), , , , x2 +
x2y = y2 + y2x, x2 − y2 = y2x − x2y, , (x − y)(x + y) =
− xy(x − y), , , , x + y = − xy, y(1 + x) = − x, −x, y=, 1+
x, , On differentiating wrt x, we get, −1, dy (1 + x)(−1) +
x(1), =, =, dx, (1 + x)2, (1 + x)2

Page 490 :
19, , Application of, Derivative, Velocity =, , Motion in
a Straight Line, If x and v denotes the displacement
and velocity of a, particle at any instant t, then
velocity and acceleration is, given by, dx, v=, dt, dv, dv
d 2x, and, a=, =v, =, dt, dx dt 2, Where, a is acceleration
of particle. If the sign of, acceleration is opposite to
that of velocity, then the, acceleration is called
retardation which means decrease in, magnitude of
the velocity., , Example 1. A particle moves in a
straight line in such a way, , that its velocity at any
point is given by v 2 = 2 − 3x, where x, is measured
from a fixed point. The acceleration is, 3, (a) − 4, (b) −,
2, (c) 3, (d) None of these, , Solution (b) We have, v 2 =
2 − 3x, On differentiating wrt t, we get, dv, dx, 2v, =0
−3, dt, dt, dv, 3, dv, =−, 2v, = − 3v , , dt, 2, dt, 3,
∴Required acceleration = −, 2, , , , ds , = 15, ,
dt ( t = 0), , and, , ds , = 15 − 12 = 3, , dt ( t =
3), , ∴ Average velocity =, , s = 15 t − 2 t 2, , On
differentiating wrt t, we get, , 15 + 3, =9, 2, , Increasing
Functions, A function y = f ( x ) is a increasing function,
if f ( x ), increases as x increases i.e., x1 > x2, dy, >0, f
( x1 ) > f ( x2 ), ( x1 , x2 ) ∈ Domain of f ( x ). Here,, dx, y, ,
y = loga x, (a > 1), x, , O, , Decreasing Functions, A
function y = f ( x ) is a decreasing function, if f ( x ),
decreases as x increases i.e., x1 > x2, dy, , f ( x1 ) < f (
x2 ). Here,, <0, dx, y, , Example 2. A point moves in a
straight line during the time, t = 0 to t = 3 according to
the laws s = 15 t − 2 t 2. The average, velocity of the
point is, (a) 4, (b) 9, (c) 3, (d) 2, Solution (b) We have, ,
ds, = 15 − 4 t, dt, , y = loga x, (0 < a < 1), O, , x

Page 491 :
364, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Non-decreasing
Functions, If x1 > x2 f ( x1 ) ≥ f ( x2 ), then f ( x ) is
non-decreasing, dy, dy, function. Here,, ≥ 0 (but, = 0
for atleast one set of, dx, dx, interval of values of x
e.g.,, ( x − 1 )2 ,, x≥1, , f(x) = 0 ,, 0≤ x < 1, − x2 ,, x<
0, , y, , f ( x ) = − 2x + 3 are monotonic functions. f ( x )
= x 2 is, monotonic in ( −∞ , 0) or ( 0, ∞ ) but is not
monotonic in R., , Conditions for Monotonicity of,
Functions, Let f be a differentiable real function
defined on an, open interval ( a , b)., (a) If f ′ ( x ) > 0 for
all x ∈( a , b), then f ( x ) is increasing, on ( a , b)., (b) If f ′ (
x ) < 0 for all x ∈( a , b), then f ( x ) is, decreasing on ( a ,
b)., , Properties of Monotonic Functions, , x, , O, ,
Many-one function, , x≥1, 2( x − 1),, , 0,, 0≤ x < 1, ,
f ′ (x) = , − 2x ,, x, <0, , dy, dy, Here,, = 0for x ∈ [0, 1]
and, > 0for rest values of x., dx, dx, So, f ( x ) is non-
decreasing., and when, f ( x ) = x3, , , f ′( x ) = 3x 2, f ′ (
x ) = 0 for x = 0, y, , 1. If f ( x ) is continuous on [a , b]
such that, f ′ ( c) ≤ 0 [ f ′ ( c) < 0] for each c ∈( a , b), then
f ( x ) is, monotonically (or strictly) decreasing function
on, [a , b]., 2. If f ( x ) and g( x ) are monotonically (or
strictly), increasing (or decreasing) functions on [a , b],,
then gof(x) is a monotonically (or strictly), increasing
function on [a , b]., 3. If f ( x ) is strictly (or
monotonically) increasing, and g( x ) is strictly (or
monotonically) decreasing,, then gof (x) is strictly (or
monotonically), decreasing on [a , b]., 4. If f ( x ) is
strictly increasing function on an, interval [a , b], then f
−1 exists and it is also strictly, increasing function., 5.
If f ( x ) is strictly increasing function on an, interval [a ,
b] such that it is continuous,then f −1, is continuous on
[ f ( a ), f ( b)]., , Example, x, O, One-one function, , and f
′ ( x ) > 0 for all x except 0. Here, f ( x ) is increasing, dy,
function as, = 0 only at a point not in any interval., dx, ,
Non-increasing Function, If x1 > x2 f ( x1 ) ≤ f ( x2 ),
then f ( x ) is non-increasing, function., Y, , O, , X, ,
Monotonic Function, or, , Monotonic function means
either increasing function, decreasing function. i.e., f (
x ) = log x , f ( x ) = 2x ,, , 3. The intervals in which, f ( x) =
2 x 2 − log| x |, x ≠ 0 is increasing in, (a) ( − ∞, + ∞), 1
1 , (b) − , 0 ∪ , ∞ , 2 2 , 1 , (c) − , 1 , 2
, (d) None of the above, , the, , Solution (b) We have,,
2x2 − log x, x > 0, f ( x) = 2x2 − log| x| = 2, 2x − log ( −
x ), x < 0, 1, for all x ≠ 0, f ′ ( x) = 4x − ,, , x, For f ( x) to
be increasing,, 1, f ′ ( x) > 0 4x − > 0, x, 4x2 − 1, >0,
, x, (2x − 1) (2x + 1), , >0, x, , x (2x − 1) (2x + 1) >
0, , function

Page 492 :
365, , Application of Derivative, −, , +, , −, , +, ,
• , , −∞, , −1/2, , 0, , Example 5. The
equation of the tangent to the curve, y = (2 x − 1) e 2 (
1 − x ) at the point of its maximum is, (a) y = 2 x + 3, (b)
y =1, (c) y = 3x, (d) None of these, , ∞, , 1/2, , From
figure,, x ∈ ( −1/2 , 0) ∪ (1/2 , ∞), , Example, , 4. The
interval in which, f ( x) = ( x + 2) e − x is decreasing in,
(a) (− 1, ∞), (b) (−11, , ), (c) ( −1, 2), (d) (1, 2), , Solution
(a) We have,, , the, , function, , , , f ( x) = ( x + 2) e− x, ,
On differentiating wrt x, we get, f ′ ( x) = e− x − ( x + 2)
e− x, = − e− x ( x + 1), For decreasing function, f ′ ( x) <
0, , − e− x ( x + 1) < 0 e− x ( x + 1) > 0 x > −1,
Hence, f ( x) is decreasing in ( −1, ∞)., , Tangents and
Normals, dy , Slope of tangent at P = , dx ( x, ,
Solution (b) We have,, , = tan ψ = m, , 1 , y1 ), , y, , y = (2x
− 1) e2 (1 − x), dy, = 2e2 (1 − x) − 2 (2x − 1) e2 (1 − x),
dx, = 2 e2 (1 − x) (2 − 2x ), , = 4 e2 (1 − x) (1 − x ), dy, For
maximum, put, =0, dx, , x =1, d 2y, = − 4 e2 (1 − x) − 8
(1 − x ) e2 (1 − x), dx2, d 2y , = − 4 <0, , 2 , dx
x = 1, So, y is maximum at x = 1, when x = 1, y = 1 the
point of, maximum is (1, 1)., ∴ The equation of the
tangent at (1, 1) is, y − 1 = 0 ( x − 1), , y =1, , Example
6. The point on the curve 3y = 6 x − 5 x3 in which, y = f
(x), P, , (x1, y1), , ψ, , x, , O, , dy , ( y − y1 ) = , dx (
x, , , , ( x − x1 ), , 1 , y1 ), , and equation of normal at (
x1 , y1 ) is, dx , ( y − y1 ) = − , ( x − x1 ), dy ( x , y,
1, , 1), , 1. If tangent is parallel to x-axis, then, dy ,
=0, , dx ( x , y ), 1, , 2. If tangent is parallel to y-
axis or perpendicular to, x-axis, then, dx , , dy
( x, , Solution (a) Let the required point be ( x1, y1).,
We have,, , Equation of tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) is, , 1, , the
normal is passing through the origin is, 1 , (b) (2, 3),
(a) 1, , 3 , (c) (1, 2), (d) ( − 3, 3), , =0, , 1 , y1 ), , 3. If
the tangent is equally inclined to the axes, then, dy, =
tan 45° or tan 135°, dx, = ±1, , , , , 3y = 6x − 5x3, dy,
3, = 6 − 15x2, dx, dy, = 2 − 5x2, dx, dy , , dx ( x,
, = 2 − 5x12, , 1 , y1 ), , The equation of the normal at (
x1, y1) is, 1, y − y1 = −, ( x − x1), 2 − 5x12, If it passes
through the origin, then, 1, (0 − x1), 0 − y1 = −, 2 −
5x12, x1, , y1 = −, 2 − 5x12, Since, ( x1, y1) lies on
the given curve,, ∴, 3y1 = 6x1 − 5x13, , …(ii), , On
solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x1 = 1 and y1 =, 1 , ∴
Required point is 1, ., 3 , , …(i), , 1, 3

Page 493 :
366, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Common Tangents,
Slope of tangents should be equal at point of
tangency., , Angle of Intersection, Angle of
intersection is angle between tangents at,
intersection points of two curves. Let they intersect
at, P ( x1 , y1 ),, then, df ( x ) , m1 = , dx ( x1 , y1
), y, y = f(x), , θ, , P (x1, y1), , y = g(x), , x, , O, , and, ∴, ,
dg( x ) , m2 = , dx ( x1 , y1 ), , Solution (b) Given
curves are, y = x2 and 6y = 7 − x3, , Example 8. If at any
point on a curve the subtangent and, subnormal are
equal, then the length of the tangent is, (a) 2 x, (b) 2y,
(c) x, (d) None of these, subtangent = subnormal, y, dy,
dy, = ±1, =y, , dy, dx, dx, dx, dy , y 1+ , dx , ∴
Length of the tangent =, dy, dx, , 2, , = 2y, , Maxima and
Minima, , These two curves intersect at a point (1, 1., ),
Now,, y = x2, dy, dy , = 2x m1 = , =2, dx (1,
1), dx, x2, 1, dy , and 6y = 7 − x3 m2 = , =−, =−,
dx (1, 1), 2, 2, 1 , m1m2 = 2 − = − 1, 2 , , ∴
The angle of intersection of two curves is, , 2, , dy
, y 1+ , dx , , 1. Length of tangent = , dy, ,
, , , dx, , , 2, , dy , 2. Length of normal = y 1
+ , dx , , , , , y , , 3. Length of subtangent
=, dy , dx , dy , , 4. Length of subnormal = y
, dx , , Solution (b) We have,, , m − m2 , ,
tan θ = 1, 1 + m1m2 , , Example 7. The angle of
intersection of the curves, y = x 2, 6y = 7 − x3 at point
(1, 1) is, π, (a) π, (b), (c) 2 π, (d) 4 π, 2, , ∴, , Lengths of
Tangent, Normal,, Subtangent and Subnormal, , π, ., 2, ,
Let f be a function defined on an interval I and let c be,
an interior point of I (i.e., not an end point of I)., (a) f is
said to have a local (or relative) maximum value, (or
simply a local maximum) at x = c, if the ordinate at x =
c, is the highest as compared to the surrounding
ordinates., i.e., f ( c) > f ( x ) for a small deleted
neighbourhood of, f ( x ) < f ( c) for c − δ < x < c + δ , x ≠
c, δ > 0, f ( x ) < f ( c) for 0<|x − c|< δ, y, , Orthogonal
and Touching Curves, Two curves are said to be
orthogonal curves, if the, angle of intersection of two
curves is right angle i.e., if, m1m2 = − 1., Two curves
touch each other, if m1 = m2., , c–d, O, , c+d, , x

Page 494 :
367, , Application of Derivative, (b) f is said to have a
local (or relative) minimum value, (or simply a local
minimum) at x = c, if the ordinate at x = c, is the lowest
as compared to the surrounding ordinates., i.e.,, f ( c) <
f ( x ) for small deleted neighbourhood of c, f ( x ) > f ( c)
for c − δ < x < c + δ , x ≠ c, δ > 0, f ( x ) > f ( c) for 0<|x −
c|< δ, , i.e., for x slightly < c and a decreasing function
in the right, neighbourhood of x = c i.e., for x slightly >
c. Also, for x = c,, the graph has a horizontal tangent.,
Thus, f ′ ( x ) changes continuously from positive to,
negative as x increases through c., y, , L, , c)<, f '(, , 0, , f'
(c) = 0, , Rf, , ' (c, , )>0, , x, , O, , O, , c–d, , c+d, , f is said to
have a local extreme value (or simply a local,
extremum) at x = c, if it has either a local maximum or
a, local minimum at x = c., %, %, %, , The pluerals of
maximum and minimum are maxima and, minima,
respectively., The end points of the interval cannot be
the points of local, extremum., A function may have
more than one local maximum and/or more, than one
local minimum., , Case II Let f have a local minimum
value at x = c, then, f is a decreasing function in the
left neighbourhood of x = c, i.e., for x slightly < c and
an increasing function in the right, neighbourhood of
x = c i.e., for x slightly > c. Also, for x = c,, the graph has
a horizontal tangent., Thus, f ′ ( x ) changes
continuously from negative to, positive as x increases
through c., y, , Lf, , ' (c, )>, , '(c, Rf, , 0, , )>, , 0, , f' (c) = 0, ,
C, A, B, , D, O, , C, , x, , Second Derivative Test for
Finding, Local Extremum, %, , %, , %, , Also, a local
minimum may be greater than a local maximum. In,
the above figure, the points A and C correspond to
local, maximum while the points B and D correspond
to local, maximum. Moreover, the local minimum at D
is greater than the, local maximum at A., Local maxima
and local minima occur alternately. Between two,
local maximum values, there is a local minimum value
and, between two local minimum values, there is a
local maximum, value., A local maximum (minimum)
value may not be the absolute, maximum (minimum)
or the greatest (smallest) value., , A necessary
condition for the existence of extreme, values at c is
that f ' ( c) = 0., , First Derivative Test for Finding, Local
Extremum, Let y = f ( x ) be a function defined on an
interval I and, let f be derivable at an interior point c
of I. Let f have an, extreme value at x = c, then f ′ ( c) =
0., Case I Let f have a local maximum value at x = c,
then, f is an increasing function in the left
neighbourhood of x = c, , Case I Let f have a local
maximum value at x = c, then, f ′ ( c) = 0. Also, f ′ ( x ) >
0 for x slightly < c and f ′ ( x ) < 0 for x, slightly > c.,
Thus, f ′ ( x ) changes continuously from positive to,
negative as x increases through c., f ′ ( x ) is a
decreasing functions at x = c., d, , [ f ′ ( x )] < 0 at x =
c, dx, , f ′′ ( x ) < 0 at x = c f ′′ ( c) < 0, Case II Let f
have a local minimum value at x = c, then, f ′ ( c) = 0.
Also, f ′ ( x ) < 0 for x slightly < c and f ′ ( x ) > 0 for x,
slightly > c., Thus, f ′ ( x ) changes continuously from
negative to, positive as x increases through c., f ′ ( x
) is an increasing function at x = c, d, , [ f ′ ( x )] > 0 at
x = c, dx, , f ′′ ( x ) > 0 at x = c, , f ′′ ( c) > 0

Page 495 :
368, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Working Rules, To find
a local maximum or a local minimum value of, f ( x )
defined on an interval I (open or closed)., (a) Find f ′ ( x
)., (b) Solve f ′ ( x ) = 0 and find the solutions which are,
interior points of I., These are the critical points or
turning points., Let c be one of the critical points,
Working Rule (i) (Second derivative test) Find f ′′( x ),
and hence f ′′( c)., If f ′′( c) < 0, then f has a local
maximum value at x = c., If f ′′( c) > 0, then f has a local
minimum value at x = c., %, , This test should be
preferred, if it is not tedius to find f ′′(x ) or, f ′′(c ) ≠ 0.
But, if it is failed to find f ′′(x ) is harder [or even, if you,
don't feel like finding f ′′(x ) or f ′′(c ) = 0], then we
should apply, Working Rule (ii) (First derivative test)., ,
Working Rule (ii) Find the signs of f ′( x ), when x is,
slightly <c and when x is slightly >c., If f ′( x ) changes
sign from positive to negative as x, increases through
c, then f has a local maximum value at, x = c., If f ′( x )
changes sign from negative to positive as x, increases
through c, then f has a local minimum value at, x = c., If
f ′( x ) does not change sign as x increases through c,,
then f has a point of inflection at x = c., , Critical Points
of a Function, Points, where a function f ( x ) is not
differentiable and, points, where is derivative
(differentiable coefficient) is, zero are called the
critical points of the function f ( x )., Maximum and
minimum value of a function f ( x ) can, occur only at
critical points. However, this does not mean, that the
function will have maximum or minimum values, at all
critical points. Thus, the points, where maximum or,
minimum value occurs are necessarily critical points
but a, function may or may not have maximum or
minimum, value a critical point., , Point of Inflection,
Consider a function f ( x ) = x3 . At x = 0, f ′( x ) = 0.
Also,, f ′′ ( x ) = 0 at x = 0 such point is called point of
inflection,, where second derivative is zero. Consider
another function, f ( x ) = sin x, f ′′ ( x ) = − sin x. Now, f ′
′ ( x ) = 0 when x = n π,, then this points are called
points of inflection., , For maximum or minimum, put f
′ ( x) = 0, , 6x2 − 24 = 0 x2 = 4 x = ± 2, But, x = −
2 ∉ [1, 3], ∴ x = 2 is the stationary point., Now,, f(1) = 2
− 24 + 107 = 85, f(2) = 2 (2)3 − 24 (2) + 107 = 75, f(3) =
2 (3)3 − 24 × 3 + 107 = 89, Hence, the maximum value
of f ( x ) is 89 at x = 3., , Example 10. The minimum
value of px + q y, when xy = r 2 is, (b) pq, (d) 2p, , (a) 2r
pq, (c) 4p, , Solution (a) Let z = px + q y, , r 2 , z = px +
q , x , , (Q xy = r 2, given), , dz, qr 2, =p− 2, dx, x,
For maximum or minimum, put, , At, , x=±, , qr 2, p, d
2z 2qr 2, = 3 >0, dx2, x, , qr 2, ,, p, , x=, , dz, =0, dx, , qr 2,
p, , ∴ z is minimum at x =, The minimum value is, z=p, ,
qr 2, qr 2, +, p, qr 2, p, , = pqr 2 +, = 2r pq, , pqr 2, ,
Example 11. An isosceles triangle of vertical angle 2θ
is, inscribed in a circle of radius a. The angle of triangle
in which, area is maximum is, π, π, (b), (a), 2, 6, (c) 2π,
(d) 3π, , Solution (b) We have,, AD = a + a cos 2θ and
BC = 2BD = 2a sin 2θ, A, , 2θ, , Example 9. The
maximum value of f ( x) = 2 x3 − 24x + 107 in, , a, , the
interval [1, 3] is, (a) 89, (c) 75, , (b) 85, (d) 40, , Solution
(a) f ( x) = 2x3 − 24x + 107, f ′ ( x) = 6x2 − 24, , O, a, B, ,
2θ 2θ, D, , a, C

Page 496 :
369, , Application of Derivative, Area of ∆ ABC,, 1, ∆ =
BC ⋅ AD, 2, 2, = a2 (sin 2θ + sin 2θ cos 2θ), 2, 1, = a2
sin 2θ + a2 sin 4θ, 2, d∆, ∴, = 2a2 cos 2θ + 2a2 cos 4θ,
dθ, d∆, For maximum or minimaum,, =0, dθ, , π, , cos
2θ = − cos 4θ 2θ = π − 4θ θ =, 6, π, d 2∆, 2, 2, = −
4a sin 2θ − 8a sin 4θ < 0 at θ = ., 6, dθ 2, π, ∴ Triangle is
maximum for θ = ., 6, , Example 12. If sum of two
number is 3. The maximum, value of the product of
first and the square of second is, (a) 4, (b) 5, (c) 3, (d) 2,
Solution (a) Let the first number be 3 − x, then the
second, number will be x., According to given
condition,, let, f ( x) = (3 − x) x2, = 3x2 − x3 f ′( x) =
6x − 3x2, For maximum or minimum, put f ′ ( x) = 0, ,
x = 0,2, Also,, f ′ ′ ( x) = 6 − 6x, At, x = 2,, f ′ ′ (2) = − 6 <
0, ∴, f(2) = (3 − 2) (2) 2 = 4, , Example, , 13. It is given
that for the function, f ( x) = x3 − 6 x 2 + ax + b on [1, 3]
, Rolle’s theorem holds with, 1, . The values of a and b,
if f (1) = f (3) = 0 are, c =2 +, 3, respectively, is, (a) 11, −
6, (b) 2, 4, (c) 3, 2, (d) None of these, Solution (a) Given
that, f (1) = f (3) = 0, , (1)3 − 6 (1) 2 + a + b = 33 − 6 (3)
2 + 3a + b = 0, , , a + b = 5 and 3a + b = 27, a = 11 and
b = − 6, We have,, f ( x) = x3 − 6x2 + ax + b, , On
differentiating wrt x, we get, f ′ ( x) = 3x2 − 12x + a =
3x2 − 12x + 11, At x = c,, f ′ ( c) = 3c2 − 12c + 11, , (Q a
= 11), , 2, , ∴, , 1 , 1 , , , = 3 2 +, − 12 2 +, + 11,
, , 3 , 3 , 12, 12, = 12 +, + 1 − 24 −, + 11 = 0, 3, 3, a =
11 and b = − 6, , Lagrange’s Mean Value, Theorem,
Statement If a function f ( x ) is, 1. continuous in the
closed interval [a , b]., y, f (c), , Rolle’s Theorem, , O, ,
Statement If a function f ( x ) is, 1. continuous in the
closed interval [a , b]., 2. differentiable in an open
interval ( a , b) i.e.,, differentiable at each point in the
open interval, ( a , b)., 3. f ( a ) = f ( b), y, , a, , b, , c, , x, , 2.
differentiable in an open interval ( a , b). Then,, there
will be atleast one point c, where a < c < b, such that, f
( b) − f ( a ), f ′ ( c) =, b− a, , Example 14. Let f be
differentiable for all x. If f (1) = − 2 and, , f ' (c) = 0, , f ′ (
x) ≥ 2 for all x ∈[1, 6] , then the minimum value of f (6)
is, (a) 4, (b) 2, (c) 8, (d) None of these, , O, , a, , b, , c, , x, ,
Then, there will be atleast one point c in the interval, (
a , b) such that f ′ ( c) = 0., , Solution (c) By Lagrange’s
mean value theorem there exists, c ∈(1, 6), such that, f
(6) − f (1), f (6) + 2, f ′ ( c) =, , = f ′ ( c), 6 −1, 5, (Q f ′ ( x)
≥ 2 for all x ∈ [1, 6]), , , , f(6) + 2 ≥ 10, f(6) ≥ 8

Page 497 :
370, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Comprehensive
Approach, n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , If f ( x) is increasing,
then f −1( x) is also increasing., If f ( x) is decreasing,
then f −1( x) is also decreasing., , n, , If f ( x) and g( x)
are monotonic on [ a, b ], then g( f ( x)) is also,
monotonic of same nature., , n, , If y = f ( x) is
continuous in [ a, b ] and f ( a) f ( b) < 0, then y = f ( x),
intersect x-axis atleast once., , n, , If y = f ( x) is
continuous function and it’s the least value is m and,
the greatest value is M, then m ≤ f ( x) ≤ M (Range of y
= f ( x))., , n, , Rectangle of the largest area inscribed in
a given circle is a square, whose length of diagonal is
diameter of circle., c, If f ( x) =, (where, c is positive and
independent of x), now to, g( x), find points of extreme
for f ( x) first find points of extreme for g( x), and
points of maxima for g(x) are points of minima for f (x)
and, similarly points of minima for g( x) are points of
maxima for f ( x)., But g( a) should not be zero such
point is not in the domain of f ( x)., If f ( x) = g( x) ( g( x) ≥
0) here the points where g( x) is maximum f ( x), is also
maximum and where g( x) is minimum, f ( x) is also,
minimum., , n, n, , n, , n, , n, , If y = f ( x) is an increasing
and continuous function in [ a, b ], (Domain ∈[ a, b ]),
then Range ∈[ f ( a), f ( b)]., Similarly, if y = f ( x) is a
decreasing and continuous function in, [ a, b ], then
Range ∈[ f ( b), f ( a)]., If y = f ( x) is an increasing and
continuous function in ( a, b), (Domain ∈( a, b)), then
Range ∈( f ( a), f ( b))., Geometrically, the tangent to the
curve y = f ( x) at a point, where, the ordinate is
maximum or minimum is parallel to the x-axis.,
Maxima and minima occur alternately., If f ( x) ∞ as
x a or b and f ′( x) = 0 only for one value of x,
between a and b, then f (x) is necessarily the minimum
and the, least value., If y is maximum or minimum,
then log y = z is also maxima or, minimum provided y >
0., 1, is, y = f ( x) is maximum or minimum according as
z =, f ( x), minimum or maximum., If the sum of two
positive numbers is constant, then their product, is
the greatest when the numbers are equal.

Page 498 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. Maximum slope of the curve y = −
x3 + 3x 2 + 9x − 27, is, (a) 0, (b) 12, (c) 16, (d) 32, 2. If
the function f ( x ) = x3 − 6x 2 + ax + b satisfies, Rolle’s
theorem in the interval [1, 3] and, 2 3 + 1 , f′ , = 0,
then, 3 , , (a) a = − 11, (c) a = 6, , (b) a = − 6, (d) a = 11,
, x, , 4. The function x is increasing, when, 1, 1, (b) x <,
(a) x >, e, e, (c) x < 0, (d) for all real x, 5. What is the
value of p for which the function, sin 3x, π, has an
extremum at x = ?, f ( x ) = p sin x +, 3, 3, (NDA 2010 II),
, (b) 1, , (c) −1, , (d) 2, , 6. What is the minimum value of
cos θ + cos 2θ ?, (NDA 2007 I), , (a) –2, (c) 0, , 9, (b) −, 8,
9, (d) −, 16, , 11. The angle of intersection of the
curves y = x 2 and, x = y 2 at (1, 1) is, 4 , (b) tan−1 (1),
(a) tan−1 , 3 , 3 , (c) 90°, (d) tan−1 , 4 , ,
(NDA 2010 I), , (a) (1, e), (c) ( e, 1), , (b) (1, e−1 ), (d) (
e−1 , 1), , 13. The function y = tan−1 x − x, (a), (b), (c),
(d), , (NDA 2009 II), , is always decreasing, is always
increasing, first increases and then decreases, first
decreases and then increases, , 14. The function f ( x )
= 2x3 − 15x 2 + 36x + 4 is maximum, at, (a) x = 2, (b) x
= 4, (c) x = 0, (d) x = 3, 15. The length of subtangent to
the curve x 2 y 2 = a 4 at the, point ( − a , a ) is, (a) 3a,
(b) 2a, (c) a, (d) 4a, 16. The abscissa of the points,
where the tangent to the, curve y = x3 − 3x 2 − 9x + 5
is parallel to x-axis are, (a) x = 0 and 0, (b) x = 1 and − 1,
(c) x = − 1 and 3, (d) None of these, , 7. If x + y = 12,
what is the maximum value of xy?, (NDA 2007 I), , (a)
25, (c) 49, , (b) (1, e), (d) None of these, , 12. What is the
maximum point on the curve x = ex y?, , 3. The speed v
of a particle moving along a straight line, is given by a
+ bv 2 = x 2 (where x is its distance from, the origin).
The acceleration of the particle is, (a) bx, (b) x/ a, (c) x/
b, (d) x/ ab, , (a) 0, , (a) (− ∞, e), (c) ( 2, 3), , (b) 36, (d) 64, ,
8. How many tangents are parallel to x-axis for the,
curve? y = x 2 − 4x + 3, (NDA 2012 I), (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3,
(d) No tangent is parallel to x-axis, 9. At which point
the tangent to the curve x 2 + y 2 = 25 is, parallel to
the line 3x − 4 y = 7 is, (a) (3, − 4), (b) (1, 2), (d) (1, 3), (d)
None of these, 10. The interval in which the function f
( x ) = x1/ x is, increasing is, , 17. The equation of
tangent at ( − 4, − 4) on the curve, x 2 = − 4 y is, (a) 2x +
y + 4 = 0, (b) 2x − y − 12 = 0, (c) 2x + y − 4 = 0, (d) 2x − y
+ 4 = 0, 18. The point at which the tangent to the
curve, y = 2x 2 − x + 1 is parallel to y = 3x + 9 will be,
(a) (2, 1), (b) (1, 2), (c) (3, 9), (d) ( − 2 , 1), 19. What is the
least value of f ( x ) = 2x3 − 3x 2 − 12x + 1, on [−2,
2.5]?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) –3, (b) 8, (c) –19, (d) –16.5, 20.
What is the maximum value of the function log x − x ?,
(NDA 2008 II), , (a) –1, (c) 1, , (b) 0, (d) ∞

Page 499 :
372, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 21. What is the
maximum value of x ⋅ y subject to the, condition x + y
= 8?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) 8, (b) 16, (c) 24, (d) 32, , 32. The
point on the curve x + y = a at which the, normal is
parallel to the x-axis, is, (a) (0, 0), (b) ( 0, a ), (c) ( a , 0),
(d) ( a , a ), , 22. If a and b are non-zero roots of x 2 + ax
+ b = 0, then, the least value of x 2 + ax + b is, 2, 9, (b)
−, (a), 3, 4, 9, (c), (d) 1, 4, , 33. The function f defined by
f ( x ) = 4x 4 − 2x + 1 is, increasing for, (a) x < 1, (b) x > 0,
(c) x < 1/ 2, (d) x > 1/ 2, , 23. If x is real, the minimum
value of x 2 − 8x + 17 is, (a) –1, (b) 0, (c) 1, (d) 2, 24. The
rate of change of the surface area of a sphere of,
radius r, when the radius is increasing at the rate of, 2
cm/s is proportional to, 1, 1, (a), (b) 2, r, r, (c) r, (d) r 2,
25. If the distance ‘s’ metres travelled by a particle in t,
seconds is given by s = t3 − 3 t 2 , then the velocity of,
the particle when the acceleration is zero (in m/s) is,
(a) 3, (b) − 2, (c) − 3, (d) 2, 26. What is the rate of
change of x 2 + 16 with respect to, x 2 at x = 3 ?, (NDA
2012 I), (a) 1/5, (c) 1/20, , (b) 1/10, (d) None of these, ,
27. Find the minimum value of 2x 2 − 3x + 5 ? (NDA
2008 II), 3, (a) 0, (b), 4, 31, 31, (d), (c), 4, 8, 28. What is
the maximum slope of the curve, y = − x3 + 3x 2 + 2x −
27?, (NDA 2007 II), (a) 1, (c) 5, , (b) 2, (d) –23, , 29.
What is the product of two parts of 20 such that the,
product of one part and the cube of the other is,
maximum?, (NDA 2007 II), (a) 75, (b) 91, (c) 84, (d) 96,
30. The value of x for which the polynomial, 2x3 − 9x
2 + 12x + 4 is a decreasing function of x, is, (a) − 1 < x <
1, (b) 0 < x < 2, (c) x > 3, (d) 1 < x < 2, 31. The function y
= a (1 − cos x ) is maximum when x is, equal to, 3π, (a)
π, (b), 2, π, π, (c), (d) –, 2, 6, , 34. If f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6x − 9,
then, (a), (b), (c), (d), , (NDA 2009 I), , f ( x ) is increasing
in ( −1, 3), f ( x ) is decreasing in ( 3, ∞ ), f ( x ) is
increasing in ( −∞ , − 1), f ( x ) is decreasing in ( −∞ , − 1),
, 35. The function f ( x ) = x 2 − 2x increases for all
(NDA 2009 I), (a) x > − 1 only, (c) x > 1 only, , (b) x < − 1
only, (d) x < 1 only, 1, 36. The function f ( x ) = k sin x +
sin 3x has maximum, 3, π, value at x = . What is the
value of k? (NDA 2011 I), 3, 1, 1, (a) 3, (b), (c) 2, (d), 3, 2,
37. If the function f : R R be defined, f ( x ) = tan x − x
, then f ( x ), (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains
constant, (d) becomes zero, , by, , 38. The equation of
tangent to the curve y = be− x / a at, the point, where
it crosses y-axis, is, (a) ax + by = 1, (b) ax − by = 1, x y, x
y, (d), (c), − =1, + =1, a b, a b, 39. What is the slope of
the tangent to the curve, x = t 2 + 3t − 8, y = 2t 2 − 2t −
5 at = 2 ?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) 7/6, (b) 6/7, (c) 1, (d) 5/6,
40. The function f ( x ) = 1 − x3 − x5 is decreasing for,
(a) 1 ≤ x ≤ 5, (b) x ≤ 1, (c) x ≥ 1, (d) all values of x, log x,
is equal to, 41. The maximum value of, x, 2, 1, (a), (b), e,
e, (c) e, (d) 1, 42. In which one of the following
intervals, the function, x 2 − 5x + 6 is decreasing?, (a) (
−∞ , 2), (b) [3, ∞ ], (c) ( −∞ , ∞ ), (d) ( 2, 3), 43. The
function f ( x ) = x 2 − 2x is strictly increasing in, the
interval, (a) ( −2 , − 1), (b) ( −1, 0), (c) ( 0, 1), (d) (1, 2)

Page 500 :
373, , Application of Derivative, 44. If f ( x ) = x log x,
then f ( x ) attains the minimum value, at which one of
the following points?, (NDA 2011 II), (c) x = e−1 (d) x =
2e−1, (a) x = e−2 (b) x = e, 45. What is the interval over
which the function, f ( x ) = 6x − x 2, x > 0 is
increasing?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) ( 0, 3), (c) ( 6, 9), , (b) ( 3,
6), (d) None of these, , 46. What are the points on the
curve x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 3 = 0,, where the tangents are
parallel to x-axis? (NDA 2011 II), (a) (1, 2) and (1, − 2),
(b) ( 0, 3 ) and ( 0, − 3 ), (c) ( 3, 0) and ( − 3, 0), (d) ( 2, 1)
and ( 2, − 1), x, on [ − 1, 1] is, 47. The maximum value of
f ( x ) =, 4 + x + x2, 1, 1, (b) −, (a) −, 4, 3, 1, 1, (d), (c), 6, 5,
, 48. The equation of the tangent to the curve, (1 + x 2
) y = 2 − x , where it crosses the x-axis, is, (a) x + 5 y = 2,
(b) x − 5 y = 2, (c) 5x − y = 2, (d) 5x + y − 2 = 0, 2, 3, 49. y
= 4x − 5 is a tangent to the curve y = px + q at, ( 2 , 3).
Which one of the following is correct?, (a) p = − 2 , q =
7, (b) p = − 2 , q = − 7, (c) p = 2 , q = 7, (d) p = 2 , q = − 7,
50. If the curve y = a x and y = bx intersect at angle α,,
then tan α is equal to, a−b, log a − log b, (a), (b), 1 + ab,
1 + log a log b, a+b, log a + log b, (d), (c), 1 − ab, 1 − log a
log b, , Level II, 1. Function, , f(x) =, , increasing, if, (a) λ
> 1, (c) λ < 4, , λ sin x + 6 cos x, 2 sin x + 3 cos x, , is, ,
monotonic, , (b) λ < 1, (d) λ > 4, , 2. If x > 0, xy = 1, then
what is the minimum value of, x + y?, (a) 2, (b) –2, (c) 1,
(d) –1, 3. If g( x ) = min ( x , x 2 ), where x is real number,
then, (a), (b), (c), (d), , g ( x ) is an increasing function, g (
x ) is a decreasing function, f ( x ) is a constant
function, g ( x ) is a continuous function except at x = 0,
, 4. The position of a point in time ‘t’ is given by, x = a +
bt − ct 2 , y = at + bt 2. Its acceleration at time, ‘t’ is, (a)
b − c, (b) b + c, (c) 2b − 2c, (d) 2 b2 + c2, 5. A function f
is defined by f ( x ) = 2 + ( x − 1)2/ 3 in [0, 2]., Which of
the following is not correct?, (a) f is not derivable in (0,
2), (b) f is continuous in [0, 2], (c) f ( 0) = f ( 2), (d) Rolle’s
theorem is true in [0, 2], 6. The point in the interval ( 0,
2π ), where f ( x ) = ex sin x, has maximum slope, is,
(NDA 2011 II), π, π, (b), (a), 4, 2, 3π, (c) π, (d), 2, , 7. The
largest value of 2x3 − 3x 2 − 12x + 5 for − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2,,
occurs when, (NDA 2011 I), (a) x = − 2, (b) x = − 1, (c) x
= 2, (d) x = 0, 8. At an extreme point of a function f ( x ),
the tangent to, the curve is, (NDA 2011 II), (a) parallel
to the x-axis, (b) perpendicular to the x-axis, (c)
inclined at an angle 45° to the x-axis, (d) inclined at an
angle 60° to the x-axis, 9. A balloon is pumped at the
rate of 4 cm 3 /s. What is, the rate at which its surface
area increases when its, radius is 4 cm?, (NDA 2010
II), 2, 2, (a) 1 cm /s, (b) 2 cm /s, (c) 3 cm 2/s, , (d) 4 cm
2/s, , is, monotonically, 10. If, f ( x ) = kx3 − 9x 2 + 9x +
3, increasing in every interval, which one of the,
following is correct?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) k < 3, (b) k ≤ 3,
(c) k > 3, (d) k ≥ 3, 11. Which one of the following
statements is correct?, (NDA 2012 I), x, , (a) e is an
increasing function, (b) ex is a decreasing function, (c)
ex is neither increasing nor decreasing function, (d) ex
is a constant function, 12. What is the value of b for
which f ( x ) = sin x − bx + c is, decreasing in the
interval ( −∞ , ∞ )?, (a) b < 1, (b) b ≥ 1, (c) b > 1, (d) b ≤ 1

Page 501 :
374, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 13. A body moves in a
straight line according to the law, s = t3 − 4 t 2 − 3 t.
What are the values of time and, acceleration (time,
acceleration); each time when, velocity of the body is
zero?, (a) ( 3, − 10), (b) ( 3, 10), (c) ( 2, − 10), (d) ( 2, 10),
14. Which one of the following is correct?, x, , x ∈ ( −∞ ,
∞ ), f(x) =, 1 +|x|, (a) is monotonically increasing at
every point, ( −∞ , ∞ ), (b) is monotonically decreasing
at every point, ( −∞ , ∞ ), (c) is monotonically
increasing on ( −∞ , ∞ ) except, x=0, (d) is
monotonically decreasing on ( −∞ , ∞ ) except, x=0, , of,
of, at, at, , 15. f ( x ) = cos x is monotonic decreasing
under which one, of the following conditions?, (NDA
2008 II), π, π, (a) 0 < x < only, (d), < x < π only, 2, 2, (c) 0
< x < π, (d) 0 < x < 2π, 16. What is the smallest value of
m for which, f ( x ) = x 2 + mx + 5 is increasing in the
interval, (NDA 2008 I), 1 ≤ x ≤ 2?, (a) m = 0, (b) m = − 1,
(c) m = − 2, (d) m = − 3, 17. What is/are the critical
point(s) of the function, f ( x ) = x 2/ 3 ( 5 − 2x ) on the
interval [−1, 2]? (NDA 2007 I), 1, (a) Only 1, (b) 0 and,
3, 3, 3, (d) 0 and, (c) Only, 2, 2, 18. If the rate of change
in volume of spherical soap, bubble is uniform, then
the rate of change of surface, area varies as, (NDA
2011 II), (a) square of radius, (b) square root of radius,
(c) inversely proportional to radius, (d) cube of the
radius, f ( b) − f ( a ), 19. In the mean value theorem, = f
′ ( c), if, b− a, 1, a = 0, b = and f ( x ) = x ( x − 1) ( x − 2),
the value of c is, 2, 15, (b) 1 + 15, (a) 1 −, 6, 21, (d) 1 +
21, (c) 1 −, 6, 20. Moving along the x-axis are two
points with, x = 10 + 6 t ; x = 3 + t 2. The speed with
which they are, reaching from each other at the time
of encounter is, (x is in cm and t is in seconds), (a) 16
cm/s (b) 20 cm/s (c) 8 cm/s (d) 12 cm/s, , 21. Under
which conditions are the two curves, y = x 2 + ax + b
and y = cx − x 2 tangent to each other, at the point (1,
0)?, (a) a = 2 , b = − 3, c = − 1 (b) a = 3, b = − 4, c = − 1, (c)
a = − 1, b = 0, c = 1, (d) a = − 3, b = 2, c = 1, 22. If f ( x ) =
x 2 − 6x + 8 and there exists a point c in the, interval
[2, 4] such that f ′ ( c) = 0, then what is the, value of c?,
(a) 2.5, (b) 2.8, (c) 3, (d) 3.5, dy, 23. A particle P moves
along the curve x 2 y3 = 27., = 10, dt, at the time, when
P is at the point (1, 3). What is the, dx, at that instant?,
value of, dt, (a) 5, (b) –10, (c) 10, (d) –5, 24. The
velocity of telegraphic communication is given, 1 ,
by v = x 2 log , where x is the displacement. For,
x , maximum velocity, x is equal to, (NDA 2009 II), (b)
e−1/ 2, (a) e1/ 2, (c) ( 2e)−1, (d) 2e−1/ 2, 25. The
function f ( x ) = ( x − 1)ex + 1 is, , (NDA 2007 II), , (a)
negative for all x > 0 (b) positive for all x > 0, (c)
increasing for all x, (d) decreasing for all x, 26. If a
differentiable function f defined for x > 0 satisfies, the
relation f ( x 2 ) = x3 , x > 0, then what is the value of,
(NDA 2007 II), f ′ ( 4)?, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, 27. If at
any instant t, for a sphere, r denotes the radius,, S
denotes the surface area and V denotes the volume,,
dV, (NDA 2010 II), then what is the value of, ?, dt, 1 dr,
1 dS, (a) S, (b) r, 2 dt, 2 dt, 1, dS, dS, (c) r, (d) r 2, 2, dt, dt,
28. The second derivative of f ( ex ) with respect to x,,
where f is a polynomial, is, (a) f ′′ ( ex ) ex + f ′ ( ex ), (b) f
′′ ( ex ) e2x + f ′′ ( ex ) ex, (c) f ′′ ( ex ), (d) f ′′ ( ex ) e2x +
f ′ ( ex ) ex, 29. For what values of p, the function, px
2 + 1, if x ≤ 1, is derivable at x = 1?, f(x) = , x + p, if x
> 1, 1, (a), (b) 2, 2, 1, (c) −, (d) –2, 2

Page 502 :
375, , Application of Derivative, 30. Each side of an
equilateral triangle expands at the, rate of 2 cm/s.
What is the rate of increase of area of, the triangle
when each side is 10 cm?, (a) 10 2 cm 2/s, (b) 10 3 cm
2/s, (c) 10 cm 2/s, (d) 5 3 cm 2/s, 31. Let, be, real,
numbers, such, that, x, y, Let, and, let, − 4 ≤ x ≤ 4, − 5 ≤
y ≤ 5., θ∈R, A = x cos θ − y sin θ , B = x cos θ + y sin θ.
What is the, maximum value of A2 − B2?, (a) 32, (b) 40,
(c) 50, (d) 80, , 37. Match List I (Function) with List II
(Property) and, select the correct answer using the
codes given below, the lists., , A., B., , List I, (Function),
tan x, f ( x) =, x, f ( x) = ( x − 1) − log x, , 34. The motion
of a particle is described as, s = 2 − 3t + 4t3 . What is
the acceleration of the, particle at the point, where its
velocity is zero?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) 0, (c) 8 unit, , (b) 4
unit, (d) 12 unit, , 35. What is the interval in which the
function, f ( x ) = 9 − x 2 is increasing? ( f ( x ) > 0), (NDA
2007 I), (a) 0 < x < 3, (c) 0 < x < 9, , (b) −3 < x < 0, (d) −3
< x < 3, , 36. What is the x-coordinate of the point on
the curve, f ( x ) = x ( 7x − 6), where the tangent is
parallel to, x-axis?, (NDA 2007 I), 2, 1, (b), (a) −, 7, 3, 6,
1, (c), (d), 7, 3, , 2., , f ( x) =, , sin x, x, , 3., , D., , f ( x) =, , log
(1 + x), x, , 4., 5., , (NDA 2012 I), , 33. y = a log x + bx 2 +
x has its extremum value at x = − 1, and x = 2. What
are the values of a and b?, (a) a = 2 , b = − 1, 1, (b) a = 2 ,
b = −, 2, 1, (c) a = − 2 , b =, 2, 1, 1, (d) a = , b = −, 2, 2, , 1., ,
C., , 32. Which one of the following statements is
correct?, (a) The derivative of a function f ( x ) at a
point will, exist, if there is one tangent to the curve y =
f ( x ), at that point and the tangent is parallel to y-
axis., (b) The derivative of a function f ( x ) at a point
will, exist, if there is one tangent to the curve y = f ( x ),
at that point and the tangent must be parallel to, x-
axis., (c) The derivative of a function f ( x ) at a point
will, exist, if there is one and only one tangent to the,
curve y = f ( x ) at that point and the tangent is not,
parallel to y-axis., (d) None of the above, , List II,
(Property), , Codes, A, (a) 2, (b) 5, (c) 5, (d) 2, , B, 4, 3, 1,
4, , C, 3, 1, 4, 1, , Increasing for every, x>1, Decreasing
for, every x > 0, Neither increasing, nor decreasing for,
x>0, Decreasing for x in, ( 0, π / 2), Increasing for x in, (
0, π / 2), , D, 5, 2, 2, 5, , 38. Consider the following
statements in respect of the, (NDA 2011 II), function f
( x ) = x3 − 1, x ∈ [− 1, 1], I. f ( x ) is increasing in [− 1, 1].,
II. f ( x ) has no root in ( − 1, 1)., Which of the
statements given above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b)
Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 39.
Consider the following statements, I. The function f ( x
) = tan x − 4x is increasing in the, π, interval − < x < 0.,
3, II. The set of all x for which log(1 + x ) ≤ x is (0, ∞).,
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?,
(a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor
II, 40. What is the area of the largest rectangular field,
which can be enclosed with 200 m of fencing?, (NDA
2008 I), 2, , 2, , (a) 1600 m, (c) 2400 m 2, , (b) 2100 m,
(d) 2500 m 2, , 41. A stone thrown vertically upward
satisfies the, equation s = 64t − 16t 2, where s is in
metre and t is in, second. What is the time required to
reach the, maximum height?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) 1 s, (b)
2 s, (c) 3 s, (d) 4 s, 42. The profit function, in rupees, of
a firm selling, x items ( x ≥ 0) per week is given by, P ( x
) = − 3500 + ( 400 − x ) x. How many items should, the
firm sell, so that the firm has maximum profit?, (NDA
2009 I), , (a) 400, , (b) 300, , (c) 200, , (d) 100

Page 503 :
376, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 43. Given two squares
of sides x and y such that, y = x + x 2. What is the rate
of change of the area of, the second square with
respect to the area of the first, square?, (NDA 2010 I),
(b) 1 + 2x + 3x 2, (a) 1 + 3x + 2x 2, (c) 1 − 2x + 3x 2, (d) 1
− 2x − 3x 2, , Directions (Q. Nos. 44-46) Each of these,
questions contain two statements, one is Assertion
(A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these questions
also, has four alternative choices, only one of which is
the, correct answer. You have to select one of the
codes (a),, (b), (c) and (d) given below., Codes, (a) Both
A and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not the, correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., 44.
Assertion (A) Curve y = xex is minimum at the, point x
= − 1., dy, Reason (R), < 0 at x = − 1., dx, 45. Assertion
(A) y = x 2e− x increases on the interval, ( 0, 2)., ,
Reason (R) since,, , dy, > 0 on the interval ( 0, 2)., dx, ,
46. Assertion (A) The tangent to the curve, y = x3 − x 2
− x + 2 at (1, 1) is parallel to the x-axis., Reason (R) The
slope of the tangent to the curve at, (1, 1) is zero., ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 47-49) Consider the function, f ( x
) = 2x 2 − log|x| is monotonically for values of x ≠ 0., ,
47. The interval in which the function f ( x ) is,
monotonically increasing, 1 , (b) (1, 2), (a) − , 0 ,
2 , (c) ( 2, 3), (d) None of these, 48. The interval in
which the function f ( x ) is, monotonically decreasing?,
1 , (a) 0, , (b) ( 2, 4), 2 , (c) (5, 3), (d) None of
these, df ( x ), is, 49. The value of, dx, 1, (a) 4x 2 −, (b)
4x, x, (c) 4x − 2, (d) None of these, , Answers, Level I, 1.,
11., 21., 31., 41., , (b), (d), (b), (a), (b), , 2., 12., 22., 32.,
42., , (d), (b), (b), (b), (a), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (c), (a), (c),
(d), (d), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (a), (a), (c), (d), (c), , 5., 15.,
25., 35., 45., , (d), (c), (c), (c), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., ,
(b), (c), (b), (c), (a), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , (b), (d), (d), (a),
(c), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., , (a), (b), (c), (d), (a), , 9., 19., 29.,
39., 49., , (a), (c), (a), (b), (d), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (a),
(a), (d), (d), (b), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (a), (c), (c), (d), (c), ,
3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (a), (b), (d), (b), (a), , 4., 14., 24., 34.,
44., , (d), (c), (b), (d), (c), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (d), (c), (b),
(b), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (b), (c), (c), (b), (a), , 7., 17.,
27., 37., 47., , (b), (a), (b), (c), (a), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., ,
(a), (c), (d), (c), (a), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., , (b), (c), (a), (b),
(a), , 10., 20., 30., 40., , (c), (c), (b), (d), , Level II, 1., 11.,
21., 31., 41., , (d), (a), (d), (b), (b)

Page 504 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. Let y = f (x) = − x3 + 3x2 +
9x − 27, The slope of this curve f ′ (x) = − 3x2 + 6x + 9,
Let, g (x) = f ′ (x) = − 3x2 + 6x + 9, On differentiating
wrt x, we get, g ′ (x) = − 6x + 6, For maxima or minima,
put g ′ (x) = 0 x = 1, Now, g ′ ′ (x) = − 6 < 0 and hence
at x = 1, g (x) slope will, have maximum value., ∴, [ g
(1)]max = − 3 × 1 + 6(1) + 9 = 12, 2. f (x) = x3 − 6x2 + ax
+ b, On differentiating wrt x, we get, f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 12x
+ a, By the definition of Rolle’s theorem,, , f ′ (c) = 0,
1 , , f ′ 2 +, , =0, , 3 , 2, , , , , , , 1 , 1 , ,
, 3 2 +, + a =0, − 12 2 +, , , 3 , 3 , 1, 4 , 1 , ,
, 3 4 + +, + a =0, − 12 2 +, , , , 3, 3, 3 , 12 + 1
+ 4 3 − 24 − 4 3 + a = 0, a = 11, , 3. Given equation is a
+ bv2 = x2, On differentiating, we get, dv, dx, dx, dv ,
0 + b 2v = 2x, vb, =x, , dt , dt, dt, dt, dv, x dx,
dv x, dx , , = v , =, ⋅, , =, Q, dt, , dt vb dt, dt b,
4. Let y = xx, On differentiating wrt x, we get, dy, = xx
(1 + log x), dx, dy, For increasing function,, >0, dx, x, ∴,
x (1 + log x) > 0 1 + log x > 0, 1, 1, , log e x > log e,
x>, e, e, 1, Function is increasing when x > ., e, sin 3x,
5. f (x) = p sin x +, (given), 3, 3 cos 3x, f ′ (x) = p cos x
+, = p cos x + cos 3x, 3, π, f (x) has an extremum value
at x = ., 3, π , ∴, f′ =0, 3 , π, p cos + cos π = 0, ,
3, , 1, 1 , p −1 =0 p=, =2, 2 , 1 /2, , , , 6. Let A
= cos θ + cos 2θ, On differentiating wrt θ, we get, dA,
= − sin θ − 2 sin 2θ, dθ, dA, Put, = 0, for maxima or
minima, dθ, sin θ = − 2 sin 2θ = − 4 sin θ ⋅ cos θ, , 4
cos θ = − 1 or sin θ = 0, 1, or, cos θ = −, θ =0, , 4, d 2A,
Now,, = − cos θ − 4 cos 2θ, dθ 2, = − cos θ − 4 (2 cos 2
θ − 1), 2, d A , 1, 1, , , , = − 4 2 ⋅, − 1 > 0, , ,
16, , 4, 1, dθ 2 , cos θ = −, , 4, , 1 , ∴ A is minimum
at θ = cos −1 − , 4 , Now, minimum value of, cos θ
+ cos 2θ = cos θ + 2 cos 2 θ − 1, 1 , 1 , = − + 2
− 1, 4 , 16 , , =−, , 9, 1 1, −2 + 1 − 8, + −1=, =−, 8,
8, 4 8, , 7. Q x + y = 12 y = 12 − x, Let, A = xy, = x(12 −
x) = 12x − x2, dA, = 12 − 2x, dx, dA, Put, = 0, for
maxima or minima, dx, 12 − 2x = 0 x = 6, d 2A , d
2A, Now,, =, −, 2, , = −2 < 0, 2 , dx2, dx x = 6, , …
(i), , ∴ A is maximum at x = 6., ∴ Maximum value of, A =
(12x − x2) = 12 × 6 − 62, = 72 − 36 = 36, 8. Given,
curve y = x2 − 4x + 3, Now, differentiating wrt x, we
get, dy, ...(i), = 2x − 4 = 2 (x − 2), dx, dy, Here at x = 2,,
=0, dx, i.e., for the given curve only one tangent is
possible, because slope of tangent parallel to x-axis is
zero.

Page 505 :
378, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 9. We have, x2 + y2 =
25, dy, , 2x + 2 y, =0, dx, dy − x, =, , dx, y, , …(i), , 3, 4,
Since, tangent is parallel to given line, then, dy 3, x 3,
=, − =, dx 4, y 4, 4, …(ii), y=− x, , 3, From Eqs. (i) and
(ii), we get, 16 2, x2 +, x = 25 x = ± 3, 9, if, [using Eq.
(ii)], x = 3, y = − 4, if, [using Eq. (ii)], x = − 3, y = 4, ∴
Points of contact are (3, − 4) and (–3, 4)., Now, slope of
the line 3x − 4 y = 7 is m =, , 10. Given that, f (x) = x1/ x,
1, f ′ (x) = 2 (1 − log x) ⋅ x1/ x, , x, f ′ (x) > 0, if 1 − log x
> 0, , log x < 1, , x<e, ∴ f (x) is increasing in the
interval (−∞ , e)., , , and, , , dy , = 2 = m1, ,
dx (1, 1), , dy, = 2x, dx, , x = y2 1 = 2 y, , (say), dy, dx, ,
dy 1, 1, dy , =, , = = m2, dx (1, 1) 2, dx 2 y, , ∴
Angle of intersection at the point of (1, 1), 1, 2−, m1 −
m2, 2 =3, tan θ =, =, 1 + m1m2 1 + 2 × 1 4, 2, −1 3 , θ
= tan , , 4 , 12. The given equation of curve can
be rewritten as, y = xe− x, On differentiating wrt x, we
get, dy, = − xe− x + e− x, dx, dy, On putting, = 0, for
maxima or minima, dx, − xe− x + e−x = 0, , x=1, d 2y,
Now,, = − e−x + xe− x − e−x, dx2, d 2y , , = − e−1 <
0, 2 , dx x = 1, , 13. Given, y = tan −1 x − x, On
differentiating wrt x, we get, dy, 1, − x2, =, −1 =, 2, dx 1
+ x, 1 + x2, dy, < 0, ∀ x ∈ R, , dx, Hence, function is
always decreasing., 14. f (x) = 2x3 − 15x2 + 36x + 4,
On differentiating wrt x, we get, f ′ (x) = 6x2 − 30x +
36, Either maxima or minima, f ′ (x) = 0, ∴, 6x2 − 30x +
36 = 0 x2 − 5x + 6 = 0, , (x − 2) (x − 3) = 0 x = 2 ,
3, Again, differentiating Eq. (i), we get, f ′ ′ (x) = 12x −
30, , f ′ ′ (2) = 24 − 30 = − 6 < 0, Therefore, f (x) is
maximum at x = 2, , …(i), , 15. Equation of the curve
x2y2 = a 4, On differentiating the given equation, we
get, dy − y, dy, =, x22 y, + y22x = 0 , dx, x, dx, a ,
dy , , =− , , =1, dx ( − a, a), − a , , 11. The
slope of the curve,, y = x2 , , ∴ y is maximum at x = 1,
then y = 1 ⋅ e−1 = e−1, Hence, maximum point on the
curve x = ex y is (1, e−1 )., , (say), , Therefore,
subtangent at the point (−a , a ), y, a, =, = =a, dy 1,
, dx , 16. y = x3 − 3x2 − 9x + 5, On differentiating,
we get, dy, = 3 x2 − 6 x − 9, dx, Since, tangent is
parallel to x-axis., dy, ∴, = 0 3 x2 − 6 x − 9 = 0, dx, ,
(x + 1) (x − 3) = 0 x = − 1, 3, 17. Given equation is x2
= − 4 y, On differentiating, we get, dy, dy, x, 2x = − 4,
, =–, 2, dx, dx, Slope of tangent at (−4,−4)., 4, dy ,
, = =2, , dx ( −4, − 4) 2, We know that, equation
of tangent at the point (x1 , y1 ) is, dy , ( y − y1 ) =
, (x − x1 ), dx ( x , y ), 1, , 1, , If the point (– 4, – 4),
then, y + 4 = 2 (x + 4), , 2x − y + 4 = 0, 18. Given
equation is y = 2x2 − x + 1, On differentiating, we get,
dy, = 4x − 1, dx

Page 506 :
379, , Application of Derivative, Since, this is parallel
to the given curve y = 3x + 9, ∴ These slopes are equal,
, 4x − 1 = 3 x = 1, At x = 1,, y = 2(1)2 − 1 + 1 y =
2, Thus, the point is (1, 2)., , 22. Given that, a and b are
roots of the equation, x2 + ax + b = 0, Then, sum of
roots, a + b = − a, …(i), , b = − 2a, and product of
roots, ab = b, , ab − b = 0, , b (a − 1) = 0, Since, a and
b are non-zero, then we take b ≠ 0., Then,, a = 1 and b
= − 2, ∴ The expression will be, f (x) = x2 + x − 2, f ′ (x) =
2x + 1, For maxima and minima, put f ′ (x) = 0, 1, 2x + 1
= 0, x = −, 2, 1 , f ′ ′ (x) = 2 f ′ ′ − = 2 > 0, 2 , 1,
Function is minimum at x =, 2, 9, 1 1 1, ∴ Minimum
value of function f − = − − 2 = −, 2 4 2, 4, , 19. Q, f
(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x + 1, f ′ (x) = 6x2 − 6x − 12, Put
f ′ (x) = 0, for maxima or minima, 6x2 − 6x − 12 = 0, ,
x2 − x − 2 = 0, , (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0, , x = 2 and –1,
Now,, f ′ ′ (x) = 12x − 6, , f′ ′ (2) = 24 − 6 = 18 > 0, ∴ f
(x) is minimum at x = 2, Hence,, f (2) = 2(2)3 − 3(2)2 −
12 × 2 + 1, = 16 − 12 − 24 + 1, = − 19, 20. Let y = log x −
x, , dy 1, = −1, ∴, dx x, 2, 1, d y, and, =− 2, dx2, x, For
maximum and minimum values of y,, dy 1, = −1 =0, dx
x, 1, , =1, x, , x=1, For x = 1,, d 2y, = − ve, dx2, Thus,
the value of the given function is maximum for, x = 1.,
So, the maximum value of the function, = log (1) − 1 =
− 1, , 21. Q, , and let, ∴, , and, , x+ y=8, y=8 − x, P =
xy, P = x (8 − x), = 8 x − x2, dP, = 8 − 2x, dx, 2, dP, = −2,
dx2, , dP, = 0, for maxima or minima, dx, 8 − 2x = 0, 8,
x= =4, , 2, d 2P , and, = −2 < 0, 2 , dx x = 4,
Put, , ∴ P is maximum at x = 4., Maximum value of P =
4 ⋅ (8 − 4) = 4 ⋅ 4 = 16, , …(i), , 23. Here,, f (x) = x2 − 8x +
17, ∴, f ′ (x) = 2x − 8, For maximum or minimum, put f
(x) = 0, , 2x − 8 = 0 x = 4, f ′ ′ (x) = 2 > 0, hence
minima at x = 4, The minimum value is, f (4) = 42 − 8 ×
4 + 17 = 16 − 32 + 17 = 1, dr, 24. Surface area of
sphere, S = 4πr 2 and, =2, dt, dS, dr, dS, ∴, = 4π × 2r, =
8πr × 2 = 16πr , ∝r, dt, dt, dt, 25. We have, s = t3 − 3 t
2, On differentiating wrt t, we get, ds, = 3 t2 − 6 t, dt,
Again, differentiating Eq. (i), we get, d 2s, =6 t −6 =0
t=1, dt 2, On putting the value of t = 1 in Eq. (i), we
get, ds, = 3 × 1 − 6 × 1 = 3 − 6 = − 3 m/s, dt, 26. Let u =
x2 + 16 and v = x2, du, 1, Now,, =, × 2x =, dx 2 x2 + 16, ,
x, x + 16, 2, , and, , ....(i), , dv, = 2x, dx, , ∴ Now, rate of
change of u wrt to v is,, x, 1, du du / dx, =, ×, =, 2, dv dv
/ dx, x + 16 2x, , du , , dv , , , ∴, , du, 1, =, 2, dv
2 x + 16, 1, 1, 1, 1, =, =, =, at ( x =3 ) =, 2 9 + 16, 2 25 2 ×
5 10, , d (x2 + 16), d (x2), , =, , 1, at x = 3, 10

Page 507 :
380, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Q First part = 15, and,
second part = 20 − 15 = 5, Q Required product = 15 ×
5 = 75, , 27. Let y = 2x2 − 3x + 5, 3x , , y = 2 x2 − +
5, 2 , , 2, , 3 , 9 , y = 2 x − −, +5, , , 4, 16, ,
, 2, 3, 9, , , y = 2 x − − + 5, , 4 , 8, , 30. Q, f (x) =
2x3 − 9x2 + 12x + 4, , f ′ (x) = 6x2 − 18x + 12, For
function to be decreasing, f ′ (x) < 0, , 6 (x2 − 3x + 2)
< 0 (x2 − 2x − x + 2) < 0, , (x − 2) (x − 1) < 0 1 < x
< 2, , 2, , 3 , 31, , y = 2 x − +, , 4 , 8, , …(i), 2, , ,
3 , , Q 2 x − ≥ 0 , 4, , , , 2, , , , , 3 , 31 31,
, ≥, 2 x − +, , , 4, 8, 8, 31, y≥, 8, , ∴ The minimum
value of y =, , [from Eq. (i)], 31, 8, , 28. Given curve,, y =
− x3 + 3x2 + 2x − 27, On differentiating wrt x, we get,
dy, = − 3 x2 + 6 x + 2, dx, dy, Let, A=, = − 3 x2 + 6 x + 2,
dx, dA, Now,, = − 6x + 6, dx, d 2A, and, = −6, dx2, For
max or min value of slope of the curve, put, dA, =0, dx,
−6 x + 6 = 0 x = 1, d 2A , Now,, = −6 < 0, 2 , dx
x = 1, ∴ At (x = 1), A is maximum., ∴ Maximum slope
of curve = Maximum value of A, = −3 + 6 + 2 = 5, 29.
Let first part = x, ∴ Second part = 20 − x, Let, P = x3 (20
− x) = 20x3 − x4, dP, Now,, = 60x2 − 4x3, dx, d 2P, and,
= 120x − 12x2, dx2, For max or min value,, dP, =0, dx,
2, , 4x (15 − x) = 0, x = 0 and 15, d 2P , ∴, = 120 ×
15 − 12 × (225), 2 , dx x = 15, = 1800 − 2700 = −
900 < 0, ∴ At x = 15, P is maximum., , 31. y = a (1 − cos
x), On differentiating, we get y ′ = a sin x, Put y′ = 0,
for maxima or minima, , sin x = 0, , x = 0, π, Again,
differentiating, we get, y ′ ′ = a cos x y′ ′ (0) = a and
y ′ ′ (π ) = − a, Hence, y is maximum when x = π., 32.
The equation of given curve is x +, 1, 1 dy, ∴, +, ⋅, =0, 2
x 2 y dx, dy, y, , =−, dx, x, The normal is parallel to x-
axis, if, dx , = 0 x1 = 0, , dy ( x , y ), 1, , ∴, ∴, ,
y= a, , 1, , From equation of curve, y1 = a, Required
point is (0, a )., , 33. We have, f (x) = 4x4 − 2x + 1, On
differentiating, we get f ′ (x) = 16x3 − 2, Put f ′ (x) = 0
for maxima, , 16x3 − 2 = 0 x = 1 / 2, 1 , , 1 ,
Taking interval − ∞ , and , ∞ ., , 2 , 2 , 1 , In
interval , ∞ , put x = 1, 2 , f ′ (1) = 16 − 2 = 14, ,
(increasing), , 1, ∴ Function f is increasing for x > ., 2,
34. Q f (x) = 3x2 + 6x − 9, On differentiating wrt x, we
get, f ′ (x) = 6x + 6, For a decreasing function,, f ′ (x) < 0
6x + 6 < 0 x < − 1, ∴ f (x) is decreasing in (− ∞ , −
1),, and for increasing function,, f ′ (x) > 0, , 6x + 6 > 0
x > − 1, ∴ f (x) is increasing in (−1, ∞ )., 35. Q f (x) =
x2 − 2x, On differentiating wrt x, we get, f ′ (x) = 2x −
2, f (x) is increasing, if f ′ (x) > 0, 2x − 2 > 0, , x > 1
only

Page 508 :
381, , Application of Derivative, 36. f (x) = k sin x +, ,
Put, At, , , 1, sin 3x, 3, , (given), Now,, , 3, cos 3x, 3, f ′
(x) = 0, for maxima, k cos x + cos 3x = 0, π, π, x = , k cos
+ cos π = 0, 3, 3, 1 , k =1 k =2, 2 , f ′ (x) = k
cos x +, , 1, 1 − cos 2 x, −1 =, 2, cos x, cos 2 x, , Since, 0 ≤
cos2 x ≤ 1 for all values of x., ∴ f ′ (x) > 0 for all values
of x. Thus, f (x) always, increases., 38. Given equation
of curve is y = be− x/ a, Since, the curve crosses y-axis
(i.e., x = 0), , y = be−0, , y=b, , On differentiating Eq.
(i), we get, dy − b − x/ a, =, e, dx a, − b −0/ a − b, dy ,
At point (0, b), , =, =, e, dx ( 0, b), a, a, ∴ Required
equation of tangent is, −b, y−b=, (x − 0), a, y, x, x y, ,
−1 = – + =1, b, a, a b, 39. Given that, x = t 2 + 3t − 8,
and y = 2t 2 − 2t − 5, dx, dy, Now,, = 2t + 3 and, = 4t −
2, dt, dt, ∴Slope of the tangent to the curve =, =, , dy /
dt 4t − 2, =, dx / dt 2t + 3, , dy , , dx , , =, at ( t =
2), , 1 , x2 ⋅ − − (1 − log x) ⋅ 2x, x , , x4, d 2y ,
− (3 − 2 log x), 1, and 2 , =, = − 3 <0, 3, x, e, dx x =
e, , ∴Function is maximum at x = e., log e 1, ∴, =, ymax
=, e, e, , 37. f (x) = tan x − x, On differentiating, we get, f
′ (x) = sec2 x − 1 =, , d 2y, =, dx2, , dy, dx, , 4(2) − 2 8 − 2
6, =, =, 2(2) + 3 4 + 3 7, , 40. Given that, f (x) = 1 − x3 −
x5, On differentiating wrt x, we get, f ′ (x) = − 3x2 −
5x4 f ′ (x) = − (3x2 + 5x4 ), , f ′ (x) < 0, for all values
of x., log x, 41. Let y =, x, 1, x ⋅ − log x, dy, dy 1 − log x, x,
=, =, , ∴, 2, dx, dx, x, x2, dy, Put, = 0, for maxima or
minima, dx, ∴, x=e, , …(i), , 42. Given that, f (x) = x2 − 5x
+ 6, On differentiating Eq. (i), wrt x, we get, f ′ (x) = 2x
− 5, For f (x) to be decreasing, f ′ (x) < 0, 5, i.e.,, 2x − 5 <
0 2x < 5 x <, 2, 5 , , ∴ f (x) is decreasing in the
interval −∞ , ., , 2 , i.e., f (x) is decreasing in the
interval ( − ∞ , 2)., 43. f (x) = x2 − 2x, f ′ (x) = 2x − 2 = 2
(x − 1), For f (x) to be strictly increasing, then, f ′ (x) > 0
2 (x − 1) > 0, , x−1 >0 x>1, f (x) = x log x, 1, f ′ (x)
= x ⋅ + log x ⋅ 1, x, = 1 + log x, For maximum or
minimum value of f (x), f ′ (x) = 0, , 1 + log e x = 0, ,
log e x = − 1, , x = e−1, 1, Now,, f ′ ′ (x) =, x, 1, −1, At (x
= e ), f ′ ′ (x) = −1 = e > 0, e, So, at (x = e−1 ), then f (x)
attains minimum value., , 44. Given,, , 45. We have, f
(x) = 6x − x2, On differentiating wrt x, we get, f ′ (x) = 6
− 2x, f (x) will be increasing function, if, f ′ (x) > 0 6 −
2x > 0 x < 3, Thus, required interval is (0, 3)., 46.
Given that, x2 + y2 − 2x − 3 = 0, Differentiating both
sides wrt x, we get, dy, 2x + 2 y, −2 =0, dx, dy 1 − x, ∴, =,
dx, y, If the tangent is parallel to the x-axis, then, dy,
=0, dx, , …(i)

Page 509 :
382, , NDA/NA Mathematics, ∴, , 1−x, =0, y, , dy (1 +
x2) (−1) − (2 − x) (2x), =, dx, (1 + x2)2, , , 1 − x =0, , x
=1, Putting x = 1 in the given equation, we get, 1 + y2
− 2(1) − 3 = 0, , y2 = 4, , y=±2, Therefore, the
coordinates of the points at which the, tangent is
parallel to the x-axis are (1, ± 2)., x, 47. f (x) =, 4 + x +
x2, On differentiating, we get, 4 + x + x2 − x (1 + 2x), f ′
(x) =, (4 + x + x2)2, For maximum, f ′ (x) = 0 , , , dy
x2 − 4x − 1, =, dx, (1 + x2)2, (2)2 − 4 (2) − 1, (1 + 22)2, 4
− 8 − 1 −5 −1, =, =, =, 5, (1 + 4)2 25, , ∴ Slope of tangent
at (2 , 0) =, , ∴ Equation of tangent at (2, 0) and slope –
1/5 is, 1, y − 0 = − (x − 2) 5 y = − x + 2, 5, , x + 5y =
2, 49. y = 4x − 5 is a tangent to the curve y2 = px3 + q
at (2, 3)., Therefore, (2, 3) satisfy the equation of
curve, ∴, (3)2 = p (2)3 + q, , 9 = 8 p + q …(i), From the
given options, option (d) satisfied Eq. (i)., Therefore,
the option (d) is correct., , 4 − x2, =0, (4 + x + x2)2, ,
x=2,−2, , Both the values of x are not in a interval [–1,
1]., −1, −1, f (− 1) =, =, ∴, 4 −1 + 1, 4, 1, 1, (maximum), f
(1) =, =, 4+1+1 6, 48. The given curve (1 + x2) y = 2 − x,
meets x-axis, where y = 0 0 = 2 − x x = 2, So, Eq. (i)
meets x-axis at the point (2, 0)., 2−x, Also, from Eq. (i),
y =, 1 + x2, , , , …(i), , 50. Given equations of curves
are y = a x and y = bx ., Point of intersection of curves
is (0, 1)., Now, slope of tangent of the curve, y = a x, dy,
dy , m1 =, = a x log a , = m1 = log a, dx ( 0, 1),
dx, Slope of tangent of the curve, y = bx, dy, dy , m2
=, = bx log b m2 = , = log b, dx ( 0, 1), dx, ∴ tan
α =, , log a − log b, m1 − m2, =, 1 + m1m2 1 + log a log
b, , On differentiating wrt x, we get, , Level II, 1. Given
function, f (x) =, , λ sin x + 6 cos x, 2 sin x + 3 cos x, , …
(i), , On differentiating, we get, [(2 sin x + 3 cos x) (λ
cos x − 6 sin x), − (λ sin x + 6 cos x) (2 cos x − 3 sin x)], f
′ (x) =, (2 sin x + 3 cos x)2, The function is monotonic
increasing, if f ′ (x) > 0., , 3λ (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) − 12
(sin 2 x + cos 2 x) > 0, , 3λ − 12 > 0, (Q sin 2 x + cos 2
x = 1), , λ >4, 2. Given that, xy = 1, Let, A=x+ y, 1,
A=x+, x, On differentiating wrt x, we get, dA, 1, d 2A 2,
=, = 1 − 2 and, dx, x, dx2 x3, , …(i), …(ii), , For maxima or
minima, put, , , dA, 1, = 0 1 − 2 = 0, dx, x, x2 = 1 x
= 1 , − 1, , d 2A , 2, = =2 >0, 2 , dx x = 1 1, ,
Now,, , Thus, function is minimum at x = 1, y = 1, So,
minimum value of A = 1 + 1 = 2, 3. Q g (x) = min (x, x2),
y-axis, y = x2 y = x, , (0,0), , x-axis, , ∴ g (x) is an
increasing function.

Page 511 :
384, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 12. Given that, f (x) =
sin x − bx + c, Now,, f ′ (x) = cos x − b, For function to be
decreasing,, f ′ (x) < 0, ∴, cos x − b < 0 cos x < b, We
know that, cos x lies between −1 and 1., ∴, 1 < b b
>1, 13. We have,, s = t3 − 4 t 2 − 3 t, On differentiating
wrt t, we get, ds, = 3t 2 − 8t − 3, dt, ds, Since, velocity is
zero i.e.,, =0, dt, , 3t 2 − 8t − 3 = 0, , (t + 1) (t − 3) =
0, , t = 3 (Q t ≠ − 1), Again, differentiating, we get, d
2s, =6t −8, dt 2, 2, d s , = 6 (3) − 8 = 10, ∴
Acceleration = 2 , dt ( t = 3 ), 14. We have,, f (x) =,
, x, , x ∈ (−∞ , ∞ ), 1 + |x|, , x, , x>0, 1 + x, , f (x) = 0, ,
x=0, x, 1 − x , x < 0, , When x > 0,, ∴, , x, 1+ x, (1 + x)
(1) − x (1), 1, f ′ (x) =, =, >0, (1 + x)2, (1 + x)2, f (x) =, , ∴ It
is increasing, when x > 0., When x < 0,, x, ∴, f (x) =, 1−x,
(1 − x) (1) − x (−1), f ′ (x) =, (1 − x)2, 1, =, >0, (1 − x)2, ∴
It is increasing, when x < 0., ∴ Function f (x) is
monotonic increasing in the interval, (−∞ , ∞ ) except
at x = 0., 15. Given, f (x) = cos x, , f ′ (x) = − sin x,
Since, f (x) is monotonic decreasing function., Now,, f ′
(x) < 0, , − sin x < 0, sin x > 0, , sin x > sin (0), , x>0,
, Clearly, f ′ (x) < 0, when 0 < x < π., Hence, f (x) is
decreasing, when 0 < x < π., Alternative Method, y, ,
x¢, , p, , 2p, , O, , x, , y¢, Graph of cos x, , So, f (x) is
monotonically decreasing in (0, π ) by graph., 16. f (x) =
x2 + mx + 5, ∴, f ′ (x) = 2x + m, Since, f (x) is an
increasing function., ∴, f ′ (x) ≥ 0, , 2x + m ≥ 0, m, x≥−,
, 2, Given that, f (x) is increasing in the interval x ∈
[1, 2]., m, ∴, x=−, = 1 m = −2, 2, Thus, the smallest
value of m is –2 for which f (x) is, increasing in 1 ≤ x ≤
2, 17. Q f (x) = x2 /3 (5 − 2x) = 5x2 /3 − 2x5 /3, 10 −1
/3 10 2 /3, Now,, f ′ (x) =, x, −, x, 3, 3, For critical points,
put f ′ (x) = 0, 10 −1 /3 10 2 /3, x, =, x, x=1, , 3, 3,
which is the required critical point lie in the interval,
[−1, 2]., 4, 18. Let the volume of spherical soap bubble
is V = πr3 ,, 3, where r radius., dV, dr, , = 4 πr 2, = C
(constant) (given) …(i), dt, dt, And the surface area, S =
4πr 2, dS, dr, , = 4π ⋅ 2 ⋅ r, dt, dt, dS, C, [from Eq. (i)], =
8 πr ×, , dt, 4 πr 2, dS 2C, dS 1, =, , ∝, , dt, r, dt, r, ∴
Rate of change of surface area varies as inversely,
proportional to radius., f (b) − f (a ), 19. From mean
value theorem, f ′ (c) =, b−a, 1, 3, Given, a = 0 f (a ) =
0 and b =, f (b) =, 2, 8, Now, f ′ (x) = (x − 1) (x − 2) + x
(x − 2) + x (x − 1), ∴, f ′ (c) = (c − 1) (c − 2) + c (c − 2) + c
(c − 1), = c2 − 3c + 2 + c2 − 2c + c2 − c, , f ′ (c) = 3c2 −
6c + 2

Page 512 :
385, , Application of Derivative, By definition of mean
value theorem,, f (b) − f (a ), f ′ (c) =, b−a, 3, 8, 5, (, /, )−0
3, , 3c2 − 6c + 2 =, =, 3c2 − 6c + = 0, 4, (1 / 2) − 0 4,
This is a quadratic equation in c,, 6 ± 36 − 15 6 ± 21,
c=, =, =1±, 2 ×3, 6, Since, ‘c’ lies between [0, 1 /2],, 21,
(neglecting c = 1 +, c=1 −, ∴, 6, , 21, 6, 21, ), 6, , 20. Time
of encounter, 10 + 6 t = 3 + t 2 t 2 − 6 t − 7 = 0 t =
7, At t = 7 s, moving in a first point,, d, v1 =, (10 + 6 t ) =
6 cm/s, dt, At t = 7 sec, moving in a second point,, d, v2
=, (3 + t 2) = 2 t = 2 × 7 = 14 cm/s, dt, ∴ Resultant
velocity = v2 − v1 = 14 − 6 = 8 cm/s, 21. Since, both
curves has the point of tangents., ∴ It passes through
the same point (1, 0), , 0 = 12 + a + b, …(i), , a + b +
1 =0, and, …(ii), 0 = c − 12 c = 1, dy, Now,, m1 =, = 2x
+ a m1(1 , 0) = 2 + a, dx, dy, m2 =, = c − 2x m2(1 ,
0) = c − 2, dx, Since, both the slopes are equal., , m1
= m2, , 2 + a = c−2, [from Eq. (ii)], , a =1−4, , a =
−3,b =2,c=1, , , , − 2 = 10 ⋅, , , , dx, = −5, dt, , dt, dx, ,
dy, , , given, = 10, , , dt, , 24. Given, v = − x2 log x,
On differentiating wrt x, we get, dv, x2, = − 2x log x −,
= − 2x log x − x, dx, x, For maximum or minimum value
of velocity,, dv, put, = 0 − 2x log x − x = 0, dx, 1, ,
log x = −, x = e−1/ 2, 2, d 2v, 2x, Now,, =−, − 2 log x −
1, x, dx2, = − 3 − 2 log x, At, x = e−1/ 2, d 2v, 1 , = − 3
− 2 − = − 2, maxima, 2 , dx2, ∴ At x = e−1/ 2, the
velocity is maximum., 25. The given function is, f (x) =
(x − 1) ex + 1, ∴, f ′ (x) = (x − 1) ex + ex = (x − 1 + 1) ex =
xex, Thus, it is clear that, f (x) increases for all x > 0
and, decreases for all x < 0. So, the function f (x) is
positive for, all x > 0., 26. Q f (x2) = x3, Let, , ∴, , , ,
t = x2 x = t, f (t ) = ( t )3 = t3/ 2, f (x) = x3/ 2, 3, f ′ (x) =
x1/ 2, 2, 3 1/ 2 3, f′ (4) = ⋅ 4 = ⋅ 2 = 3, 2, 2, , 22. The
given function is f (x) = x2 − 6x + 8 and internal [2, 4].,
Here, f (x) is continuous in [2, 4], As well as
differentiable in ] 2,4 [. Since, f (x) is a, polynomial
function, so that every polynomial is, continuous as
well as differentiable in its domain., Now, f (2) = (2)2 −
6(2) + 8 = 4 − 12 + 8 = 0, f (4) = (4)2 − 6(4) + 8 = 16 −
24 + 8 = 0, ∴, f (2) = f (4), So, there exist a point c in the
interval [2, 4], such that, f ′ (c) = 0 2c − 6 = 0 c = 3,
which lies in the interval [2, 4]., , 27. Q The surface
area of sphere, S = 4πr 2, (given), dS 8πr dr, …(i), =, ,
dt, dt, and the volume of the sphere, 4, V = πr3, 3, dr,
dV 4, dr, = 4πr 2, , = π ⋅ 3r 2, dt, dt 3, dt, 4πr 2 dS 1
dS, [from Eq. (i)], =, ⋅, = r, 8πr dt 2 dt, , 23. We have,
x2y3 = 27, On differentiating wrt x, we get, dy, 2xy3 +
x3 3 y2, =0, dx, dy, 2y, =−, , dx, 3x, 2 3, dy , = − ⋅ =
−2, , , dx (1, 3 ), 3 1, dy dy dt, Q, =, ⋅, dx dt dx, ,
28. We have,, y = f (ex ), On differentiating Eq. (i) wrt x,
we get, dy, d (ex ), = f ′ (ex ) ×, = f ′ (ex ) ⋅ ex, dx, dx,
Again, differentiating, we get, d 2y, = f ′ ′ (ex ) ex ⋅ ex +
f ′ (ex ) ⋅ ex, dx2, d 2y, , = f ′ ′ (ex )e2x + f ′ (ex ) ex,
dx2, , …(i)

Page 514 :
387, , Application of Derivative, 35. Q f (x) = 9 − x2, On
differentiating wrt x, we get, 1, x, f ′ (x) =, (−2x) = −, 2,
2 9−x, 9 − x2, f (x) is increasing, if f ′ (x) > 0., x, −, > 0, ,
9 − x2, x, <0, , 9 − x2, , , x(9 − x2)3/ 2, <0, (9 − x2)2,
, , , , , x(9 − x2)3/ 2 < 0, x < 0 or (9 − x2)3/ 2 < 0, x
< 0 or (x2 − 9) > 0, +, –∞, , , , , –, –3, , 3, , +, +∞, , x < 0
or −3 < x < 3, −3 < x<0, , 36. Q f (x) = x (7x − 6), = 7x3/
2 − 6x1/ 2, 3, 21 1/ 2, 1, ∴ f ′ (x) = 7 × x1/ 2 − 6 × x−1/ 2
=, x − 3x−1/ 2, 2, 2, 2, Since, tangent is parallel to x-
axis., ∴, f ′ (x) = 0, 21 1/ 2, x = 3x−1/ 2, , 2, 3 ×2 2, x=,
=, , 21, 7, 2 4, x3, +, x +K, tan x, 3, 15, 37. A. f (x) =, =,
x, x, 2 3, x2, f (x) = 1 +, +, x +K, 3 15, π , f (x) is
increasing for x in 0, ., 2 , B., f (x) = (x − 1) − log x,
1 x−1, f ′ (x) = 1 − =, x, x, For f (x) to be increasing., f ′
(x) > 0 x > 1, x3, x5, x−, +, −K, sin x, 3! 5!, C., f (x) =, =,
x, x, x 2 x4 x 6, =1 −, +, −, + ..., 3! 5! 7!, π , f (x) is
decreasing for x in 0, ., 2 , x+, , x2 x3 x4, +, −, +K,
2, 3, 4, x, x x2, =1 − +, −K, 2 3, f (x) is decreasing for x >
0., , log (1 + x), D. f (x) =, =, x, , x−, , 38. Given that, f (x) =
x3 − 1 f ′ (x) = 3x2, For increasing function, f ′ (x) >
0, , 3 x2 > 0, ∴ The function will increase, for x ∈ R,
i.e., the function, will increase in [−1, 1]., The curve
does not have any sign change in the interval, (−1, 1).,
∴ f (x) has no root in (−1, 1)., 39. We have, f (x) = tan x −
4x, f ' (x) = sec2 x − 4 = 1 + tan 2 x − 4 = tan 2 x − 3,
Now,, f ' (x) > 0, , tan 2 x − 3 > 0, (tan x − 3) (tan x + 3)
> 0, , tan x < − 3 and tan x > 3, π, π, and x >, , x<−, 3,
3, π, π, and x > ., Thus, f (x) is increasing for x < −, 3, 3,
π, Hence, f (x) is not increasing in the interval − < x <
0., 3, Hence, statement I is false., Consider the
statement II,, Let, f (x) = log (1 + x) − x, In order that,
log (1 + x) is defined, we must have,, 1 + x ≥ 0 i.e.,, x >
−1, Now,, 1, −x, f ' (x) =, −1 =, 1+ x, 1+ x, −x, <0 x >0,
∴, f ' (x) < 0, , 1+ x, −x, and, f ' (x) > 0 , >0 x <0, 1+
x, Therefore, f decreases on (0, ∞) and increases on (−
1, 0)., That is, f (x) ≤ f (0), if x ≥ 0 and f (x) ≥ f (0) if − 1 <
x ≤ 0, Thus,, f (x) ≤ f (0) if x ∈ (− 1, ∞ ), Hence,, log (1 + x)
− x ≤ 0 for x ∈ (0, ∞ )., So, statement II is true., 40. We
know that, the area of the largest rectangular field, to
be enclosed with 200 m of fencing is possible, if
length, and breadth of the rectangular field are equal.,
∴, 2(x + x) = 200, 200, , x=, = 50 m, 4, ∴ Area of the
largest rectangular field, = 50 × 50 = 2500 m2,
Alternative Method, Let length and breadth of
rectangular field are x and y,, respectively., ∴, 2(x + y) =
200, , y = 100 − x, and area, A = xy = x (100 − x) =
100x − x2, dA, = 100 − 2x, ∴, dx, dA, Put, = 0, for
maxima or minima, dx, 100 − 2x = 0, , x = 50

Page 515 :
388, , NDA/NA Mathematics, d 2A, = − 2x, dx2, , Now,,
, , , d 2A , = − 100 < 0, 2 , dx x = 50, , , ,
Hence, at x = − 1, y is minimum., Thus, A is true but R is
false., 45. Q y = x2e− x, , ∴ A is maximum at x = 50,
Hence, the required area = 50(100 − 50), = 50 × 50, =
2500 m2, , (given), , 43. Q Area of first square,, A1 =
x2, and area of second square, A2 = y2, = (x + x2)2, (Q
y = x + x2), = x2 + x4 + 2x3, dA1, Now,, = 2x, dx, dA2,
and, = 2x + 4x3 + 6x2, dx, dA2 2x + 4x3 + 6x2, Hence,,
=, dA1, 2x, = 1 + 2 x2 + 3 x, 44. A. y = x e, , x, , ∴, , dy, = x
ex + ex, dx, , dy, = 0, for maxima or minima, dx, xex + ex
= 0, , x= −1, d 2y, Now,, = 2ex + xex, dx2, , Put, , dy, =
2xe− x − x2e− x, dx, Function will be increasing, if, dy,
>0, dx, −x, 2 −x, ∴, 2xe − x e > 0, , e− x (− x2 + 2x) > 0
− x2 + 2x > 0, , x ∈ (0, 2)., Both A and R are
individually true and R is the correct, explanation of
A., , , (given), 41. Q s = 64t − 16t 2, On
differentiating wrt t, we get, ds, = 64 − 32t, dt, ds, Put,
= 0, for maximum height, dt, 64 − 32t = 0, , 64 = 32t,
, t = 2s, 42. P (x) = − 3500 + (400 − x) x, On
differentiating wrt x, we get, P′ (x) = 400 − 2x, Put, P′
(x) = 0, for maxima or minima, 400 − 2x = 0, , x =
200, Now,, P′ ′ (x) = − 2x, , P′ ′ (200) = − 2 < 0, ∴ P (x)
is maximum at x = 200, Hence, required number of
items = 200, , d 2y , = e−1 (2 − 1) > 0, 2 , dx x =
− 1, , 46. Given that, the tangent to the curve,, y = x3 −
x2 − x + 2 at (1, 1) is parallel to the x-axis., dy, ∴, = 3 x2
− 2 x − 1, dx, dy , =3 −2 −1 =0, , dx (1, 1), ∴ The
equation of tangent at (1, 1) is given by, dy , y−1 =
, (x − 1) y − 1 = 0 y = 1, dx (1, 1), dy , Which
is parallel to x-axis and , =0, dx (1, 1), ∴ Both A
and R are true and R is the correct explanation, of A., ,
Solutions (Q. Nos. 47-49), 1 4 x2 − 1, =, x, x, ∴ f ' (x) ≥ 0,
if (i) 4x2 − 1 ≥ 0 and x > 0 or, (ii), 4x2 − 1 ≤ 0 and x < 0,
Now,, 4x2 − 1 ≥ 0 (2x − 1) (2x + 1) ≥ 0, 1, 1, or x ≥,
x≤−, , 2, 2, 1, ∴ (i) holds, if, x≥, 2, Again,, 4x2 − 1 ≤ 0
(2x − 1) (2x + 1) ≤ 0, 1, 1, , − ≤x≤, 2, 2, 1, ∴ (ii) holds, if
− ≤ x < 0, 2, 1, 1, Hence, f increases for x ≥ or for − ≤ x
< 0., 2, 2, Similarly, it can be shown that, f decreases
for, 1, 1, or for x ≤ −, 0≤x≤, 2, 2, We have,, , f ' (x) = 4x −

Page 516 :
20, Indefinite Integration, Indefinite Integration, If f ′(
x ) is derivative of f ( x ), then f ( x ) is primitive or, anti-
derivative or integration of f ′ ( x ). So, differentiation,
and integration are inverse to each other., d, e. g. ,, (sin
x ) = cos x , so integration of cos x is sin x., dx, d, (sin x +
c) = cos x, so integration of cos x is sin x + C., dx, d, ( f (
x ) + c) = F ( x ) f ( x ) + C is anti-derivative of, dx, F ( x
)., Let ∫ F ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + C, , ∫a, , 5., , ∫ sin x dx = − cos x
+ C, ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C, 2, ∫ sec x dx = tan x + C, , 6., 7.,
, ‘∫ ’ is integral sign and ∫ F ( x ) dx means integration of,
F ( x ) with respect to x and it is called indefinite
integration., , 2., 3., , ∫, ∫, , { f ( x ) ± g( x )} dx =, , ∫, , f ( x )
dx ±, , ∫, , 9., , ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C, ∫ cosec x cot x
dx = − cosec x + C, ∫ cot x dx = log|sin x| + C, ∫ tan x dx =
− log|cos x| + C, ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C, , 10.,
11., , 13., , f(x), +C, n +1, , 4., , ∫ ( f ( x )), , 5., , ∫, , f ( x ) dx =
F ( x ) + C, , , , ∫ f ( ax + b) dx =, , n, , f ( x ) dx =, , n +1, , f (
ax + b), +C, a, , Useful Formulae, 1., , ∫x, , n, , dx =, , n +1,
, x, + C,, n +1, , dx, 2. ∫, = loge |x| + C, x, 3. ∫ ex dx = ex +
C, , x dx = − cot x + C, , ∫ cosec x dx = log|cosec x − cot
x| + C, x , = log tan + C, 2 , , kf ( x ) dx = k ∫ f ( x )
dx , where k is a constant., , d, ( f ( x ) dx ) = f ( x ) + C, dx
∫, , 2, , π x , = log tan + + C, 4 2 , , 14., , g( x ) dx, ,
dx =, , ∫ cosec, , Properties of Indefinite Integration, 1.,
, x, , 8., , 12., , where, C is constant of integration., , ax,
+C, log e a, , 4., , x , = sin−1 + C, a , a −x, dx, ,
15., , ∫, , 16., , ∫ x 2 + a 2 = a tan, , 17., , ∫x, , 18., , ∫ x 2 − a 2
= 2a log x + a + C , x > a, , 19., , ∫ a2 − x2, , 20., , ∫, , (
n ≠ − 1), , 2, , 2, , 1, , dx, , dx, x −a, 2, , 2, , 1, , dx, , dx, , dx,
a + x2, 2, , =, , =, , −1, , x, +C, a, , 1, x, sec−1 + C, a, a, x −
a , , 1, a+x, log, + C, a > x, 2a, a−x, , = log|x + a 2 + x 2| +
C

Page 517 :
390, , 21., , NDA/NA Mathematics, , ∫, , dx, x − a2, 2, ,
sin 2 x + cos2 x , dx, sin 2 x cos2 x , , = log|x + x 2 −
a 2| + C, , Solution (b) Let I = ∫ , , = ∫ (sec2 x + cosec2x )
dx, , x , = cosh−1 + C, a , , = tan x − cot x + C, , 1,
1, x , x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin−1 + C, a , 2, 2, 1, 23. ∫ a
2 + x 2 dx = x x 2 + a 2, 2, 1, + a 2 log|x + a 2 + x 2| + C,
2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 24. ∫ x − a dx = x x − a 2, 2, 1, − a 2 log x + x
2 − a 2 + C, , , 2, 25. ∫ eax + b ( af ( x ) + f ′( x )) dx =
eax + b f ( x ) + C, 22., , ∫, , a 2 − x 2 dx =, , 26., , ∫e, , ax, ,
27., , ∫e, , ax, , sin bx dx =, cos bx dx =, , eax, , ( a cos bx +
b sin bx ) + C, , =∫, , x, , b , , cos bx − tan−1 + C, 2, 2,
, , a, a +b, , Example 1. The value of, , dx, , ∫, , 2 x −
1 , tan−1 , +C, 3 , 3, 2, 2 x − 1 , (b) −, tan−1 ,
+C, 3 , 3, , (a), , x2 − x + 1, , =a∫, , dx, , dx, a −x, 2, , 2, , x
1, +, a 2, , −∫, , ∫, , x, a − x2, 2, , −2 x, a2 − x2, , dx, , dx, , 2,
2, x 1 a −x, + ⋅, +C, a 2, 1/ 2, x, = a sin −1 + a2 − x2 + C,
a, , Geometrical Interpretation of, Indefinite Integral, ,
1, dx, dx, =∫, 2, 2, x − x+1, 3 , 1 , x− + , 2 ,
2 , , ∫ f ( x ) dx = F( x ) + C = y, , 2, , , 1 , x− , 1, 2 + C,
=, tan −1 , 3, 3 , , , 2 , 2, 2, 2x − 1 , =, tan −1
, +C, 3 , 3, , (a) tan x + cot x + C, (b) tan x − cot x +
C, (c) tan x − sec x + C, (d) None of the above, , a2 − x2,
, = a sin −1, , 1, , Example 2. The value of ∫, , a−x, , is, , 2, ,
Solution (a) Let I = ∫, , a−x, dx, a+ x, , = a sin −1, , 2 x −
1 , tan−1 , +C, 3 , 3, (d) None of the above, , (c), ,
(d) None of the above, , 2, , a +b, ea, , x, + a 2 − x2 + C, a,
x, (c) sin−1 + a 2 + x 2 + C, a, (b) sin−1, , Solution (a) Let
I = ∫, , eax, , =, , x, + a 2 − x2 + C, a, , ( a sin bx − b cos bx )
+ C, , a +b, 2, , (a) a sin−1, , 2, , 2, , a−x, dx., a+x, ,
Example 3. Find the value of ∫, , dx, 2, , sin x cos2 x, ,
(say), , y, y = x2 + 2, y = x2 + 1, y = x2, y = x2 – 1, y = x2
– 2, x, , x′, , is, y′, , y = F ( x ) + C represents a family of
curves. By giving, different values to C, we get
different members of family., These members can be
obtained by shifting any of the curves, parallel to
itself.

Page 518 :
391, , Indefinite Integration, , 1, dt = log|t| = log| f ( x )|
+ C, t, (ii) Integrals of the form ∫ ( f ( x ))n f ′ ( x ) dx ,
then put, , Integrals of the Form, ∫ f ( ax + b ) dx, ∫, , f ( x )
dx = φ ( x ) + C , then, 1, f ( ax + b) dx = φ ( ax + b) + C, a,
, If, , ∫, e.g.,, , ∫, , ( ax + b)n dx =, , ( ax + b)n + 1, + C, n ≠ −
1, a ( n + 1), , 1, tan ( ax + b) + C, a, 1, ∫ tan ( ax + b) dx =
− a log |cos ( ax + b)| + C, , 3., 4., 5., 6., , ∫ sinh x dx =
cosh x + C, ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x + C, 2, ∫ sech x dx = tanh
x + C, 2, ∫ cosech x dx = − coth x + C, ∫ sech x tanh x dx
= − sech x + C, ∫ cosech coth x dx = − cosech x + C, ,
Example 4. The value of ∫, , ( e x − e − x), ( e x + e − x) log
cos h x, , 1, f ( x) + C, 2, 1, (c) f ( x) + C, 2, , ∴, , dx is, ,
Solution (b) Put f ( x) = t f '( x) dx = dt, , put, put, , x =
a tan θ or a cotθ, x = a sec θ or a cosec θ, , (iv) For the
terms in the form a 2 − x 2 or a 2 − x 2 ,, , ( ex − e− x ),
dx, ( e + e− x) log cosh x, 1, log(cosh x) = t , sinh xdx =
dt, cosh x, , ex − e− x, dx = dt, ex + e− x, , ex − e− x, ex
+ e− x , and cosh x =, Q sinh x =, , 2, 2 , , 1, I = ∫ dt
= log t + C, t, = log(log cosh x) + C, , f ′ ( x )dx = dt, , 1, dt
= 2 t + C, t, = 2 f ( x) + C, , I=∫, , (a) If m is an odd integer,
put cos x = t, (b) If n is an odd integer, put sin x = t, (c) If
m + n is negative even integer, then put, tan x = t or
cot x = t, (ii) For the terms in the form x 2 + a 2 or x 2 +
a 2 ,, , put, x = a sinθ or a cosθ, (v) If a + x and a − x both
are present, then, put, , f ′ (x), dx , then put f ( x ) = t,
f(x), , x = a cos 2θ, , (vi) For the type ( x − a ) ( b − x ) and,
put, (vii) For the type, put, , (x − a), ( x − b), , x = a cos2 θ
+ b sin2 θ, x−a, or ( x − a ) ( x − b), x−b, x = a sec2θ − b
tan2 θ, , (viii) For the type ( x 2 + a 2 ± x )n or ( x ± x 2 −
a 2 )n ,, put the expression, , Integration by
Substitution, , , (d) 2f ( x) + C, , (iii) For the terms in
the form x 2 − a 2 or x 2 − a 2 ,, , x, , (i) Integrals of the
form ∫, , dx is, , (i) Integral of the form ∫ sinm x cosn x
dx, , (d) log(log(cosh x)) + C, , , , f ( x), , (b) 2 f ( x) + C, ,
(a), , (c) 2 log( e x − e − x) + C, , Put, , f ′( x), , ( n ≠ − 1), ,
Some Important Standard, Substitutions, , (a) log(tanh
x) + C, (b) 2 log( e x + e − x) + C, , Solution (d) I = ∫, , f ( x )
= t f ′ ( x ) dx = dt, ( f ( x ))n + 1, tn + 1, t n dt =, +C=,
+C, ( n + 1), n +1, , Example 5. The value of ∫, , ∴, ,
Integration of Hyperbolic, Functions, 2., , ∫, , ∴, , 2, ∫ sec
( ax + b) dx =, , 1., , ∫, , ∴, , (ix), , within the bracket = t, dx,
, ∫, , ( where, m + n = 2),, ( ax + b)m ( cx + d )n, ax + b, put,
=t, cx + d

Page 519 :
392, , NDA/NA Mathematics, x2 + 1, , (x) Integral of
the form ∫, , dx and ∫, , x2 − 1, , dx,, x +1, x4 + 1, 1, 1, put,
x − = t and x + = t, respectively., x, x, (xi) Integral of the
form, f, ∫ (sin 2x ) (sin x + cos x ) dx, put, and, ∫ f (sin 2x )
(sin x − cos x ) dx,, sin x − cos x = t and sin x + cos x = t,
respectively., 4, , 1, 1 dx, (xii) Integral of the form ∫ f
n n + 1 , put n = t, x x, x, dx, (xiii) Integral of the
form ∫, ,, ( ax + b) lx 2 + mx + n, 1, put, ax + b =, t, (xiv)
Integral of the form, dx, , ∫ ( ax 2 + bx + c), , lx + mx + n,
2, , (xv) Integral of the form, dx, , ∫ ( ax 2 + b), , lx + m, 2,
, and, , and, , + bx + c, , put a sin x + b cos x = A ( c sin x +
d cos x ), + B ( c cos x − d sin x ), Now, compare the
coefficients of sin x and cos x and, we get similar form
as in the above., , = t2, , , put x =, , dx, , ∫ ax 2, , f ( x ) =
cex + de− x, a sin x + b cos x, (xxi) Integral of the form ∫,
dx,, c sin x + d cos x, where,, , 1, t, , Example 6. The
value of ∫ cos3x e log(sin x ) dx is, cos4 x, +C, 4, (c) sin4
x + C, , lx + m, , dx , ∫, , , put lx + m = t 2, , Solution (a) Let
I = ∫ cos x elog(sinx) dx = ∫ cos3x sin x dx, , ax 2 + bx + c,
, I = ∫ t 3 dt =, , ∴, , dx,, , Example 7. The value of ∫, , Find
A and B by comparing the coefficients of x and,
constant term on both the sides of equation. Then,, ax
+ b, px + q, ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx = A ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx, 1, ax
+ bx + c, 2, , dx, , Now, we can integrates it easily.
Similarly, other, two cases., (xviii) Integrals of the
form, dx, (a) ∫, a cos x + b sin x + C, x, , put tan = t, 2, 2 x,
2 x, + b cos, +C, a sin, 2, 2, , t4, +C, 4, , cos4 x, +C, 4, , =, ,
2, ∫ ( px + q ) ax + bx + c dx, , In such integrals put px + q
= A, (differential coefficient of ax 2 + bx + c) + B., , (b) ∫,
, (d) None of these, 3, , Put cos x = t sin x dx = dt, , px
+ q, , + B∫, , (b) cos4 x + C, , (a), , ( ax + b) lx + m, , ∫ ( ax 2
+ bx + c), , (xvii) Integral of the form, px + q, , Now, find
A and B by comparing the coefficients of, ex and e− x .,
aex + be− x, f ′ (x), Now, ∫ x, dx = A ∫ dx + B ∫, dx,, f (x), ce
+ de− x, , dx, , (xvi) Integral of the form ∫, , In all such
integration, put tan x = t., aex + be− x, (xx) Integrals of
the form ∫ x, dx, ce + de− x, put aex + be− x = A ( cex +
de− x ) + B ( cex − de− x ), , lx 2 + mx + n, , ax 2 + bx + c, ,
put, , (xix) Integrals of the form, dx, (a) ∫, a cos 2x + b
sin 2x + C, dx, (b) ∫ 2, a sin2 x + b cos2 x + C, , dx, , (1 + x
) 1 − x 2, 1− x 2 , 1 π, +C′, − cot −1 , (a), 2x
, 2 2, , , , , 1− x 2 , 1 π, +C′, − cot
−1 , (b) −, 2x , 2 2, , , , 2, , π, 1− x ,
+C′, (c) − cot −1 , 2x , 2, , , , (d) None of
the above, , Solution (b) Let I = ∫, , dx, , Put, , 2, , dx, , (1 +
x ) 1 − x2, 1, 1, x = dx = − 2 dt, t, t, 2, , is

Page 520 :
393, , Indefinite Integration, 1, dt, − t dt, t2, ∴, =, I=∫,
1 , 1 ∫ (t 2 + 1) t 2 − 1, , 1 + 2 1 − 2, , t , t, 2, 2,
Again, put t − 1 = u, −, , , , 2 t d t = 2 u du, I=−∫, , , , u
du, (u + 2) u, 2, , 2, , =−∫, , 1, du, u + ( 2) 2, 2, , 1, u , =−,
tan −1 + C′, 2 , 2, =−, , 1 − x2 , 1, + C′, tan −1
, 2x , 2, , , , =−, , 1, 2, , π, 1 − x2 , + C′, −
cot −1 , 2 x , 2, , , , , 1 − x2 , , 1, + C′
− π , cot −1 , 2x , , 2, 2, 2, , , 2x , 1, +C, =,
tan −1 , 1 − x2 , 2, , =, , π , , where, C = C′ −,
, , 2 2 , , Example 8. The value of ∫, , x+2, , ( x + 3x +
3) x + 1, , , x, 2, (a), tan−1 , +C, 3, 3 ( x + 1) , x ,
2, (b), tan−1 , +C, 3, x + 1 , , , 1, x, (c), tan−1 ,
+C, 3, 3 ( x + 1) , (d) None of the above, , Solution (a)
Let I = ∫, , 2, , dx is, , x+2, dx, ( x2 + 3x + 3) x + 1, , I = 2∫, ,
t2 + 1, , dt, + t2 + 1, 1, 1+ 2, t, = 2∫, dt = ∫, 1, t2 + 1+ 2, t,
t, , 4, , 1+, , 1, t2, 2, , 1 , t − + 3, t , , dx, , ∫ 5 + 4
cos x = A tan, , −1, , value of A is, (a) 2, 1, (c), 3, , x , ,
B tan + C , then the, , 2 , , (b) 3, 2, (d), 3, , Solution
(d) We have,, dx, x , , = A tan −1 B tan + C, , 5 + 4
cos x, 2 , dx, 1, Now,, dx, ∫ 5 + 4 cos x = ∫, , 2 x , 1 −
tan , 2 , 5+ 4 , 2, 1 + tan x , , 2 , x, sec2, 2, =∫, dx,
x, tan 2 + 9, 2, 1, x, 2 x, Put tan = t , sec dx = dt, 2, 2, 2,
2 dt, I= ∫ 2, ∴, t + 32, 2, t , = tan −1 + C, 3 , 3, x ,
x , , , tan , tan , 2, 2, −1, −, 1, 2 + C = tan , 2
+ C, = tan , 3, 3, 3 , 3 , , , , , I=∫, , A tan, ,
A=, , −1, , x , , tan , x , 2, , −1, 2, +C, B tan + C
= tan , , 2 , 3, 3 , , , , 2, 3, , Example 10. The
value of, , dx, , ∫ 1 + 2 sin x + cos x is, , x, (a) log(2 + 4 tan
) + C, 2, x, 1, (b) log(2 + 4 tan ) + C, 2, 2, x, 1, (c) log(2 − 4
tan ) + C, 2, 2, (d) None of the above, , Put x + 1 = t 2
dx = 2t dt, ∴, , Example 9. If, , dt, , 1 , t − , , , 2, x,
2, −1, +C, =, tan −1 , tan t + C =, 3, 3, 3 ( x + 1) ,
3 , , , , Solution (b) Let I = ∫, , dx, 1 + 2 sin x + cos x, ,
x, 2, cos x =, x, 1 + tan 2, 2, 1 − tan 2, , Put

Page 521 :
394, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , ∴, , Let, ∴, , dx, x, x, 1 −
tan 2, 4 tan, 2, 2, +, 1+, x, x, 1 + tan 2, 1 + tan 2, 2, 2, x,
sec2 dx, 2, =∫, x, x, x, 1 + tan 2 + 4 tan + 1 − tan 2, 2, 2,
2, x, sec2, 2, =∫, dx, x, 2 + 4 tan, 2, x, 2 x 1, 2 + 4 tan = t
4 sec, ⋅ dx = dt, 2, 2 2, 1 dt, I= ∫, 2 t, 1, 1, x , , = log t
+ C = log 2 + 4 tan + C, , 2, 2, 2 , I =∫, , Integration
by Parts, If u and v are the differentiable functions of
x, then, , d, , ∫ u ⋅ v dx = u ∫ vdx − ∫ dx ( u ) ( ∫
vdx ) dx, i.e., the integral of the product of two
functions = (First, Function) × (Integrals of the second
function) − Integral of, {(Differential of first function)
× (Integral of second, function)}., , Assume that, , ∴, ,
x, dx, x+1, 1, x =t , dx = dt, 2 x, I1 = ∫, , Let, , dx = 2 t dt,
t ⋅ 2t, dt, I1 = ∫, 1+ t2, 1 + t 2, 1 , −, =2 ∫ , dt = 2 t −
tan −1 t, 2, 1 + t 2 , 1 + t, , ∴, , = 2 x − tan −1 x + C, 1, I
= x tan −1 x − (2 x − tan −1 x) + C, 2, 1, = x tan −1 x − x
+ (tan −1 x) + C, 2, , Example 12. The value of, , %, %, %,
, If the integral contains a single logarithmic or single
inverse, trigonometric function take unity as the
second function., If the integrals of both the functions
are known, the function which, is easy to integrate is
taken as the second function., In certain cases,
integration by parts will lead to a simple equation,
involving the integral. Solve the equation and
determine the, integral., , Example 11. The value of, , 1,
(tan−1 x ) + C, 2, 1, (b) x tan−1 x − x + (tan−1 x ) + C, 2,
(c) x tan−1 x − x + tan−1 x + C, (d) None of the above, ,
Solution (b) Let I = ∫ 1⋅ tan−1 x dx, = tan −1 x ⋅ x − ∫, , 1,
1, ⋅, ⋅ x dx, 1+ x 2 x, , e x (1 + sin x), dx is, (1 + cos x), , x,
+C, 2, x, (c) 2 e x tan + C, 2, , (b) e x tan x + C, (d) None
of these, , ex, ex sin x, dx + ∫, dx, 1 + cos x, 1 + cos x, 1, x,
x, = ∫ ex ⋅ sec2 dx + ∫ ex tan dx, 2, 2, 2, x, = ex tan + C, 2,
, Solution (a) Let I = ∫, , Example 13. The value of, (a),
(c), , − ex, ( x + 1) 2, ex, ( x + 1) 2, , +C, +C, , ∫e, , x, , x −1
, , dx is, ( x + 1)3 , ex, (b), +C, ( x + 1), (d) None of
these, , x + 1 − 2 x, e dx, ( x + 1)3 , , Solution (c) I
= ∫ , , 1, ex, 2 x, e, dx, =∫ , −, =, +C, , 2, ( x + 1) 2, ( x
+ 1)3 , ( x + 1), , −1, ∫ tan x dx is, , (a) x tan−1 x + x +, ,
∫, , (a) e x tan, , How to Choose Ist and IInd Functions, If
two functions are of different types take the function,
as Ist which comes first in the word ILATE, where I
stands, for inverse circular function, L stands for
logarithmic, function, A stands for algebraic functions,
T stands for, trigonometric functions and E for
exponential functions., , x, 1, dx, 2 ∫ 1+ x, , = x tan −1 x
−, , Example 14. The value of ∫ x log x dx is, 1, x2, log x +
x 2 + C, 2, 4, x2, 1, (b) log x − x 2 + C, 2, 4, x2, (c) log x +
x 2 + C, 2, (d) None of the above, , (a)

Page 522 :
395, , Indefinite Integration, , Solution (b) I = ∫ x log
xdx, II, , I, , d, = log x {∫ xdx} − ∫ { (log x ) ⋅ ∫ xdx}dx, dx, 1
x2, 1, x2, x2, = log x . − ∫ . dx = log x − ∫ xdx, 2, 2, 2, x 2,
x2, 1, 1 x2 , x2, log x − + C = log x − x2 + C, =, 2, 4,
2, 2 2 , , Integration by Partial Fraction, P( x), , where
P ( x )andQ( x )are, If a function is of the form, Q( x ),
polynomials of degree m and n, respectively., If m < n ,
this fraction is proper fraction and if m ≥ n, this
fraction is improper fraction to integrate first convert,
it into proper fraction on dividing it by denominator.,
P1( x ), P (x) , P( x), , is proper fraction , = M (x) + 1,
where,, , Q( x ), Q( x ) , Q( x ), Case I If Q( x ) has non-
repeating linear factors, then, P1( x ), A1, A2, An, =, +,
+K+, Q( x ) a1x + b1 a2x + b2, an x + bn, A1 , A2 , K , An
are independent of x, to find A1 put, b, x = − 1 in the
LHS except in the factor( a1x + b1 ), we get A1., a1,
Similarly, A2 , A3 , ... , An . Now, integration, , ∫, , P1( x ),
dx =, Q( x ), , A, , A, A, ∫ a1x +1 b1 + a2x +2 b2 + K
+ an x +n bn dx, , P (x), P1( x ), Case II 1, =, Q( x ) (
a1x + b1 ) ( a2x + b2 )n, =, , An + 1, A1, A2, +, +K+, a1x
+ b1 a2x + b2, ( an x + bn )n, , On comparing, we have
to find constants, then, integrate., P1( x ), P1( x ), Case
III, =, Q( x ) ( a1 x + b )... ( lx 2 + mx + n ), Now, it is not
possible to find real linear factor of, (lx 2 + mx + n),
then, P1( x ), ( a1 x + b) ( lx 2 + mx + n ), +, , =, , A, a1x +
b, , B (differential coefficient of lx 2 + mx + n ) + C, lx 2
+ mx + n, A, B ( 2lx + m ) + C, =, +, a1x + b, lx 2 + mx + n,
, Find constants A, B and C by comparing them and,
then integrate., , Example 15. The value of ∫, (a) log, , ( x
+ 2) 2, +C, ( x − 1), , (b) log, , (x + 2 )2, +C, ( x + 1), , (c)
log, , ( x − 2) 2, +C, ( x + 1), , x, dx is, ( x + 1)( x + 2 ), , (d)
None of these, , Solution (b) Let, , x, A, B, =, +, ( x + 1)( x
+ 2 ) x + 1 x + 2, , ∴, x = A( x + 2 ) + B( x + 1), On
equating the coefficient of x and constant terms,, we
get, 1= A + B, 0 = 2A + B, On solving, we get A = −1, B
= 2, 1, 2, x, ∴ ∫, dx = ∫ −, dx + ∫, dx, ( x + 1)( x + 2 ), ( x + 1),
( x + 2), = − log x + 1 + 2 log x + 2 + C, ( x + 2) 2, = log,
+C, ( x + 1), , Example 16. The value of, , 2x, , ∫ (x2 + 1)
(x2 + 2) dx is, , (a) log( x 2 + 1) − log( x 2 + 2 ) + C, (b)
log( x 2 − 1) + log( x 2 + 2 ) + C, (c) log( x 2 + 1) + log( x 2
+ 2 ) + C, (d) None of the above, , Solution (a) We have,,
I=∫, Let, ∴, Let, , , 2x, dx, ( x + 1) ( x2 + 2 ), 2, , x2 = t
2x dx = dt, I= ∫, , 1 dt, (t + 1) (t + 2), , 1, A, B, =, +, (t + 1)
(t + 2 ) t + 1 t + 2, 1 = A (t + 2) + B (t + 1), , Put t = − 2
and t = − 1, we get, 1 = B ( −1), , , B = −1, , and, , 1 = A
( +1) = 0, , , , A =1, , ∴, , I=∫, , 1, 1, dt − ∫, dt, (t + 1), (t + 2
), , = log (t + 1) − log (t + 2 ) + C, = log ( x2 + 1) − log ( x2
+2)+C

Page 523 :
396, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Let, , Example 17. The
value of, cos θ, , , , ∫ (2 + sin θ) (3 + 4 sin θ) dθ is, , Put,
, 1, 1, log(sin θ + 2) + log(3 + 4 sin θ) + C, 5, 5, 1, 1, (b)
log(sin θ + 2) − log(3 + 4 sin θ) + C, 5, 5, 1, (c) log(sin θ
+ 2) + log(3 + 4 sin θ) + C, 5, (d) None of the above, , (a)
−, , Solution (a) Let I = ∫, , 1, A, B, =, +, (2 + t ) (3 + 4 t ) 2
+ t 3 + 4 t, 1 = A(3 + 4 t ) + B(2 + t ), 3, t = − , then, 4, 3 ,
4, 5 , , 1 = B 2 − = B B =, 4 , , 4 , 5, ,
Again, put t = − 2, 1 = A (3 − 8), 1, , A=−, 5, 1, 4, I=∫−,
+, dt, ∴, 5 (2 + t ) ∫ 5 (3 + 4 t ), 1, 4 log (3 + 4 t ), = − log (t
+ 2) +, +C, 5, 5, 4, 1, 1, = − log (sin θ + 2) + log (3 + 4 sin
θ) + C, 5, 5, , cos θ, dθ, (2 + sin θ) (3 + 4 sin θ), , Put sin
θ = t cos θ dθ = dt, 1, ∴, I=∫, dt, (2 + t ) (3 + 4 t ), ,
Comprehensive Approach, n, , n, , n, , n, , ∫ [xf ′ ( x) + f (
x)] dx = x f ( x) + C, f ′ ( x), ∫ f ( x) dx = 2 f ( x) + C, ∫ (xe + e
) dx = xe + C, x, x, ∫ e [ f ( x) + f ′ ( x)] dx = e f ( x) + C, x, , x,
, n, , n, , x, , n, , ∫ log x dx = xlog x − x + C, If In = ∫ (log x) n
dx , then, In = x( log x) n − n ⋅ In − 1, The anti-
derivative of every odd function is an even function
and, vice-versa.

Page 524 :
Exercise, Level I, 1, , 1. The value of ∫, , ( x − 5), 1, (a),
+C, ( x − 5), 2, (c), +C, ( x − 5)3, , 2. The value of ∫, , 2, , dx
is, (b) −, , 2 dx, , is, , 1 − 4x 2, , (b) cot−1( 2x ) + C, (d)
sin−1( 2x ) + C, , xπ x 2, −, +C, 2, 2, xπ x 2, (c) −, −, +C, 2,
2, 12. ∫ x3 log x dx is equal to, , x2, , (a), , 1, tan−1( x3 ) +
C, 3, (d) None of these, , (b), , (c) log(1 + x3 ), , ∫, , cos 2x
− 1, dx is equal to, cos 2x + 1, , (a) tan x − x + C, (c) x −
tan x + C, 5., , 11. What is the value of ∫ sin−1(cos x )
dx?, , ∫ 1 + x 6 dx is equal to, (a) x3 + C, , 4., , ∫e, , x, , x 4
log x, +C, 4, 1, (c) ( x 4 log x − 4x 2 ) + C, 8, , (a), (b) x +
tan x + C, (d) − x − cot x + C, , (1 − cot x + cot2 x ) dx is
equal to, , (a) ex cot x + C, , (b) ex cosec x + C, , (c) − ex
cot x + C, , (d) − ex cosec x + C, , (a) e2x sin 3x + C, (c) e,
, (b) e2x cos 3x + C, , +C, , 7. What is the value of ∫, , (d)
e, sin x, , cos x, +C, 2, cos x, (c) −, +C, 2, (a), , 8., , ( x +
1)2, , ∫ x( x 2 + 1), , ∫, , ( 2 sin 3x ) + C, , ∫, , dx?, , 14., , ∫ 13, ,
1, ( 4x 4 log x − x 4 ) + C, 16, 1, (d), ( 4x 4 log x + x 4 ) +
C, 16, , (b), , dx is equal to, (b) 13x + 1 + C, (d) 14x + 1 +
C, , 15. What is the value of ∫ elog x sin x dx?, , (b) 2 cos
x + C, , (NDA 2010 I), , (a) e, (sin x − cos x ) + C (b) (sin x
− x cos x ) + C, (c) ( x sin x + cos x ) + C, (d) (sin x + x cos
x ) − C, log x, , (d) − 2 cos x + C, , 16. If I n = ∫ (log x )n dx ,
then I n + nI n − 1 is equal to, (b) loge x + 2 tan, , −1, ,
x+C, , (d) loge { x( x 2 + 1)} + C, , sin−1 x dx is equal to, ,
(a) cos−1 x + C, 1, (c), +C, 1 − x2, , x, , 13x, +C, log 13,
(c) 14x + C, , (NDA 2011 I), , π x2, +, +C, 2, 2, π x2, (d),
−, +C, 2, 2, , (b), , 1 + sin, , (a), , dx is equal to, , (a) loge x
+ C, 1, (c) loge 2, +C, x +1, 9., , x, , 2x, , (NDA 2011 I), , x,
dx is equal to, 4, x, x , x, x , , , (a) 8 sin − cos + C
(b) sin + cos + C, , , 8, 8 , 8, 8 , x, x , 1 , x, x , ,
(c) sin − cos + C (d) 8 cos − sin + C, , 8 , 8, 8 , 8,
8 , , 13., , 6. The value of ∫ e2x ( 2 sin 3x + 3 cos 3x ) dx
is, 2x, , sin x dx, , ∫ 3 + 4 cos2 x is equal to, (a) log( 3 + 4
cos2 x ) + C, 1, cos x , (b), tan−1 , +C, 3 , 2 3, 1,
2 cos x , (c) −, tan−1 , +C, , 2 3, 3 , 1, 2 cos x ,
(d), tan−1 , +C, , 2 3, 3 , , 1, +C, ( x − 5), , (d) −2( x −
5)3 + C, , (a) tan−1( 2x ) + C, (c) cos−1( 2x ) + C, 3., , 10.,
, (b) x sin−1 x + 1 − x 2 + C, (d) x sin−1 x − 1 − x 2 + C, ,
17., , (a) x(log x )n, , (b) ( x log x )n, , (c) (log x )n − 1, , (d)
n(log x )n, , dx, , ∫ x( x7 + 1) is equal to, x7 , (a) log 7,
+C, x + 1 , x7 + 1 , (c) log 7 + C, x , , x7 ,
1, log 7, +C, 7, x + 1 , x7 + 1 , 1, (d) log 7 + C,
7, x , (b)

Page 525 :
398, 18., , NDA/NA Mathematics, , ∫, , xe, , x, , 2 x − e −
4 xe + C, ( 2x − 4 x + 4) e x + C, ( 2x + 4 x + 4) e x + C, (1
− 4 x ) e x + C, dx, is equal to, 2, x + 4x + 13, x, , (a), (b),
(c), (d), 19., , ∫, , 25. The value of the integral ∫, , dx is
equal to, x, , (a) log( x 2 + 4x + 13) + C, (c) log( 2x + 4) +
C, , (a) log (1 + ex ) + C, ex , (c) − log x, +C, e +
1 , , 1, x + 2 , tan−1 , +C, 3 , 3, 2x + 4, (d), +C, (
x 2 + 4x + 13)2, , (b), , 5, , 20. What is the value of ∫ ( x 2
+ 1) 2 x dx?, , (c) log ( ex + x e ) + C, 28., , x, , 7, , (c) ex
(sin x − cos x ) + C, , 1 2, ( x + 1) 2 + C, 7, (d) None of the
above, , 29., cos x, , dx?, , a sec x + b tan x + C, a tan x +
b sec x + C, a cot x + b cosec x + C, a cosec x + b cot x +
C, f ′ (x), 22. ∫, dx is equal to, f ( x ) log [ f ( x )], f(x), (b) f (
x ) ⋅ log f ( x ) + C, (a), +C, log f ( x ), 1, (c) log [log f ( x )] +
C, (d), +C, log[log f ( x )], dx, 23. For any positive
integer n , ∫ n + 1, is equal to, +x, x, 1, (a), loge ( x n + 1)
+ C, n, 1 , 1, (b), loge n, +C, n, x + 1 , xn , 1,
(c), loge n, +C, n, x + 1 , xn , 1, (d), loge n,
+C, n +1, x + 1 , dx, is equal to, x (1 + log x )2, 1, (b) −,
+C, 1 + log x, 1, (d), +C, 1 + x2, , 24. The value of the
integral ∫, 1, +C, 1+ x, 1, (c), +C, 1 + log x, , (a), , 30., , ex,
+C, cos x, ex, (d), (sin x − cos x ) + C, 2, (b), , sin3 x cos x
dx is equal to, , cos4 x, +C, 4, sin4 x, (c), +C, 4, , (NDA
2009 II), , (a), (b), (c), (d), , ∫, , (d) log ( x e + ex ) e + C, , sin
x dx is equal to, , (a) ex cos x + C, , (c), , (a) −, , ∫e, , 7, , 2,
(b) ( x 2 + 1) 2 + C, 7, , 2, , (d) log (1 + ex ) + x + C, , 1, , 7, ,
a + b sin x, , dx is equal to, 1 + ex, (b) − log (1 + e− x ) +
C, , 26. A function f is such that f ′ ( x ) = 6 − 4 sin 2x
and, (NDA 2009 II), f( 0) = 3. What is the value of f ( x
)?, (a) 6x + 2 cos 2x, (b) 6x − 2 cos 2x, (c) 6x − 2 cos 2x +
1, (d) 6x + 2 cos 2x + 1, e −1, x −1, x, +e, 27. The value
of ∫, dx is equal to, x e + ex, (a) x + C, (b) log ( x + e) + C, ,
(NDA 2012 I), , (a) ( x 2 + 1) 2 + C, , 21. What is the
value of ∫, , 1, , ∫e, , log (tan x ), , (b) sin4 x + C, (d), , sin
4x, +C, 4, , dx is equal to, , (a) log tan x + C, (c) tan x + C,
, (b) log sec x + C, (d) etan x + C, , 31. What is the value
of ∫ sec x ° dx?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) log (sec x ° + tan x ° ) +
C, π π , π log tan + , 4 2 , (b), +C, 180°, π π ,
180° log tan + , 4 2 , (c), +C, π, πx , π, 180° log
tan +, , 4 360° , (d), +C, π, dx, 32. ∫, is equal to, 1 +
e− x, 1, (b), (a) 1 + ex + C, log (1 + ex ) + C, 2, (c) log (1 +
ex ) + C, (d) 2 log (1 + ex ) + C, 33., , 3, , ∫ cosh, , x dx is
equal to, 1, 1, (a) cosh x + cosh 2 x + C (b) cosh x +
sinh3 x + C, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, (c) sinh x + cosh x + C (d) sinh x
+ sinh3 x + C, 3, 3

Page 526 :
399, , Indefinite Integration, 34. What is the value of ∫
( ex + 1)−1 dx?, (a) log( e + 1) + C, (c) − log( e− x + 1) +
C, , ∫, , (NDA 2008 II), −x, , (b) log ( e + 1) + C, (d) − ( ex +
1) + C, , x, , sin x + cos x, , dx is equal to, 1 + sin 2x, (a)
log (sin x + cos x ) + C (b) x + C, (c) log (1 + sin 2x ) + C,
(d) sin x + cos x + C, dx, 36. What is the value of ∫, ?, 2ax
− x 2, (a) (1/ a ) sin−1 (( x − a )/ a ) + C, (b) sin−1 [( x − a
)/ a ] + C, 35., , (c) log|( x − a ) + 2ax − x 2| + C, , 38. If ∫ f (
x ) dx = g( x ) and also ∫ f ( x ) dx = h( x ), then which, one
of the following is correct?, (a) g( x ) = h( x ), (b) g( x ) +
h( x ) = constant, (c) g( x ) h( x ) = constant (d) g( x ) − h(
x ) = constant, 39. What is the value of the integral,
x2 + 1 , , , x , , , , ∫e, , dx − ∫, , x2 + 1 , , , x ,
, , , e, , (a) e + C, x, , (c) xe, , (b) e, , x 2 + 1 , , , x ,
, , , x 2 + 1 , , , x , , , , +C, , 1 , , (d) x + ex
+ C, , x , , +C, , sin x, , 40. What is the value of ∫, , (d) (1
/ a ) log|( x − a ) + 2ax − x 2| + C, , dx ?, , x2, , dx ?, sin x −
sin2 α, (a) sin−1( sec α cos x ) + C (b) cos−1( sec α cos x
) + C, (c) sinh −1 ( sec α cos x ) + C (d) cosh −1( sec α
cos x ) + C, , 37. If ∫ f ( x ) dx = f ( x )/ 2, then which one
of the following is, correct?, (a) f ( x ) = e2x + constant
(b) f ( x ) = x + constant, (c) f ( x ) = constant, (d) f ( x ) =
e2x, , 2, , Level II, 1., , ∫e, , 3 log x, , ( x 4 + 1)−1 dx is
equal to, 1, log( x 4 + 1) + C, 4, (d) None of these, , (a)
log( x 4 + 1) + C, , (b), , (c) − log( x 4 + 1) + C, 2., , 3., , 6., ,
dx, , ∫ sin x − cos x +, , is equal to, 2, 1, 1, x π , x π ,
(a) −, tan + + C (b), tan + + C, 2 8 , 2 8 , 2, 2,
1, 1, x π , x π , (d) −, (c), cot + + C, cot + + C, ,
, 2 8 , 2, 8, 2, 2, , ∫ cos1(loge x ) dx is equal to, , x
[cos(loge x ) + sin(loge x )], 2, (b) x [cos(loge x ) +
sin(loge x )], 1, (c) x [cos(loge x ) − sin(loge x )], 2, (d) x
[cos(loge x ) − sin(loge x )], , 4., , ∫ 32 x ( log x ), 3, , (a),
(b), (c), (d), , 2, , (a), (b), (c), (d), , dx, sin2 x cos2 x, , x2 − 1,
, ∫ x 4 + x 2 + 1 dx is equal to, , (c), , 1, x2 − x + 1, +C, log
2, 2, x + x+1, , 9. The primitive of ∫, , 8x 4 (log x )2 + C, x
4{ 8 (log x )2 − 4 log x + 1} + C, x 4{ 8 (log x )2 − 4 log x }
+ C, x3 {(log x )2 + 2 log x } + C, , tan x + cot x + C, tan x
− cot x + C, (tan x + cot x )2 + C, (tan x − cot x )2 + C, ,
(a) x f −1( x ) + C, (b) f ( g−1( x )) + C, −1, −1, (c) x f ( x ) −
g( f ( x )) + C (d) g−1( x ) + C, , (a) log ( x 4 + x 2 + 1) + C, ,
dx is equal to, , 5. What is the value of ∫, , 7. If ∫ f ( x ) dx
= g( x ) + C, then ∫ f −1( x ) dx is equal to, , 8., , (a), , cos x
− 1 x, e dx is equal to, sin x + 1, ex sin x, ex cos x, (b) C
−, (a), +C, 1 + sin x, 1 + sin x, ex, ex cos x, (c) C −, (d) C −,
1 + sin x, 1 + sin x, , ∫, , (a), (c), ?, , (NDA 2011 II), , 1, ( x +
4), , 2, , +C, , ex, +C, x+4, , (b) log, (d), , ( x + 3)ex, ( x +
4)2, , x2 − x + 1, x2 + x + 1, , +C, , 1, x2 + x + 1, +C, log 2,
2, x − x+1, , dx is, , (b), (d), , ex, ( x + 4)2, , +C, , ex, +C,
x+3, , 1 , , 10. What is the value of ∫ ex x +, dx?
(NDA 2011 I), , 2 x , (a) xex + C, , (b) ex ( x ) + C, , (c)
2ex ( x ) + C, , (d) 2 xex + C

Page 527 :
400, 11., , NDA/NA Mathematics, , ∫ x ( ax + b), , −2, , 2,
, 2 , x −, a2 , 2 , (b) 2 x −, a , (a), , (c), , dx is equal
to, , 18., , b, , log( ax + b) + C, , a, b, x2, , log( ax +
b) −, +C, a( ax + b), a, , (a), (b), (c), (d), , x2, b, 2 , , +,
+, log(, ax, b, ), +, +C, x, , , a( ax + b), a, a2 , , 12., , ∫, ,
x, b, 2 , , +C, x + log( ax + b) −, 2 , a( ax + b), a, a ,
ax/ 2, , dx is equal to, a− x − ax, 1, 1, (a), (b), sin−1( a x )
+ C, tan−1( a x ) + C, log a, log a, (d) log ( a x − 1) + C, (c)
2 a − x − a x + C, , 13. What is the value of ∫, , ex (1 + x ),
cos2 ( xex ), , (a) xe + C, (c) tan( xex ) + C, , (NDA 2011
II), , (b) cos ( xe) + C, (d) x cosec ( xex ) + C, , x, , 14.
What is the value of ∫, , dx?, x, , x4 + 1, x2 + 1, , dx?, ,
(NDA 2010 I), , x3, x3, − x + 4 tan−1 x + C (b), + x + 4
tan−1 x + C, 3, 3, x3, x3, (c), − x + 2 tan−1 x + C (d), − x
− 4 tan−1 x + C, 3, 3, ex, 15. ∫, dx is equal to, ( 2 + ex ) (
ex + 1), ex + 1 , ex + 2 , (a) log x, (b) log x, +C,
+C, e + 2 , e + 1 , ex + 1 , ex + 2 , (d) x, (c)
x, +C, +C, e + 2 , e + 1 , (a), , 16. The anti-
derivative of, , ∫, , , 1− x , cos 2 cot−1, dx is, 1+ x ,
, , equal to, 1, (a) x 2 + C, 2, , 1− x , 1, (b) sin 2
cot−1, +C, 1+ x , 2, , 1, (c) − x 2 + C, 2, 1, (d) x + C, 2,
17. If f ( x ) = cos x − cos2 x + cos3 x − …. ∞, then ∫ f ( x )
dx is, equal to, x, (a) tan + C, 2, 1, x, (c) x − tan + C, 2, 2, ,
x, (b) x + tan + C, 2, x, (d) x − tan + C, 2, , log (tanh x ) +
C, 2 log ( ex + e− x ) + C, log [log (cosh x )] + C, 2 log [log
( ex + e− x )] + C, , x3, x3, log x +, + C , what are the, m,
n, values of m and n, respectively?, (NDA 2010 I), 1, 1,
(b) 3 and − 9, (a) and −, 3, 9, (c) 3 and 9, (d) 3 and 3, dx,
is equal to, 20. ∫, sin ( x − a ) sin ( x − b), sin ( x − a ), 1,
(a), +C, log, sin ( x − b), sin ( a − b), , 19. If, , 2, , (d), , ( ex −
e− x ) dx, , ∫ ( ex + e− x ) log (cosh x ) is equal to, , ∫x, , (b)
−, , 2, , log x dx =, , sin ( x − b), 1, +C, log + C, sin ( x − a ),
sin ( a − b), , (c) log sin ( x − a ) sin ( x − b) + C, sin( x − a ),
(d), sin( x − b), 21. Consider the following statements.,
I. The anti-derivative of f ( x ) = ex / 2 whose graph,
passes through the point ( 0, 3) is 2 ex/ 2 + 1., II. If a
function f is such that f ′ ′ ( x ) = sec4x + 4,, f ′ ( 0) = 0
and f( 0) = 0, then the function is, f (x) =, , 2, 1, log sec x
+ tan 2 x + 2x2., 3, 6, , Which of the statements given
above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I
and II, (d) Neither I nor II, log x, 22. What is the value
of ∫, dx? (NDA 2009 II), (1 + log x )2, 1, 1, (b), (a), +C,
+C, 3, (1 + log x ), (1 + log x )2, x, x, (c), (d), +C, +C, (1 +
log x ), (1 + log x )2, 23. If I1 =, , d sin x, esin ( x + h ) −
esin x, and, (e, ), I 2 = lim, h 0, dx, h, , I3 = ∫ esin x ⋅ cos
x dx, then, , (a) I1 ≠ I 2, (c), 24. If, , d, ( I3 ) = I 2, dx, (d) I 2
= I3, (b), , ∫ I3 dx = I 2, u = ∫ ex cos x dx , v = ∫ ex sin x dx ,,
, equal to, du, (a), dx, du dv, (c), +, dx dx, , then ( u + v )
is, , dv, dx, du dv, (d), −, dx dx, (b)

Page 528 :
401, , Indefinite Integration, 25. The value of the
integral ∫, to, (a) tan−1( ex ) + C, 1, (c), tan−1( ex ) + C, 2,
, dx, is equal, 3 sinh x + 5 cosh x, , 2 + sin 2x x, 27.
The value of integral ∫ , e dx is equal to, 1 + cos 2x
, (a) ex sin x + C, , (b) ex cos x + C, , (c) ex tan x + C, , (d)
ex cot x + C, , 28. The value of the integral, x3 (tan−1 x
4 ) , 1 , 2, cosech, x, +, , dx is equal to, 8∫ , 1 + x8 ,
1, 1, coth x + tan−1 x 4 + C, 8, 8, 1, 1, (b) coth x + tan−1
x 4 + C, 8, 8, 1, 1, (c) coth x +, (tan−1 x 4 )2 + C, 8, 64, 1,
1, (d) − coth x +, (tan−1 x 4 )2 + C, 8, 64, , (c), , (b), (c),
(d), , ( a 2 + b2 ), −1, [{tan ( x/ a )}/ a + {tan−1( x/ b)}/ b],
(a + b ), [{tan−1 ( x/ a )}/ a + {tan−1 ( x/ b)}/ b], 2, , 2, , (
b2 − a 2 ), [{tan−1 ( x/ a )}/ a − {tan−1 ( x/ b)}/ b], ( b2 − a
2 ), , 1, log 2, 2, 1, (d), log 2, (b), , 1, 2, , 4/ 3, , 3 1, , +C,
− 1 , , , 8 x2, 4/ 3, 1 , 1 , (c), +C, 1 − 2 , 8 , x , ,
(a), , ( x − x3 )1/ 3, , ?, x4, 4/ 3, 3 1, , (b) − 2 − 1 , +C,
, 8 x, ( x − x3 )1/ 3, (d), +C, x4, , 33. What is the
integration of e x ?, (a) e x ( x − 1) + C, (b) 2e x ( x − 1) +
C, (d) e x + C, (c) 2e x ( x + 1) + C, 34. What is the value
of ∫ sin x log(tan x )dx?, , (NDA 2008 II), , (a), (b), (c), (d), ,
cos x log tan x + log tan ( x/ 2) + C, − cos x log tan x +
log tan ( x/ 2) + C, cos x log tan x + log cot ( x/ 2) + C, −
cos x log tan x + log cot ( x/ 2) + C, , 35. If l r ( x ) means
loge loge ... loge x , log being repeated r, times,, then,
what, is, the, value, of, 1, dx, ?, ∫ x l( x ) l 2( x ) l3 ( x ) K l r
( x ), (a) l r + 1( x ) + C, , 29. Consider the following
statements, f ′ (x), 1, I. ∫, dx = −, +C, 2, f(x), [ f ( x )], II. ∫ e
f ( x ) f ′ ( x ) dx = e f ( x ) + C, 1, III. ∫ log [ f ( x )] dx =, +C,
f(x), Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?, (a) Only II and III, (b) Only I and II, (c) Only I
and III, (d) I, II and III, dx, 30. What is the value of ∫ 2, ?
(NDA 2007 I), ( x + a 2 )( x 2 + b2 ), (a), , dx = k sin−1( 2x
) + C, then k is equal to, , 32. What is the integration of,
, (a) −, , [{tan−1 ( x/ a )}/ a − {tan−1( x/ b)}/ b], , 1− 4, , x, ,
(a) log 2, , (b) tan−1( 2ex ) + C, 1, (d) tan−1( 2ex ) + C, 2,
, 26. The value of k for which the integral of, 3x3 + 7x 2
− 2 3kx + 1, +, , ( x ≠ 0) may be a rational, x, x2,
function, is, 3, 2, 3, 2, (b), (c) −, (d) −, (a), 2, 3, 2, 3, , 2x, ,
31. If ∫, , (c) l r ( x ) + C, , dx, = log { f ( x )} 2 + C , what is
the value of f ( x )?, f(x), (NDA 2008 I), x, (a) 2x + α, (b) x
+ α, (c), (d) x 2 + α, +α, 2, , 36. If ∫, , 37. If f ( x ) = log ( x −
1 + x 2 ), then what is the value of, ?, ∫ f ′ ′ ( x ) dx, 1, (a),
+C, (x − 1 + x2 ), 1, (b) −, +C, 1 + x2, (c) − 1 + x 2 + C, ,
+C, +C, +C, +C, , l r + 1( x ), +C, r +1, (d) l r − 1( x ) + C,
(b), , (d) log ( x − 1 + x 2 ) + C, 38., , ∫, , cos x − sin x, , dx is
equal to, sin 2x, (a) cos h−1 (sin x + cos x ) + C, (b)
sinh−1 (sin x + cos x ) + C, (c) − cos h−1 (sin x + cos x ) +
C, (d) − sinh −1 (sin x + cos x ) + C

Page 529 :
402, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 39. Consider the
following statements, I. ∫ log10 dx = x + C, , 43.
Assertion (A) Let us define f ′ ( x ) =, , II. ∫ 10x dx = 10x
+ C, , where C is the constant of integration. Which of
the, above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c)
Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, , x ex, , Reason (R), , ∫e,
, 41. Assertion (A), Reason (R), , x, , ex, , ( f ( x ) + f ′ ( x ))
dx = f ( x ) ex + C, , ∫e, , x log a, , x, ∫ a dx =, , ⋅ ex dx =, , ex,
x, ∫ x (1 + x log x ) dx = e log x + C, x, x, ∫ e [ f ( x ) + f ′ ( x
)]dx = e f ( x ) + C, , 44. Assertion (A), Reason (R), , ∫ (1 +
x )2 dx = x + 1 + C, , 40. Assertion (A), , and, , − x + x2 +
1, , 1 + 2 , f( 0) = − , , then f(1) is equal to log 1 + 2 .,
2 , Reason (R) f ( x ) is not defined for every value of
x., , Directions (Q. Nos. 40-44), , Each of these,
questions contain two statements, one is Assertion
(A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these questions
also has, four alternative choices, only one of which is
the correct, answer. You have to select one of the
codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a) Both
A and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., , 1, ,
(NDA 2009 I), , Directions (Q. Nos. 45-47) An integral
is defined, as below, I=∫, , 1, x + x5, , dx = f ( x ) + C, , 45.
The value of f ( x ) is, x4 , 1 , (a) log, , 4 , 1 + x4 ,
x4 , (b) log , 4 , 1 + x , 1 + x 4 , 1, (c) log 4 , 4,
x , (d) None of the above, 46. The value of ∫, , x4, , dx
is, x + x5, (a) log x + f ( x ) + C, (b) log x − f ( x ) + C, (c) 2
log x + f ( x ) + C, (d) None of these, cos x, 47. The value
of ∫, dx is, sin x + sin 5x, (a) f (sin x ) + C, (b) f (cos x ) + C,
(d) None of these, (c) f (cos2 x ), , x, , ( ae), +C, log ( ae), ,
ax, +C, loge a, , ex, x, ∫ x (1 + x log x ) dx = e log x + C,
Reason (R) ∫ ex [ f ( x )) + f ′ ( x )] dx = ex f ′ ( x ) + C, , 42.
Assertion (A), , Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., , (b),
(a), (b), (d), , 2., 12., 22., 32., , (d), (b), (c), (c), , 3., 13., 23.,
33., , (b), (a), (c), (d), , 4., 14., 24., 34., , (c), (a), (b), (c), , 5.,
15., 25., 35., , (c), (b), (b), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36., , (a), (a),
(d), (b), , 7., 17., 27., 37., , (d), (b), (d), (d), , 8., 18., 28., 38.,
, (b), (b), (d), (a), , 9., 19., 29., 39., , (b), (b), (c), (b), , 10.,
20., 30., 40., , (c), (c), (b), (b), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (d),
(a), (c), (b), (c), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (a), (c), (b), (b), (c), ,
4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (b), (c), (b), (b), (a), , 5., 15., 25., 35.,
45., , (b), (a), (d), (a), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (a), (c), (b),
(c), (b), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , (c), (d), (c), (b), (a), , 8., 18.,
28., 38., , (c), (c), (c), (a), , 9., 19., 29., 39., , (c), (b), (b), (a),
, 10., 20., 30., 40., , (b), (b), (d), (a), , Level II, 1., 11., 21.,
31., 41., , (b), (b), (c), (d), (a)

Page 531 :
404, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 13. Let I = ∫ 1 + sin, =∫, ,
x, dx, 4, , I = ∫ t5/ 2 ⋅, , x , x, x , 2x, + cos 2 + 2 sin
cos dx, sin, , 8, 8 , 8, 8 , , x, , sin, , 8, x, − cos, 8
+, =, 1 , , 8 , , =∫, , 15., , ∫, , = − x cos x +, , 21., , ,
ax , Q ∫ a x dx =, , log e a , , , elog x sin x dx = ∫ x sin
x dx, , ∫, , (Q elog a = a ), 1 ⋅ cos x dx, , = sin x − x cos x +
C, 16. I n = ∫ (log x) dx, , …(i), , n, , ∴, , I n − 1 = ∫ (log x), , n
−1, , dx, , 22. Let I = ∫, 23. Let, , 1, = (log x)n x − n ∫ (log
x)n − 1 ⋅ ⋅ x dx, x, = x(log x)n − n ∫ (log x)n − 1 dx, , I n = x
(log x)n − nI n − 1, I n + nI n − 1 = x(log x)n, dx, 17.
Given that, I = ∫, x(x7 + 1), Put, , x7 = t, , , , dx =, , ∴, ,
7x6dx = dt, , 1, dt, 7 x6, dt, dt, 1, I=∫ 7⋅, =∫, 7t (t + 1), 7x
(t + 1), 1 1, 1 , = ∫ −, dt, 7 t t + 1 , 1, = [log t −
log(t + 1)] + C, 7, t, x7, 1, 1, = log, + C = log 7, +C, t+1, 7,
7, x +1, , 18. Given that, I = ∫, Put, , x=t, , ∴, , I =2 ∫, , x e x
dx, , , = (2t 2 − 4t + 4) et + C, = (2x − 4 x + 4)e x + C, ,
19. Let I = ∫, , ∫, , dx, dx, =∫ 2, x + 4x + 13, x + 4x + 4 + 9,
dx, 1, x + 2 , = tan − 1 , +C, 3 , (x + 2)2 + 9 3, 2, ,
20. Let I = ∫ (x2 + 1)5/ 2 x dx, , t = x2 + 1 dt = 2x dx, ,
I=∫, , dx, xn − 1, I=∫ n n, dx, n, x (x + 1), x (x + 1), , xn = t
nxn − 1dx = dt, 1, xn − 1dx = dt, n, 1 1, 1 , ∴, I= ∫
−, dt, n t t + 1 , =, , xn , t 1, 1, log e , +C,
= log e n, t + 1 n, n, x + 1 , , dx, x (1 + log x)2, 1,
Put (1 + log x) = t , dx = dt, x, 1, ∴, I = ∫ 2 dt, t, 1, 1, t −2
+ 1, , I=, +C=− +C=−, +C, 1 + log x, −2 + 1, t, , 24. We
have, I = ∫, , 25. Given that, I = ∫, , 1, dx, 1 + ex, , It can be
rewritten as, I = ∫, , (1 + ex − ex ), dx, (1 + ex ), , , , 1 +
ex , I=∫ , dx +, 1 + ex , , , , I = ∫ dx − ∫, , , , I = x −
log (1 + ex ) + C, ex , I = log , +C, 1 + ex , , , , 1,
, dx = dt, 2 x, t 2et dt = 2 [t 2et − (2 t )et + 2et ] + C, , = a
tan x + b sec x + C, f ′ (x), dx = log [log f (x)] + C, f (x) log
[ f (x)], , Put, , I n = ∫ (log x) dx, , , ∴, , Let, , … (ii), , ∫, , n, ,
Now,, , 1 2, (x + 1)7/ 2 + C, 7, a + b sin x, dx = ∫ (a sec2 x
+ b tan x sec x) dx, cos 2 x, I=, , x , x, x , , + cos dx = ∫
sin + cos dx, , , 8, 8, 8 , x, sin, 8 + C = 8 sin x −
cos x + C, , 1 , 8, 8 , , 8 , , 13x, 14. Let I = ∫
13x dx =, +C, log 13, , 1 t7/ 2 , +C, 2 7 / 2 , , I=∫,
, 2, , dt, 2, , , , − ex, , ∫ 1 + ex, , dx, , ex, dx, 1 + ex, [Q log
e ex = x], , 1 + ex , I = − log x + C, e , = − log (1 +
e− x ) + C, , 26. Given, f ′ (x) = 6 − 4 sin 2x, On
integrating both the sides, we get, 4 cos 2x, f (x) = 6x +,
+C, 2, As, f (0) = 3, ∴, f (0) = 3 = 0 + 2(1) + C, , C =1, ∴,
f (x) = 6x + 2 cos 2x + 1, , (given)

Page 532 :
405, , Indefinite Integration, , 27. Given that,, Put,, ∴, ,
xe −1 + ex − 1, dx, xe + ex, , ∫, , =∫, , xe + ex = t (exe − 1
+ ex ) dx = dt, 1 dt 1, I=∫ ⋅, = log t + C, t e, e, 1, e, = log (x
+ ex ) + C = log [(xe + ex )]1/ e + C, e, , , , I = ex sin x − ∫
cos x ex dx, , , , I = e sin x − [e cos x − ∫ (− sin x) e dx] +
C, , , , I = ex sin x − [ex cos x +, , , , I = e sin x − e cos x
− I + C, , , , , x, , x, , x, , 35. We have,, , ∴, , =∫, , (Q e, , I
= ∫ sec x° dx = ∫ sec, πx, =t, 180°, 180°, dx =, dt, π, , ∴, , 1
+ ex = t ex dx = dt, 1, I = ∫ dt = log t + C = log (1 + ex )
+ C, t, , , , ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ e, , , , ∫ f (x) dx =, , 2x, , = ∫ cosh
x ⋅ cosh x dx, 2, , t3, I = ∫ (1 + t ) dt = t +, +C, 3, sinh3 x, =
sinh x +, +C, 3, 2, , e2x, 2, , 38. If ∫ f (x) dx = g (x) and ∫ f
(x) dx = h (x), then g (x) = h (x), 39. Let I = ∫, , x 2 +1, e x, ,
e, , dx − ∫, , x2 + 1, x, , x2, , dx, , 2, , Put, , 40. We have,, ,
x2+ 1 , , , x , , , , I = ∫ et dt = et + C = e, I=∫, =∫, ,
Put, ∴, , , x +1, x, , 1 , , 1 − 2 dx, , x , 2, 1 , x +1,
,=t 1 − 2 dx = dt, , x, x , =∫e, , = ∫ (1 + sinh 2 x)
cosh x dx, sinh x = t, cosh x dx = dt, , dx =, , f (x), 2, f (x) =
e2x, , ∴, , 3, , ∴, , f (x) = e2x, , 37. Let, , dx, ex, =∫, dx, −x,
1+ e, 1 + ex, , 33. Let I = ∫ cosh x dx, , Put, , , − (x − 2ax
+ a 2) + a 2, dx, , Thus,, , 180°, 180°, π t , =, log tan +
+ C, 4 2 , π, π, 180°, πx , π, =, log tan +, +C, 4
360° , π, I=∫, , dx, , a 2 − (x − a )2, x − a , = sin −1 ,
+C, a , , = x), , π , , Q 1° =, , , 180 , , I = ∫ sec t dt
⋅, , 32. We have,, Put, , πx, dx, 180°, , sin x + cos x, dx = ∫
1 dx, sin x + cos x, , 2, , =∫, , log x, , dx, , 2ax − x2, , =∫, , =
log (sec x) + C, , ∴, , sin x + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x, , =x+C,
dx, , 36. Let I = ∫, , I = ∫ sin3 x cos x dx, , = ∫ tan x dx, , , ,
sin x + cos x, 2, , x, , 30. We have, I = ∫ elog (tan x )dx, ,
Put, , sin x + cos x, dx, 1 + sin 2x, , =∫, , sin x = t cos x
dx = dt, 1, t4, I = ∫ t3 dt =, + C = sin 4 x + C, 4, 4, , Put, ,
I=∫, , sin x dx] + C, , 2I = ex (sin x − cos x) + C, ex, I=, (sin
x − cos x) + C, 2, , 29. We have,, , 31. Let, , 1, dt = − log t
+ C, t, = − log (1 + e− x ) + C, , I=−∫, , ∴, , x, , ∫e, , 1, e− x,
dx, =, ∫ 1 + e−x dx, ex + 1, , 1 + e− x = t, − e− x dx = dt, ,
Let, , , 28. We have, I = ∫ ex sin x dx, x, , I = ∫ (ex + 1)−1
dx, , 34. Let, , sin x, sin x − sin 2 α, sin x, 2, , cos 2 α − cos
2 x, , +C, , dx, dx, , cos x = t − sin x dx = dt, t , dt,
I=−∫, = cos −1 , +C, 2, 2, cos α , cos α − t, I = cos
−1 (cos x secα ) + C

Page 533 :
406, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Level II, I = ∫ e3 log x (x4
+ 1)−1 dx, , 1. Let, , = 8x4 (log x)2 − 16 {log x ⋅, , 3, , = ∫
elog x (x4 + 1)−1 dx, , = 8x4 (log x)2 − 4x4 log x + 4∫ x3
dx, , −1, , = ∫ x (x + 1) dx, 3, , =, , 4, , = 8x4 (log x)2 − 4x4
log x + x4 + C, , 3, , 1, 4x, dx, 4 ∫ (x4 + 1), , Let x4 + 1 = t,
4x3 dx = dt, 1, 1 1, I = ∫ dt = log t + C, ∴, 4, 4 t, 1, 4, ,
I = log(x + 1) + C, 4, dx, 2. Let I = ∫, sin x − cos x + 2, dx,
=∫, 2, 2, − cos x ⋅, + 2, sin x ⋅, 2, 2, dx, =∫, π, π, 2 (sin x ⋅
sin − cos x ⋅ cos + 1), 4, 4, 1, 1, dx, dx, =, =, π , x π , ,
2 ∫, 2 ∫, 1 − cos x + , 1 − cos 2 + , 2 8 , , 4 , 1, dx,
=, x π , 2 ∫, 2 sin 2 + , 2 8 , =, , 1, 2 2, , 2 x, , = x4
[8 (log x)2 − 4 log x + 1] + C, dx, 5. Given, ∫, sin 2 x ⋅ cos
2 x, , =4 ∫, , = −4, , =−, , = (tan x − cot x) + C, cos x − 1 x,
6. Let I = ∫, e dx, sin x + 1, =∫, , , , −∫, , − sin(log e x) , x
dx, x, , , sin(log e x) dx, , cos (log e x), x dx, x, , = x
cos (log e x) + x sin (log e x) − I, 2 I = x [cos (log e x) + sin
(log e x)], x, I = [cos (log e x) + sin (log e x)], 2, , =, , ex cos
x, +, 1 + sin x, , =, , ex cos x, +C, 1 + sin x, , 7. Let I = ∫ f,
and, , x4, 1 x4, dx}, − ∫ 2 log x ⋅ ⋅, x 4, 4, = 8x4 (log x)2 −
16∫ x3 log x dx, , −1, , 1, , x, , ex dx, , … (i), , (x) dx, , ∫ f (x)
dx = g(x) + C, , , , ex, dx + C, sin x + 1, , ∫ 1 + sin x e dx −
∫ 1 + sin x + C, , ∴ From Eq. (i), let, , f, , −1, , (given) … (ii), ,
(x) = u, , x = f (u ), , , , dx = f ′ (u )du, I = ∫ uf ′ (u ) du, , ∴, ,
By using integration by parts, we get, I = u f (u ) − ∫ f (u )
du, , 4. Let I = ∫ 32 x3 (log x)2dx, = 32 {(log x)2 ⋅, , cos x,
1, ex dx − ∫, ex dx, 1 + sin x, 1 + sin x, , (cos x) ex, – (1 +
sin x) sin x − cos 2 x x, −∫, e dx, 1 + sin x, (1 + sin x)2, , =, ,
∫, = x cos (log e x) + ∫ sin(log e x) ⋅ 1 dx, , , , 2 cos 2x −
2 (cos 2 x − sin 2 x), =, +C, 2 sin x ⋅ cos x, sin 2x, , = −
{cot x − tan x } + C, , π , , = x cos (log e x) + sin (log e x)x
− ∫, , cot 2x, +C, 2, , = − 2 cot 2x + C, , I = ∫ cos (log e x)dx
= ∫ cos(log e x) ⋅ 1 dx, , = x cos (log e x) +, , dx, (sin 2x)2, ,
= 4 ∫ cosec2 2x dx, , ∫ cosec 2 + 8 dx, , I = cos (log
e x)x − ∫, , dx, (2 sin x ⋅ cos x)2, , 4∫, , x π , − cot + ,
2 8 , 1, +C, =, ⋅, 1 /2, 2 2, 1, x π , cot + + C, =−, 2
8 , 2, 3. Let, , 1 x4, x4, −∫ ⋅, dx}, 4, x 4, , = u f (u ) − g (u ) +
C, −1, , ∴ Put, , u=f, , We get,, , I =xf, , (x), f (u ) = x, , −1, ,
(x) − g ( f, , −1, , (x)) + C, , [from Eq. (ii)]

Page 534 :
407, , Indefinite Integration, x2 − 1, dx, x + x2 + 1, 1,
1− 2, x, I=∫, dx, 1, x2 + 2 + 1, x, 1, 1− 2, x, dx, =∫, 2, 1 , ,
x + − 1, , x , 1, x+ =t, x, 1 , , 1 − 2 dx = dt, , x ,
dt, t −1, 1, I=∫ 2, =, +C, log, t+1, t − 12 2 × 1, , 8. We
have, I = ∫, , , Put, , ∴, , 4, , 9. Let, , I=∫, =∫, , 1, ex ⋅ 1,
dx, dx − ∫, x+4, (x + 4)2, 1, ex, ex, =, + ∫ ex, −, dx, ∫ (x +
4)2 dx + C, x+4, (x + 4)2, ex, I=, +C, x+4, , ∴, 10., , ∫e, , x, ,
∴, , 1, dx +, 2 x, , x, , ⋅, , ∫e, , x, , ⋅, , Put, ∴, , x2, dx, (ax +
b)2, 1, t − b , Put ax + b = t dx = dt and x = , , a
, a, 2, 1, (t − b), I= 3 ∫, dt, ∴, a, t2, , 1, b 2 2b , = 3 ∫ 1 +
2 − dt, t , a, t, , =, , , 1 , b2, − 2b log t + C, t −, 3, t,
a , , , =, , , 1 , b2, − 2b log (ax + b) + C, ax + b −, 3,
ax + b, a , , , =, , 2 , b, x2, , +C, x − log(ax + b) −, 2 ,
a (ax + b), a, a , , a x dx =, , 1, log a, , ∫, , 1, dt, log a, ,
dt, 1 − t2, , 14., , ∫, , xex ex (1 + x) dx = dt, I = ∫ sec2 t
dt = tan t + C, , = tan (xex ) + C, x4 − 1, 2 , x4 + 1, +,
dx = ∫ 2, dx, 2, x +1, x + 1 x2 + 1 , , 2 , = ∫ x2 −
1 + 2, dx, , x + 1 , x3, =, − x + 2 tan −1 x + C, 3, , 15.
Let, , I=∫, , ex, dx, (2 + e ) (ex + 1), x, , Put, ex = t, x, e
dx = dt, , 1, dt, (2 + t ) (1 + t ), 1 1 ,=∫ , − ,
dt, 1 + t 2 + t , = log (1 + t ) − log (2 + t ) +
C, 1 + ex , = log , +C, 2 + ex , , I=∫, , 1, dx, 2 x, ,
I=∫, , dx, , ex (1 + x), dx, cos 2 (xex ), , 13. Let I = ∫, , = ex ⋅
x + C, 11. Let, , dx, , 1, sin −1 (t ) + C, log a, 1, sin −1 (a x
) + C, =, log a, , 1, dx, 2 x, , = ex ⋅ x − ∫ ex ⋅, , I, , 1 − a 2x, ,
I=, , ∴, , ∫e, , II, , − ax, , =, , 1 , , dx, x+, , 2 x , = ∫ ex ⋅
x dx +, , a, , ax = t, , Put, , I = ∫ ex, , , , a x/2, −x, , ax, , =∫, ,
x2 + 1 − x, 1, +C, = log 2, 2, x +1+ x, (x + 3)ex, (x + 4 −
1)ex dx, dx = ∫, 2, (x + 4), (x + 4)2, x+4, 1 x, −, , e
dx, (x + 4)2 (x + 4)2 , , I=∫, , 12. Let, , , 1−x , 16. Let I
= ∫ cos 2 cot−1, dx, 1+ x , , = ∫ cos [cos −1 (− x)] dx
= ∫ ( − x) dx, =−, 17., , x2, +C, 2, , f (x) = cos x − cos 2 x +
cos3 x − … ∞, cos x, =, 1 + cos x, 1 + cos x, 1, ∴ ∫ f (x) dx
= ∫, dx − ∫, dx, 1 + cos x, 1 + cos x, 1, x, = x − tan ⋅ 2 + C,
2, 2, x, = x − tan + C, 2

Page 535 :
408, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , I=∫, , 18. Let, Put, , ,
∴, , ex − e− x, dx, (e + e ) log (cosh x), x, , −x, , log (cosh x)
= t, 1, ⋅ sinh x dx = dt, cosh x, ex − e− x, dx = dt, ex + e−
x, 1, I = ∫ dt = log t + C, t, = log (log cosh x) + C, , 1 x3, x3,
−, ⋅, dx, ∫, 3 ∫ x 3, 3, 2, x, x, =, log x − ∫, dx, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1 x, x,
log x − ⋅, =, +C, 3, 3 3, 3, 3, x, x, log x −, =, +C, 3, 9, 3, x,
x3, (on comparing), But ∫ x2 log x dx =, log x +, +C, m, n,
∴, m = 3 and n = − 9, dx, 20. Let I = ∫, sin (x − a ) sin (x −
b), 1, sin (b − a ), dx, =, sin (b − a ) ∫ sin (x − a ) sin (x − b),
1, sin [(x − a ) − (x − b)], =, dx, sin (b − a ) ∫ sin (x − a ) sin
(x − b), 1, =, sin (b − a ), {sin (x − a ) cos (x − b) − cos (x −
a ) sin (x − b)}, dx, ∫, sin (x − a ) sin (x − b), 1, =, {cot (x −
b) − cot (x − a )}dx, sin (b − a ) ∫, 1, =, [log sin (x − b) − log
sin (x − a )] + C, sin (b − a ), , 19., , x2 log x dx = log x ⋅, ,
, sin (x − b) , −1, =, log , + C, , sin (a − b) , sin
(x − a ) , 21. I. Now,, , ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ e, , x/ 2, , dx, , x/ 2, ,
e, + C = 2ex/ 2 + C, 1 /2, Since, it passes through (0, 3).,
, 3 = 2e0 + C C = 1, x/ 2, ∴, ∫ f (x)dx = 2e + 1, y=, , II.
Given, f ′ ′ (x) = sec4 x + 4, ∫ f ′ ′ (x) dx = ∫ sec2 x (1 +
tan 2 x)dx + ∫ 4dx, , = ∫ (sec2 x + sec2 x tan 2 x)dx + 4∫
dx, , tan3 x, f ′ (x) = tan x +, + 4x + C1, , 3, Here, f ′ (0)
= 0, , 0 = 0 + 0 + 0 + C1 C1 = 0, , , , f ′ (x) = tan x
+, , Also,, , ∫ f ′ (x) dx = ∫, , tan3 x, + 4x, 3, , , , tan3 x, +
4x dx, tan x +, 3, , , , 1, x2, tan x(−1 + sec2 x)dx + 4
⋅, ∫, 3, 2, 1 , tan 2 x 4x2, + C2, f (x) = log sec x + − log
sec x +, +, 3 , 2 , 2, = log sec x +, , , , Here, f (0) = 0, ,
1, (0 + 0) + 0 + C 2 C 2 = 0, 3, 1, tan 2 x, f (x) = log sec
x − log sec x +, + 2 x2, ∴, 3, 6, 2, tan 2 x, = log sec x +, +
2 x2, 3, 6, ∴ Both the statements I and II are correct.,
log x, 22. Let, dx, I=∫, (1 + log x)2, 1, Put, log x = t , dx
= dt and x = et, x, 1, 1 , et ⋅ t, ∴, −, dt = ∫ et , dt, I=∫, 2,
2 , (1 + t ), (1 + t ) (1 + t ) , , , 0 = 0+, , et, et, dt, dt −
∫, 1+ t, (1 + t )2, 1, et, et, dt, dt − ∫, =, − ∫ − et ⋅, 2, 1+ t, (1
+ t ), (1 + t )2, x, =, +C, (1 + log x), =∫, , d sin x, (e, ), dx,
esin ( x + h) − esin x, I 2 = lim, h 0, h, I3 = ∫ esin x ⋅ cos
x dx, , 23. Given that I1 =, , and, , …(i), …(ii), …(iii), , ∴
From Eq. (i), we have, I1 = esin x ⋅ cos x, d (esin x ) sin x,
From Eq. (ii), I 2 =, =e, ⋅ cos x, dx, and from Eq. (iii), on
putting, sin x = p, , cos x dx = dp, we get, I3 = ∫ e pdp
= e p = esin x, ∴, , d (I3 ) d (esin x ) sin x, =, =e, ⋅ cos x = I
2, dx, dx, , 24. We have, u = ∫ ex cos x dx, and, , v = ∫ ex
sin x dx, , Now,, , (u + v) =, , , , ∫ e cos x dx + ∫ e sin x dx,
(u + v) = ∫ ex cos x dx + sin x ∫ ex dx, x, , x, , −∫, , , d, sin
x ∫ ex dx dx, , dx

Page 537 :
410, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 4/3, , 1, , − 1 , , 1
x2, =− ⋅, ⋅3 + C, 4, 2, 4/3, 3 1, , +C, = − 2 − 1 , , 8
x, 33. We have, I = e, , x=t , , Put, , I =2 ∫, , ∴, , =∫, Put
sin x + cos x = t, , x, , 1, , 2 x, et ⋅ t dt, , dx = dt, , ∫, , II. ∫
10x dx =, , = − cos x log (tan x) +, = − cos x log (tan x) +, ,
∫, ∫, , 40. A., , ∫e, , x, , , x , , dx, (x + 1)2 , x + 1 −
1 , = ∫ ex , dx, (x + 1)2 , , 1, ⋅ sec2 x dx, tan x, , 1,
1 , = ∫ ex , −, dx, 1 + x (x + 1)2 , , 1, dx, sin x, , =, ,
cosec x dx, , x , , = − cos x log (tan x) + log tan + C,
, 2 , 1, 35. We have, ∫, dx, 2, xl(x) l (x) K lr (x), , 41. A.
Let I = ∫ ex log a ⋅ ex dx, x, , = ∫ elog a ⋅ ex dx, , dx, = dt,
xl(x) ⋅ l (x) K lr − 1 (x), 1, = ∫ dt = log t + C, t, = log lr (x) +
C = lr + 1 (x) + C, x, f (x) = + α, 2, dx, 2 dx, =, ∫x, ∫ (x + 2α )
= 2 log (x + 2α ) + C1, +α, 2, = log (x + 2α )2 + C1, 2, x,
, = log + α + log 22 + C1, 2, , , , , 2, , 36. Let, ∴, ,
2, , x, , = log + α + C, 2, , where,, , = ∫ (ae)x dx =, ,
∫, , =, , ∴ Both A and R are individually true and R is the,
correct explanation of A., 42. A. ∫, , R. ∫, , ex, , 1, (1 + x
log x) dx = ∫ ex + log x dx, , x, x, x 1, = ∫ e ⋅ dx + ∫ ex
log x dx, x, = ex log x + C, ex [ f (x) + f ′ (x)] dx, , ∴, , f ′′ (x)
dx = f ′ (x) + C, , , 2x, +C, 1 −, , 2, 2 , (x − 1 + x ) ,
2 1+ x , , ( 1 + x2 ) (x − 1 + x2 ), 1, =−, +C, 1 + x2, , = ∫ ex
f (x) dx +, , ∫e, , x, , f ′ (x) dx, , f (x) = ∫ (x + x2 + 1 ) dx, x2 x
2, +, x + 1 + log x + x2 + 1 + C, 2 2, x = 0, we get, 1 +
2 , f (0) = C = − , , 2 , =, , 1, , − (x − 1 + x2 ), , ax, +C,
log e a, , = e f (x) + C, Here, A is true but R is false., 1,
43. A. Given, f ′ (x) =, − x + x2 + 1, , C = log 22 + C1, , =, ,
R. ∫ a x dx =, , (ae)x, +C, log e ae, , x, , f (x) = log (x − 1 +
x2 ), , 37. Q, , ex, +C, 1+x, , Reason (R) is always true., ,
lr (x) = t, , Let, , (cos x − sin x)dx = dt, , 10x, +C, log e 10,
, I, , II, , , dt, , dx, , I. ∫ log 10dx = ∫ 1 ⋅ dx = x + C, , sin x
log (tan x) dx, = − cos x log (tan x) − ∫ (− cos x) ⋅, , ∴, ,
39., , cos x − sin x, (sin x + cos x)2 − 1, , = cosh −1 t + C,
t2 − 1, = cos h −1 (sin x + cos x) + C, , I=∫, , ∴, , , , d,
= 2 t ∫ et dt − ∫ t ∫ et dt dt , , dt, , = 2 [t et − et
] + C = 2et [t − 1] + C, = 2e x [ x − 1] + C, , 34., , cos x −
sin x, dx, sin 2x, , 38. I = ∫, , Put, , +C, ∴, , f (1) =, , 1 + 2 ,
1 1, +, 2 + log 1 + 2 − , , 2 2, 2

Page 539 :
21, , Definite Integration, Let f ( x ) be a continuous
function defined on a closed, interval [a , b] and ∫ f ( x )
dx = F ( x ) + C , then, b, , ∫ a f ( x) dx = [F( x)]a, b, , b, , ∫a, ,
or, , to, , a, , a, , Put −, , +, +, x=b, , +, , O, , a, , ∫0, , π, , π, , ∫
0 sin x dx = [− cos x]0, , , , = [1 + 1] = 2, , a, 0, a, 0, , =3
∫, , 3., , f ( x) dx +, , x , f − dx, 2 , , 0, , ∫ −2a, , x, = t
− dx = 2 dt , in the second integration, 2, , =∫, , x, , ∫
sin x dx = − cos x + C, , e. g. ,, , (d) None of these, , 0, , =∫,
, –, , 0, , (c) −3∫ f ( x)dx, , y, , x=a, , (b) 2 ∫ f ( x)dx, , 0, ,
Solution (a), , f ( x ) dx +, , 0, , ∫a, , f(x) + 2 ∫, a, , a, 0, , − 2f
(t ) dt, f ( x) dx, , f ( x ) dx, , 0, , b, , c, , b, , ∫ a f ( x ) dx = ∫ a f
( x ) dx + ∫ c f ( x ) dx, ( a < c < b), , Example 2. The value
of ∫, , 1, , x dx is, , −1, , y, , x , f − dx is equal, 2 , ,
a, , (a) 3∫ f ( x)dx, , f ( x) dx = F( b) − F( a), , Geometrically
it represents an algebraic sum of the, areas of regions
bounded by graph of the function y = f ( x ),, the x-axis
and the straight lines x = a and x = b., , +, , 0, , a, , ∫ 0 f (x)
dx + ∫ − 2a, , Example 1. Integral, , (b) −1, (d) None of
these, , (a) 1, (c) 0, 0, , 1, , −1, , 0, , Solution (a) I = ∫ −xdx
+ ∫ xdx, O, , π, —, 2, , π, , 2π, , b, , 4. 1∫ f ( x ) dx =, a, , b, , b,
, b, , ∫ a f ( x ) dx = ∫ a f ( t) dt = ∫ a, , f ( u ) du, , Here, x is a
dummy variable, it can be replaced by, any other
variable t , u ,K, e. g. , ∫, 2., , b, , p/ 2, , 0, , sin x dx =, a, ,
p2, , ∫0, , ∫ a f ( x ) dx = − ∫ b f ( x ) dx, , sin t dt =, , p/ 2, , ∫0,
, sin u du, , π /2, , 1 1, , , 0 − 2 + 2 − 0 =1,
, b, , ∫ a f ( a + b − x ) dx, , In 1particular, ∫, , Properties of
Definite Integration, 1., , 0, , x2 0, x2 , = − −1
+ 1 = −, 2 , 2 , , x, , a, 0, , f ( x ) dx =, π /2, , , π,
sin − x dx, , 2, , e. g. ,, , ∫0, , or, , ∫ π / 6 tan x dx = ∫ π /
6 tan 6 + 3 − x dx, , sin x dx =, , ∫0, , a, , ∫ 0 f ( a − x )
dx, , π /3, , π /3, , =, , π /3, , π, , ∫ π / 6 cot x dx, , π, ,

Page 540 :
413, , Definite Integration, , Special Case, , π, , Solution
(b) Let I = ∫ 2, , f(x), dx, I=∫, a f(x) + f(a + b − x), b, f(a + b −
x), dx, =∫, a f(x) + f(a + b − x), b f(x) + f(a + b − x), dx, 2I =
∫, a f(x) + f(a + b − x), b, , , , ∴, , 2I =, I=, , 0, , =∫, , b, , ∫ a
dx = ( b − a ), b, , ∫a, , is an even integer., (a) 2, (c) 1, , ∫0, ,
2I = ∫, , sin kx, dx, where k, sin x, , 0, , Example 4. The
value of ∫, , π /2, 0, , (a) 0, (c) −1, , sin x − cos x, Solution
(a) Let I = ∫, dx, 0, 1 + sin x cos x, , π, , π, sin − x −
cos − x , π /2, , 2, , 2, , I=∫, dx, 0, , π, , π, 1 +
sin − x cos − x , , 2, , 2, π / 2 cos x − sin x, I=∫,
dx, , 0, 1 + cos x sin x, On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get, π / 2 sin x − cos x, cos x − sin x , 2I = ∫, +, , dx,
0, 1, x, x, 1, +, + cos x sin x , sin, cos, , π /2, 0, ,
Example 5. The value of ∫, π, 2, (c) 0, , π, , f ( x ) dx +, , a, ,
∫ 0 f ( 2a − x ) dx, , 2π, 0, , cos5x dx is, (b) 0, (d) 2, , 2π, ,
cos5 x dx, , 0, , f ( x ) = cos5 x, , Let, , f (2π − x ) = cos5(2π
− x) = cos5 x, π, , I =2 ∫, , ∴, , 0, , cos5 x dx, , f ( π − x ) =
cos5( π − x ), , Now,, , = − cos5 x, …(i), , ∫ 0 cos x dx = 0, ,
∴, , Hence,∫, , …(ii), , = − f ( x), , π, , 2π, 0, , 5, , cos5 x dx =
2 ∫, , π, 0, , Example 7. The value of, , cos5 x dx = 0, 2π, ,
∫0, , (a) −1, (c) 1, , cos99 x dx is, (b) 0, (d) 2, , Solution (b)
I =, =2, , 0 dx = 0 I = 0, π, 2, 0, , ...(ii), , (In general), 2
a f ( x ) dx , if f ( 2a − x ) = f ( x ), , = ∫0, , if f ( 2a − x )
= − f ( x ), 0,, , Solution (b) Let I = ∫, , sin x − cos x, dx is, 1
+ sin x cos x, (b) 1, (d) −2, , π /2, , a, 0, , (a) 1, (c) −1, , (Q k
is an even integer), , (a), , f ( x ) dx = ∫, , Example 6. The
value of ∫, , 2I = 0 I = 0, , =∫, , 2a, , ∫0, , π, , sin kx, dx, sin
x, π sin k( π − x), dx, =∫, 0 sin ( π − x), π sin kx, = −∫, dx =
−I, 0 sin x, , , , , , 5., , π, 2, 0, , (b) −1, (d) 0, , Solution
(d) Let I = ∫, , sin x, dx, cos x + sin x, , ...(i), , sin x + cos x,
dx = ∫ 2 1 dx, 0, sin x + cos x, π, π, 2I = I =, 2, 4, , ...(i), ,
Eq. (i) it is a special case of 4th property and is used as,
standard result., , Example 3. Find the value of
integral, , π, 2, 0, , On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, ,
b− a, f(x), dx =, f(x) + f(a + b − x), 2, , π, , I=∫, , , , π, 2, 0, ,
cos x, dx, sin x + cos x, π , cos − x , 2 , dx, π, π,
sin( − x) + cos ( − x), 2, 2, , 2π, , ∫0, , π, , cos99 x dx, , ∫ 0
cos, , 99, , xdx, , [Q cos99 (2π − x ) = cos 99 x], , =0, , cos
x, dx is, sin x + cos x, π, (b), 4, (d) None of these, , 2 a f
( x ) dx , if f ( − x ) = f ( x ), , 6. ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ 0, −a, , 0,,
if f ( − x ) = − f ( x ), a, , e. g. , ∫, , π /2, , − π /2, , sin x dx = 0,
, (as sin x is an odd function)

Page 541 :
414, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , and, , π /2, , ∫ − π / 2 cos
x dx = 2, , (as cos x is an even function), , , d x3 1, dt
., 2, dx ∫ x log t , 1, 1, (a) −, (b), ( x 2 + x), ( x 2 − x),
log x, log x, (d) None of these, (c) log x( x 2 + 2 x), ,
Example 11. Find, , If we plot the graph of sin x and cos
x in the interval, π π , − 2 , 2 , then also we can
confirm this., , , , Example 8. Find the value of ∫, (a)
−1, (c) 2, , π /4, − π /4, , x3 sin4 x dx., , Solution (b), , (b)
0, (d) 3, , Solution (b) Let I = ∫, , π /4, −π / 4, , =, , x3 sin 4
x dx, , Let, , 3x2, 2x, −, 3 log x 2 log x, 1, ( x2 − x), =, log
x, , 4, , f ( − x) = ( − x)3 sin 4 ( − x) = − x3 sin 4( x) = − f (
x), f ( x) is an odd function., π /4, , ∫ −π / 4 x, , ∴, , 3, , sin 4
x dx = 0, , 8., , Example 9. If f ( x), g ( x), x ∈ R are
continuous function, then, value of integral, π, 2, π, −,
2, , ∫, , [ f ( x) + f ( − x)] {g ( x) − g ( − x)} dx is, , (a) π, , (b), ,
Solution (d) Let I = ∫, , π, 2, , π, 2, π, −, 2, , (c) 1, , (d) 0, , [ f
( x) + f ( − x)] {g ( x) − g ( − x)} dx, , h( x) = [ f ( x) + f ( − x)] [
g ( x) − g ( − x)], h( − x) = [ f ( − x) + f ( x)] [ g ( − x) − g ( x)],
= − h( x), Hence, h( x) is an odd function, ∴, I= 0, Let, ,
Example 10. The value of, (a) −2, (c) 0, , π, 2, π, −, 2, , ∫, ,
1, (1 − cos 2 x dx is, 2, , ∫, , π, 2, π, −, 2, , sin x dx = 2∫, , π,
2, 0, , f ( x ) dx = n ∫, , T, , f ( x ) dx ,, , 0, , if f ( x + T ) = f ( x )
and n ∈ N, In particular,, (a) ∫, , a +T, , a, , f ( x ) dx =, , T, ,
∫0, , f ( x ) dx, , where f ( x ) is a periodic function with
period T, (b) ∫, , nT, , T, , f ( x ) dx = n ∫ f ( x ) dx (if f ( x + T )
= f ( x )), , 0, , 0, , Example 12. The value of ∫, , 30π, , sin x
dx is, , 0, , (a) − 60, (c) 60, , (b) 0, (d) None of these, 30π,
, Solution (c) I = ∫ |sin x| dx, 0, , Since,|sin x| is periodic
with period π, π, , I = 30 ∫ sin xdx, , ∴, , 0, , π, , = 30[ − cos
x] 0 = 30(1 + 1) = 60, b, , 9. If f ( x ) ≥ g( x ), then ∫ f ( x )
dx ≥, , b, , ∫ a g( x ) dx, (where b > a ), , sin x dx, , π, , = 2 [
− cos x] 2, 0, , π, , , = 2 − cos − cos 0 = 2, 2, , , , 7.,
, a + nT, , ∫a, , a, , (b) 2, (d) 2, , Solution (b) I =, , d 3 1 d
2 1 , , −, (x ) , (x ) , dx, log x2 , log x3 dx, , =,
, f ( x) = x sin x, 3, , , d x3 1, dt , , dx ∫ x2 log t , , d
h (x ), f ( t ) dt = h ′( x ) f ( h( x )) − g′ ( x ) f ( g( x )), dx ∫ g (
x ), (Leibnitz’ s Rule), d h (x ), In particular, f ( t ) dt = h ′ (
x ) f ( h( x )),, dx ∫ a, {a is any constant independent of x
}, d x, or, f ( t ) dt = f ( x ), dx ∫ a, , Example 13. Let I1 = ∫, ,
2, 1, , 1, 1+ x, , (a) I1 ≤ I2, (c) I1 > I2, , 2, , dx and I2 =, (b)
I1 < I2, (d) I1 ≥ I2, , Solution (b) Since, 1 + x2 > x, ∀ x ∈
[1, 2], , 2, , ∫1, , , , 1, 1, < , ∀ x ∈ [1, 2], 1 + x2 x, 2 1, 1,
dx < ∫, dx, 2, 1 x, 1+ x, , , , I1 < I2, b, , 10. |∫ f ( x ) dx|≤, a,
, b, , ∫ a | f ( x )| dx, , 2, , ∫1, , 1, dx. Then,, x

Page 542 :
415, , Definite Integration, , Example 14. Find the
absolute value of ∫, , 19, , cos x, , 1+ x, (b) 9 × 10 −4, (d)
None of these, , (a) 9 × 10 −8, (c) 10 −4, , 10, , 8, ,
Solution (a) For x ≥ 10 , we have|cos x| < 1and 1 + x ≥
10, 8, , 11. If m and M are global minima and global
maxima of, f ( x ) in [a , b], then, , dx., , y, M, 8, , m, , 1, ≤
10 −8, 1 + x8, , , , x=a, , 19 |cos x|, 19, 19 cos x dx ,
≤ ∫, dx ≤ ∫ 10 −8dx, ∴ ∫, 10 1 + x8, 10, 10 1 + x8, , , ,
x=b, , O, , m( b − a ) ≤, , x, , b, , ∫ a f ( x ) dx ≤ M ( b − a ), , =
9 × 10 −8, , Comprehensive Approach, π /2, , n, , ∫0, , n, ,
∫0, , log(sin x) dx =, , π /2, , log (tan x) dx =, , n, , n, , n, , n, ,
log (cot x) dx = 0, , n, , ∫0, , tan x dx +, , If In =, , n, , π /2, ,
∫0, , ∫0, , n−2, , tan, , cosn x dx, then In =, a, , n −1, In − 2,
n, , a, , ∫0, , sin n x dx =, , π /2, , ∫0, , cosn x dx =, , (n − 1)
(n − 3 ) K 1 π , =, , n (n − 2) K2 2 , π /2, , n, , π /4,
, π /2, , ∫0, , ∫ 0 f ( x) dx = ∫ 0 f ( x) dx + ∫ 0 f (2 a − x) dx, a,
a, = ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( a + x) dx, 0, 0, π /2, , π, , dx, , If In =,
2a, , n, , n, , ∫ 0 x2 + a2 = 2 a, π /4, , n, , π /2, , ∫0, , π, log 2,
2, , ∫0, , ∞, , n, , log(cos x)dx = −, , sin x, π, dx =, 4, sin x +
cos x, a, dx, π, ∫ 0 1 + esin x = 2, a, f ( x), a, ∫ 0 f ( x) + f ( a
− x) dx = 2, a, π, dx, ∫ 0 a2 − x2 = 2, π /2, , n, , π /2, , ∫0, ,
1, dx =, n −1, , n −1, sinn x dx, then In =, In − 2, n, , ∫0, =, ,
(n − 1) (n − 3) K 2, n (n − 2) K 3 ⋅1, (if n is odd positive
integer), , (if n is even positive integer), sinm x cosn
xdx, , {( m − 1) ( m − 3) K (2 or 1)} {(n − 1) (n − 3) K (2 or
1)}, ( m + n) ( m + n − 2 ) K (2 or 1), , (if m and n both are
not simultaneously even positive integers), {( m − 1) (
m − 3) K (1)} {(n − 1) (n − 3) K (1)} π , =, , 2 , ( m +
n ) ( m + n − 2 ) K (2 ), (if m and n are both even positive
integers)

Page 543 :
Exercise, Level I, 1., , dx, , 0, , ∫ −1, , x 2 + 2x + 2, (a) 0, (c)
π / 2, , 2. The value of ∫, , is equal to, (b) π/ 4, (d) − π/ 4, ,
1, , dx, , 0, , x + 1 − x2, , π, 3, 1, (c), 2, x dx, , x + a+ b− x, ,
is, , 1, (b − a), 2, (d) b − a, , ∫ − 2 |x| dx is equal to, , (a), ,
(b) 1, (d) 4, , 5. Suppose f is such that f ( − x ) = − f ( x )
for every real x, 1, 0, and ∫ f ( x ) dx = 5, then ∫, f ( t ) dt is
equal to, −1, , 0, , (a) 10, (c) 0, , (b) 5, (d) –5, , 6. The
value of ∫, , 3, , x+1, , 2, , x ( x − 1), 2, , 16 1, +, 9, 6, 1, (c)
2 log 2 −, 6, (a) log, , dx is, 16 1, −, 9, 6, 4 1, (d) log −, 3 6,
, (b) log, , 7. If f ( x ) is an even function, what is ∫, , π, 0, ,
to?, (a) 0, (c) 2 ∫, 8., , 1, , ∫ −1, , (b), π/ 2, 0, , f (cos x ) dx, ,
∫0, , f (cos x ) dx, , (d) 1, , an odd function, an even
function, Neither even nor odd, zero, , x, , ∫0, , π/ 4, − π/
4, , (b), , x3 sin4 x dx is equal to, , π, 2, , π, 8, , (c), , (d) 0, ,
π/ 2, , cos x, dx equals to, 1 + sin x, (a) log 2, (b) 2 log 2,
1, (d), (c) (log 2)2, log 2, 2, π /3, dx, is equal to, 15. ∫, π /
6 1 + tan x, π, π, (b), (a), 12, 2, π, π, (c), (d), 6, 4, 14., , ∫0, ,
16., , ∫− π, , sin4 x, , π, , π, 4, (c) π, , sin4 x + cos4 x, , dx is
equal to, , (a), , (c), f ( t ) dt is, , (NDA 2010 II), , (b) log 3,
(d) 4 log 3, , π, 2, (d) 2π, (b), , sin3 x, , π /2, 0, , sin3 x +
cos3 x, , (a) π, , (b) 0, (d) 4, , 9. If f ( t ) is an odd function,
then, , π, 4, , 17. What is ∫, , |1 − x| dx is equal to, , (a) –2,
(c) 2, , (a), (b), (c), (d), , f (cos x ) dx equal, (NDA 2011 I), ,
π /2, , dθ is equal to, (b), , 13. The value of ∫, , 2, , (a) 0,
(c) 2, , 4 − sin2 θ, , (a) 2 log 3, (c) 2 log 3, , (b), , (c) π / 2, ,
cos θ, , π, 6, π, (d), 5, 2a, f ( x ) dx, is, 11. The value of ∫,
0, f ( x ) + f ( 2a − x ), (a) f ( a ), (b) f ( 2a ), (c) f( 0), (d) a, π
/4, dx, 12. What is the value of ∫, ?, π / 6 sin x cos x, , is, ,
(a) π, , 4., , π, 2, π, (c), 3, , (b), , b, , ∫a, , π/ 2, , ∫0, , (a), , π, 2,
π, (d), 4, , (a), , 3., , 10., , π, 4, , (NDA 2010 I), , π, 2, , (b), ,
(d) 0, , 18. The value of the integral, equal to, (a) 2 ( 2 −
1), (c) ( 2 2 + 1), , dx ?, , π/ 2, , ∫0, , |cos x − sin x| dx , is, ,
(b) ( 2 2 − 1), (d) 2 ( 2 + 1)

Page 544 :
417, , Definite Integration, 19. Let f : R R and g : R
R be two continuous, functions,, then, the, value, a, is,
equal, to, f, x, g, −, x, −, f, −, x, g, x, dx, [, (, ), (, ), (, ), (, )], ∫,
−a, , (a) eπ, , (b) 2 ∫, , (c) 1, , (d) 0, , 20. What is ∫, (a), (c),
21., , π/ 4, −π / 4, , (b), , 1, 2, , ∫π /4, , 1, 3, , 28. To, 2, , ∫
−2, , cosθ cosec2θ dθ is equal to, , 2−1, 1, (c) 1 +, 2, a, , ∫
− a (x, , 3, , 2+1, 1, (d) 1 −, 2, , (b) 3 + sin a + cos a, (d) 4 −
sin a, π/ 2, , ∫− π / 2, , (a) 2, (c) π, 1, 0, , 1, n( n + 1), (c) 1, ,
∫0, , sin x, , e, , (c), , π, 0, , x 4 + ( π − x )4, , (b) q only, (d) p,
q, s, , (b), , 1, m−n, , π /2, , ∫0, , 1, m+n, , (d) mn, , sin x
cos8x dx is equal to, , 35π, 256, 16, (c), 35, , (NDA
2009 I), , (NDA 2007 II), , 70, 256, 8π, (d), 35, (b), , (a), ,
2, , 31. The value of ∫ [x ] dx is, 0, , cos x dx is equal to, ,
26. What is the value of ∫, , find, out, the, numerical,
value, of, 2, ( px + qx + s) dx, it is necessary to know
the, , (a) 0, , 30., , 1, ( n + 1)( n + 2), (d) 0, , (b) e − 1, (d) e,
cos x, , (NDA 2008 II), , 0, , (b), , (a) e + 1, (c) e + 2, , ( ax3
+ bx + c) dx depends on which of, , 29. If m and n are
integers, then what is the value of, π, ∫ sin mx sin nx dx,
if m ≠ n?, , (NDA 2012 I), , x(1 − x )n dx is equal to?, , (a),
, π /2, , sin x dx ?, (b) 1, (d) 0, , 24. What is ∫, , −2, , (a) p
only, (c) p and s, , + 5x + sin x ) dx is equal to, , 23. What
is the value of, , 2, , value/values of which of the
following?, , (b), , (a) 4 + sin a, (c) 0, , 25., , 27. The value
of ∫, , the following?, (a) Values of x only, (b) Values of
each of a, b and c, (c) Value of c only, (d) Value of b
only, , (d) 0, , (a), , 22., , 0, , f ( x ) g( x ) dx, , tan3 x dx
equal to?, , 3, , π /2, , a, , (b) π, π, (d), 2, , (a) 0, π, (c), 4, ,
(where [ ] is the greatest integer less than or equal to,
x), (a) 0, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d) 3, , dx ?, , Level II, 1., , 1, , ∫ −1, ,
log ( x + x 2 + 1 ) dx is equal to, , (a) 0, , (b) log 2, , 1, (c)
log, 2, 2. If F ( x ) =, , (d) None of these, x3, , ∫x, , 2, , log t
dt , ( x > 0), then F ′ ( x ) is equal to, , (a) ( 9x − 4x ) log x,
(c) ( 9x 2 + 4x ) log x, 2, , 3., , π, , ∫0, , esin, , (a) –1, (c) 1, ,
2, , x, , 4., , (b) ( 4x − 9x ) log x, (d) None of these, 2, ,
cos3 x dx is equal to, (b) 0, (d) π, , π/ 2, , ∫0, , log sin x dx
is equal to, , π , (a) − log 2, 2 , 1, (c) − π log, 2, ,
5. If, , 2, , ∫1{ k, , 2, , (b) π log, (d), , 1, 2, , π, log 2, 2, , + ( 4
− 4k)x + 4x3 } dx ≤ 12, which one of the, , following is
correct?, (a) k = 3, (b) 0 ≤ k < 3, (c) k ≤ 4, (d) k = 0, ,
(NDA 2011 II)

Page 545 :
418, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 6. The value of, , , x ,
−1 , + tan−1, tan 2, x + 1 , , , 3, , ∫ −1, , is, (a)
2π, π, (c), 2, 7., , 3, , ∫1, , ∫ −1/ 2, , 9., , 10., , π, , x dx, , ∫0, , a
cos x + b sin x, π, (a), ab, π2, (c), ab, 2, , 2π, , ∫0, , 2, , 2, , 2,
, (a), 12., , 1, n, , π/ 8, , ∫0, , π/ 2, , ∫0, , π, (a), 4, , ∫0, , 4, , f ( x
− 1) dx, , f ( x ) dx =, , 6, , f ( x − 1) dx, , ∫ −3, , π, 2ab, π2,
(d), 2ab, , (d), , (b), , (c), , 5, , ∫ −3, , A., , ∫0, , B., , ∫1, , (NDA
2011 I), , C., , ∫ −1, , 1, ( n − 2), , D., , ∫1, , (d), , 0, , π, (b), 8,
x dx, , [x + 1 − x 2 ] 1 − x 2, (a) 0, π, (c), 4, , tan−1 x, 1+ x, ,
2, , dx ?, , π2, (c), 8, is equal to, (b) 1, π2, (d), 2, , 2, , ∫0, , [
f ( x ) − f ( − x )] dx, 10, , ∫ −6, , ∫ −2, , f ( x − 1) dx, , 1, , 2, ,
List II, e −1, e, 2. − log 2, , πx , log sin dx, 2 , 1, 1,
, , e x − 2 dx, x x , , 1., , 3. e 2, −e, 2, 4., 0, , x| x|
dx, 1 −1 / x, e, dx, x2, , Codes, A B, (a) 3 2, (c) 2 3, , C, 4,
4, , D, 1, 1, , A, (b) 1, (d) 2, , B, 2, 3, , C, 3, 1, , D, 4, 4, , 21.
Consider the following statements, I. The value of the
integral, 2a, f ( x ) dx, ∫ 0 f ( x ) + f ( 2a − x ) is equal to a.,
4, , II. The value of ∫ (|x − 1| +|x − 3|) dx is 10, 0, , (b) π /
2, (d) 2π, 1, , 3, , dx is, , List I, , 2, , n, ( n − 1), , 2π, , 20.
Match List I with List II and select the correct, answer
using the codes given below the lists, , sin 2x log tan x
dx is equal to, , 15. What is the value of ∫, , 16., , ∫ −4, ,
(c), , cos3 4θ dθ is equal to, , (a) π, (c) 0, , 1, , f ( x ) dx =, ,
is equal to, , (a) 5 / 3, (b) 5/4, (c) 1/3, (d) 1/6, π/ 2, cos x
− sin x, 13. ∫, dx is equal to, 0, 1 + cos x sin x, (a) 0, (b) π/
2, (c) π/ 4, (d) π/ 6, 14., , 5, , ∫ −3, , 1, ( n − 1), , + 2 cos x,
(b) π, , 2 f ( x ) dx =, , (b), , tann x dx , what is I n + I n − 2
equal to?, (b), , 2, , 3, , 5, , (b) 1, (d) 2e1/ 2, , (b) 4, (d) 1, , ∫,
, sin x, , (d), , sin x, , f ( x ) dx =, , 1, , 11. If I n =, , 2, , 0, ,
(NDA 2011 I), , π, , (c), , 2, , ∫ −2, , (sin x +|sin x| ) dx is
equal to, , π, 4, 0, , π/ 2, , equal to?, , (d) 2π, , (a), , (a) 0,
(c) 8, , 1 + 2 sin2 x, π, (b), 3, , 19. If f is continuous
function, then, , x , dx is equal to, x , , (a) 0, (c)
e1/ 2, , dx, , (a) 2, π, (c), 4, , (b) 2, (d) 0, , 1 −, (cos x )
log , 1 +, , , π, 0, , 18. The value of ∫, , ( x − 1) ( x − 2)
( x − 3) dx is equal to, , 1/ 2, , 17. What is ∫, (a) π, , (b) π,
π, (d), 4, , (a) 3, (c) 1, 8., , x 2 + 1 , , dx, x
, , III. If f ( x ) is a periodic function with period T,
then, b + nT, , ∫ a + nT, , (NDA 2012 I), , π2, (d), 32, , f ( x )
dx =, , b, , ∫a, , f ( x ) dx., , Which of the statements given
above are correct?, (a) II and III, (b) I and II, (c) I and III,
(d) All I, II and III, 1, , 22. If f ( x ) = a + bx + cx 2 , what is
∫ f ( x ) dx equal to?, 0, , (a), (b), (c), (d), , [ f ( 0) + 4 f (1/ 2)
+ f (1)]/ 6, [ f ( 0) + 4 f (1/ 2) + f (1)]/ 3, [ f ( 0) + 4 f (1/ 2)
+ f (1)], [ f ( 0) + 2 f (1/ 2) + f (1)]/ 6, , (NDA 2009 II)

Page 546 :
419, , Definite Integration, , 23. If I1 =, , e2, , dx, and I 2
=, log x, , ∫e, , (a) I1 = I 2, (c) I 2 + I1 = 0, 24., , 2, , ∫ −2, ,
ex, dx ,then, x, (b) 2I1 = I 2, (d) I1 = 2I 2, , 33. What is
the value of ∫, , 2, , ∫1, , (a) 1, , |1 − x 2| dx is equal to, , (a)
2, , (b) 4, , (c) –2, , 25. What is the value of ∫, (a) 0, , π/ 2,
0, , (b) 1, , (d) 0, , log (tan x ) dx ? (NDA 2009 I), (c) –1, ,
π, (d), 4, , II. ∫, , 1, and 2, 2, 1, (d) − and –2, 2, 2, , 28.
What is the value of ∫ xex dx ?, 0, , ( e − 1), 2, (c) 2( e −
1), , (NDA 2008 I), , (b) e2 − 1, , 29. What is the value of
∫, , −π/ 2, , (a) 2, (c) 1, , 1, , m, , 32. If ∫, , 1, , 0, , x, log 2, , (b)
1, ( ex − 1)−1, , (c) –1, (d) 2, 3, dx = log , what is the
value of x ?, 2, (NDA 2007 I), , (a) e2, , (b), , 1, e, , f ( x )
dx = −, , (d) −1/ e, 5, , what is the, 6, (NDA 2007 I), , (c)
log 4, , 16, 9, , (b), , (c), , 3, 2, , (d) −, , 3, 2, , Each of these,
questions contain two statements, one is Assertion
(A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these questions
also has, four alternative choices, only one of which is
the correct, answer. You have to select one of the
codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a) Both
A and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., π/ 4, , ∫0, ,
π/ 2, , ∫0, , b, , (1 − x )n dx = k ∫ x n (1 − x )m dx , what is
the value, , of k ?, (a) 0, , 19, 6, , 38. Assertion (A), , log x,
dx equal to?, (NDA 2007 II), x, log( b), b , 1 , (b), (a)
log( ab) log , a , 2 , log( a ), b , 1 , ( a +
b) , (c) log , (d) log , , a , 2 , ab , , ∫0 x, ,
∫−3, , 1/ e, , cos5 x dx = 0., , a, , a, , 31., , (c), 9, , Reason
(R) If f ( x ) is an odd function, then, b, ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0., ,
sin|x| dx ?, (b) – 2, (d) 0, , 30. What is ∫, , 1, , 37.
Assertion (A), , (d) e − 1, π /2, , (d) 1, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 37-41), , (b) −, , (a), , and, , 35. What is the value of
∫ ( x − 1) e− x dx ?, , (a) −, , 0, , 1, , (d) –2, 1 , f′ = 2,
2 , , 2, , 27. What are the values of p which satisfy the
equation, p, 2, 3, (NDA 2008 II), ∫ ( 3x + 4x − 5) dx = p −
2 ?, 1, and 2, 2, 1, (c) and –2, 2, , dx ?, , π x , 34. If f ( x )
= A sin , + B and, 2 , 1, 2A, ∫0 f ( x ) dx = π , then,
what is the value of B?, 2, 4, (b), (c) 0, (a), π, π, , (b) e, 7,
36. If ∫ f ( x ) dx = and, −3, 3, 9, value of ∫ f ( x ) dx ?, ,
Which of these are correct ?, (a) I and II, (b) II and IV,
(c) III and I, (d) II and III, , (a), , (b) 0, , 2, , ∫− π / 2sin|x| dx
= 2, π /2, IV. ∫, sin x dx = − 2, −π/ 2, III., , x2, (c) π, , (a) 0, ,
cos x dx = 2, , −π/ 2, π/ 2, , sin x, , 0, , 26. Consider the
following equations, ∞, 1, I. ∫, dx = ∞, 0 1 + x2, π/ 2, , π/
2, −π/ 2, , (d) 1, , Reason (R), , b, , ∫a, , 39. Assertion (A), ,
cos x − sin x, dx = 0., 1 + sin x cos x, , f ( x ) dx =, e, , ∫1, ,
Reason (R) I n =, , b, , ∫a, , f ( a + b − x ) dx., , log2 x dx = e
− 2., e, , ∫1, , 40. Assertion (A) 16 <, , logn x dx = e − n I n
− 1, 6, , ∫ 4 2x dx < 24, , Reason (R) If m is the smallest
and M is the, greatest value of a function f ( x ) in an
interval ( a , b),, b, then the value of the integral ∫ f ( x )
dx is such that, a, , for a < b, we have, m (b − a) ≤, , b, , ∫ a
f ( x ) dx ≤ M ( b − a ).

Page 547 :
420, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 41. Assertion (A), , π, ,
∫0, , sin7 x dx = 2 ∫, , π /2, , 0, , sin7 x dx, (NDA 2007 I), ,
7, , Reason (R) sin x is an odd function., , Directions (Q.
Nos. 45-47) Let us define an, integral function, a, a, ∫ f (
x ) dx = ∫ f ( a − x ) dx, 0, , 45. The value of, , Directions
(Q. Nos. 42-44), defined as, π /2, , ∫0, , log sin x dx = −, ,
If an integral is, , π, log 2, then solve the, 2, , (c), ,
following question., , π /2, 0, , π, log 2, 2, (d) None of
these, , (b) −, , (c) 0, 44. Find the value of ∫, , π /2, 0, , (b)
−, , π, log 2, 2, , (c), , 47. The value of ∫, , log tan x dx., , (a)
0, , π, 4, , sin x, sin x + cos x, π, (b), 4, π, (d), 3, , dx, , π /2, ,
log cos x dx, , (a) − log 2, , π, 2, , π /2, , ∫0, , , π, φ −
x , , 2, 46. The value of the integral ∫, 0, π, φ( x ) + φ
−, 2, π, π, (a), (b) −, 4, 4, π, (c), (d) 0, 2, , 1, πx , 42.
Find the value of ∫ log sin dx., 0, 2 , (a) 3 log 2, (b)
− log 2, (c) 2 log 3, (d) log 2, , 43. Find the value of ∫, , (a)
−, , 0, , π, log 2, 2, , (d) None of these, , 1, , x, , 0, , x + 1−
x, , , x , , , dx is, , dx, , (a) 2, , (b) −, , (c) 0, , (d), , 1, 2, , 1,
2, , Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., , (b), (d), (a), (b), , 2.
(d), 12. (b), 22. (c), , 3. (b), 13. (d), 23. (a), , 4. (d), 14. (a),
24. (b), , 5. (d), 15. (a), 25. (b), , 6. (b), 16. (c), 26. (a), , 7.
(c), 17. (c), 27. (c), , 8. (c), 18. (a), 28. (c), , 9. (b), 19. (d),
29. (a), , 10. (b), 20. (d), 30. (a), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , 3.,
13., 23., 33., 43., , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , 5., 15., 25., 35.,
45., , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , 8., 18.,
28., 38., , 9., 19., 29., 39., , 10., 20., 30., 40., , Level II, 1.,
11., 21., 31., 41., , (a), (b), (d), (b), (b), , (a), (d), (a), (c), (b),
, (b), (a), (a), (b), (b), , (a), (c), (b), (c), (a), , (a), (d), (a), (d),
(b), , (a), (c), (d), (a), (a), , (d), (c), (a), (d), (d), , (a), (c), (a),
(a), , (d), (b), (a), (a), , (b), (c), (a), (a)

Page 548 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. Let I = ∫, , 0, dx, dx, =, x2 +
2x + 2 ∫ −1 (x + 1)2 + 1, , 0, −1, , = [tan −1 (x + 1)]−01, =
[tan, 2. Let I = ∫, , −1, , 1 − tan, dx, , 0, , x + 1 − x2, , 2I = ∫,
3. We have, I = ∫, , π/ 2, , 0, , 3, , x dx, x+ a+ b−x, , b, a, , ,
x − 1 1 , = 2 log , +, x x 2, , , 2, 1 1 1
, = 2 log − log + − , , 3, 2 3 2 , , 4 1, = 2 log −,
3 6, 16 1, = log, −, 9 6, 7. Q f (x) is an even function., , ...
(i), , ∫a, , i.e.,, , f (x) dx = ∫, , I=∫, , , , b, , 8. We have, I = ∫, ,
b, , a+ b−x, , a, , a+ b−x+ x, , 2I = ∫, 4. Let I = ∫, , 2, −2, , |x|
dx = − ∫, , 0, , −2, 2 2, , 0, , x dx +, , I=∫, , 2, , ∫0, , b−a, 2, , x
dx, , , , 0, , ∫ −1, , f (x) dx = 0 = ∫, f (x) dx +, , 0, −a, , π/ 2, ,
∫0, , f (x) dx +, , ∫0, , , , ∫ −1, , f (x) dx = − 5, , , , 0, , f (t )
dt = − 5, , ∫ −1, I=∫, , 3, 2, , f (x) dx, , x+1, dx, x2(x − 1), , 1,
, −1, , (1 − x) dx, , [Q ∫, , 1, 0, , x, 0, , f (t ) dt is an even, , π/
2, , , sin θ , dθ = sin −1 , , 2, 2 0, , 4 −
sin θ, 1 π, = sin −1 =, 2 6, 2a, f (x) dx, I=∫, 0 f (x)
+ f (2 a − x), 2a, f (2a − x), I=∫, dx, 0 f (x) + f (2 a − x), cos
θ, , ...(i), …(ii), , On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, , f (x)
dx = 0, , 0, , 6. Given that, , a, , ∫0, , 11. Let, , [Q f (x) = − f
(x)], , 1, , |1 − x| dx, , function., 10., , 5. Given f (− x) = − f
(x), ∀ values of real x., We know that,, a, , −1, , 9. Since,
f (t ) is an odd function, then ∫, , x, x2 , = − +
= − (0 − 2) + (2 − 0) = 4, 2 −2 2 0, , ∫ −a, , 1, , , 1,
1, x2 , = x − = 1 − + 1 + = 2, 2, 2, 2, , −1, , ...(ii), ,
dx, , 1dx = [x]ba = b − a I =, , a, , f (cos x) dx, , 1, , On
adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, b, , π /2, , 0, , − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
1 − x ≥ 0, , Here,, ∴, , f (a + b − x) dx, , a, , f (cos x) dx =
2 ∫, , a, , , , Q 2a f (x) = 2 ∫ 0 f (x) dx, if f (2a − x) = f
(x), (even ) , , ∫0, 0,, if f (2a − x) = − f (x), (odd ) ,
, , Now, using property of definite integral, b, , π, , ∫0,
, ∴, , π, 4, , 1 dθ I =, , −2 1, 2 , − 2+, , dx, x − 1 , x,
x, 3, , Put x = sin θ dx = cos θ dθ, π/ 2, cos θ dθ, ...
(i), I=∫, 0, sin θ + cos θ, , π, cos − θ dθ, π/ 2, , 2,
, I=∫, 0, , π, , π, sin − θ + cos − θ , , 2, , 2,
π/ 2, sin θ, ...(ii), dθ, =∫, 0, cos θ + sin θ, On adding Eqs.
(i) and (ii), we get, , 3, 2, , 1, , , = − 2 log x + + 2 log (x
− 1) , x, 2, , , π, π, 0] = − 0 =, 4, 4, , −1, , 1, , =∫, , 2I=∫, , f
(x) dx = 5], 12., , π/ 4, , 2a, 0, , 2a, f (x) + f (2a − x), dx = ∫,
1 dx = 2a I = a, 0, f (x) + f (2a − x), π /4, , dx, , ∫ π/ 6 sin
x cos x = 2 ∫ π/ 6, =2 ∫, , π/ 4, π /6, , dx, sin 2x, cosec 2x
dx, , = 2 [log tan x] ππ //64 ⋅, , 1, 2

Page 550 :
423, , Definite Integration, =∫, , 1, 0, , (t n − t n + 1 ) dt,
1, , tn + 1, tn + 2 , = , −, , n + 1 n + 2 0, 1, 1, 1, =,
−, =, n + 1 n + 2 (n + 1)(n + 2), 25. Let I = ∫, , π / 2 sin x, ,
e, , 29. Since, sin mx, sin nx is an odd function, if m ≠ n,
then, π, , ∫0, 30. I = ∫, , π/ 2, 0, , m + 1 n + 1 , ! ,
! , , 2 2 , m, n, x, x, dx, sin, ⋅, cos, =, ∫0, m + n
+ 2 , 2 , ! , , , 2, 1 9 , 0 + 1 8 + 1 , !
! !, ! , , 2 2 , 2 2 , =, I=, 0 + 8 + 2 ,
2 (5) !, 2 , !, , , 2, 7 5 3 1, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, π, 2, 2 2 2, = π⋅, 2 ⋅4
⋅3 ⋅2 ⋅1, 1 , , 7 ⋅5, 35π, =, π=, Q !=π , , , ,
, 2, 16 ⋅ 16, 256, , , , Q, , , , , 0, , 26. Let, , …(i), , …
(ii), , On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, π (cos x − cos x),
π, dx = ∫ 0 dx, 2I = ∫, 0 x4 + (π − x)4, 0, ∴, 27., , I =0, 2, , ∫
−2 (ax, , 3, , + bx + c) dx, , sin mx ⋅ sin nx dx = 0, , sin x ⋅
cos 8 x dx, , 1, , cos x, dx, I=∫ 4, 0 x + (π − x)4, π cos (π −
x), dx, I=∫, 0 (π − x)4 + (x)4, π, − cos x, dx, I=∫, 0 (π − x)4
+ (x)4, , ( px2 + s) dx, , 0, , For finding a numerical value
of I, it is necessary to, know the values of p and s only.,
, cos x dx, , π, , 2, , I =2 ∫, , I = ∫ et dt = [et ] 10 = e1 − e0 =
e − 1, , ∴, , (px2 + qx + s) dx, , ∴, , sin x = t cos x dx =
dt, x = 0, t = 0, π, x= ,t =1, 2, , and when, , −2, , Q qx is an
odd function, therefore its integral value is, zero., , 0, ,
Put, When, , 2, , 28. Let I = ∫, , 1, , 2, , ax4 bx2, , = , +,
+ cx , 4, 2, , −2, , a (16) b(4), a (16) b(4), +, −
2c = 4c, = , +, + 2c − , 2, 2, , 4, 4, So, the value
of given integral depends on only c., , π/ 2, , 31. I = ∫
[x]dx +, 0, , 2, , ∫ 1 [x]dx, 0 < x < 1, [x] = 0, 1 < x < 2, [x] =
1, , For, , 1, , I = ∫ 0 dx +, , ∴, , 0, , 2, , ∫ 1 1dx, , = 0 + [x]12
= 1, , Level II, = 3 log x ⋅ 3x2 − 2 log x ⋅ 2x, = (9x2 − 4x)
log x, , 1. Let f (x) = log (x + 1 + x2 ) and replacing x by –
x, we get, f (− x) = log ( 1 + x2 − x), , ( 1 + x2 + x) , , =
log ( 1 + x2 − x), , ( 1 + x2 + x) , , [(1 + x2) − x2], =
log 1 − log ( 1 + x2 + x), = log, ( 1 + x2 + x), = − log ( 1 +
x2 + x), , f (− x) = − f (x), Hence, f (x) is an odd
function., ∴, 2. F (x) = ∫, , 1, , ∫ −1, x, , log (x + 1 + x2 )dx =
0, , 3, , x2, , log t dt, , Applying Leibnitz’s theorem, we
get, d 3, d 2, F ′ (x) = log x3, x − log x2, x, dx, dx, , π, , I=∫,
, 0, , , , I=∫, , 0, , , , I=−∫, , 3. Let, , π, , e sin, esin, π, 0, ,
2, , cos3 x dx, , x, , 2, , ( π − x), , e sin, , 2, , x, , ...(i), , cos3
(π − x) dx, , cos3 x dx, , ...(ii), , On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we get, , 2I = 0 I = 0, π/ 2, , 4. Let I = ∫, , 0, , I=∫, , 0, ,
π/ 2, , ...(i), , log sin x dx, , π/ 2, , π, log sin − x dx = ∫,
log cos x dx ...(ii), 0, , 2, , On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we get, 2I = ∫, =∫, , π/ 2, , 0, π/ 2, 0, , log sin x cos x dx, log
sin 2x dx − ∫, , π/ 2, 0, , log 2 dx

Page 553 :
426, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 19. Since, f (x) is
continuous function., Let us consider f (x) = x, 5, , ∫ −3, ,
∴, , 10, , ∫ −6, , and, , f (x − 1) dx = ∫, 5, , ∫ −3, , ∴, , 5, , 2 f (x)
dx = ∫, , −3, 10, −6, 10, , 2 f (x) dx = ∫, , −6, , I=∫, , C., , =∫, ,
−1, 0, , −1, , 4, , 3, , 1 2, , 2a, , f (2a − x), dx, f (x) + f (2a −
x), , On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 2a f (x) + f (2 a −
x), 2I = ∫, dx, 0 f (x) + f (2 a − x), , , 1, , 2I = ∫, , III. I = ∫, ,
2a, 0, , 4, , b + nT, , a + nT, , f (x) dx, , Put x = nT + θ, dx
= dθ, b, , b, , a, , a, , , , I = ∫ f (nT + θ )dθ = ∫ f (θ )dθ, , or, ,
I = ∫ f (x)dx, , [Q f (x + T ) = f (x) , where T = period of f
(x)], b, , a, , ∴ IIIrd statement is correct., 22. Given, f (x)
= a + bx + cx2, ∴, , 0, , 0, , 4, , 3, , , 2. x2, , 2x2, −
4x , = −, + 4x + 2[x]31 + , 3, 2, 0, 2, = − 1 + 4 +
2 [3 − 1] + [(16 − 16) − (9 − 12)], = 3 + 4 + 3 = 10, ∴ IInd
statement is correct, , 1, , 0, , 1, , Using property,, I=∫, ,
3, , 1, , 1, , ∫0, , f (x) dx = ∫, , 1, , 0, , …(i), , (a + bx + cx ) dx,
2, , 1, , x3 , x3 , = − ∫ x dx + ∫ x dx = − + , −1,
0, 3 −1 3 0, 1 1, = − + =0, 3 3, 2 e−1/ x, D., dx, I=∫,
1 x2, 1, 1, Put − = t 2 dx = dt, x, x, −1/ 2 t, 1 1, , I=∫,
e dt = [et ]−− 11/ 2 = e−1/ 2 − e−1 =, −, −1, e e, e −1, =,
e, ∴ A 2, B 3, C 4, D 1, 2a, f (x)dx, …(i), 21. I. I
= ∫, 0 f (x) + f (2 a − x), or, , 1, , 0, , = ∫ (−2x + 4)dx + ∫ 2dx
+ ∫ (2x − 4)dx, , f (x − 1) dx, , x(− x) dx + ∫ x (x) dx, 2, , 1, ,
+ ∫ (x − 1 + x − 3)dx, , x|x|dx, , 0, , 3, , 0, , (x − 1) dx = 16, ,
1, , 1, , 0, 1, , = ∫ { − (x − 1) − (x − 3)}dx + ∫ { x − 1 − (x −
3)}dx, , 2x dx = 16, , πx , log sin dx, 0, 2 , πx, π,
Put, = t dx = dt, 2, 2, 2 π /2, log sin tdt, I= ∫, π 0, π /2,
2, π, π, , , = (− log 2) Q ∫, log sin x dx = − log 2 , π, 2,
2, , 0, = − log 2, 2, 1 1, B., I = ∫ ex ( − 2 )dx, 1, x x, 1, 1,
Let f (x) = f ′ (x) = − 2, x, x, 2, 1 , [Q ∫ ex [ f (x) + f ′
(x) ] dx = ex f (x)], I = ex , , x 1, e2, = −e, 2, , 20. A.
I = ∫, , 4, , I = ∫ (|x − 1|+|x − 3|)dx, , II., , dx = [x]20a = 2a, ,
∴, I=a, Ist statement is correct., , …(ii), , Here,, and,
Now,, , , bx2 cx3 , = ax +, +, , 2, 3 0, , b c, …(ii),
=a+ +, 2 3, b c, 1 , f (0) = a , f = a + +, 2 , 2 4,
[from Eq. (i)], f (1) = a + b + c, 1 , f (0) + 4 f + f (1),
2 , 6, b c , , a + 4 a + + + a + b + c, , 2 4 , =, 6, b c,
…(iii), =a+ +, 2 3, , From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get, 1 , f
(0) + 4 f + f (1), 1, 2 , ∫ 0 f (x) dx =, 6, 23. We have,
I1 = ∫, Now,, Put, , ∴, , I1 = ∫, , e2, e, e2, e, , 2 ex, dx, dx,
and I 2 = ∫, 1 x, log x, , dx, log x, , log x = t x = et, dx =
et dt, 2 et, 2 ex, I1 = ∫, dt, I1 = ∫, dx = I 2, 1 t, 1 x, , …(i)

Page 555 :
428, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , ex − 1 = t and dx =, ,
Put, , = [− (1 − 1)e−1 − { − (0 − 1)e− 0 }] + [− e−x ]10, ,
dt, 1+ t, , e dx = dt, x, 1, dt = ∫, log, 2, (1 + t ), , = − 1 + (−
e−1 + e−0 ) = − 1 − e−1 + 1, , x, , ∴, , 1, 1 , I=∫, dt, −,
log 2, t 1 + t , = [log t − log (1 + t )] xlog 2, x, = [log (ex
− 1) − log ex ] log, 2, x, , , ex − 1 , ex − 1 , 2 −
1 , = log x − log , = log x , , 2 , e ,
e log 2 , , , ex − 1 , 1, = log x − log, 2,
e , x, , But, , I, ex − 1 , 2 x , e , , ∴, , , , ex −
1 , = log 2 x , e , 3, = log, 2, 3, =, 2, , 4e − 4 = 3e
e = 4, x = log 4, x, , 33. Let I = ∫, , π / 2 sin, −π/ 2, , x2, , x, ,
x, , x, , sin x, x2, sin (− x), sin x, f (− x) =, =− 2, Q, (− x)2, x,
, f (− x) = − f (x), f (x) is an odd function., ∴, I =0, π
x , 34., f (x) = A sin , +B, 2 , π x π, ∴ f ′ (x) = A
cos , ⋅, 2 2, π π, , 2 = A cos , , 4 2, ( 2 × 2) ×
2 4, , A=, =, π, π, 1, 2A, Now,, ∫ 0 f (x) dx = π, 1 , , 2
×4, π x , , ∫ 0 A sin 2 + B dx = π 2, 1, , ,
, , 35., , 1, , πx 2, , , − A cos 2 ⋅ π + Bx =, 0, π,
4 2, 4 2, − ⋅ cos + B + ⋅ cos 0 =, π π, π π, 2, 8, 8, B + 2 = 2
B =0, π, π, −x, , ∫ 0 (x −I 1) eII, , 36. We know that,, 9, ,
2, , dx, , 8, π2, 8, π2, , But, , 9, , ∫ −3, , 1, , = [− (x − 1)e−x
]10 − ∫ − e−x dx, 0, , ...(i), , (by property), Q b f (x) dx = c
f (x) dx + a f (x) dx , ∫a, , ∫a, ∫c, , , whare a ≤ c ≤ b, 2,
7, −5, f (x) dx =, and ∫, f (x) dx =, −3, 6, 3, , From Eq. (i), 9,
5 7, = + ∫ f (x) dx, 2, 6 3, 9, −5 7 −5 − 14 − 19, ∫2 f (x) dx
= 6 − 3 = 6 = 6, f (x) = cos5 x, , −, , 37. Let, ∴, , f (− x) =
cos5 (− x) = cos5 x = f (x), , ∴f (x) is an even function, π/
4, , ∫0, , ∴, , cos5 x dx ≠ 0, , Thus, A is false but R is true.,
π/ 2, cos x − sin x, 38. Let I = ∫, dx, 0, 1 + sin x cos x, ,
π, , π, cos − x − sin − x , π/ 2, , 2, , 2, dx, ∴
I=∫, 0, , π, , π, 1 + sin − x cos − x , , 2, , 2,
π/ 2, sin x − cos x, I=∫, dx, 0, 1 + sin x cos x, , …(i), , …(ii), ,
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, π/ 2, , 2I = ∫, , 0, , 0 dx
= 0 I = 0, , Thus, both A and R are individually true
and R is the, correct explanation of A., 39. (A) I = ∫, , e,
1, , log 2 x dx, , Integrating by parts, we get, e, , e, , I = ∫
1. (log x)2 = [x(log x)2] 1e − ∫ x ×, 1 II, , 1, , I, , 2 log x, dx,
x, , e, , = e(log e)2 − log 1 − 2∫ 1 . log x dx, 1, , Again,
integrating by parts, we get, e, 1 , , = e(1)2 − 0 − 2 [x
log x] 1e − ∫ x × dx , 1, x , , e, , = e − 2(e log e − log 1 −
∫ dx), 1, , = e − 2(e − 0 − [x]1e ) = e − 2e + 2(e − 1) = e −
2, (R), , Integrating by parts, we get, , 9, , ∫−3 f (x) dx =
∫−3 f (x) dx + ∫2 f (x) dx, , dx, , f (x) =, , Again let, , = − e−1
= − 1/e, , e, , I n = ∫ 1 ⋅ log nx dx, 1, , Integrating by
parts, we get, e, , = [x(log x)n ] 1e − ∫ x × n, 1, , (log x)n −
1, dx, x

Page 557 :
22, , Area Bounded, by Region, Curve Tracing, For the
evaluation of area of bounded regions it is very,
essential to know the rough sketch of the curves. The,
following points are very useful to draw a rough
sketch of a, curve., , Symmetry, (i) Symmetry about x-
axis If the equation of the, curve remains unaltered
when y is replaced by − y,, then the curve is
symmetrical about x-axis., (ii) Symmetry about y-axis
If the equation of the, curve remains unaltered when x
is replaced by −x,, then the curve is symmetrical about
y-axis., (iii) Symmetry about y = x If the equation of
the, curve remains unaltered, if x and y are
interchanged,, then the curve is symmetrical about y =
x., (iv) Symmetry about y = − x If x and y are replaced
by, − y and −x and the equation of the curve is
unaltered,, then the curve is symmetrical about the
line y = − x., (v) Symmetry in opposite quadrants If the,
equation of the curve is unaltered, when x and y are,
replaced by −x and − y, then it is symmetrical in,
opposite quadrants., , Intersection with Origin, If the
constant term in the equation of curve is zero,, then
curve passes through the origin., , Intersection with
Coordinate Axes, (i) For finding intersection points of
the curve with the, x-axis put y = 0 and solve equation
for x. Roots of, equation gives points of intersection
with x-axis., , (ii) Similarly for finding intersection
points with the, y-axis put x = 0 and solve the
equation for y., Roots of equation give points of
intersection with, y-axis., , Area of Curves Under
Different, Conditions, 1. (a) Area of shaded portion A
=, , b, , ∫ a f ( x ) dx, , y, y = f(x), , O, , x=a, , x, , x=b, , (b)
Area of shaded portion, A=, , b, , ∫a f ( y )dy, , y, y=b, x = f
(y ), y=a, O, , x, , Example 1. Find the area of the region
bounded by the, curve y = 2 x − x 2 and x-axis., 1, 4, (b)
sq units, (a) sq unit, 3, 3, 2, (d) None of these, (c) sq
unit, 3

Page 558 :
431, , Area Bounded by Region, , Solution (b) We
have,, , (b), , y = 2x − x2, 2, − ( x − 2x + 1) = y − 1 , , , ,
A=, , b, , ∫0, , f ( y ) dy +, , 0, , ∫−a, , f ( y ) dy, , y, , ( x − 1) 2 =
− (y − 1), y=b, , This is the equation of the parabola,
whose meet the x-axis at, x = 0 , 2., 2, , ∴ Required area
= ∫ ydx, 0, , x′, , x, , O, , y, y = 2 x –x2, , y=a, y′, , x’, , (0,0), ,
x, , (2,0), , Example 3. Find the area bounded by the
curve y = sin x, between x = 0 and x = 2π ., (a) 1 sq unit
(b) 2 sq units (c) 3 sq units (d) 4 sq units, , y’, , =∫, , 2, 0, ,
π, , 2, , , 8 4, x3 , (2x − x2) dx = x2 − = 4 − = sq
units, 3 0, 3 3, , , Solution (d) Required area = ∫ y dx
+, 0, π, , = ∫ sin x dx − ∫, 0, , 2π, π, , sin x dx, , y = sin x, , 8,
sq units, 3, (d) 5 sq units, (b), , B(0,3), , y, , x2 = y –1, y
=3, , x, , = [ − cos x] π0 − [ − cos x] 2ππ, , Example 4. The
area of the region bounded by, y = − 1, y = 2 , x = y3
and x = 0 is, 17, 15, (a), sq units, (b), sq units, 4, 4, 13,
sq units, (d) None of these, (c), 4, , A (0,1), x, , y′, 3, 3, =
2 ∫ xdy = 2∫ y − 1dy, , 1, 1, 3 , − 1) 2 , , 2π, , = −
cos π + cos 0 + cos 2π − cos π, = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4 sq
units, , C (√2, 3), , x′, , π, , O, , Solution (a) ∴Required
area = 2 area of curve ABC, , , (y, =2 , 3, , 2, , ( − y)
dx, , y, , Example 2. The area of region bounded by the
curve., x 2 = y − 1 and y = 3 is, 8 2, (a), sq units, 3, (c) 8
sq units, , 2π, , ∫π, , Solution (a) Required area, , 3, , 3,
8 2, 4 2, sq units, =, −0 =, (, ), 2, , , 3, 3 , , , 1, ,
= Shaded area of the curve (OAB + ODC), y, (0,2) A, , B,
, x = y3, y=2, , 2. (a) Area of the shaded portion, y, , x′, y
= –1, , C, , D(0,–1), y′, , x=a, x, , O, , 2, , = ∫ x dy +, 0, , 2, ,
x=c, , x=b, , A = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx, c, a, c, , x, ,
O(0,0), , b, , 0, , ∫ −1, , 2, , 0, , 0, , −1, , − xdy = ∫ y3dy − ∫
y3dy, 0, , y 4 , y 4 , = − , 4 0 4 −1, 16 1,
16 1 17, sq units, =, − [ 0 − 1] =, + =, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4

Page 559 :
432, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 3. (a) Area of shaded
portion, A=, , b, , ∫a, , Solution (b), , { f ( x ) − g( x )} dx, , y, ,
y, , y 2 = 12 x, , x 2 + y 2 = 64, , y = f (x), , O, O, , x′, O, ,
(b), , A=, , y = g (x), x=a, x=b, , x, , x=0, , b, , ∫a { f ( y ) − g( y
)} dy, , y ′x = 4 x = 8, , Required area = Area of circle, 4,
−2 ∫ 2 3 x dx +, 0, , y, , x, , O, , = 64π −, , y′, , Example
5. Find the area of the region bounded by the, curves y
= x 2 + 2 , y = x, x = 0 and x = 3 ., 15, 21, sq units, (b), sq
units, (a), 2, 2, 15, sq units, (d) None of these, (c), 3, y =
x2 + 2 , y = x, x = 0 and x = 3, Required area, , x′, , 3, 0, ,
=, , 64, 32π, − 32π + 16 3 +, 3, 3, , 128π 16 3 16, −, =,
(8π − 3) sq units, 3, 3, 3, , Example 7. The area
bounded by the parabolas, y = 4x 2, y =, 5 2, sq units, 3,
15 2, (c), sq units, 3, , (a), , Solution (b) The equation of
given curves are, , y, , (y 2 − y1) dx, , x2, and the line y =
2 is, 9, 10 2, (b), sq units, 3, 20 2, (d), sq units, 3, ,
Solution (d) ∴ Required area, 1, , 2, , 2, , 0, , = 2∫ ( x2 −
x1) = 2∫ (3 y −, , y = x 2+ 2, y=x, C, B, , y, )dy, 2, y = 4x2, ,
(0, 2) D, , y, , O, , (3,0), , 64 − x2 dx , , , 8, x , 64, x,
+ , sin −1 , 64 − x2 +, 2, 2, 8 4 , , y= a, , = Area of
curve OBCD = ∫, , 8, , ∫4, , 4, , 2 , = 64π − 2 2 3 x3 /
2 × , 3 0, , , x = f(y), , x = g (y ), , y=b, , x′, , x, , x, , x2
= 9 y, y=2, , y′, , =∫, , 3, 0, , 9 21, sq units, =9 + 6 − =, 2 2, ,
Example 6. Find the area of the portion of the circle, x
2 + y 2 = 64 which is exterior to the parabola y 2 = 12
x., 10 2, 16, sq units, (b), (a), (8 π − 3) sq units, 3, 3, (c)
16(8 π − 3) sq units, (d) None of these, , x, , x′, , 3, , x3,
x2 , [ x2 + 2 − x] dx = + 2x − , 2 0, 3, , y′, , 2 5 y
, = ∫ , dy , 0 2 , 3 , y 2 , 10, = 5 2
=, 3, 3, , 2 0, =, , 2, , 3 , 2 2 , 0, , 10, 20 2,
sq units, [ 8 −0]=, 3, 3

Page 560 :
433, , Area Bounded by Region, =∫, , 4. (a) Area of
shaded portion, y, , π /4, 0, , sin xdx + ∫, , π /2, π /4, , cos
xdx, , = − [cos x] π0 / 4 + [sin x] ππ // 24, 1 , , = 2 1 −,
= (2 − 2) sq unit, , 2 , , y = g(x), , y =f (x), , Example 9.
Using integration, find the area of the region, x=c x=b,
, O x=a, , (b), , c, , b, , A=, , ∫a, , f ( x ) dx +, , ∫c, , A=, , ∫a, , c, ,
f ( y ) dy +, , ∫c, , b, , x, , g( x ) dx, , bounded by the curves
y = |1 + x | + 1, x = − 3, x = 3, y = 0., (a) 12 sq units, (b)
15 sq units, (c) 3 sq units, (d) None of the above, 1 + x
+ 1, if x ≥ − 1, 1 − ( x + 1), if x < −1, , g( y ) dy, , Solution
(a) y = f ( x) = , , y, , 2 + x, if x ≥ − 1, = , − x, if x < − 1, ,
y=b, x = g(y), , y, , y, , D, , =, , y=c, , –, x, , A, , x = f(y), , x,
y=, , + 2F, , y=a, x′, , x′, , x, , O, , C, B, (–3,0) (–1,0), , E,
(3,0), , x, , y′, y′, , Example 8. Find the area of one
curvilinear triangles, , Required area, = Area of curve
CBEFAD, = Area of curve CBAD + Area of curve
BEFA, , formed by the curves y = sin x, y = cos x and x-
axis., (b) (2 − 2 ) sq units, (a) (2 + 2 ) sq units, (d) (2 + 2 2
) sq units, , (c) 2 2 sq units, , =∫, , 3, , 1 9 9, 1, , =
− − + + 6 − − 2 , , , 2, 2, 2, 2, , , 3 , 9,
=4+ +6+ , 2 , 2, 12, = 10 +, = 16 sq units, 2, , y =
cos x, , y′, , 3, , ∫ −1( x + 2) dx, , x2 , x2, , = − +
+ 2x , 2, 2, −3 , −1, , y, , O, , − xdx +, −1, , Solution
(b) Required area, , x’, , −1, , −3, , y = sin x, x, , x = π/4 x =
π/2, , Comprehensive Approach, n, , n, , The area of the
region bounded by y 2 = 4 ax and x2 = 4 by is, 16 ab, sq
units, 3, Area of the region bounded by y 2 = 4 ax and
y = mx is, 8 a2, sq units, 3m3, , n, , n, , n, , Area of the
region bounded by y 2 = 4 ax and its latusrectum is, 8
a2, sq units, 3, Area of the region bounded by one arch
of sin ax or cos ax and, 2, x-axis is sq units, a, x2 y 2,
Area of ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is πab sq units, a, b

Page 561 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. The area bounded by the x-axis,
the curve y = f ( x ), and the lines x = 1, x = b is equal to
b2 + 1 − 2 for, all b > 1, then f ( x ) is, (a) ( x − 1 ), , (b) ( x
+ 1 ), , (c) ( x − 1 ), , (d) ( x / 1 + x 2 ), , 2, , 2. The area
formed by triangular shaped region, bounded by the
curves y = sin x , y = cos x and x = 0 is, (a) ( 2 − 1) sq
unit, (b) 1 sq unit, (c) 2 sq unit, (d) (1 + 2 ) sq units, 3.
The area bounded by y = log x , x-axis and ordinates, x
= 1, x = 2 is, 2, 1, (b) log sq units, (a) (log 2)2 sq units, e,
2, 4, (c) log sq units, (d) log 4 sq units, e, 4. The area
enclosed between the curves y = x3 and, y = x is [in sq
unit], (a) 5/3, (b) 5/4, (c) 5/12, (d) 12/5, 5. What is the
area bounded by the curve y = cos 3x ,, π, (NDA 2011
II), 0 ≤ x ≤ and the coordinate axes?, 6, 1, (a) 1 sq unit,
(b) sq unit, 2, 1, 1, (c) sq unit, (d) sq unit, 3, 4, 6. The
area bounded by the curve y = f ( x ), x-axis and,
ordinates x = 1 and x = b is ( b − 1) sin ( 3b + 4), then f (
x ), is, (a) 3 ( x − 1) cos ( 3x + 4) + sin ( 3x + 4), (b) ( b − 1)
sin ( 3x + 4) + 3 cos ( 3x + 4), (c) ( b − 1) cos ( 3x + 4) + 3
sin ( 3x + 4), (d) None of the above, 7. The area
between the curve y = 4 + 3x − x 2 and, x-axis is, (a)
125/6 sq units, (b) 125/3 sq units, (c) 125/2 sq units,
(d) None of the above, 8. The area bounded by the
curve y = x , x-axis and, ordinates x = − 1 to x = 2, is, (a)
zero, (b) 1/2 sq unit, (c) 3/2 sq units, (d) 5/2 sq units, ,
9. What is the area of the region bounded by the line,
3x − 5 y = 15, x = 1, x = 3 and x-axis in sq unit?, 36, 18,
(NDA 2008 I), (a), (b), 5, 5, 9, 3, (d), (c), 5, 5, 10. Area of
the region bounded by the curve y = tan x , at, π, x =
and the x-axis is, 4, 1 , 1, , (a) sq unit, (b) log 2 + sq
unit, , 4 , 4, 1 , , (c) log 2 − sq unit (d) None of
these, , 4 , 11. If the area above the x-axis, bounded
by the curves, 3, y = 2kx and x = 0 and x = 2 is, ,then
the value of k, log 2, is, (a) 1/2, (b) 1, (c) – 1, (d) 2, 12.
What is the area bounded by the curves y = ex ,, (NDA
2011 I), y = e− x and the straight line x = 1 ?, 1 , , (a)
e + sq unit, , e , 1, , , (c) e + − 2 sq unit, , , e, ,
, (b) e −, , , (d) e −, , , 1 , sq unit, e , 1, , − 2
sq unit, , e, , 13. The area bounded by the straight
lines x = 0, x = 2, and the curves y = 2x , y = 2x − x 2 is,
4, 3, 1 , 4 , (a) −, + sq units, sq units (b) , 3
log 2 , log 2 3 , , 4, (c) , − 1 sq units, , log 2, ,
3, 4 , (d) , − sq units, log 2 3 , , 14. The area
enclosed within the curve|x| +| y| = 1, is, (a) 2 sq unit,
(b) 1 sq unit, (c) 3 sq unit, (d) 2 sq units, 15. The area
bounded by the curve x = f ( y ), the y-axis, and the two
lines y = a and y = b is equal to, (a), (c), , b, , ∫a, b, ∫a, , b, ,
∫a, , (NDA 2012 I), , y 2 dx, , y dx, , (b), , x dy, , (d) None of
these, , 16. The area between the curve y = sin x and
the x-axis, from x = 0 to x = 2π is equal to, (a) 2 sq
units, (b) 4 sq units, (c) 1/2 sq unit, (d) 1/4 sq unit

Page 562 :
435, , Area Bounded by Region, 17. What is the area
under the curve f ( x ) = xex above the, x-axis and
between the lines x = 0 and x = 1?, (NDA 2010 II), , 1,
(a) sq unit, 2, 3, (c) sq units, 2, , (b) 1 sq unit, (d) 2 sq
units, , 20. What is the value of K, if the area bounded
by the, curve y = sin Kx, y = 0, x = π/ K , x = π/( 3K ) is, 3
sq units?, (NDA 2009 II), 1, (a), (b) 1, 2, 3, (d) 2, (c), 2, ,
18. What is the value of k ( k > 0), if the area of the
triangle, bounded by the lines y = 0, x = k and y = kx is,
4 sq units?, 1, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 4, (d), 2, , 21. The area
bounded by the curve y = x3 , x-axis and two,
ordinates x = 1 to x = 2 is equal to, 15, 15, sq units, (b),
sq units, (a), 2, 4, 17, 17, (c), sq units, (d), sq units, 2, 4, ,
19. The area of the region bounded by the parabola, y
2 = 4ax and its latusrectum is, 8a 2, 4a 2, (a), sq units,
(b), sq units, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2a, a, sq unit, sq unit, (d), (c), 3, 3,
, 22. The area between the parabola y = x 2 and the
line, y = x is, 1, 1, (b) sq unit, (a) sq unit, 6, 3, 1, (c) sq
unit, (d) None of these, 2, , Level II, 1. Area enclosed
between the curve y 2( 2a − x ) = x3 and, line x = 2a
above x-axis is, 3πa 2, (b), (a) π a 2 sq units, sq units, 2,
2, 2, (d) 3πa sq units, (c) 2πa sq units, 2. If a curve y = a
x + bx passes through the point (1, 2), and the area
bounded by the curve, line x = 4 and, x-axis is 8 sq
units, then, (a) a = 3, b = − 1, (b) a = 3, b = 1, (c) a = − 3, b
= 1, (d) a = − 3, b = − 1, 3. The area of region {( x , y ) : x
2 + y 2 ≤ 1 ≤ x + y } is, π2, π2, sq units, (b), sq units, (a),
5, 2, π2, π 1 , sq units, (d) − sq units, (c), 4 2 , 4,
4. If the area bounded by parabola y = 2 − x 2, the line,
2x + y = 2 is A sq unit, then A equals, (a) 1/2 sq unit, (b)
1/3 sq unit, (c) 2/9 sq unit, (d) 2 / 3 sq unit, 5. The area
between the curves y = xex and y = xe− x , the, line x =
1 in sq unit, is, 1 , , (b) 0 sq unit, (a) 2 e + sq units,
, e , 2, (c) 2e sq units, (d) sq unit, e, 6. What is the area
bounded by the curve, x + y = a ( x , y ≥ 0), and the
coordinate axes?, , (NDA 2011 II), , 5a 2, 6, a2, (c), 2, ,
(a), , a2, 3, a2, (d), 6, (b), , 7. The area of the smaller
segment cut-off from the, circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 by x = 1
is, 1, (a) ( 9 sec−1 3 − 8 ) sq units, 2, (b) ( 9 sec−1( 3) − 8
) sq units, (c) ( 8 − 9 sec−1 3) sq units, (d) None of the
above, 8. The area bounded by y = − x 2 + 2x + 3 and y
= 0 is, (a) 32 sq units, (b) 32/3 sq units, (c) 1/32 sq unit,
(d) 1/3 sq unit, 9. The area of the region bounded by
the curve, y = x| x|, x- axis and the ordinates x = 1, x =
− 1, is, given by, 1, (a) 0 sq unit, (b) sq unit, 3, 2, (c) sq
unit, (d) 1 sq unit, 3, 10. If A is the area between the
curve y = sin x and x-axis, π , in the interval 0, ,
then in the same interval, area, 4 , between the
curve y = cos x and x-axis, is equal to, π, (a) A′, (b), −A,
2, (c) 1 − A, (d) 2A

Page 563 :
436, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 11. The area bounded
by the curves y = x 2 and y = 2| x|is, equal to, 4, 8, (a) sq
units, (b) sq units, 3, 3, 2, 1, (d) sq unit, (c) sq unit, 3, 3,
12. What is the area bounded by the curve y = 4x − x 2
− 3, and the x-axis?, (NDA 2009 II), 2, 4, (b) sq units, (a)
sq unit, 3, 3, 5, 4, (c) sq units, (d) sq unit, 3, 5, 13. The
area in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, 1, the
line y =, x and the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4,is given by, 3, (a),
(b), , 3, , ∫ 0 ( x + 4 − x ) dx, 2, 2, ∫ 0 ( x + 4 − x ) dx, 2, , x,
, + 4 − x 2 dx, , 3, , 3 x, 2, (d) ∫, dx + ∫, 4 − x 2 dx, 0,
3, 3, , (c), , 2, , ∫0, , 14. The area bounded by the
coordinate axes and the, curve x + y = 1 is equal to, 1,
(a) 1 sq unit, (b) sq unit, 2, 1, 1, (c) sq unit, (d) sq unit, 3,
6, 15. What is the area enclosed by the curve 2x 2 + y
2 = 1?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) 2π, π, (c), 2, , (b) π, π, (d), 2, ,
16. Which one of the following definite integrals,
represents the area included between the parabola, 4
y = 3x 2 and the straight line 2 y = 3x + 12 ?, 2, 4 3x, (a)
∫, dx, −2, 4, 4 3x + 12, 3 , (b) ∫ , − x 2 dx, 0 , 2, 4 ,
4 3x + 12, 3 2 , (c) ∫ , − x dx, −2 , 2, 4 , 2 3x +
12, 3 , (d) ∫, − x 2 dx, , −2 , 2, 4 , 17. What is the
area of the region bounded by y =| x − 1|, and y = 1 (in
sq unit)?, (a) 2, (b) 1, 1, 1, (c), (d), 2, 4, , 18. What is the
area under the curve y =|x| +|x − 1|, between x = 0 and
x = 1?, 1, (b) 1, (a), 2, 3, (d) 2, (c), 2, 19. f ( x ) = 1 −, , x2, ,
x ∈ [− 2, 2], find the area covered by, 4, , x-axis., 8, (a)
sq units, 3, 2, (c) sq unit, 3, , (NDA 2010 II), , 4, (b) sq
units, 3, 1, (d) sq unit, 3, , 20. The ratio of the areas
bounded by the curves y = cos x, π, and y = cos 2x
between x = 0, x = and x-axis is, 3, (a) 1 : 1, (b) 2 : 1, (c)
2 : 1, (d) 1 : 2, 21. The area in the first quadrant
between x 2 + y 2 = π 2, and y = sin x is, π3, π3 − 16, sq
unit, sq unit, (b), (a), 4, 4, π3 − 8, (π3 − 8), (c), sq unit,
(d), sq unit, 2, 4, , Directions (Q. Nos. 22-23), , Each of
these, questions contain two statements, one is
Assertion (A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these
questions also has, four alternative choices, only one
of which is the correct, answer.You have to select one
of the codes (a),(b),(c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a)
Both A and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not the, correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., 22.
Assertion (A) The area of the region bounded by the,
parabola y = x 2 + 1 and the straight line x + y = 3 is, 9,
given by ., 2, Reason (R) When we rotate the above
figure the, area of the bounded region is change., 23.
Assertion (A) The area between the curve y = 1 −|x|, 1,
and the positive x-axis is ., 2, Reason (R) The area
between the curve and the, x-axis is half of the area
between the curve and, positive x-axis.

Page 564 :
437, , Area Bounded by Region, , Directions (Q. Nos
24-26), , Let us consider the, parabola y = 2x whose
area is bounded by the lines y = 4, and x = 8., 2, , 24.
Find the area A1 between the line y = 4, curve y = 2x,
and y-axis., (a) 32, (b) 32/3, (c) 35/3, (d) 16/3, 2, , 25.
Find the area A2 between the line x = 8, curve y 2 =
2x, and below x-axis., , 62, 3, 64, (c), 3, (a), , (b), , 61, 3, ,
(d) None of these, , 26. The ratio between A2 and A1
is, (a) 2 : 1, (b) 1 : 2, (c) 1: 1, (d) None of the above, ,
Answers, Level I, 1. (d), 11. (b), 21. (b), , 2. (a), 12. (c),
22. (a), , 3. (c), 13. (d), , 4. (c), 14. (d), , 5. (c), 15. (c), , 6.
(a), 16. (b), , 7. (a), 17. (b), , 8. (d), 18. (b), , 9. (b), 19. (a), ,
10. (d), 20. (a), , 2. (a), 12. (b), 22. (c), , 3. (d), 13. (d), 23.
(a), , 4. (d), 14. (d), 24. (b), , 5. (d), 15. (d), 25. (c), , 6. (d),
16. (c), 26. (a), , 7. (b), 17. (b), , 8. (b), 18. (b), , 9. (c), 19.
(a), , 10. (c), 20. (c), , Level II, 1. (b), 11. (b), 21. (d), , Hints
& Solutions, Level I, ∫ 1 f (x) dx =, , ∴, , f (x) =, , π, π, , , =
sin + cos − cos 0 , , , 4, 4, , b, , b 2 + 1 − 2 = x2 + 1
, , 1, , b, , 1. Q, , d, dx, , x2 + 1 =, , 2x, 2 x +1, 2, , =, ,
x, , 1, 2, 1, − 1 = ( 2 − 1) sq unit, = , +, − 1 =, 2, 2, ,
2, , x +1, 2, , 3. We have, y = log x, x = 1, x = 2, , 2. The
given equation of curves are, y = sin x, and, y = cos x,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, π, sin x = cos x x =, 4, , …
(i), …(ii), , ∴, , , Required area = ∫, , 2, , 1, , y dx, , 2, , A =
∫ log x dx = [x log x − x] 12, 1, , = 2 log 2 − 2 − log 1 + 1,
= 2 log 2 − 1 = 2 log 2 − log e, = log 4 − log e, , y, , y, , y =
cos x, , x=1, , x, , y = log e, , y = sin x, , O, , x, , π, 4, , ∴
Required area = ∫, , π /4, 0, , (cos x − sin x) dx, , = [sin x +
cos x]π0/ 4, , x′, , O, , y′, , 1, , 2, , x, , x=2, , m , 4 , , =
log sq units Q log m − log n = log , e , , n

Page 565 :
438, , NDA/NA Mathematics, y, , 4. Solving y = x or y2
= x, ( y ≥ 0) and, y = x3, We get points of intersection
(0, 0), and (1, 1), ∴ Required area = ∫, , 1, 0, , ( x − x3 ) dx,
, 4, , , 3x2 x3 , = 4x +, − , 2, 3 −1, , 64, 3 1 , , =
16 + 24 −, +4− − , 3, 2 3 , , 65 3, = 44 −, −, 3 2, 264
− 130 − 9 125, sq units, =, =, 6, 6, , 2, , y =x, 3, , y, , A(1,
1), , =x, , x, , O, , 1, , x3/ 2 x4 , = , − , 3 /2 4 0, 5,
sq unit, =, 12, 5. Given curve, y = cos 3x, 0 ≤ x ≤, ∴, ,
Required area = ∫, =∫, , π /6, x=0, , 0, 2, 8. Required area
= ∫ x dx + ∫ x dx , , 0, −1, x2 0 x2
2 ,= , , 2 , + , 2 , −1 0 , , π,
6, y dx, π/ 6, , 0, , y, , sin 3x , cos 3x dx = , 3 0, ,
π/ 6, , y=x, , y, y = cos 3x, O, , x′, , π/6, , π/2, , x=–1, , x, ,
O, , x=2, , x, , y′, , 1, =, 3, 1, =, 3, , π, , , sin − sin 0 , ,
, 2, 1, × 1 = sq unit, 3, , 6. Area bounded by the curve y
= f (x), x-axis and the, b, ordinates x = 1 and x = b is ∫ f
(x) dx, 1, , ∴, , b, , ∫ 1 f (x) dx = (b − 1) sin (3b + 4), , On
differentiating wrt b, we get, f (b) ⋅ 1 = 3 (b − 1) cos (3b
+ 4) + sin (3b + 4), Hence,, f (x) = 3(x − 1) cos (3x + 4) +
sin (3x + 4), 7. Equation of curve are y = 0, and, y = 4 +
3 x − x2, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x = − 1, 4, y,
, + |2| = 2 + 1, − 1 , = , 2, 2 , 5, = sq units, 2, 9.
The given equation of line can be rewritten as, x y, −
=1, 5 3, 3x − 15, and, y=, 5, y, , …(i), …(ii), , x=1 x=3, , x,
O, , x′, , (1, 0) (3, 0), B, C, D, (5, 0), , x, , (0, –3) A, , y =
4+3x–x2, , y′, 3, , ∴Required area = ∫ y dx, , –1, , 4, , O, ,
x, , =∫, , 1, , ∴ Required area = ∫, , 4, , −1, , (4 + 3x − x2)
dx, , 1, 3x − 15 , dx =, , 5 , 5, 3, , 3, , ∫1, , (3x − 15)
dx, , , 1 3 x2, 1 27, 3, , − 45 − + 15 , − 15x = , ,
5 2, 5, 2, 2, , , 1, 1 24, 1, = , − 30 = [12 − 30],
5 2, 5, 18, 18, sq units, =−, =, 5, 5, (neglecting
negative sign), , =, ∴ Curve does not intersect x-axis
between x = − 1, and x = 4, , 1, 3

Page 566 :
439, , Area Bounded by Region, 10. Required area = ∫, ,
π /4, 0, , 4, 8, 1, −4 + −, log 2, 3 log 2, 3, 4 , = , − sq
units, log 2 3 , =, , tan x dx, , π , = [log sec x]π0 / 4 =
log sec − log sec 0, 4 , = log 2 − log 1 = log 2 sq
unit, y, , (–π /2, 0), , x, , x = π/4, , (π /2, 0), , 14. The given
lines are ± x ± y = 1 i.e., x + y = 1, x − y = 1,, x + y = − 1, x
− y = − 1., These lines form a quadrilateral where
vertices are, A (−1, 0), B(0, − 1), C (1, 0) and D(1, 0)
obviously ABCD is, a square., Length of each sides of
this square is 12 + 12 = 2, Hence, area of square = 2 ×
2 = 2 sq units, , 11. Area bounded by the curves y = 2,
given by, , kx, , y, , and x = 0 and x = 2 is, , 2, , =, y, –x, , x′,
, 1, , 22k − 1 , 2kx , = , , = , k log 2 0 k log
2 , 3, A=, log 2, 22k − 1, 3, =, 22k − 1 = 3k, k log 2
log 2, , =, , +, , y, , 2, , x, , 1, , x, , =, , –, , y, , y, , –, , =, , 1, , –x, ,
∴, , +, , 0, , But, , x, , 1, , A = ∫ 2kx dx, , y′, , This, relation is
satisfied by only option (b)., 12. The equation of
curves are y = ex and y = e− x ., 1, ∴, ex = x, e, , e2x =
e0 x = 0, , 15. ∴ Required area = ∫, , y =b, y=a, , x dy, ,
y, y=b, x = f (y), , 1, , ∴ Required area = ∫ (ex − e−x ) dx, ,
y=a, , 0, , = [ex + e− x ]10 = e + e−1 − e0 − e0, y, , x′, , B,
A, , D (1,1), C, x, , O, , x, , O, y′, , 16. The required area is
given by, y, , 1, , , = e + − 2 sq unit, , , e, 13.
Required area = ∫, , 2, 0, , y = sin x, , [2 − (2x − x )] dx, ,
2π, , π, , O, , 2, , x, , x, , 2, , 2x, x3 , = , − x2 +, , 3 0,
log 2, , A=∫, , y, , sin x dx +, , 2π, , ∫π, , − sin x dx, , = [− cos
x] π0 + [cos x] 2ππ, =, , 2, , x, , = [1 + 1] + [1 + 1], , y, , =2
+ 2, , , x′, , π, 0, , x, , O, , 1, , 17. Required area = ∫ xex
dx = [xex − ∫ ex dx]10, 0, , y = 2 x – x2, x=2, y′, , A = 4 sq
units, , = [xex − ex ]10 = (e − e) − (0 − 1), = 1 sq unit

Page 567 :
440, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 18. The given lines are
y = 0 and x = k and y = kx., , 2, , 21. Required area = ∫ x
3 dx, 1, , y, y = kx, , x′, , y, , x, , x=k, , O, , x′, , y = x3, , x, , O,
, y′, , ∴ Required area = ∫, , k, , y′, , y dx, , 0, , 4=∫, , , ,
k2 , 4 = k k3 = 23 k = 2, 2 , , 0, , 22.
Equation of parabola is,, y = x2, Equation of the
straight line is, y=x, , 19. We have equation of
parabola y2 = 4ax, y, L, s (a, 0), , x′ O, (0, 0), , = 2∫, , a, 0, ,
a, 0, , P (1,1), , y dx, , O (0,0) (1,0), , 2 a, , , , , A=∫, , π
/K, π /3 K, , sin Kx dx, π /K, , cos Kx , 3=− , K π
/3K, 3=−, , , , 3=−, , , , 3=, , 1, K, , 1, K, , 3, 2K, , π , ,
cos π − cos 3 , 1 , , − 1 − 2 , K =, , 1, 2, ,
(given), , x, , y=x, , a, , , 2, x dx = 4 a x 3/ 2 , 0, 3, ,
8 a 3/ 2 8 2, =, [a ] = a sq units, 3, 3, 20. Area,, , ...(ii), , y, ,
y = x2, , x, , ...(i), , L′, , y′, , ∴ Required area = 2 ∫, , x=2, ,
x4 , 1, = = (16 − 1), 4, 1 4, 15, =, sq units, 4, , k, ,
x2 , kx dx 4 = k , 2 0, , k, , , , x=1, 2, , From
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x2 − x = 0 x (x − 1) = 0, ∴, x =
0 or x = 1, y = 0 or y = 1, Hence, the coordinates of
their points of intersection are, O (0,0) and P (1,1).,
∴Required area between parabola and straight line is,
1, , 1, , 0, , 0, 1, , = ∫ x dx − ∫ x2 dx, x2 x3 , = − , 2 3
0, 11 , ,= − −0 , 2 3 , , 1, = sq unit, 6

Page 568 :
441, , Area Bounded by Region, , Level II, 1. Given,
equation of curve is y2(2a − x) = x3 ., Which is
symmetrical about x-axis and passes through, origin., ,
y, (0, 1) B, , y, , x 2 + y 2= 1, A(1, 0), , x = 2a, , x, , x, +, y, =,
1, , x, , O, , y, , 4., , (0, 2), , y=, , 2–, , x, , 2, , x3, < 0 for x >
2a or x < 0, 2a − x, , Also,, , So, curve does not lie in x >
2a and x < 0, therefore curve, lies wholly on 0 ≤ x ≤ 2a.,
2a, x 3/ 2, ∴ Required area = ∫, dx, 0, 2a − x, , ( 2, 0), x, ,
x′, , 2x, , +y, , x = 2a sin θ dx = 2a ⋅ 2 sin θ cos θ dθ, 2,
, Put, , ∴ Required area = ∫, , π /2, , 0, , 2. Given,
equation of curve is y = a x + bx. This curve, passes
through (1, 2)., …(i), ∴, 2=a+ b, and area bounded by
the curve and line x = 4 and, 4, x-axis is 8 sq units, then
∫ (a x + bx) dx = 8, 0, , 2a 3/ 2 4 b 2 4, [x ]0 + [x ]0 = 8, 3,
2, , 2a, ⋅ 8 + 8b = 8 2a + 3b = 3, 3, On solving Eqs. (i)
and (ii), we get, a = 3 and b = − 1, , , …(i), …(ii), , x2 + (1
− x)2 = 1, , =∫, , 2x − 2x = 0 2x (x − 1) = 0, 2, , , x =
0, x = 1 y = 1, y = 0, ∴ Point of intersection of circle
and line are, A (1, 0) , B(0, 1), 1, , ∴ Required area = ∫ [ 1
− x2 − (1 − x)] dx, 0, , 1, , x 1 − x2 1, x2 , = , + sin −1 x
− x + , 2, 2, 2 , , 0, 1 π, 1 π 1 , ⋅ − 1 + = − sq
units, 2 2, 2 4 2 , , 2, , [(2 − x2) − (2 − 2 x)] dx, , 0, 2, 0, ,
(− x2 + 2x) dx, 2, , x3, 2 2 2 2 , 2x2 , +, = −, +, =
−, , 2 0 3, 2 , 3, 2 2, 2, sq unit, =, =, 6, 3, 1, , 5.
Required area = ∫ (xex − xe− x ) dx, 0, , = [xex − ex + xe−
x + e− x ] 10, 1 1 2, = e − e + + = sq units, e e e, 6. The
given equation of curve,, x+ y= a, (x, y ≥ 0), y= a − x, ,
, ( y )2 = ( a − x )2, y = ( a − x )2, , At x = 0,, y = a
y=a, At y = 0,, x = a x=a, So, curve cuts the axes at (a
, 0) and (0, a ), respectively., ∴, , x + 1 + x2 − 2 x = 1, 2, ,
=, , ∴ Required area = ∫, , …(ii), , 3. Given equations of
circle and line are, x2 + y2 = 1, and, x+ y=1, From Eqs.
(i) and (ii), we get, , , 2, , y′, , 8 a 2 sin 4 θ dθ, , 3 1 π ,
= 8 a 2 ⋅ ⋅ (using gamma function), 4 2 2 , 2, 3πa,
sq units, =, 2, , , , =, , Required area = ∫, , x=a, , x=0, a, ,
y dx, , = ∫ ( a − x )2 dx, 0, a, , = ∫ (a + x − 2 a x ) dx, 0, , , x2
4, = ax +, −, 2 3, , , a, , , ax3/ 2 , 0, , a2 4, −, a ⋅ a3 /
2, 2 3, 3a 2 4 2 (9 − 8) 2 a 2, =, − a =, a =, 2, 3, 6, 6, = a2
+

Page 569 :
442, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 7. The equation of
circle is x2 + y2 = 9, ∴Area of the smaller segment cut
off from the circle, y, , 9. Given that, y = x| x|, x2 : x ≥
0 , or, y= 2, , −x : x < 0 , y, , A (1, 2√2), , x, (3, 2), , x′,
, (–1,0), , (1,0), O, , B (1, –2√2), x=1, , y′, , y′, , A =2∫, = 2⋅,
, 1, , 1, 2, , 0, (− x2) dx +, = ∫, −1, , , 9 − x dx, 2, , 3, ,
, −1 x , 2, x 9 − x + 9 sin 3 , 1, , =, , π, , 1 ,
= 9 − sin −1 − 8 , , , 3 , 2, , , , 1 , =
9 cos −1 − 8 , 3 , , , , 1, , ∫0, , y dx, 0, , 1, , x 3
, −x 3 , (x ) dx = , + , , 3 0, 3 −1, 2, , 1 1 2,
+ = sq unit, 3 3 3, , A=∫, , π /4, , 0, , …(i), …(ii), , sin x dx, 1,
2, , =1 −, , = [9 sec−1 (3) − 8 ] sq units, 8. Given that, y =
− x2 + 2x + 3, and, y=0, At, y = 0, − x2 + 2x + 3 = 0, ,
x2 − 2 x − 3 = 0, , (x + 1) (x − 3) = 0, , x = − 1, 3, At x
= − 1, y = 0, ∴, and, at x = 3 , y = 0, , 1, , 10. Given that,
the area between the curve y = sin x and, π , x-axis
in the interval 0, is A, then in the same, 4 ,
interval, area between the curve, y = cos x and x-axis
is, , 9π, 1 , = , − 8 − 9 sin −1 , 3 , 2, , y, , 0,
, ∫ −1 y dx + ∫ 0, , ∴ Area of the curve =, , x2 + y2 = 9 by x
= 1, is given by, 3, , x, , π/ 4, , 1, 2, If the area along y =
sin x = A, then area along, y = cos x = 1 − A, A1 = ∫, ,
and, , 0, , cos x dx =, , y1 = 2|x|, 2x, x > 0, y1 = , − 2x,
x < 0, y2 = x2, , 11. We have,, or, and, , y, , …(ii), , y, , A, ,
y, , =, , y = – x2 + 2x + 3, , …(i), , 2x, , ), ,0, (0, , O, , y =x2, ,
x′, , y = x |x |, , =, –2, , (2,4), , x, , x′, , x′, , –1, , O, , O, , x, , x,
, 3, , y′, , y′, , ∴ Required area = ∫, , B, x=1, , 3, −1, , (−x2 +
2x + 3) dx, 3, , , − x3, = , + x2 + 3x , 3, −1, , , ,
1, = − 9 + 9 + 9 − + 1 − 3 , , 3, , , 5 , = 9
− − , 3 , , 32, sq units, =, 3, , On solving Eqs. (i)
and (ii), the point of intersection of, Eqs. (i) and (ii) is (2,
4). The required area is given by the, shaded portion.,
∴ Required area = 2 × area (OBA ), = 2∫, , 2, , 0, , = 2∫, , 2,
0, , ( y1 − y2) dx, 2, , , x3 , (2x − x2) dx = 2 x2 − , 3
0, , , 8 , 4 8, , = 2 4 − = 2 × = sq units, 3 , 3 3,

Page 570 :
443, , Area Bounded by Region, 12. Given, y = 4x − x2
− 3, , − (x2 − 4x) = y + 3, 2, , − (x − 4x + 4) = y + 3 −
4, , (x − 2)2 = − ( y − 1), This is a equation of
parabola., , Now, when y = 0, then x = 1 and when x =
0, then y = 1, ∴Required area = ∫, =∫, =∫, , y, , 1, , 0, 1, 0, 1,
0, , y dx, (1 − x )2 dx, (1 + x − 2 x ) dx, 1, , , 2x3/ 2 , x2,
= x +, −2⋅, , 2, 3 0, , 1 4 , , , = 1 + − − (0) , ,
, 2, 3, , , 9 −8 1, =, = sq unit, 6, 6, , y = 4x – x2 – 3, O, ,
x′, , x, (3,0), , (1,0), , y′, 3, , ∴ Required area = ∫ y dx, 1, ,
3, , 3, , , x3, − 3x , = ∫ (4x − x2 − 3) dx = 2x2 −, 1, 3, ,
1, , 1, 4, , = 18 − 9 − 9 − 2 − − 3 = sq units, 3, ,
3, x, 3, x2 + y2 = 4, y2 = 4 − x2, , 13. We have, y =, and,
, , 15. Given curve is 2x2 + y2 = 1, This curve can be
written as, x2, y2, +, = 1, which is an ellipse., 1 /2, 1, 1,
1, where a 2 = , a =, and b2 = 1, b = 1, 2, 2, y, B (0, 1), , …
(i), x′, , …(ii), , O (0, 0), , A, x, (1/√2, 0), , y, , y′, , ∴ Area of
an ellipse = 4 × Area of circle ABO, , ( 3, 1), x´, O, , ( 3,
0), , (2, 0), , =4 ∫, , x, , =4 ∫, Let, , y´, , From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we get, x2, = 4 − x2 x2 = 12 − 3x2, 3, , x2 = 3 x =
± 3, From Eq. (i), y = 1, Radius of circle = 2, 3, 2, x, (4 −
x2) dx, dx + ∫, ∴ Required area, A = ∫, 0, 3, 3, 14. Here,
we have, x + y =1, y, √x + √y = 1, x′, , O, , y′, , x, , 1/ 2, 0,
1/ 2, , 0, , y dx = 4 ∫, , 1/ 2, 0, , 1 − 2x2 dx, , 1 − ( 2x)2dx, ,
t = 2x, dt = 2dx, 4 1, =, 1 − t 2 dt , , 2 ∫0, =, , 4 t,
1, 1 − t 2 + sin −1, , 2, 2 2, , 1, , , t , 0, , 4 1, 1, , ⋅ 0
+ ⋅ sin −1 (1) − 0 − 0 , 2, 2 2, , π, 4 1 π, =, ⋅ ⋅ =, 2, 2 2
2, Alternate Method, We know that the area of an
ellipse = πab, π, 1 , = π (1) =, 2 , 2, =, , 16.
Given, parabola is 4 y = 3x2, and the straight line 2 y =
3x + 12, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 3x2, = 3x + 12, 2,
, 3x2 − 6x − 24 = 0, , …(i), …(ii)

Page 571 :
444, , NDA/NA Mathematics, y, , (–2, 3), , y, (0,1), , B(4,
12), , C, A (–4, 0)O (0, 0), , , , x2 − 2 x − 8 = 0, , , , x2
− 4 x + 2 x − 8 = 0, , , , x (x − 4) + 2 (x − 4) = 0, , , , (x −
4) (x + 2) = 0, , , , (–2,0), , x, , x′, , , x2 , [Q f (x) = 1 −
is an even function f (− x) = f (x)], 4 , , 2 8, , = 2
2 − = sq units, , 3 3, , From Eq. (i), we get, x =4, y=,
, 20. Given curves are y = cos x, y = cos 2x, x = 0, x =, ,
3, ⋅ (4)2 = 12, 4, , 3, ⋅ (−2)2 = 3, 4, Then, the points of
intersection are (4, 12) and (–2, 3)., The required area,
4 3 x + 12 3 2 , =∫, − x dx, , −2 , 2, 4 , x = − 2, y =, ,
and at, , 2, , 2, , (x − 1) dx − ∫, , 1, , 1, , 0, , = sin, A2 = ∫, , =, ,
1, , 2, , , x2, , x2, + x , = 2 − − x − −, 2, 2, 0,
1 , , 1, , 1, , = 2 − 2 − 2 − + 1 − − + 1 , ,
2, , 2, D (0,1) y = x – 1 C (2,1), , π, 3, −0 =, 3, 2, π, , π, 3,
0, , sin 2x 3, cos 2x dx = , 2 0, , 1 , 2π, 1, sin,
− 0 = cos 30°, , 2 , 3, 2, 3, 4, , 3, A1, 2, 2, =, =, A2, 3
1, 4, , ∴, , y, y = –x + 1, , =, , (− x + 1) dx, , 0, , π, , π, , =
Area (OBCD) – Area (∆ABC ) – Area (∆OAD ), 0, , π, 3, ,
A1 = ∫ 3 cos x dx = [sin x]03, , Let, , 17. Required area =
Area of (∆ACD ), = ∫ 1 dx − ∫, , x, , (2,0), , y′, , x = 4, − 2, ,
At, , O, , 21. Given equation of circle is x2 + y2 = π 2
and curve is, y = sin x, y, , x′, (0,0) O, , B (2,0), , A, (1,0), ,
x, , π, , x′, , O, , y′, , =2−, , x, , 1 1, + − 1 = 2 − 1 = 1 sq unit,
2 2, , 18. Required area = ∫, , 1, 0, , x dx − ∫, , 1, 0, , (x − 1)
dx, π, , 1, , 1, , ∴ Required area = ∫ ( y1 − y2) dx, , , x2,
x2 , = − − x , 0, 2 0 2, =, , 0, , π, , 1 1, , −
− 1 = 1 sq unit, , 2 2, , 19. Required area = ∫, , 2,
−2, , , x2 , 1 − dx, 4 , , 3 2, , y′, , , , x, 2 , = 2 x
−, , = 2 2 −, 12 0, 12 , , , 3, , = ∫ ( π 2 − x2 − sin
x)dx, 0, , π, , , x, π2, x, π 2 − x2 +, sin −1 + cos x , = ,
2, 2, π, 0, , , , π2 π , = 0 +, − 1 − (0 + 0 + 1) ,
, , 2, 2, , , =, , π3, π3 − 8, sq unit, −2 =, 4, 4

Page 572 :
445, , Area Bounded by Region, y, , 22. (A) The
intersection point of, y = x + 1 and x + y = 3, 2, , B (0,1),
, y = x 2 +1, , y, (–2,5) C, , x′, A (1,2), B (0,1), x+y=3, x, O,
, x′, , y′, , (A) Area of bounded region = Area of curve
OAB, 1, , 1, , 0, , 0, , = ∫ y dx = ∫ (1 − x) dx, 1, , y′, , , 1 1,
x2 , , = x − = 1 − =, 2, 2 2, , 0, , , 3−x=x +1,
2, , is, , A (1,0), (–1,0), x, O (0,0), C, y=1+x, y=1–x, , , , x
+ x−2 =0, , , , (x + 2)(x − 1) = 0, , 2, , (R) It is clear from
the above figure that curve is, symmetrical about y-
axis., , , , x = − 2, 1, , ∴ It is true that total area of
curve ABC is, , , , y = 5, 2, , area of curve OAB., , ∴
Area of bounded region, = Area of shaded region ABC,
=∫, =∫, =∫, , 1, −2, 1, −2, 1, −2, , ( y2 − y1 ) dx, , Solutions
(Q. Nos. 24-26), The intersection point of given curve
y2 = 2x and lines, x = 8 and y = 4 is A(8, 4)., y, , [(3 − x) −
(x2 + 1)] dx, , A (8, 4), (0, 4) B A1, , (2 − x − x2) dx, 3 1, ,
, x2 x, = 2x − − , 2 3 − 2, , 8 , 1 1 , = 2 − − −
−4 − 2 + , 3 , 2 3 , 8 , 3 1, = − +6− , 3 , 2 3,
=, , 1, of the, 2, , 9 − 2 + 36 − 16 27 9, =, =, 6, 6 2, , (R)
When we rotate the figure the area of the bounded,
region is not change., Hence, A is true but R is false., ,
x′, , O, , C (8, 0), x, A2, D, , y′, , 24. Required area, A1 =
Area of curve OAB, 4, 4, 4 y2, y3 , = ∫ x dy = ∫, dy =
, 0, 0 2, 6 0, 64 32, sq units, =, =, 6, 3, 25. Required
area, A2 = Area of curve OCD, 8, , 8, , 0, , 0, , = ∫ y dx = ∫,
, 1 9, , 23. Given curves is, y = 1 − |x|, 1 + x, x < 0, = ,
1 − x, x > 0, , +, 2 2 3/ 2 2, 26 64, [8 ] = × 2 2 2 =, =, 3, 3,
3, 3, A2 64 / 3 2, 26. ∴ Required ratio =, =, =, A1 32 / 3
1, , =, , 8, , x3/ 2 , 2 x dx = 2 , , 3 / 2 0

Page 573 :
23, , Differential Equations, An equation involving the
independent variable and, dependent variable and
also the derivatives of the, dependent variable with
respect to independent variable is, known as a
differential equation., d2y, dy, e.g., x, + xy, + 4 = 0 is a
differential equation., dx, dx 2, , Order of a
Differential Equation, The order of a differential
equation is the order of the, highest derivative
(differential coefficient) involved in its, expression., d3
y, dy, d2y, e.g., differential equation, +x, + xy, + 4= 0, 3,
dx, dx, dx 2, is of order 3. The differential equation, of
order 2., , Degree of Differential, Equation, The
highest exponent of the highest derivative is, called
degree of a differential equation provided exponent,
of each derivative and the unknown variable
appearing in, the differential equation is a non-
negative integer., d2y, dy, e.g., (i), +, +x=0, 2, dx, dx, ,
dy d 2 y, = 2 + x , dx dx, , , , 2, , d 2 y , d2y,
dy , 2 − + 2x, + x2 = 0, 2, , , dx, dx, dx, ,
, , , , Here, degree is 2., (ii), , 2, , d3 y, 3, dx, , ,
, , , 2/ 3, , +x+ y=0, , d3 y , 3 = ( − x − y )3,
dx , , So, degree is 2., , Example 1., , The order and
degree of the differential, 3/ 2, dy 2 , d 2y ,
equation 1 + = k 2 are respectively, dx ,
dx , (a) 2, 2, (b) 2, 3, (c) 3, 4, (d) 1, 5, , Solution
(a) The given equation is, dy 2 , 1 + , dx
, , , 3, , dy , + = 0 is, 2, dx , dx, , d2y, , 2, , ,
, 3/ 2, , d 2y , = k 2 , dx , , 3, , 2, , 2, dy 2 ,
2 dy , 1+ = k 2 , dx , dx , , This
shows that the degree and order of the given
differential, equation are 2 and 2., , , , Formation of a
Differential, Equation, The differential equation of a
family of curves of one, parameter is a differential
equation of the first order. The, differential equation
of a family of curves of two, parameters is a
differential equation of the order two and, the
differential equation of a family of curves of n,
parameters is a differential equation of n order., If the
family of curves have one parameter, then we,
differentiate it once and eliminate parameter using,
equation of family of curves and equation, we get
after, differentiation. e.g., x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ( a is a
parameter),, represents family of concentric circles., …
(i), x2 + y2 = a2, Differentiate Eq. (i), we get, dy, =0, 2x
+ 2 y ⋅, dx, , …(ii)

Page 574 :
447, , Differential Equations, x dx + y dy = 0 is a
differential equation., Family of curves of two
parameters will be, differentiated twice to get a
relation independent of any, parameter., Similarly, for
family of curves of n parameters will be,
differentiated n times and then eliminate all the,
parameters., e. g. ,, y = a sin µx + b cos µx, (where a and
b are parameters), dy, , = aµ cos µx − bµ sin µx, dx,
d2y, = − aµ 2 sin µx − bµ 2 cos µx, , dx 2, d2y, , = − µ
2 ( a sin µx + b cos µx ), dx 2, d2y, + µ 2 y = 0 is a
differential equation, , dx 2, , Example 2. The
differential equation corresponding to, y 2 = m ( a 2 −
x 2) is, d 2y dy 2 , dy, dy, (b) 2x, (a) x y 2 + =
y, =y, dx , dx, dx, dx, , dy, (d) None of these, (c)
x 2, =1, dx, Solution (a) Given differential equation is, y
2 = m ( a2 − x2), On differentiating wrt x, we get, dy,
2y, = m ( −2x), , dx, dy, y, = − mx, , dx, Again,
differentiating wrt x, we get, 2, d 2y dy , y 2 + =
−m, , dx , dx, , …(i), …(ii), , …(iii), , From Eqs. (ii) and
(iii), we get, d 2y dy 2 , dy, x y 2 + = y, , ,
dx , dx, dx, %, , Here, parameters are also called
arbitrary constants., , Solution of a Differential
Equation, Any relation connecting the variables of an
equation, and not involving the differential
coefficients such that, this relation and the
derivatives obtained from it satisfy, the given
differential equation, is called a solution of the,
differential equation., , General Solution, The solution
which contains a number of arbitrary, independent
constants equal to the order of the differential, ,
equation is called the general solution or the
complete, primitive of the equation., , Particular
Solution, The solution obtained from the general
solution by, assigning particular values to one or more
of the arbitrary, constants are called particular
solutions., , Different Forms of First Order and, First
Degree Differential Equations, Variable Separable
Differential Equations, f ( x ) dx = g( y ) dy, Method
Integrate it on both sides, we get, ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ g( y ) dy
+ C, , Example 3. The solution of, (a) x = e y + C, (c) y = e
x + C, , dy, = e x + y is, dx, (b) − e − y = e x + C, (d) None
of these, , dy, = ex + y, dx, dy, , = ex ⋅ ey, dx,
Separating the variables, we get, , e− ydy = ex dx, ,
Solution (b) Q, , On integrating both sides, we get, , −
e− y = ex + C, , Reducible to Variable Separable
Differential, Equation, Some times differential
equation does not take directly, form of the type f ( x )
dx = g ( y )dy but after some, substitution, we get this
form., dy, e.g.,, =x+ y, dx, dy dt, Put, x+ y= t 1+, =, dx
dx, dy dt, =, −1, , dx dx, dt, dt, So,, −1= t , = dx, dx,
t+1, Now, this reduces to variable separable
differential, equation., , Example 4. The solution of, (a)
sin( x + y) = C, ( x + y), (c) tan, = x+C, 2, , Solution (c)
Given,, Let x + y = t, , dy, = cos( x + y) is, dx, (b) cos( x 2
+ y 2) = 2C, (d) None of these, , dy, = cos ( x + y), dx

Page 577 :
450, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , P=, ∴, , IF = e∫, , y −
constant, , P dx, 2x, , =e, , dy = C, , ∫ 1 + x2, , dx, , y ⋅ (1 +
x2) = ∫, , provided, , 2, , = elog(1 + x ) = 1 + x2, , ∴ The
general solution is, y ⋅ (IF) = ∫ Q ⋅ (IF) dx + C, , , The
solution of Mdx + Ndy = 0 is, Mdx + ∫, (Terms of N not
tonating x), ∫, , 2x, 1, and Q =, 2, 1+ x, 1 + x2, , 1, ⋅ (1 +
x2) dx + C, (1 + x2), , , , y (1 + x2) = ∫ 1dx + C, , , , y (1
+ x2) = x + C, , Since, y = 0 wh en x = 0, ∴, C =0, Thus,
the required solution is y (1 + x2) = x, , Equation
Reducible to the Exact Form, Sometimes a differential
equation of the form, Mdx + Ndy = 0 which is not
exact can be reduced to an, exact form by multiplying
by a suitable function f ( x , y ), which is not identically
zero. This function f ( x , y ) which, then multiplied to a
non-exact differential equation makes, it exact is
known as integrating factor., One can find integrating
factors by inspection but for, that some experience
and practice is required., , Example 9. The solution of, ,
( x 2 − ay) dx + (y 2 − ax) dy = 0 is, (a) x − 3axy + y3 = a,
(b) x3 + y3 = a, 2, 2, (c) x + y = 2 a, (d) None of these, ,
Exact Differential Equation, A, differential, equation,
of, the, form, M ( x , y )dx + N ( x , y )dy = 0is said to be
exact (or total), if its, left hand expression is the exact
differential of some, function u( x , y )., i.e.,, du = Mdx +
Ndy, Hence, its solution is u( x , y ) = C (where, C is an,
arbitrary constant). But then, there is a question that
how, do we confirm whether the above mentioned
equation is, exact. The answer to this question is the
following, theorem:, Theorem The necessary and
sufficient condition for, the differential equation of
Mdx + Ndy = 0 to be exact is, ∂M ∂N, ., =, ∂y, ∂x, , ∂M
∂N, =, ∂x, ∂y, , 3, , Solution (a) Here, we have M = x2 −
ay and N = y 2 − ax, ∴, , ∂M, ∂N, =−a=, ∂y, ∂x, , Thus, the
equation is exact., ∴ The solution is, 2, ∫ y −constant ( x
− ay) dx +, , , , ∫ y dy = C, , x3, y3, − axy +, =C, 3, 3,
x3 − 3axy + y3 = a, where a = 3 C, , Comprehensive
Approach, n, n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , d ( x + y) = dx + dy, d ( xy)
= y dx + xdy, x y dx − xdy, d =, y , y2, xdy − y dx,
y, d =, x , x2, y dx + xdy, d [log( xy)] =, xy, xdy −
y dx dy dx, y, d log =, = −, , x , xy, y, x, ,
n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , 1, x + y xdy − y dx, d log, = 2, 2,
x−y , , x − y2, xdy − y dx, y, d tan−1 = 2, ,
x , x + y2, xdx + y dy, d ( x2 + y 2 ) =, x2 + y 2, d ( x2
+ y 2) = dx2 + dy 2 = 2 xdx + 2y dy, 1 dx dy, 1 1 , 1 ,
d − =d −d = 2 − 2, x x y, y x , y , , 2

Page 578 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. The, , degree, , of, , differential, ,
equation, , (a) 1, , (b) 3, , y=x, (c) 2, , (d) 5, , 2. The
solution of the equation ( 2 y − 1) dx − ( 2x + 3), dy = 0
is, 2x − 1, 2y + 1, (b), (a), =C, =C, 2y + 3, 2x − 3, 2x + 3,
2x − 1, (c), (d), =C, =C, 2y − 1, 2y − 1, 3. The solution of,
(a) y = Ce∫ Pdx, (c) y = Ce− ∫ P dx, , dy, + P ( x ) y = 0 is,
dx, (b) x = Ce− ∫ Pdy, (d) x = Ce∫ P dy, , dy, 4. The
solution of, + y = e− x , y ( 0) = 0 is, dx, (b) y = xex, (a) y =
e− x ( x − 1), −x, (d) y = xe− x, (c) y = xe + 1, , (c) 4, ,
(NDA 2010 II), , (c) 8, , 7. What is the solution of the
differential equation, dy, = ex − y ( e y − x − e y )?, (NDA
2009 I), dx, (a) y = x − ex + C, (b) y = x + ex + C, x − y, y,
(c) y = e, (d) None of these, − e +C, 8. What is the
solution of the differential equation, dy, = xy + x + y +
1?, (NDA 2008 I), dx, 2, x, x2, (b) log ( y + 1) =, (a) y =, +
x+C, + x+C, 2, 2, 2, 2, (c) y = x + x + C, (d) log ( y + 1) = x
+ x + C, 9. What is the general solution of, (1 + ex ) y dy
= ex dx?, , (a) 1, (c) − 1, , (NDA 2012 I), , (b) 2, (d)
Degree does not exist, , 11. The order and degree of
the differential equation, 3, 4, d 2 y , dy , 2
+ − xy = 0 are respectively, dx , dx , (a) 2 and
4, (b) 3 and 2, (c) 4 and 5, (d) 2 and 3, 12. The,
differential, equation, sin−1 x + sin−1 y = c, is given by,
, for, , which, , (a) 1 − x 2 dx + 1 − y 2 dy = 0, (b) 1 − x 2
dy + 1 − y 2 dx = 0, 1 − y 2 dy = 0, dx dy, +, = 0 is, x, y, (b)
x + y = C, (d) x 2 + y 2 = C, , 13. Solution of the
differential equation, , 2, , (b) 2, , −1, , (d) 1 − x 2 dx −, ,
6. What is the degree of the differential equation, 4,
d 2 y , dy , , 1, +, = 2 ?, , , dx , dx , , dy
dy , + , dx dx , , (c) 1 − x 2 dy − 1 − y 2 dx = 0, , 5.
The, solution, of, differential, equation, ( x + y ) ( dx −
dy ) = dx + dy is, (b) x + y = Kex + y, (a) x − y = Kex − y, x
− y, (c) x + y = Ke, (d) ( x − y ) = Kex + y, , (a) 1, , 10. What
is the degree of the differential equation?, , 3, , dy ,
+ + 6 y = 0 is, 2, dx , dx, , d2y, , (NDA 2010 II), , (a)
y 2 = log [C 2( ex + 1)2 ] (b) dy = log [C( ex + 1)], (d)
None of these, (c) y 2 = log [C( ex + 1)], (where C is a
constant of integration), , (a) xy = C, (c) log x log y = C, ,
14. What is the solution of the differential equation, 1
− y2, dy, = 0?, +, (NDA 2011 I), dx, 1 − x2, (a) sin−1 y +
sin−1 x = C (b) sin−1 y − sin−1 x = C, (c) 2 sin−1 y +
sin−1 x = C (d) 2 sin−1 y − sin−1 x = C, (where, C is a
constant of integration.), 15. What is the degree of the
differential equation, 3, , dy , − 1 + = 0?, dx ,
dx 2, , d2y, (a) 1, (c) 3, , (NDA 2010 I), , (b) 2, (d) 6, , 16.
What is the solution of the differential equation,
(NDA 2010 I), 3ex tan y dx + (1 + ex ) sec2 y dy = 0 ?,
(b) (1 + ex )3 tan y = C, (a) (1 + ex ) tan y = C, (c) (1 + ex
)2 tan y = C, (d) (1 + ex ) sec2 y = C, (where, C is a
constant of integration.), dy, 17. The solution of, + 1 =
cosec ( x + y ) is, dx, (a) cos ( x + y ) + x = C, (b) cos ( x + y
) = C, (c) sin( x + y ) + x = C, (d) sin ( x + y ) + sin ( x + y ) =
C

Page 579 :
452, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 18. The order and
degree of the differential equation, 2, d 2 y dy , + y
2 = 0 are respectively, x, +, , , 2, , , dx, dx, (a) 2 and
2, (c) 2 and 1, , (b) 1 and 1, (d) 1 and 2, , 19. What is the
degree of the differential equation, 2, , d3 y 3, d2y,
dy, 3 − 3 2 + 5, + 4 = 0?, dx, dx, dx, , , 2, (a) 3, (b),
3, (c) 2, (d) 6, 20. y = A cos ωt + B sin ωt is a solution of
the differential, equation, d2y, d2y, (a), (b), − ω2y = 0,
− ωy = 0, 2, dt, dt 2, d2y, d2y, (d), (c), +, ω, =, 0, + ω2y =
0, y, dt 2, dt 2, 21. y = aex + be− x satisfies the
differential equation, d2y, d2y, (a), (b), − y=0, + y=0, 2,
dx, dx 2, d 2 y dy, d 2 y dy, (d), (c), y, +, +, =, 0, +, − y=0,
dx 2 dx, dx 2 dx, 22. What is the solution of the
differential equation, (NDA 2007 II), ( x + y )( dx − dy )
= dx + dy ?, (a) 2 log ( x + y ) = C( y − x ), (b) ( y − x ) + log
( x + y ) = C, y , y , (c) + log = C, x ,
x , (d) None of the above, 23. What is the solution
of the differential equation, x dy − y dx = xy 2 dx ?,
(NDA 2008 II), (a), (b), (c), (d), , yx 2 + 2x = 2 Cy, y 2x +
2 y = 2 Cx, y 2x 2 + 2x = 2 Cy, None of the above, , (1 +
x ), , (a) e 2 − 1, (c) log (1 + x ) − 1, , (a) x3 y3 = x 2 + C, (c)
x3 y3 = x 2 + x + C, , (1 − x ), , 2, , (b) e 2, (d) log (1 − x ), ,
(b) 2x3 y3 = 3x 2 + C, (d) x3 y3 = 3x 2 + C, , 27. What is
the solution of the differential equation, dy, y, ?, =, dx (
x + 2 y3 ), (a) y (1 − xy ) = Cx, (c) x (1 − xy ) = Cy, , (b) y3
− x = Cy, (d) x (1 + xy ) = Cy, , 28. y = aemx + be− mx
satisfies which of the following, differential equation?,
dy, dy, (a), (b), − my = 0, + my = 0, dx, dx, 2, 2, d y, d y,
(d), (c), + m2 y = 0, − m2 y = 0, 2, dx, dx 2, 29. The
differential equation of system of concentric, circles
with centre (1, 2) is, dy, dy, (a) ( x − 2) + ( y − 1), = 0 (b) (
x − 1) + ( y − 2), =0, dx, dx, dy, dy, (c) ( x − 1), + ( y − 2) =
0 (d) ( x + 2), + ( y − 1) = 0, dx, dx, 30. The solution of
the differential equation, 1, dy, 2 yx, is, =, +, 2, dx 1 + x,
(1 + x 2 )2, (a) y (1 + x 2 ) = C + tan−1 x, y, (b), = C +
tan−1 x, 2, 1+ x, (c) y log (1 + x 2 ) = C + tan−1 x, (d) y (1
+ x 2 ) = C + sin−1 x, 31. What is the degree of the
following differential, equation?, d3 y , 3 , dx
, , 2/ 3, , + 4− 3, , (a) 1, (c) 3, , dy, 24. What does the
differential equation y, +x= A, dx, represent?, (NDA
2011 I), (a) A set of circles having centre on the y-axis,
(b) A set of circles having centre on the x-axis, (c) A set
of ellipses, (d) A pair of straight lines, (where A is a
constant.), dy, 25. If, = 1 + x + y + xy and y( −1) = 0,
what is the value, dx, of y( x )?, (NDA 2009 I), 2, , 26.
What is the solution of x 2 y 2dy = (1 − xy3 ) dx ?, , d2y,
dx, , 2, , +5, , dy, =0, dx, , (NDA 2011 I), , (b) 2, (d) 4, , 32.
What is the equation of the curve whose slope at any,
point is equal to 2x and which passes through the,
origin?, (NDA 2008 II), 2, 2, 2, (a) y(1 − x ) = x, (b) y (1 +
x ) = x 4, 2, 2, (c) y = ( x + 1), (d) y = x 2, 33. The solution
of 2 ( y + 3) − xy, where x = 1, is, (a) y + 3 = x 2, (c) x 4 ( y
+ 3) = 1, , dy, = 0 with y = − 2,, dx, , (b) x 2 ( y + 3) = 1, (d)
x 2 ( y + 3)3 = e y + 2, , dy, + y tan x = sec x is, dx, (a) y
sec x = tan x + C, (b) y tan x = sec x + C, (c) tan x = y tan
x + C, (d) x sec x = tan y + C, , 34. The solution of

Page 580 :
453, , Differential Equations, 35. An integrating factor
of the differential equation, 1, − log x, dy, x, + y log x =
xex x 2, ,( x , 0) is, dx, log x, (a) x, (b) ( x )log x, (c) ( e )( log
x ), , 2, , (d) ex, , 2, , 36. Under which one of the
following conditions does the, dy ax + b, represent a
parabola?, solution of, =, dx cy + d, (NDA 2007 I), (a) a
= 0 and c = 0, (b) a = 1, b = 2 and c ≠ 0, (c) a = 0, c ≠ 0
and b ≠ 0, (d) a = 1 and c = 1, 37. What does the
equation x dy = y dx represent?, (NDA 2009 II), , (a),
(b), (c), (d), , (a), , (b) 0, (d) 2, , 39. If y = a cos 2x + b sin
2x , then, d2y, (b), (a), + y=0, dx 2, d2y, (d), (c), + 3y = 0,
dx 2, , d2y, dx 2, d2y, dx 2, , + 2y = 0, + 4y = 0, , 40.
What is the solution of the differential equation?, dy y,
(NDA 2012 I), + =0, dx x, (a) xy = C, (c) y = Cx, where C
is a constant., , (b) x = Cy, (d) None of these, , 41. A
general solution of the differential equation, is given
by, (a) y = Ae x, (c) y = ex, 42. The solution of, y dx + x
dy = 0 is, (a) xy = C, x, (c) = C, y, , dy, =y, dx, , (b) y = eAx,
(d) y = e− Ax, the, , 45. Which one of the following
differential equations is, 2, , 38. What is the order of
the differential equation, 1, dy, + y=, ?, dy , dx, (NDA
2008 II), , dx , , differential, (b) x + y = C, y, (d) = C,
x, , equation, , x2 + y2, , , y(1) = 2 has, x2 − y2, the slope
at the point (1, 0) of the curve, equals to, (a) − 5/ 3, (b)
− 1, (c) 1, (d) 5/ 3, , 44. Integral curve satisfying y ′ =, ,
not linear?, , A family of circles, A family of parabolas,
A family of hyperbolas, A family of straight lines, , (a) –
1, (c) 1, , dy, + y = sin x is, dx, 1, 1, (a) y = Ce−2x + sin x −
cos x, 4, 2, 1, 1, −x, (b) y = Ce + sin x − cos x, 2, 2, (c) y =
Ce−3 x + sin x, (d) y = Ce− x, , 43. The general solution
of, , d y, dx, , 2, , (NDA 2012 I), , + 4y = 0, , (c) ( x − y )2, ,
dy, =9, dx, , dy, + y = x3, dx, dy, (d) cos2 x, + y = tan x,
dx, (b) x, , 46. An integrating factor of the differential
equation, dy, (1 − x 2 ), − xy = 1 is, dx, x, (a) − x, (b) −, (1
− x 2 ), 1, (c) (1 − x 2 ), (d) log (1 − x 2 ), 2, 47. The
second order differential equation of a parabola, with
its principal axis along the x-axis is, (a) y ′′ + 2 ( y ′ )2 =
0, (b) 3 yy ′′ + 2 ( y ′ )3 = 0, 2, (c) yy ′′ + ( y ′ ) = 0, (d) y ′′
+ 2( y ′ )4 = 0, dy, = 2 y − x is, dx, (a) 2x + 2 y = C, (b) 2x
− 2 y = C, 1, 1, 1, 1, (d) x + y = C, (c) x − y = C, 2, 2, 2, 2, ,
48. The solution of, , 49. The integrating factor of the
differential equation, dy , cos x + y sin x = 1 is,
dx , (a) sec x, (b) tan x, (c) sin x, (d) cos x, d2y, , + sin x =
0, then the solution of differential, dx 2, equation is,
(a) y = sin x + Cx + D, (b) y = cos x + Cx 2 + D, (c) y = tan
x + C, (d) y = log sin x + Cx, , 50. If

Page 581 :
454, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Level II, 1. The order
and degree of the differential equation, 2, , dy ,
1+ , dx , , ρ= , 2, d y / dx2, , 3/ 2, , are
respectively, , (a) 2 and 2, (c) 2 and 1, , (b) 2 and 3, (d)
None of these, , 2. What is the degree of the
differential equation, 3/ 2, 3, d2y , dy , K, = 1 +
?, (NDA 2007 I), dx , dx 2 , , (a) 1, , (b) 2, , (c)
3, , (d) 4, , (where K is a constant.), , 3. What are the
order and degree, respectively of the, differential
equation, {( d 4 y/ dx 4 )3 } 2/ 3 − 7x( d3 y/ dx3 )2 = 8 ?
(NDA 2008 II), (a) 3 and 2, (c) 4 and 2, , (b) 4 and 3, (d)
3 and 3, , 4. The differential equation of the family of
curves, for, which the length of the normal is equal to
a constant, K is given by, 2, dy, dy , 2, 2, (a) y 2, (b)
y, = K 2 − y2, =K −y, dx , dx, 2, 2, dy , dy , (c) y
= K 2 + y 2, (d) y = K 2 + y 2, dx , dx , 5. The
degree of the differential equation, 2, d 2y , d 2y,
dy , + 3 = x2 log 2 is, 2, dx , dx, dx , , (a) 1,
(c) 3, , (b) 2, (d) None of these, , 6. The slope of the
tangent at ( x , y ) to a curve passing, x2 + y2, , then the
equation of, through a point (2, 1) is, 2xy, the curve is,
(a) 2 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 3x, (c) x ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 6, , (b) 2 ( x 2 − y
2 ) = 6 y, (d) x ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 10, , 7. The solution of the
differential equation, x dy − y dx = x 2 + y 2 dx is, (a) x
+ x 2 + y 2 = Cx 2, , (b) y − x 2 + y 2 = Cx, , (c) x − x 2 + y
2 = Cx, , (d) y + x 2 + y 2 = Cx 2, , 8. The solution of the
differential equation, dy, = y tan x − 2 sin x is, dx, (a) y
sin x = C + sin 2x, (c) y cos x = C − sin 2x, , 1, sin 2x, 2, 1,
(d) y cos x = C + cos 2x, 2, , (b) y cos x = C +, , 9. Which
one of the following represents the differential,
equation of all parabolas having the axes of, symmetry
coincident with the axis of x?, 2, 2, d 2 y dy , d3 y d
2 y , , , (b), (a) y, =, +, 0, y, +, = 0, , dx 2 dx , dx3
dx 2 , 2, , (c) y, , dy d 2 y , =0, + , dx dx 2
, , 2, , (d) y, , dy d3 y , = 0, + , dx dx3 , , 10.
What are the order and degree, respectively of the,
differential equation representing the family of,
curves y 2 = 2c ( x + c), where c is a positive,
parameter?, (a) 1, 2, (b) 1, 1, (c) 1, 3, (d) 1, 4, 11. Which
one of the following differential equations, represents
the system of circles touching the y-axis at, the
origin?, dy , dy , (a) x 2 + y 2 − 2xy = 0 (b) x 2 +
y 2 + 2xy = 0, dx , dx , dy, , , dy , (c) x 2 − y
2 + 2xy = 0 (d) x 2 − y 2 − 2xy = 0, dx , dx ,
12. What is the integrating factor of ay dx + bx dy = 0?,
(a) x a − 1 y b − 1, (c) x a + 1 y b + 1, , (b) x a y b, xb, (d) a,
y, , 13. What is the differential equation of all
parabolas, whose axes are parallel to y-axis?, (NDA
2011 I), 3, 2, d y, d x, (a), (b), =0, =C, dx3, dy 2, d3 x, d3
y, (d), (c), =, 1, =C, dy3, dx3, 14. What does the solution
of the differential equation, dy, (NDA 2011 II), = y
represent?, x, dx, (a) Family of straight lines passing
through the, origin, (b) Family of circles with their
centres at the origin, (c) Family of parabolas with their
vertices at the, origin, (d) Family of straight lines
having slope 1 and not, passing through the origin, 15.
What is the solution of the differential equation, dy, =
sec ( x + y )?, (NDA 2007 I), dx, ( x + y ) , (a) y + tan ( x
+ y ) = C, (b) y − tan , =C, 2 , ( x + y ) , ( x − y ) ,
(c) y + tan , = C (d) y + tan , =C, 2, , , 2

Page 582 :
455, , Differential Equations, 16. The differential
equation satisfied by the family of, , 1, curves y = ax
cos + b , where a , b are parameters,, , x, is, (a) x 2
y2 + y = 0, (b) x 4 y2 + y = 0, (d) x 4 y2 − y = 0, (c) xy2 −
y = 0, 17. Solution, of, the, differential, equation, tan y
sec2 x dx + tan x sec2 y dy = 0 is, (a) tan x + tan y = K,
(b) tan x − tan y = K, tan x, (d) tan x tan y = K, (c), =K,
tan y, 18. Which one of the following differential
equations is, 2, satisfied by the family of curves y = 2 +
c ⋅ e−2x ?, dy, dy, (b), (a), = 8x, + 4xy = 8x, dx, dx, dy, dy,
(d), (c), + 4xy = 0, − 4xy = 0, dx, dx, 19. The solution of
the differential equation, dy, x4, + x3 y + cosec ( xy ) =
0 is equal to, dx, (a) 2 cos( xy ) + x −2 = C, (b) 2 cos( xy )
+ y −2 = C, −2, (c) 2 sin( xy ) + x = C, (d) 2 sin( xy ) + y −2
= C, 20. What is the equation of the curve passing
through, π , the point 0, satisfying the
differential equation, 3 , (NDA 2011 II), sin x cos y
dx + cos x sin y dy = 0?, 3, 3, (b) sin x sin y =, (a) cos x
cos y =, 2, 2, 1, 1, (c) sin x sin y =, (d) cos x cos y =, 2, 2,
21. If the solution of the differential equation, dy ax +
3, represents a circle, then what is the, =, dx 2 y + f,
value of a?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) 2, (b) 1, (c) − 2, (d) − 1,
22. Which one of the following is the differential,
equation to family of circles having centre at the,
origin?, (NDA 2010 II), dy, dy, (a) ( x 2 − y 2 ), (b) ( x 2 +
y 2 ), = 2xy, = 2xy, dx, dx, dy, (c), (d) x dx + y dy = 0, = (x2
+ y2 ), dx, dy, 23. The solution of, = 1 − x 2 − y 2 + x 2 y
2 is, dx, (a) sin−1 y = sin−1 x + C, 1, 1, (b) sin−1 y =, 1 −
x 2 + sin−1 x + C, 2, 2, 1, 1, −1, 2, (c) sin y = x 1 − x +
sin−1 x + C, 2, 2, 1, 1, (d) sin−1 y = x 1 − x 2 + cos−1 x +
C, 4, 2, , 24. The differential equation of the system of
circles, touching the y-axis at the origin, is given by, dy,
dy, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 2xy, = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 2xy, =0, dx, dx,
dy, dy, (c) x 2 − y 2 + 2xy, = 0 (d) x 2 − y 2 − 2xy, =0, dx,
dx, 25. In, , order to solve the differential equation, dy,
+ y ( x sin x + cos x ) = 1, the integrating, dx, factor is,
(a) x cos x, (b) x sec x, (c) x sin x, (d) x cosec x, , x cos x, ,
26. The solution of the differential equation, dy, y, 1, +,
= is, dx x log x x, 1, (a) y = log x + C(log x )−1 (b) y = log x
+ C(log x )−1, 2, 1, 1, C, (c) y = log x +, (d) y = log x − C
(log x )−1, 2, 3, 2, (log x ), 27. The, differential,
equation, ( x 2 y3 + xy 2 + y ) dx + ( x3 y 2 − x 2 y + x )
dy = 0 is not, exact. The integrating factor in order to
convert it, into exact form is, 1, (b) 2 2, (a) x 2 y 2, x y, 1,
2 2, (d) 2 2, (c) 2x y, 2x y, 28. What does the differential
equation y, , dy, +x=K, dx, , represent?, (NDA 2010 II),
(a) A family of a circle whose points are on y-axis, (b) A
family of a circle whose points are on x-axis, (c)
Touching the x-axis a family of a circle, (d) None of the
above, 29. What is the differential equation to family
of, parabolas having their vertices at the origin and
foci, on the x-axis?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) y = 2xy ′, (b) x =
2 yy ′, (c) xy = y ′, (d) x = yy ′, 30. What is the solution
of the differential equation, dy, , dy, ?, + 2 y = xy, a
x, (NDA 2010 I), , dx, dx, (a) x 2 = Kye y/ a, (c) y 2x 2
= Kye y, , (b) yx 2 = Kye y/ a, 2, , /a, , (d) None of these, ,
31. If y = p ( x ) is a polynomial of degree 3, then what
is, d 3 d 2 y , the value of 2, ?, y, dx dx 2 , 2, ,
(a) p′ ( x ) p′ ′ ′ ( x ), (b) p′ ′ ( x ) p′ ′ ′ ( x ), (c) p ( x ) p′ ′ ′ (
x ), (d) A constant

Page 583 :
456, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 32. What is the degree
of the equation, d 2 y , 2 = y +, dx , (a)
1, (c) 3, , 1, 2 4, , dy , ?, dx , , (b) 2, (d) 4, ,
33. The general solution of the differential equation,
dy, x − y , x + y , + sin , is, = sin , 2 , 2 ,
dx, y , (a) log tan = C − 2 sin x, 2 , x , y , (b)
log tan = C − 2 sin , 2 , 4 , y π , (c) log tan
+ = C − 2 sin x, 2 4 , x , y π , (d) log tan + = C
− 2 sin , 2 , 4 4 , 34. When a and b are
eliminated from the equation, xy = aex + be− x , the
resulting differential equation is, of, (NDA 2009 II), (a)
first order and first degree, (b) first order and second
degree, (c) second order and first degree, (d) second
order and second degree, 35. What is the solution of
the differential equation, − cosec2 ( x + y ) dy = dx ?,
(NDA 2008 II), (a), (b), (c), (d), , y − C = sin ( x + y ), x − C
= sin ( x + y ), y − C = tan ( x + y ), None of the above, ,
36. What are the degree and order, respectively of,
differential equation of the family of rectangular,
hyperbolas whose axes of symmetry are the,
coordinate axes?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) 1 and 1, (b) 1 and
2, (c) 2 and 1, (d) 2 and 2, 37. Which one of the
following equations represents the, differential
equation of circles, with centres on the, x-axis and all
passing through the origin?, dy x 2 + y 2, dy x 2 − y 2,
(a), (b), =, =, dx, dx, 2xy, 2xy, 2, 2, dy y − x, dy, x, (d), (c),
=, =−, dx, 2xy, dx, y, 38. What is the degree of the
differential equation, −4, dy , dy, , + x = y − x, ?, ,
dx , dx, (a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 4, (d) 5, , 39. What does the
solution of the differential equation, x dy − y dx = 0
represent?, (a) Rectangular hyperbola, (b) Straight line
passing through (0, 0), (c) Parabola with vertex at (0,
0), (d) Circle with centre at (0, 0), 40. Which one of the
following differential equations, represents the
system of circles touching y-axis at, the origin?, dy, dy,
(a), (b) 2 xy, = x2 − y2, = y2 − x2, dx, dx, dy, dy, (d), (c) 2
xy, = y2 − x2, = x2 − y2, dx, dx, 41. What is the only
solution of the initial value problem, (NDA 2007 II), y ′
= t(1 + y ), y( 0) = 0 ?, (a) y = − 1 + et, (c) y = − t, , 2, , (b) y
= 1 + et, (d) y = t, , /2, , 2, , /2, , 42. What is the
differential equation of the curve, y = ax 2 + bx ?,
(NDA 2007 II), d2y, , dy, + 2y = 0, dx, dx, 2, d2y, dy ,
(b) x 2, −, y, + 2= 0, dx , dx 2, 2, 2, d y dy , (c) (1
− x 2 ), y, −, =0, , dx 2 dx , (d) None of the above, ,
(a) x 2, , 2, , − 2x, , 43. What is the equation of the
curve passing through, the origin and satisfying the
differential equation, (NDA 2007 I), dy = ( y tan x + sec
x ) dx ?, (a) y = x cos x, (b) y cos x = x, (c) xy = cos x, (d) y
sin x = x, 44. Match List I (Differential equation) with
List II, (Its solution) and select the correct answer
using the, codes given below the lists., List I, , List II, ,
A. yy′ = sec 2 x, , 1. y sec 2 x = sec x + C, , B. y′ = x sec y,
, 2. xy = sin x + C, , C. y′ + ( 2 tan x) y = sin x, , 3. y2 = 2
tan x + C, , D. xy′ + y = cos x, , 4. x2 = 2 sin y + C, ,
Codes, A, (a) 3, (b) 4, (c) 3, (d) 3, , B, 2, 1, 4, 2, , C, 1, 2, 1,
4, , D, 4, 3, 2, 1

Page 584 :
457, , Differential Equations, , Directions (Q. Nos. 45-
47) Each of these, questions contain two statements,
one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason (R). Each of
these questions also has, four alternative choices,
only one of which is the correct, answer. You have to
select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below.,
Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is
the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are
individually true but R is not, the correct explanation
of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is
true., , 47. Assertion (A) The elimination of two
arbitrary, constants in y = ( a + b) x results into a
differential, dy, equation of the first order x, = y., dx,
Reason (R) Elimination of n arbitrary requires in,
general, a differential equation of the nth order., ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 48-50) Consider the, differential
equation corresponding to the family of, curves y = C (
x − C )2 , C being an arbitrary constant., 48. The
differential equation of the family of curves, y = C (x −
C )2 is, 3, , dy, , dy, dy , (a) = 4 y x, − 2 y (b), =
2, , dx, dx , dx, d 2 y 2x dy, (c), (d) None of these,
−, =0, dx, dx 2, , 45. Assertion (A), The degree of the
differential, 2, 2, d 2 y , d 2 y , dy , equation
2 + = x sin 2 is 2., dx , dx , dx ,
Reason (R) The degree of the differential equation,
which is not a polynomial in differential coefficients,,
cannot be defined., 46. Assertion (A) The differential
equation of all, parabola whose axis of symmetry is
parallel to x-axis, is of order 3., Reason (R) The order
of equation depends upon the, number of unknown in
equation of the curve., , 49. The order of the
differential equation when the, differential equation
is formed from the given family,, is, (a) 3, (b) 1, (c) 2, (d)
4, 50. The degree of the differential equation when
the, differential equation is formed from the given
family,, is, (a) 5, (b) 1, (c) 3, (d) 2, , Answers, Level I, 1.,
11., 21., 31., 41., , (a), (d), (a), (b), (a), , 2., 12., 22., 32.,
42., , (c), (b), (b), (d), (a), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (c), (a), (a),
(d), (b), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (d), (a), (b), (a), (c), , 5., 15.,
25., 35., 45., , (c), (b), (a), (c), (c), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., ,
(b), (b), (b), (c), (c), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , (a), (a), (b), (d),
(c), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., , (b), (c), (d), (c), (c), , 9., 19., 29.,
39., 49., , (a), (c), (b), (d), (a), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (b),
(d), (a), (a), (a), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (b), (b), (d), (d), (a), ,
3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (c), (a), (c), (b), (b), , 4., 14., 24., 34.,
44., , (b), (a), (c), (c), (c), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (d), (b), (b),
(d), (d), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (a), (b), (a), (a), (a), , 7., 17.,
27., 37., 47., , (d), (d), (d), (c), (b), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., ,
(d), (b), (b), (c), (a), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., , (a), (a), (a), (b),
(b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (c), (d), (d), (b), (c), , Level II,
1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (a), (c), (c), (c), (a)

Page 585 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. The degree of given
equation is 1., , , , 2. Given, (2 y − 1) dx − (2x + 3) dy =
0, dy, dx, `, =, 2 y − 1 2x + 3, , , , On integrating both
sides, we get, 1, 1, ∫ 2 y − 1 dy = ∫ 2x + 3 dx, 1, 1, , log
(2 y − 1) = log (2x + 3) + log C1, 2, 2, 2x + 3 , 1, log ,
, = − log C1, 2, 2 y − 1 , 2x + 3, , =C, 2y − 1, 3.
Given equation,, dy, + P (x) y = 0, dx, It is a standard
linear differential equation, P dx, IF = e∫, ∴ Required
solution is, P dx, −, ye∫, = 0 + C y = Ce ∫, , , , It is a
linear differential equation, comparing with the,
standard equation, dy, + Py = Q, dx, , P = 1, Q = e− x,
P dx, IF = e∫, = ex, ∴ Required solution is, yex = ∫ e− x ex
dx + C = ∫ 1 dx + C, , , yex = x + C, At, x= y=0, ∴, C =0,
Hence, the required solution is, yex = x y = xe− x, , 5.
∴ (x + y) dx − (x + y) dy = dx + dy, , (x + y − 1) dx = (x +
y + 1) dy, dy x + y − 1 , = , , , dx x + y + 1 , dy dv,
Let x + y = v and, =, −1, dx dx, dv, v−1, , −1 =, dx, v+1,
dv v − 1 + v + 1, =, , dx, v+1, , x + y = Ke x − y, , 6. The
given differential equation is, 2, 4, d 2y , dy , , 1 +,
= 2 , , dx , dx , From above, it is clear that
degree of given differential, equation is 2., (Q Degree
of differential equation = (Degree of the, highest
order derivative), dy, x−y, y−x, y, −y, 7. Q, =e, (e, − e ) =
e ⋅ ey (ex ⋅ e− x − ex ), dx, = 1 ⋅ (1 − ex ), x, , ∫ 1 dy = ∫
(1 − e ) dx, , , P dx, , dy, 4. Given equation,, + y = e− x,
dx, , On integrating both sides,, , , , v + 1 , , dv = ∫
1 dx, 2v , 1, 1, v + log v = x + log C, 2, 2, x + y , log
2 = x − y, C , , ∫, , y = x − ex + C, , 8. The given
differential equation is, dy, = xy + x + y + 1, dx, dy, , =
(x + 1)( y + 1), dx, 1, , ∫ (1 + y) dy = ∫ (x + 1)dx, x2, ,
log (1 + y) =, + x+C, 2, 9. The given differential
equation is, (1 + ex ) y dy = ex dx, ex , , ∫ y dy = ∫
1 + ex dx, , , , , y2, = log (1 + ex ) + log C, 2, y2 =
2 log [C (1 + ex )], y2 = log [C 2 (1 + ex )2], , 10. Given,
differential equation is, −1, dy dy , dy, 1, +, y=x, +
y=x, dx dx , dx (dy / dx), 2, , dy , dy , y =x
+1, dx , dx , Here, Degree = Power of highest
derivative = 2, , , , 11. From the given differential
equation, it is clear that, order = 2, degree = 3, 12.
Given equation is, sin −1 x + sin −1 y = c, , …(i)

Page 588 :
461, , Differential Equations, , Now, differentiating Eq.
(ii) wrt x, we get, d 2y, = − 4a cos 2x − 4b sin 2x, dx2, =
− 4(a cos 2x + b sin 2x) = − 4 y [from Eq. (i)], d 2y, 2 +
4y = 0, dx, , 35. Given differential equation is, 1, − log
x, dy, x, + y log x = xex x 2, dx, 1, − log x, dy y, + log x =
ex x 2, , dx x, 1, − log x, 1, Here,, P = log x and Q = ex
x 2, x, ∴, , ∫, IF = e, , log x, dx, x, , (log x ), 2, , 40. Given
differential equation is, dy y, dy, + = 0 comparing with,
+ Py = Q, dx x, dx, 1, Here, P = and Q = 0, x, dx, Pdx, ∫,
Now, IF = e∫, = e x = elog x = x, , 2, , =e, , = ( e ) ( log x ), ,
2, , 36. The given equation is, dy ax + b, =, dx cy + d, ,
, ∫ (cy + d ) dy = ∫ (ax + b) dx, 2, , y ⋅ (IF) = ∫ Q ⋅ (IF) dx +
C, , 2, , cy, ax, + dy =, + bx + K, 2, 2, This equation will
represent a parabola, if a = 0, c ≠ 0, and b ≠ 0., cy2, ,
+ dy = 0 + bx + K, 2, c 2 2dy , , y +, = bx + K, 2 ,
c , c 2, dy d 2 d 2 , , + 2 − 2 = bx + K, y + 2, 2 , c,
c, c , 2, c , d , d2, , = bx + K, y+ −, 2 , c , 2c, , , c,
2, , , , 2, , , , dy, =y, dx, dy, , = dx, y, On integrating
both sides, we get, dy, ∫ y = ∫ dx, log y = x + log A, , 41.
We have,, , , , d , d, , y + = bx + K +, , c , 2c, ,
d2, K , d , b , ,0 ., + , − and focus, − , 2c , 2,
bc, b, c, , , , , y, =x, A, , y = Aex, , 43. Here, we
have, , Since,, (given), , dy, + y = sin x, dx, dx, IF = e∫ = ex,
, ∴ Complete solution is, yex = ∫ ex sin x dx, And also,
we have, , 2, , dy , dy , + y =1, dx , dx , ,
∫e, , ax, , Thus, the order of the differential equation is
1., 39. We have, y = a cos 2x + b sin 2x, On
differentiating Eq. (i) wrt x, we get, dy, = − 2a sin 2x +
2b cos 2x, dx, , y, = ex, A, , , , log, , y dx + x dy = 0, dx,
dy, , =−, x, y, dx dy, , +, =0, x, y, On integrating both
sides, we get, dx, dy, ∫ x + ∫ y =0, , log x + log y = log C,
, log xy = log C, , xy = C, , d , 2 bx d 2 2 K, , + 2 +,
y+ =, , c , c, c, c, 2, 2, , 2, d, b, d, K , , , + , x +,
y+ =, , , 2 bc b , c, c , , 37. Given, x dy = y dx, dy
dx, , =, y, x, On integrating both sides, we get, log y =
log x + log C y = Cx, It represents a family of
straight lines., dy, 1, 38., + y=, dx, dy , , dx , , , ,
42. We have,, , Which forms a parabola, whose
vertices, , , , log y − log A = x, , 2, , 2, , , , y ⋅ x = ∫ 0 dx
+ C xy = C, , Solution,, , …(i), , ∴, , , …(ii), , eax, (a sin
bx − b cos bx) + C, a + b2, ex, yex =, (sin x − cos x) + C, 2,
1, 1, y = sin x − cos x + Ce− x, 2, 2, , sin bx dx =, , 2

Page 595 :
468, , NDA/NA Mathematics, y cos x = ∫ 1 dx + C, , , ,
, y cos x = x + C, Since, this curve passes through (0,
0), ∴, 0 =0 + C C =0, ∴ Required equation of curve is,
y cos x = x, dy, 44. A., y⋅, = sec2 x, dx, y dy = sec2x dx,
On integrating both sides, we get, 2, ∫ y dy = ∫ sec x dx,
y2, = tan x + C, 2, 2, y = 2 tan x + C, dy, = x sec y, dx, , ,
, B., , , , ∫, , x2, cos y dy = ∫ x dx sin y + C =, 2, x2
= 2 sin y + C, , dy, + (2 tan x) y = sin x, dx, It is of the
form, dy, + Py = Q, dx, 2tan x dx, So,, IF = e∫, C., , 2 tan x
dx, =e∫, = e2logsec x, , = sec2x, ∴ Required solution is,
y ⋅ sec 2x = ∫ sin x ⋅ sec2 x dx + C, , , = ∫ sec x tan x dx
+ C, , y sec2x = sec x + C, dy, dy 1, cos x, D. x, + y = cos x
, + ⋅y=, dx, dx x, x, It is of the form, dy, + Py = Q, dx, 1,
∫ dx, Now, IF = e x = elog x = x, So, required solution is,
cos x, y⋅ x = ∫ x⋅, dx + C, x, y ⋅ x = ∫ cos x dx + C, y ⋅ x =
sin x + C, , 45. The given differential equation is, 2, 2,
d 2y , d 2y , dy , 2 + = x sin 2 , dx , dx
, dx , , This equation is not a polynomial in
differential, coefficients. So, its degree is not defined.,
Thus, A is false but R is true., 46. Let the general
equation of the given parabolas is, x = ay2 + by + c,
where a , b and c are constants., Hence, the order of
the required differential equation is, 3., Thus, both A
and R are true and R is the correct, explanation of A.,
47. A. We have,, , , y = (a + b) x, dy, x, =y, dx, , It is
true., ∴ Both A and R are true and R is not the correct,
explanation of A., Solutions (Q. Nos. 48-50), Given,, y
= C (x − C )2, Differentiating both sides wrt x, we get,
dy, = 2C (x − C ), dx, On division, we get, y, x −C, =, dy /
dx, 2, dy, y, x −C, , where y1 =, , =, dx, 2, y1, y , , x
− C =2 , y1 , 2y, C = x −, , y1, , ....(i), , On putting
the value of C in Eq. (i), we get, 2, , 2 y y ,y=
x− 2 , y1 y1 , , xy1 − 2 y 4 y2, =, ×, y1,
y12, , , y13 = 4 y (xy1 − 2 y), dy, in Eq. (ii), we get, On
putting y1 =, dx, 3, dy , dy, , − 2 y , , = 4y x,
dx , dx, , , ...(ii), , ...(iii), , which is required
differential equation., The order of a differential
equation is the order of the, highest derivative of Eq.
(iii)., Hence, order = 1, The degree of a differential
equation is the degree of the, highest derivative of Eq.
(iii)., Hence, degree = 3

Page 596 :
24, , Rectangular, Cartesian System, Rectangular
Coordinate Axes, , Quadrants, , The lines XOX ′ and
YOY ′ are, called the axis of x and axis of y,,
respectively and the two lines taken, together are
called the coordinate X′, axes or the axes of
coordinates., These two lines X ′OX and, Y ′OY are
mutually intersect each, other at the point O, which is
known, as origin., , Y, The axes X ′ OX and Y ′ OY,
divide the whole plane into four, II, I, parts, which, are,
called, (–, +), (+, +), quadrants. Here, OX and OX ′, X,
are called the positive and X′, O, negative directions,
respectively, III, IV, (–, –), (+, –), of X-axis and similarly
for, Y -axis, OY and OY ′ are the, positive and negative
directions,, Y′, respectively., In Ist quadrant, : x > 0, y >
0, In IInd quadrant : x < 0, y > 0, In IIIrd quadrant : x <
0, y < 0, In IVth quadrant : x > 0, y < 0, The coordinates
of any point on X-axis are of the form, ( x , 0) and on Y-
axis as (0 , y)., ∴ If the X-coordinate or abscissa of a
point is zero, it, would be somewhere on the Y-axis
and if its Y-coordinate, or ordinate is zero, then it
would be on X-axis., , Y, , O, , X, , Y′, , Cartesian
Coordinates of a Point, The position of the point P can
be completely, determined with reference to the
rectangular axes X ′OX, andY ′OY by means of an
ordered pair of real numbers (x, y), called cartesian, Y,
coordinates of P. From, figure, x and y are the, P (x , y ),
M, distances of the point P from, y and x axes,
respectively x, y, with proper sign is called the, X-
coordinate or abscissa of, point P and y is called the X
′, X, O, x, L, Y-coordinate or ordinate of, point P. Thus,
for a given, Y′, point, the abscissa and, ordinate are
distances of the, point from Y-axis and X-axis,
respectively., ∴ x = PM = perpendicular length from P
to M on Y, axis, and y = PL = perpendicular length from
P to L on, X-axis., , Distance Formula, The distance
between any two A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ), points in
the plane is the length of the line segment joining,
them., (x 2 , y 2 ), , (x1, y1), A, , i.e.,, or, , B, , D = ( x2 − x1
) + ( y2 − y1 )2, 2, , D = (Difference of abscissae)2, +
(Difference of ordinates )2, , If O is the origin and P ( x
, y )is any point, then from the, distance formula, we
have, OP = ( x − 0)2 + ( y − 0)2 = x 2 + y 2

Page 597 :
470, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Example 1. The points
(0, 0), (3, 3) and (3, − 3) are the, vertices of, (a) an
isosceles triangle, (c) a right angled triangle, , (b) an
equilateral triangle, (d) None of these, , Solution (b)
Let A(0 , 0), B (3, 3) and C(3, − 3) are the given, points.,
Now,, , AB = (3 − 0) 2 + ( 3 − 0) 2 = 9 + 3 = 12, BC = (3 −
3) 2 + ( − 3 − 3) 2 = 12, , and, , Example 2. Let A(6, − 1),
B(1, 3) and C ( x, 8) be three points, such that AB = BC .
Find the values of x., (a) − 3, 5, (b) 3, 5, (c) 3, − 5, (d) − 3,
− 5, Solution (a) We have, AB = BC, (6 − 1) 2 + ( −1 − 3)
2 = (1 − x) 2 + (3 − 8) 2, , On squaring both sides, we
get, 5 2 + 4 2 = (1 − x) 2 + 5 2, , , (1 − x) 2 = 16 or x = 1
± 4, x = − 3, 5, , i.e.,, , Section Formulae, Let O be the
origin and OX , OY are the X-axis and, Y-axis,
respectively. Let A( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) be the
given, points., Y, , y, x,, P(, , ), , B (x2 , y2 ), , O, , L, , the
points P(3 , − 4) and Q( −2 , 5) that is twice as far from
P as, from Q., (a) ( − 7, 14), (b) ( 7, − 14), (c) ( − 7, − 14),
(d) ( 7, 14), , Solution (a) Let A( x, y) be the required
point., (given), ∴, PA = 2 ⋅ PQ, Thus, A divides PQ
internally or externally in the ratio 2 :1., If A divides
PQ internally in the ratio 2 : 1, then coordinates, of A
are, 2 × ( −2) + 1 × 3, 2 × 5 + 1 × ( −4), and y =, x=, 2 +1,
2 +1, 1, x = − and y = 2, , 3, 1 , ∴ Coordinates of A
are − , 2 ., 3 , Again, if A divides PQ externally in
the ratio 2 : 1,, then coordinates of A are, 2 × ( −2) − 1
× 3, 2 × 5 − 1 × ( −4), and y =, x=, 2 −1, 2 −1, , x = − 7
and y = 14, ∴ Coordinates of A are (–7, 14)., , Example
5. Find the coordinates of point which divides the, line
segment joining the points (5, − 2) and (9, 6) internally,
and externally in the ratio 3 : 1., (a) (10, 11), (b)
(−1110, , ), (c) (11, 10), (d) (−10, 11 ), , (x1 , y1 )A, , X′, ,
Given that, A(0 , 0) and B(12, 0) are two points and, m :
n = 5 :1, 5 × 12 − 1 × 0 5 × 12, ∴, x=, =, = 15, 5 −1, 4, 5 ×
0 −1× 0, and, y=, =0, 5 −1, ∴ Coordinates of C are (15,
0)., , Example 4. Find the coordinates of point on the
line joining, , CA = (0 − 3) 2 + (0 + 3) 2 = 9 + 3 = 12, ,
Since, AB = BC = CA, then the given points are the
vertices of, an equilateral triangle., , , , Solution (c)
Let the coordinates of the point C are ( x, y)., , N, , M, ,
X, , Y′, , P ( x , y ) be the point which divides the line
segment, joining two given points A ( x1 , y1 ) and B (
x2 , y2 ) in the ratio, m : n., Case I For external division,
mx2 − nx1, my2 − ny1, ,y=, x=, m−n, m−n, Case II For
internal division, my2 + ny1, mx2 + nx1, x=, ,y=, m+n,
m+n, , Example 3. If A(0, 0) and B(12, 0) are two
points, then find, the coordinates of the point C on
line joining AB dividing it in, the ratio 5 : 1
(externally)., (a) (0 , 15), (b) ( −15, 0) (c) (15, 0), (d) (0, 0),
, Solution (c) Given that, P ≡ (5, − 2) and Q ≡ (9, 6).,
Now, let R( x, y) divide PQ in the ratio 3 : 1., If R divide
PQ internally, then coordinates of R are, 3 × 9 + 1× 5,
x=, 3 +1, and, , y=, , 3 × 6 + 1 × ( −2), 3 +1, , Hence, the
coordinates of the required point are (8, 4)., If R divide
PQ externally, then coordinates of R are, 3 × 9 −1× 5,
x=, 3 −1, and, , y=, , 3 × 6 − 1 × ( −2), 3 −1, , Hence, the
coordinates of the required point are (11, 10).

Page 599 :
472, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Some Points of a
Triangle, Centroid of a Triangle, The centroid of a
triangle is the point of intersection of, its medians. The
centroid divides the medians in the ratio, 2 : 1 (vertex :
base)., A (x1, y1), , F, , 1, , E, 2, , 1, G, , (x 2 , y 2 ) B, ,
vertices are ( −2, − 3), ( −1, 0), ( 7, − 6). Also, find the
radius of, the circumcircle., (a) ( −3, −3), 4, (b) (3, −3), 5,
(c) ( −3, −3), 5, (d) None of these, , Solution (b) Let the
vertices of triangle are P( −2, − 3), Q ( −1, 0), and R(7, −
6). Let A( x, y) be the circumcentre of ∆ PQR., ∴, AP 2 =
AQ 2, , 2, , 2, , Example 11. Find the circumcentre of
the triangle whose, , P(–2, –3), , 1, D, , C (x3, y3), , If A(
x1, y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) and C( x3 , y3 ) are the vertices of a,
triangle. If G be the centroid upon one of the median
(say),, AD, then AG : GD = 2 : 1, x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 +
y3 , Coordinates of G are 1, ,, , , , 3, 3, ,
Example 10. If vertices of coordinates of triangle are
(3, − 5), and ( −7, 4) and its centroid is (2, − 1). Then,
the coordinates of, third vertex is, (a) (10, 2), (b) (10, −
2 ), (c) (−10, 2), , (d) None of these, , Solution (b) Let ( x,
y) be the coordinates of third vertex, then, x+ 3 −7, y
−5 + 4, = 2 and, = −1, 3, 3, , , x − 4 = 6 and y − 1 = − 3, ,
, x = 10 and y = − 2, Thus, the coordinates of the
third vertex are (10 , − 2)., , A(x, y), R(7, –6), , Q, (–1, 0),
, , , ( x + 2) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + y 2, , , , ,
Similarly,, , , 4x + 6y + 13 = 2x + 1, 2x + 6y = − 12, x +
3y = − 6, AP 2 = AR 2, , …(i), , ( x + 2) 2 + (y + 3) 2 = ( x −
7) 2 + (y + 6) 2, , , 4x + 6y + 13 = − 14x + 12y + 85, ,
18x − 6y = 72, , 3x − y = 12, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get ( x, y) ≡ (3, − 3), Hence, circumcentre is (3, − 3).,
And radius of the circumcircle, , …(ii), , AP = ( x + 2) 2 +
(y + 3) 2 = 5 2 + 0 2 = 5, , Circumcentre, The
circumcentre of a triangle is the point of, intersection
of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a,
triangle. It is the centre of the circle, which passes
through, the vertices of the triangle and so, its
distance from the, vertices of the triangle is the same
and this distance is, known as the circumradius of the
triangle., , Incentre, The incentre of a triangle is the
point of intersection of, internal bisector of the angles
. Also, it is a centre of a circle, touching all the sides of
a triangle., A ( x 1 , y1 ), , A ( x1 , y 1), , cF, F, , Eb, , E, , I,
O, (x2, y2) B, , D, , (x2, y2) B, C (x3, y3), , If a triangle is
right angle, then its circumcentre is the, mid-point of
hypotenuse. If angles of triangle i.e., A, B,C, and
vertices of triangle A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) and C( x3 ,
y3 ) are, given, then circumcentre of the ∆ ABC is, x1
sin 2 A + x2 sin 2B + x3 sin 2C, ,, , sin 2 A + sin 2B +
sin 2C, , y1 sin 2 A + y2 sin 2B + y3 sin 2C , , sin 2 A
+ sin 2B + sin 2C, , , D, a, , C (x3, y3), , Coordinates of
incentre, ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 , ,, , , a +
b+ c, a + b+ c , , Where, a , b and c are the sides of a ∆
ABC., , Example 12. The incentre of the triangle
formed by (0, 0),, (5, 12) and (16, 12) is, (a) (7, 9), (c) (−
9, 7), , (b) (9, 7), (d) (− 7, 9)

Page 600 :
473, , Rectangular Cartesian System, , Solution (a) Let
A = (0 , 0) , B = (5,12), C = (16,12), a = BC = (16 − 5) +
(12 − 12) = 11, 2, , 2, , b = AC = (16 − 0) 2 + (12 − 0) 2 =
256 + 144 = 400 = 20, c = AB = (5 − 0) 2 + (12 − 0) 2 =
25 + 144 = 169 = 13, ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by 2 + cy3
, ∴ Incentre = 1, ,, , a+ b+ c , a+ b+ c, 11 × 0 +
20 × 5 + 13 × 16 11 × 0 + 20 × 12 + 13 × 12 , = , ,, ,
11 + 20 + 13, 11 + 20 + 13, , , 0 + 100 + 208 0 +
240 + 156 , = , ,, = (7, 9), , , 44, 44, , Example 13.
Find the orthocentre of the triangle formed by, A(0,
0), B(8, 0) and C( 4, 6)., 8 , 8 , , (a) 4, , (b) − 4, ,
3 , , 3 , 8, , , (d) None of these, (c) − 4, − , , 3 ,
Solution (a) Line perpendicular to AB passing through
C is, x = 4., , y, , C (4,6), , Excircle, A circle touches one
side outside the triangle and other, two extended
sides, then circle is known as excircle. Let, ABC be a
triangle, then there are three excircles with three,
excentres. Let I1 , I 2 and I3 be the centres of excircles,
opposite to vertices A, B and C, respectively. If
vertices of, triangle are A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) and C(
x3 , y3 ), then, , A (0,0), , B(8,0), , x, , Line perpendicular
to BC through origin is y =, , 2, x, 3, , 2, 8 , x is 4, .,
3 , 3, Which is the orthocentre of ∆ ABC.,
Intersection point of x = 4 and y =, , I3, , A, , B, , I2, ,
Locus, , C, I1, , The curve described by any point, which
moves under, given conditions is called locus of the
point., − ax1 + bx2 + cx3 − ay1 + by2 + cy3 , I1 ≡ , ,,
,, − a + b+ c , − a + b+ c, ax − bx2 + cx3 ay1 − by2
+ cy3 , I2 ≡ 1, ,, ,, a − b+ c, a − b+ c , , ax + bx2 −
cx3 ay1 + by2 − cy3 , I3 ≡ 1, ,, , a + b− c, a + b− c ,
, , Orthocentre, It is the point of intersection of
perpendiculars drawn, from vertices on opposite
sides (called altitudes) of a, triangle and can be
obtained by solving the equation of any, two
altitudes., A (x1, y1), , D, , The equation of locus of a
point is the relation, which, is satisfied by the
coordinates of every point on the locus, of the point., ,
Algorithm to Find the Locus of a Point, Step I Assume
the coordinates of the point say (h , k), whose locus is
to be found., Step II Write the given condition in
mathematical, form involving h , k., Step III Eliminate
the variable (s), if any., Step IV Replace h by x and k by
y in the result, obtained in step III. The equation so
obtained is the locus of, the point, which moves under
some stated condition (s)., , F, O, , (x2, y2) B, , Equation
of Locus, , E, , C (x3, y3), , Here, O is the orthocentre.
Since, AE ⊥ BC, BF ⊥ AC,, CD ⊥ AB, then OE ⊥ BC, OF
⊥ AC and OD ⊥ AB., The orthocentre of the ∆ ABC is,
x1 tan A + x2 tan B + x3 tan C y1 tan A + y2 tan B +
y3 tan C , ,, , , tan A + tan B + tan C, tan A + tan B +
tan C, , , If a triangle is right angled triangle, then
orthocentre, is the point, where right angle is formed.,
, Example 14. The equation of the locus of a point
equidistant, from the points A(1, 3) and B( −2, 1) is, (a)
6 x − 4y = 5, (b) 6 x + 4y = 5, (c) 3x + 2y = 5, (d) 3x − 2y
= 5, Solution (b) Let P(h, k) be any point on the locus,
then, PA2 = PB2, , (h − 1) + (k − 3) 2 = (h + 2) 2 + (k −
1) 2, , 6h + 4k = 5, Hence, locus of (h, k) is, 6x + 4y =
5, 2

Page 602 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. The centroid of a triangle is (2, 7)
and two of its, vertices are (4, 8) and ( −2, 6). The third
vertex is, (a) (0, 0), (b) (4, 7), (c) (7, 4), (d) (7, 7), 2. If the
points ( k, 3), ( 2, k) and ( −k, 3) are collinear, then, the
values of k are, (a) 2, 3, (b) 1, 0, (c) 1, 2, (d) 0, 3, 3. If the
points ( − 2, − 5),( 2, − 2) and ( 8, a ) are collinear,, then
the value of a is, 5, 3, 1, 5, (a) −, (c), (d), (b), 2, 2, 2, 2, 4.
If the points (1, 1), ( −1, − 1), ( − 3 , 3 ) are the vertices,
of a triangle, then this triangle is, (a) right angled, (b)
isosceles, (c) equilateral, (d) None of these, 5. What is
the equation of the locus of a point, which, moves
such that 4 times its distance from the x-axis,, is the
square of its distance from the origin?, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 4
y = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 4| y| = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 − 4| x| = 0, (c)
x 2 + y 2 − 4x = 0, 6. If ( p, q) be the point on the x-axis
equidistant from, the points (1, 2) and (2, 3), then
which one of the, following is correct?, (NDA 2011 II),
(a) p = 0, q = 4, (b) p = 4, q = 0, (c) p = 3 / 2, q = 0, (d) p =
1, q = 0, 7. If the sum of the squares of the distances of
the point, (x , y) from the points (a, 0) and (− a, 0) be
2b2, then, which one of the following is correct?,
(NDA 2011 I), (a) x 2 + a 2 = b2 + y 2, (b) x 2 + a 2 = 2b2
− y 2, (d) x 2 + a 2 = b2 − y 2, (c) x 2 − a 2 = b2 + y 2, 8. If
the area of the triangle with vertices ( x , 0), (1, 1), and
(0, 2) is 4 sq units, then the value of x is, (a) −2, (b) −4,
(c) −6, (d) 8, 9. Three vertices of a parallelogram taken
in order are, ( −1, − 6), ( 2, − 5) and (7, 2). The fourth
vertex is, (a) (1, 4), (b) (4, 1), (c) (1, 1), (d) (4, 4), 10. The
points (1, 1), ( −5, 5) and (13, λ ) lie on a straight, line, if
λ is equal to, (a) 7, (b) −7, (c) ±7, (d) 0, 11. If A( 3, 5), B(
−5, − 4), C( 7, 10) are the vertices of a, parallelogram
taken in the order, then the, coordinates of the fourth
vertex are, (a) (10, 19), (b) (15, 10), (c) (15, 19), (d) (19,
15), , 12. What is the set of points (x , y) satisfying the,
equations x 2 + y 2 = 4 and x + y = 2?, (NDA 2011 I), (a)
{( 2, 0),( − 2, 0),( 0, 2)}, (b) {( 0, 2),( 0, − 2)}, (c) {( 0, 2),( 2,
0)}, (d) {( 2, 0),( − 2, 0),( 0, 2),( 0, − 2)}, 13. If (a, 0), (0, b)
and (1, 1) are collinear, what is the value, (a + b − ab)?,
(NDA 2011 I), (a) 2, (b) 1, (c) 0, (d) − 1, 14. If A( x1 , y1 ),
B( x2 , y2 ) and C( x3 , y3 ) are the vertices of a,
triangle, then the excentre with respect to B is, ax −
bx2 + cx3 ay1 − by2 + cy3 , (a) 1, ,, , a − b+ c, a − b+
c, , , ax + bx2 − cx3 ay1 + by2 − cy3 , (b) 1, ,, , a
+ b− c, a + b− c, , , ax − bx2 − cx3 ay1 − by2 − cy3 ,
(c) 1, ,, , a − b− c, a − b− c , , (d) None of the above,
15. If the points ( x , y ), (1, 2) and ( −3, 4) are collinear,
then, (a) x + 2 y − 5 = 0, (b) x + y − 1 = 0, (c) 2x + y − 4 =
0, (d) 2x − y + 10 = 0, 16. If P, Q and R are three non-
collinear points, then, what is the value of PQ ∩ PR?,
(NDA 2011 I), (a) Null set, (b) { P }, (c) { P , Q , R}, (d) { Q ,
R }, 17. If the area of a triangle with vertices ( − 3, 0), (
3, 0) and, (0, k) is 9 sq units, then what is the value of
k?, (a) 3, (b) 6, (NDA 2010 II), (c) 9, (d) 12, 18. After
subtending an angle of 1000° from its initial, position,
the revolving line will be situated in which, one of the
following quadrants?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) First
quadrant, (b) Second quadrant, (c) Third quadrant, (d)
Fourth quadrant, 19. Points ( at12 , 2at1 ), ( at22 , 2at2
) and ( a , 0) are collinear., Which one of the following
is correct?, (b) t1t2 = 1, (a) t1t2 = − 1, (c) t1 = t2, (d) t1
+ t2 = 1, 20. The cartesian form of the polar equation
θ = tan− 1 2 is, (a) x = 2 y, (b) y = 2x, (c) x = 4 y, (d) y =
4x, 21. The area of the triangle formed by the
coordinate, axes and the line 4x + 5 y = 20 is (in sq
unit), (a) 5, (b) 10, (c) 15, (d) 20

Page 603 :
476, 22. If A = ( − 3, 4), B = ( − 1, − 2), C = ( 5, 6) and D =
( x , − 4) are, the vertices of a quadrilateral such that,
∆ABD = 2 ∆ACD, then x is, (a) 6, (b) 9, (c) 69, (d) 96, 23.
What does the equation x3 y + xy3 − xy = 0
represent?, (a) A pair of straight lines only, (NDA 2009
I), (b) A pair of straight lines and a circle, (c) A
rectangular hyperbola only, (d) A rectangular
hyperbola and a circle, 24. If ( a , b), ( c, d ) and ( a − c, b
− d ) are collinear, then, which one of the following is
correct?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) bc − ad = 0, (b) ab − cd = 0,
(c) bc + ad = 0, (d) ab + cd = 0, 25. If A = ( 0, 4), B = ( 0, −
4) and| AP − BP|= 6, then locus of, the point P is, (b) 7x
2 − 9 y 2 = 63, (a) 7x 2 − 9 y 2 + 63 = 0, (d) 9x 2 − 7 y 2 =
63, (c) 9x 2 − 7 y 2 + 63 = 0, 26. If the point (x , y) is
equidistant from points, ( a + b, b − a ) and (a − b, a + b),
then, (a) ax + by = 0, (b) bx = ay, (c) ax = by, (d) bx + ay =
0, 27. The triangle joining the points P ( 2, 7), Q ( 4, −
1),, R ( − 2, 6) is, (a) scalene triangle, (b) isosceles
triangle, (c) right angled triangle, (d) equilateral
triangle, 28. If p1 , p2 denotes the lengths of the
perpendiculars, from the origin on the lines x sec α + y
cosec α = 2a and, respectively,, then, x cos α + y sin α =
a cos 2 α, 2, p1 p2 , + is equal to, , p2 p1 , (a) 4
sin2 4 α, (b) 4 cos2 4 α, (d) 4 sec2 4 α, (c) 4 cosec2 4 α,
29. What is the perimeter of the triangle with
vertices, (NDA 2012 I), A ( − 4, 2), B ( 0, − 1) and C ( 3,
3)?, (b) 10 + 5 2, (a) 7 + 3 2, (c) 11 + 6 2, (d) 5 + 2, 30.
The coordinates of a point are (0, 1) and the ordinate,
of another point is − 3. If the distance between the,
two points is 5, then the abscissa of another point is,
(a) 3, (b) − 3, (c) ± 3, (d) 1, 31. The point whose abscissa
is equal to its ordinate and, which is equidistant from
the points (1, 0) and (0, 3) is, (a) (1, 1), (b) (2, 2), (c) (3,
3), (d) (4, 4), 32. If the points (0, 0), (2, 2 3) and (a , b) be
the vertices of, an equilateral triangle, then (a , b) is, (a)
( 0, − 4), (b) ( 0, 4), (c) (4, 0), (d) (− 4, 0), , NDA/NA
Mathematics, 33. The length of altitude through A of
the ∆ ABC, where, A ≡ ( − 3, 0), B ≡ ( 4, − 1), C ≡ ( 5, 2)
is, 2, 4, (a), (b), 10, 10, 11, 22, (d), (c), 10, 10, 34. If the
point dividing internally the line segment, joining the
points (a , b) and (5, 7) in the ratio 2 : 1 be, (4, 6), then,
(a) a = 1, b = 2, (b) a = 2, b = − 4, (c) a = 2, b = 4, (d) a = −
2, b = 4, 35. The point, which divides externally the
line joining, the points (a + b, a − b) and (a − b, a + b) in
the ratio, a : b , is, a 2 − 2ab − b2 a 2 + b2 , (a) , ,, ,
a−b, a−b , , a 2 − 2ab − b2 a 2 − b2 , (b) , ,, , a−b,
a−b , , a 2 − 2ab + b2 a 2 + b2 , (c) , ,, , a−b, a−b
, , (d) None of the above, 36. The points, which
trisect the line segment joining the, points (0, 0) and
(9, 12), are, (a) (3, 4), (6, 8), (b) (4, 3), (6, 8), (c) (4, 3), (8,
6), (d) (3, 4), (8, 6), 37. The mid-points of sides of a
triangle are (2, 1),, (− 1, − 3) and (4, 5). Then, the
coordinates of its, vertices are, (a) (7, 9), (− 3, − 7), (1,
1), (b) (− 3, − 7,), (1, 1), (2, 3), (c) (1, 1), (2, 3), (− 5, 8), (d)
None of the above, 38. The quadrilateral formed by
the vertices (− 1, 1),, ( 0, − 3),( 5, 2) and (4, 6) will be, (a)
square, (b) parallelogram, (c) rectangle, (d) rhombus,
39. The points (3a, 0), (0, 3b) and (a , 2b) are, (a)
vertices of an equilateral triangle, (b) vertices of an
isosceles triangle, (c) vertices of a right angled
isosceles triangle, (d) collinear, 40. The quadrilateral
formed by the vertices (− 2, 2),, ( − 2, − 1), (3, − 1) and
(3, 2) will be, (a) square, (b) rhombus, (c) rectangle, (d)
parallelogram, 41. Two vertices of a triangle are (5, 4)
and (− 2, 4). If its, centroid is (5, 6), then the third
vertex has the, coordinates, (a) (12, 10), (b) (10, 12), (c)
(− 10, 12), (d) (12, − 10)

Page 604 :
477, , Rectangular Cartesian System, , Level II, 1. The
medians BE and AD of a triangle with vertices, A ( 0,
b), B ( 0, 0) and C ( a , 0) are perpendicular to each,
other, if, b, a, (a) a =, (b) b =, (c) ab = 1, (d) a = ± 2b, 2, 2,
2. The length of altitude through A of the ∆ ABC,
where, A ≡ ( −3, 0) , B ≡ ( 4, − 1) , C ≡ ( 5, 2), is, 2, 4, 11,
22, (b), (c), (d), (a), 10, 10, 10, 10, 3. If the distance of
any point P from the points, A( a + b, a − b) and B( a −
b, a + b) are equal, then the, locus of P is, (a) x − y = 0,
(b) ax + by = 0, (c) bx − ay = 0, (d) x + y = 0, 4. The locus
of a point whose difference of distance from, points
(3, 0) and ( −3, 0) is 4, is, x2 y2, x2 y2, (a), (b), −, =1, −,
=1, 4, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, x, y, x, y, (d), (c), −, =1, −, =1, 2, 3,
3, 2, 5. What is the locus of a point which moves
equidistant, from the coordinates axes?, (NDA 2011
I), (a) x ± y = 0, (b) x + 2 y = 0, (c) 2x + y = 0, (d) None of
these, 6. The x-coordinate of the incentre of the
triangle,, where the mid-point of the sides are (0, 1),
(1, 1) and, (1, 0), is, (b) 1 + 2, (a) 2 + 2, (c) 2 − 2, (d) 1 − 2,
7. ABC is a triangle with vertices A( −1, 4), B ( 6, − 2)
and, C( −2, 4). D , E and F are the points, which divide
each, AB, BC and CA, respectively in the ratio 3 : 1,
internally. Then, the centroid of the ∆ DEF is, (a) (3, 6),
(b) (1, 2), (c) (4, 8), (d) ( −3, 6), 8. If A( at 2 , 2at ), B( a/ t 2
, − 2a/ t ) and C( a , 0), then 2a is, equal to, (a) AM of CA
and CB, (b) GM of CA and CB, (c) HM of CA and CB, (d)
None of these, 1, 2 , 9. If the points ( x + 1, 2), (1, x +
2), , ,, are, x + 1 x + 1 , collinear, then x is, (a) 4, (b)
5, (c) −4, (d) None of these, 10. A point P moves such
that the difference of its, distances from two given
points ( c, 0) and ( − c, 0) is, constant. What is the locus
of the point P?, (NDA 2010 II), , (a) Circle, (c)
Hyperbola, , (b) Ellipse, (d) Parabola, , 11. The
coordinate axes rotated through an angle 135°. If, the
coordinates of a point P in the new system are, known
to be ( 4, − 3), then the coordinates of P in the, original
system are, 7 , 7 , 1, 1, (b) , (a) , ,, ,−, , , 2 2 ,
2, 2 , 7 , 7 , 1, 1, (c) −, (d) −, ,−, ,, , , , , 2, 2 ,
2, 2 , 12. The middle point of the segment of the
straight line, joining the points ( p, q) and (q , − p) is (r /
2, s / 2)., What is the length of the segment?, (NDA
2009 II), 2, 2 1/ 2, 2, 2 1/ 2, (a) [( s + r ) ]/ 2, (b) [( s + r ) ]/
4, (c) ( s2 + r 2 )1/ 2, (d) s + r, 13. What is the locus of a
point, which is equidistant from, the point (m + n , n −
m) and the point (m − n , n + m)?, (NDA 2009 II), , (a)
mx = ny, (c) nx = my, , (b) nx = − my, (d) mx = − ny, , 14.
Consider the following statements, I. A triangle is
isosceles, if any two of its medians, are equal., II. The
circumcentre of a right angled triangle is, the mid-
point of the hypotenuse., III. Orthocentre, centroid
and circumcentre of a, triangle are collinear., Which of
the statements given above are correct?, (a) I and II,
(b) II and III, (c) I and III, (d) All I, II and III, 15. Consider
the following statements, I. Orthocentre of the right
angled ∆ ABC right, angled at A, is A., II. x-axis divides
the line segment joining ( x1 , y1 ) and, ( x2 , y2 ) in the
ratio − y1 : y2., Which of the statements given above
is /are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II,
(d) Neither I nor II, 16. The points ( a , b),( 0, 0), ( − a , −
b), ( ab, b2 ) are, (a) vertices of a parallelogram, (b)
vertices of a rectangle, (c) vertices of a square, (d)
collinear, 17. What is the area of the triangle formed
by the lines, (NDA 2009 I), y − x = 0 , y + x = 0,and x =
c?, 2, (a) c / 2, (b) c, (d) c2 / 2, (c) 2c2, 18. The point of
intersection of the two lines, 2x + 3 y + 4 = 0 and 4x +
3 y + 2 = 0 is at a distance d, from origin. What is the
value of d?, (NDA 2009 I), (b) 3, (a) 2, (c) 5, (d) 7

Page 605 :
478, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 19. What is the locus of
a point which is equidistant from, the points (a + b, a −
b) and (b − a , a + b)? (NDA 2009 I), (a) bx − ay = 0, (b)
bx + ay = 0, (c) − ax + by = 0, (d) ax + by = 0, , 30. If the
points A(1, 2), B( 2, 4) and C( 3, a ) are collinear,, what
is the length of BC?, (a) 2 units, (b) 3 units, (d) 5 units,
(c) 5 units, , 20. If the points with coordinates ( −a , 0) ,
( ap2 , 2ap) and, ( ap12 , 2ap1 ) are collinear, then the
value of pp1 is, (a) 3, (b) 2, (c) 1, (d) –1, , 31. Which one
of the following points on the line, 2x − 3 y = 5 is
equidistant from (1, 2) and (3, 4)?, , 21. If the vertices B
and D of a square ABCD be ( 2, 3) and, ( 4, 1)
respectively, then the length of its side is, (a) 1 unit, (b)
2 units (c) 3 units (d) 4 units, 22. The equation of the
set of all points equidistant from, the point ( 4, 2) and
the x-axis is, (a) x 2 − 6x + 4 y + 10 = 0, (b) x 2 − 6x − 4 y
− 10 = 0, (c) x 2 − 8x − 4 y + 20 = 0, (d) y = 3, 23. Points
(1, 3, 4), (− 1, 6, 10 ), ( − 7, 4, 7) and ( − 5, 1, 1) are, the
vertices of a, (NDA 2009 I), (a) rhombus, (b) rectangle,
(c) parallelogram, (d) square, 24. The triangle formed
by the points(1, 1),( 2, 0) and( 3, 1) is, (a) an equilateral
triangle, (b) a right angled triangle, which is not
isosceles, (c) a right angled triangle, which is isosceles,
(d) neither a right angled triangle nor an isosceles,
triangle, 25. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in the
circle, x 2 + y 2 = a 2 with one of the vertices at ( a , 0).
What is, the equation of the side opposite to this
vertex?, (a) 2 x − a = 0, (b) x + a = 0, (c) 2 x + a = 0, (d) 3x
− 2 a = 0, 26. The middle point of A(1, 2) and B( x , y ) is
C( 2, 4). If BD, is perpendicular to AB such that CD = 3
units, then, what is the length of BD?, (b) 2 units, (a) 2
2 units, (c) 3 units, (d) 3 2 units, 27. If A( 2, 3), B(1, 4), C
( 0, − 2) and D ( x , y ) are the vertices, of a
parallelogram, then what is the value of ( x , y )?, (NDA
2008 I), , (a) (1, − 3), , (b) ( 2, 4), , (c) (1, 1), , (d) ( 0, 0), ,
28. If O be the origin and A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) are
two, points, then what is the value of (OA) (OB) cos ∠
AOB?, (a) x12 + x22, (b) y12 + y22, (NDA 2008 I), (c)
x1x2 + y1 y2, , (d) x1 y1 + x2 y2, , 29. If the points with
the coordinates, (a , ma), { b,( m + 1)b}, { c,( m + 2)c} are
collinear, then, which one of the following is correct?,
(NDA 2007 II), (a) a , b, c are in arithmetic progression
for all m., (b) a , b, c are in geometric progression for all
m., (c) a , b, c are in harmonic progression for all m., (d)
a , b, c are in arithmetic progression only for m = 1., ,
(NDA 2007 II ), , (a) (7, 3), (c) (1, − 1), , (b) (4, 1), (d) ( − 2,
− 3), , 32. The points (2, − 2), ( 8, 4), ( 4, 6) and (− 1, 1) in
order are, the vertices of which one of the following,
quadrilaterals?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) Square, (b)
Rhombus, (c) Rectangle (but nor square), (d)
Trapezium, 33. The area (in sq unit) of the triangle
formed by the, lines x = 0,y = 0 and 3x + 4 y = 12 is, (a)
3 sq units, (b) 4 sq units, (c) 6 sq units, (d) 12 sq units,
34. The point P is equidistant from A(1, 3), B( − 3, 5)
and, C( 5, − 1), then PA is equal to, (a) 5, (b) 5 5, (c) 25,
(d) 5 10, 35. If a point ( x , y ) = (tan θ + sin θ, tan θ − sin
θ ), then the, locus of (x , y) is, (a) ( x 2 y )2/ 3 + ( xy 2 )2/
3 = 1, (b) x 2 − y 2 = 4xy, (c) x 2 − y 2 = 12xy, (d) ( x 2 − y
2 )2 = 16xy, 36. A straight rod of length 9 units slides
with its ends. A, and B always on the x-axis and y-axis
respectively,, then the locus of the centroid of ∆ OAB
is, (b) x 2 + y 2 = 9, (a) x 2 + y 2 = 3, 2, 2, (c) x + y = 1, (d)
x 2 + y 2 = 81, 37. The vertices of a triangle are (6, 6),
(0, 6) and (6, 0), the distance between its circumcentre
and centroid is, (a) 2 2, (b) 2, (d) 1, (c) 2, 38.
Orthocentre of the triangle formed by the lines, x + y
= 1 and xy = 0 is, (a) (0, 0), (b) (0, 1), (c) (1, 0), (d) ( − 1,
1), 39. The incentre of the triangle with vertices (1, 3),,
(0, 0) and (2, 0) is, , 3 , (a) 1,, , 2, , , 2 3 , (c) ,, ,
3 2 , , 2 1 , (b) ,, , 3 3 , 1 , (d) 1,, , , 3

Page 606 :
479, , Rectangular Cartesian System, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 40-42) Each of these question, contain two
statements, one is Assertion (A) and other is, Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has four, alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct, answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d)
given below., Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually
true and R is the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A
and R are individually true but R is not, the correct
explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is
false but R is true., 40. Assertion (A) Three points ( p +
1, 1), ( 2 p + 1, 3) and, ( 2 p + 2, 2 p) are collinear, if p is
equal to 2., Reason (R) Three given points are
collinear, if the, area of triangle formed by these
points should be zero., 41. Assertion (A) Three points
(0, 0), (2, 2 3) and ( p, q), are the vertices of an
equilateral triangle, then, ( p, q ) = ( 4, 0)., , 42.
Assertion (A) Orthocentre of the triangle whose,
vertices are (0, 0), (3, 0) and (0, 4) is (1, 1)., Reason (R),
In a right angled triangle, the, orthocentre is the
coordinate in which it is right, angled., , Directions (Q.
Nos. 43-45), , Let us consider the, three vertices of a
triangle be A(1, 1), B( − 1, − 1) and, C ( − 3 , k). On the
basis of above information solve the, following
questions., 43. If the triangle is an equilateral, then
value of k is, (b) 3, (a) − 3, (c) 2 3, (d) None of these, 44.
If the area of triangle is 4, then the value of k is, (b) 4 +
3, (a) − 4 − 3, (d) None of these, (c) 4 − 3, 45. The
altitude of an equilateral triangle is, (a) 2, (b) 3, (d) 6,
(c) 5, , Reason (R) In an equilateral triangle all sides
are, equal., , Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (b),
(c), (b), (b), (a), , 2., 12., 22., 32., , (d), (c), (c), (c), , 3., 13.,
23., 33., , (b), (c), (b), (d), , 4., 14., 24., 34., , (c), (a), (a), (c),
, 5., 15., 25., 35., , (d), (a), (d), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., , (b),
(b), (b), (a), , 7., 17., 27., 37., , (d), (a), (c), (a), , 8., 18., 28.,
38., , (c), (d), (c), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39., , (b), (a), (b), (d), ,
10., 20., 30., 40., , (b), (b), (c), (c), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., ,
(d), (c), (c), (d), (d), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (a), (c), (a), (c),
(b), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , (a), (d), (c), (d), (c), , 5., 15., 25.,
35., 45., , (a), (c), (c), (b), (d), , 6., 16., 26., 36., , (c), (d), (b),
(b), , 7., 17., 27., 37., , (b), (b), (a), (c), , 8., 18., 28., 38., ,
(c), (c), (c), (a), , 9., 19., 29., 39., , (c), (c), (c), (d), , 10., 20.,
30., 40., , (c), (c), (c), (a), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., ,
(d), (d), (b), (b), (a)

Page 607 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. Let the third vertex of the
triangle be ( x , y ), then, x + 4 + (−2), =2 x=4, 3,
y+8+6, and, =7 y=7, 3, ∴ The coordinates of the
third vertex are (4, 7)., , 2. Since, points ( k, 3),( 2, k)
and ( −k, 3) are collinear, so, k, 2, , 3 1, k 1 =0, , −k 3 1,
, , , , , , k (k − 3) − 3 (2 + k) + 1 (6 + k2) = 0, k2
− 3k − 6 − 3k + 6 + k2 = 0, 2k2 − 6k = 0, k (k − 3) = 0, k =
0, 3, , 3. Let the three points be A( −2, − 5), B( 2, − 2)
and, C( 8, a )., If three points are collinear, then, Slope
of AB = Slope of BC, −2 + 5 a + 2, =, , 2+2, 8 −2, 5, 3
a+2, , =, 9 = 2a + 4 a =, 2, 4, 6, , 7. Let the sum of
the distances of the point P ( x , y ) from, the points A(
a , 0) and B( − a , 0) be 2b2., ∴, , PA 2 + PB2 = 2b2, (x − a
) + ( y − 0) + (x + a )2 + ( y − 0)2 = 2b2, x2 + a 2 − 2ax +
y2 + x2 + a 2 + 2ax + y2 = 2b2, x2 + a 2 + y 2 = b 2, x2 +
a 2 = b2 − y2, 2, , , , , , 8. Given that ,, , 2, , x1 = x ,
x2 = 1, x3 = 0, , and, y1 = 0, y2 = 1, y3 = 2, ∴ Area of
triangle, 1, = [x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 −
y2)], 2, 1, = [x (1 − 2) + 1 (2 − 0) + 0 (0 − 1)], 2, 1, 1, = [−
x + 2 + 0] = (2 − x), 2, 2, But area of triangle is 4 sq
units, 1, , (2 − x) = 4, 2, , 2 − x=8 x= −6, , 9. Let the
fourth vertex be D( x , y )., D, ( x, y), , C, (7, 2), , 4. Let P
(1, 1), Q( −1, − 1) and R( − 3 , 3 ) are the vertices, of ∆
PQR, ∴, , PQ = (1 + 1)2 + (1 + 1)2 = 8 = 2 2, , QR = (− 3 +
1)2 + ( 3 + 1)2 = 8 = 2 2, Similarly,, PR = (− 3 − 1)2 + ( 3
− 1)2 = 8 = 2 2, , PQ = QR = PR, Which shows, ∆ PQR
is an equilateral., , 5. Let ( h , k) be the point., According
to question,, 4 (h − h )2 + k2 = h 2 + k2, , 4| k| = h 2 +
k2, Locus of the point is, 4| y| = x2 + y2 x2 + y2 − 4|
y| = 0, , A, , We know that two diagonals of a
parallelogram are, perpendicular bisector to each
other., , −1 + 7 2 + x, =, 2, 2, , x=4, −6 + 2 −5 + y, and,
=, 2, 2, , y=1, ∴ Fourth vertex of D is (4, 1)., ∴, , 10.
The given points lie on a straight line, if, 1 1 1, −5 5 1 =
0, 13 λ 1, , 6. Let A( p, q ) be the point on the x-axis,
which is, equidistant from the points B(1, 2) and C( 2,
3), then, AB = AC, , AB2 = AC 2, , ( p − 1)2 + (q −
2)2 = ( p − 2)2 + (q − 3)2, 2, p + 1 − 2 p + q 2 + 4 − 4 q
= p2 + 4 − 4 p + q 2 + 9 − 6 q, , 2 p + 2q = 8, ...(i), , p
+ q =4, Since, the value of p = 4 and q = 0 satisfies the
Eq. (i), and on the x-axis q must be zero, so ( p, q) = (4,
0)., , B, , , , , , 1 (5 − λ ) − 1 (−5 − 13) + 1 (−5 λ − 65)
= 0, 5 − λ + 18 − 5λ − 65 = 0, −6 λ = 42 λ = − 7, , 11.
Let the coordinates of fourth vertex are ( x , y )., Since,
mid-point of a diagonals are same, x−5 7 + 3, =, x =
15, ∴, 2, 2

Page 608 :
481, , Rectangular Cartesian System, y − 4 10 + 5, =,
y = 19, 2, 2, ∴ Coordinates of fourth vertex are (15,
19)., , 20. Given, θ = tan− 1 2, , and, , , , tan θ = 2, , 12.
The given equations are, ...(i), x2 + y2 = 4, and, ...(ii), x+
y =2, These equations are satisfied by only (2, 0) and
(0, 2)., Hence, the required set is {(0, 2), (2, 0)}., , 13. Q (
a , 0), ( 0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear., b 1 =0, , θ, 1, , x = r
cos θ, y = r sin θ, y, tan θ =, x, y = 2x, , , , 1 1 1, , ,
, , ∴, , a (b − 1) + 1(0 − b) = 0, ab − a − b = 0, a + b − ab
= 0, , 21. Given line is 4x + 5 y = 20, x y, + =1, 5 4, , or, ,
14. We know, if the vertices of a triangle are, A ( x1 ,
y1 ), B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) and the respective,
sides are a , b and c, then the excentre with respect to,
angle B is, , y, , B (0, 4), , ax1 − bx2 + cx3 ay1 − by2 +
cy3 , ,, , ., a−b + c, a −b+ c , , , 4x+5y = 20, , 15. If (
x , y ), (1, 2) and (–3, 4) are collinear, then area of,
triangle formed by these points should be zero., ∴, ,
, , 1, [x(2 − 4) + 1(4 − y) − 3( y − 2)] = 0, 2, −2 x + 4 − y
− 3 y + 6 = 0, −2x − 4 y + 10 = 0 x + 2 y − 5 = 0, , x′, ,
17. Let the vertices of the ∆ ABC be A( − 3, 0), B( 3, 0)
and, C( 0, k)., , x, , 1, × OA × OB, 2, 1, = × 5 × 4 = 10 sq
units, 2, , 22. Given,, , x1 = − 3, y1 = 4, x2 = − 1, y2 = −
2, , −3 0 1, 1, 3 0 1, ∴ Area of ∆ ABC =, 2, 0 k 1, , , , A,
(5, 0), , ∴ Area of ∆ OAB =, , PQ ∩ PR = { P }., , , , O, , y′,
, 16. Since, P, Q and R are three non-collinear points,
then, , 1, 9 = { − 3 (− k) + 1(3k)}, 2, 18 = 3k + 3k, 18, k=,
=3, 6, , 2, , We know that,, , a 0 1, 0, , √5, , x3 = 5, y3 = 6,
x4 = x, y4 = − 4, (given), , 18. Q 1000° = 2 × 360° +
280°, ∴ From above it is clear that the revolving line
will be, in the fourth quadrant., , 19. We know that,
the points A( x1 , y1 ), B( x2 , y2 ) and, C( x3 , y3 ) are
collinear, if, x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2)
= 0, Here, x1 = at12, y1 = 2at1 , x2 = at22, y2 = 2at2,
x3 = a , y3 = 0, at12(2at2 − 0) + at22(0 − 2at1 ) + a
(2at1 − 2at2) = 0, , 2a 2t1t2(t1 − t2) + 2a 2(t1 − t2) =
0, , 2a 2(t1 − t2) (t1t2 + 1) = 0, , t1t2 + 1 = 0 t1t2
= − 1, , According to question,, ∆ABD = 2 ∆ACD, 1, [− 3
( − 2 − ( − 4)) + ( − 1) ( − 4 − 4) + x ( 4 − ( − 2))], 2, 1, = 2 ×
[( − 3) ( 6 + 4) + ( 5) ( − 4 − 4) + x ( 4 − 6)], 2, 1, , ( − 6 +
8 + 6x ) = ( − 30 − 40 − 2x ), 2, 1, ( 2 + 6x ) = − ( 70 + 2x ),
2, Neglecting negative sign, we get, , , 1, [2 + 6x] = 70
+ 2x, 2, , , , 1 + 3x = 70 + 2x, , , , x = 69

Page 609 :
482, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 23. Given, equation, ,
28. ∴ p12 + p22 =, , x y + xy − xy = 0, 3, , , , 3, , , ,
xy(x + y − 1) = 0, 2, , , x2 + y2 = 1, xy = 0, Thus, the
equation represents a pair of straight lines, and a
circle., , 24. Q ( a , b),( c, d ) and {( a − c),( b − d )} are
collinear, then, the area of the triangle should be zero.,
Q, ∴, , , , , 1, ∆ = { x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) +
x3 ( y1 − y2)} = 0, 2, a (d − b + d ) + c(b − d − b) + (a − c)
(b − d ) = 0, 2ad − ab − cd + ab − ad − bc + cd = 0, ad −
bc = 0, bc − ad = 0, , 25. Let the point be P ( x , y ).,
Given, points are A = (0, 4), B = (0, − 4), We have,, | AP
− BP| = 6, , ( AP − BP ) = ± 6, 2, 2, (x − 0) + ( y −
4)2 , = ± 6 +, , (x − 0)2 + ( y + 4)2 , , , , − 16 y −
36 = ± 12 x + y + 8 y + 16, , , , − 4 y − 9 = ± 3 x + y + 8
y + 16, , 2, , [x − (a + b) ] + [ y − (b − a )], = [x − (a − b)]2
+ [ y − (a + b)]2, 2, 2, x + (a + b) − 2x(a + b) + y2 + (b −
a )2 − 2 y (b − a ), = x2 + (a − b)2 − 2x (a − b) + y2 + (a +
b)2 − 2 y (a + b), , −2x (a + b − a + b) = − 2 y (a + b − b
+ a ), , 4bx = 4ay, , bx = ay, 2, , 27. The vertices of
the triangle are, P ( 2, 7), Q( 4, − 1), R( − 2, 6), ∴ PQ = (4
− 2)2 + (− 1 − 7)2 = 4 + 64 = 68, QR = (− 2 − 4) + (6 + 1)
= 36 + 49 = 85, 2, , and, ∴, , , , cos2 α + sin2 α, , p22
= a 4 sin 2 2α cos 2 2α, 1 4, 2, = a sin 4α, 4 , 2, ,
∴, , p1 p2 , ( p12 + p22)2, + =, p2 p1 , p12 p22,
4, =, = 4 cos ec2 4α, sin 2 4α, , 29. Given that, the
vertices of the triangle are A ( − 4, 2),, B ( 0, − 1) and C (
3, 3)., Then, length of AB = ( − 4 − 0)2 + ( 2 + 1)2, = 16 +
9 = 25 = 5, Length of BC = ( 0 − 3) + ( − 1 − 3)2, = 9 + 16
= 25 = 5, , = 49 + 1 = 50 = 5 2, ∴ The perimeter of
∆ABC = AB + BC + CA, = 5+ 5+ 5 2, , 2, , 26. Let the
points A ( a + b, b − a ) and B ( a − b, a + b) and, P ( x , y )
be any point, then according to given condition, PA2 =
PB2, 2, , a 2 cos2 2α, , = a 2 (sin 2 2α + cos 2 2 α ) = a 2
and, , p12, , 2, , 16 y2 + 81 + 72 y = 9(x2 + y2 + 8 y +
16), 9x2 − 7 y2 + 63 = 0, , , , , +, , Length of CA = ( 3
+ 4)2 + ( 3 − 2)2, , 2, , x2 + y2 + 16 − 8 y, = 36 + x2 +
y2 + 16 + 8 y ± 12 x2 + y2 + 8 y + 16, 2, , sec α + cos ec
α, 2, , 4 cos 2 α sin 2 α cos 2 2 α , = a2 , +, , 1 ,
cos 2 α + sin 2 α, , xy(x2 + y2) = xy, 2, , 4a 2, 2, , 2, , = 10
+ 5 2, 30 . According to the given condition,, , , 25 =
x2 + 16, x2 = 9 x = ± 3, , 31. Let the point be (x , x), so
according to the condition, (x − 1)2 + (x − 0)2 = (x −
0)2 + (x − 3)2, , − 2x + 1 = − 6x + 9, , x =2, Hence,
the point is (2, 2)., , 32. I = 4 + 12 = 4, , a 2 + b2 = 16,
2, and, (a − 2) + (b − 2 3) 2 = 16, , a + 3b = 4, Hence,,
(a , b) = (4, 0), , 33. In ∆ ABC, A ≡ ( − 3, 0), B ≡ ( 4, − 1)
and C ≡ ( 5, 2), We know that, BC = (5 − 4)2 + (2 + 1)2,
= 1 + 9 = 10, , RP = (− 2 − 2)2 + (6 − 7)2 = 16 + 1, , A, , =
17, QR2 = RP 2 + PQ 2, 85 = 17 + 68, 85 = 85, , ∆ PQR
is a right angled., , B, , L, , C

Page 610 :
483, , Rectangular Cartesian System, and Area of
∆ABC, 1, = [− 3(− 1 − 2) + 4(2 − 0) + 5 (0 + 1)] = 11, 2, 2
∆ ABC 2 × 11 22, Therefore, altitude AL =, =, =, BC, 10,
10, , 2 × 5 + 1( a ), =4, 2+1, , 34., , , , , y=, , AB = 17,
CD = 17, BC = 50,, AD = 50, AC = 37 and BD = 97,
Obviously, AB = CD and BC = AD. Also, diagonal, AC ≠
BD. Therefore, quadrilateral is parallelogram., l2 = a 2
+ b2, l3 = (2a )2 + (2b)2 = 2 a 2 + b2, l1 = l2 + l3,
Hence, the points are collinear., , b =4, , 35. Here, x =, ,
, , 39. l1 = ( 3a )2 + ( 3b)2 = 3 a 2 + b2, , a =2, 2 × 7 +
1(b), =6, 2+1, , and, , 38. Let A( − 1, 1), B( 0, − 3), C( 5, 2)
and D( 4, 6)., , a( a − b) − b ( a + b) a 2 − 2ab − b2, =, a−b,
a−b, , 40. Let the points A, B, C and D are (− 2, 2), ( − 2,
− 1),, ( 3, − 1) and (3, 2), respectively., , a (a + b) − b(a −
b) a 2 + b2, =, a−b, a−b, , (–2,2) A, , D (3,2), , (–2,–1)B, ,
C (3,–1), , 36. Let the point be ( x , y )., A, , B, , C, , D, , (i)
Point B (x, y) divides AD in 1 : 2, 0+9, 0 + 12, = 3 and y
=, =4, 3, 3, (ii) Now point C (x, y) divides AD in 2 : 1., 0 +
18, 0 + 24, Then,, x=, = 6 and y =, =8, 3, 3, , ∴, , 37., , x=, ,
x1 + x2, x +x, x + x1, = 2, 2 3 = − 1, 3, =4, 2, 2, 2, x1 = 7,
x2 = − 3, x3 = 1, Similarly, y1, y2 and y3 can be found., ,
Then, AB = 3, BC = 5, CD = 3, DA = 5, Clearly, angle
between the diagonals is 90°. So, it is, rectangle., , 41.
Let the third vertex be (x , y), then, x + 5 −2, 3, y+4+4,
x = 12 and 6 =, 3, y = 10, 5=, , , , , Level II, 1. The
vertices of a ∆ABC are A( 0, b), B ( 0, 0) and C( a , 0).,
a b , a , Mid-point of E and D are , and , 0 ., 2
2 , 2 , b, The slope of median BE , m1 = and, a, A (0,
b), , 2. In ∆ABC, the vertices are, A (−3, 0), B(4, − 1) and
C (5, 2), Distance between B and C,, BC = (5 − 4)2 + (2
+ 1)2, = 1 + 9 = 10, and Area of ∆ABC, A (–3, 0), , E, L,
(0, 0) B, , D, , C (a, 0), (4,–1) B, , 2b, . Since, the medians
are, a, perpendicular to each other, , =, , ∴, , m1m2 = −
1 , , =, , , , , −2 b 2 = − a 2, a = ± 2b, , Slope of AD ,
m2 = −, , b −2 b , × , = −1, a a , , L, , C (5, 2), , 1,
[x1( y2 − y3 ) + x2( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2)], 2, , 1, [−3 (
−1 − 2) + 4 ( 2 − 0) + 5 ( 0 + 1)], 2, 1, = [9 + 8 + 5] = 11, 2

Page 611 :
484, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 1, × BC × AL, 2, 1, 11 = ×
10 × AL, 2, 2 × 11, 22, AL =, =, 10, 10, , As we know, ∆
ABC =, , , , y, , y=–x, , y=x, , x′, , x, , 3. Let the
coordinates of point P are ( x , y )., It is given that, PA =
PB, , (PA )2 = (PB)2, , { x − (a + b)}2 + { y − (a − b)}2,
= { x − (a − b)}2 + { y − (a + b)}2, 2, 2, x + (a + b) − 2x (a
+ b) + y2 + (a − b)2 − 2 y (a − b), = x2 + (a − b)2 − 2x (a −
b) + y2 + (a + b)2 − 2 y (a + b), −2x (a + b) − 2 y (a − b)
= − 2x (a − b) − 2 y (a + b), , 2x [− a − b + a − b] + 2 y [−
a + b + a + b] = 0, , x (−2b) + y (2b) = 0, , −x + y = 0
x − y = 0, ∴ Locus of point P is x − y = 0, , y′, , So, x ± y
= 0 is the locus of a point which moves, equidistant
from the coordinate axes., , 6. Since, (0, 1), (1, 1) and
(1, 0) are mid-point, of sides, AB, BC and CA,
respectively., A (0, 0), , c, , (0, 2) B, , 4. Let the point be
P ( h , k)., , b, , C (2 , 0 ), , a, , ∴Coordinates of A, B and C
are (0, 0), (0, 2) and (2, 0),, respectively., , P (h,k), , AB =
2, BC = 2 2 , CA = 2, 0 + 0 + 2 ⋅2, x-coordinate of
incentre =, 2+2 2+2, , Now,, (–3,0) B, , ∴, , A (3, 0), , =, ,
It is given that difference of the distance from points,
A( 3, 0) and B( −3, 0) is 4, i.e.,, , PA − PB = 4, , , , (h − 3)
+ k − (h + 3) + k = 4, , , , (h − 3)2 + k2 = 4 +, , 2, , 2, , 2, ,
2, , (h + 3)2 + k2, , On squaring both sides, we get, (h −
3)2 + k2 = 16 + (h + 3)2 + k2 + 8 (h + 3)2 + k2, h + 9
− 6h + k = 16 + h + 9 + 6h + k, 2, , 2, , 2, , 7. Let ( x1 , y1 ),
( x2 , y2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) are coordinates of the, points D
, E and F, which divide each AB, BC and CA,
respectively, in the ratio 3 : 1 (internally)., 3 × 6 − 1 × 1
17, =, 4, 4, 2, 1, −2 × 3 + 4 × 1, =− =−, y1 =, 4, 4, 2, , ∴, ,
x1 =, , and, , 2, , A (–1, 4), , + 8 (h + 3)2 + k2, , , , − 6h
= 16 + 6h + 8 (h + 3)2 + k2, (x1, y1) D, , −8 (h + 3)2 + k2
= 12h + 16, , Again, squaring both sides, we get, 64 [(h
+ 3)2 + k2] = (12h + 16)2, , 64(h 2 + 9 + 6h + k2) =
144h 2 + 256 + 2⋅ 16 ⋅ 12h, , 64(h 2 + 9 + 6h + k2) =
16(9h 2 + 16 + 24h ), , 4(h 2 + 9 + 6h + k2) = 9h 2 +
16 + 24h, , 4h 2 + 36 + 24h + 4k2 = 9h 2 + 16 + 24h,
h 2 k2, , 5h 2 − 4k2 = 20 , −, =1, 4, 5, 2, x, y2,
Hence, the locus of point P is, −, =1, 4, 5, , 5. Q The
lines y = x and y = − x lie at the same distances, in
coordinate axes., ∴, , 2, =2 − 2, 2+ 2, , y = ± x x ± y =0,
, (6,–2) B, , Similarly,, , F (x3, y3), , E (x2, y2), , x2 = 0, y2
=, , C (–2, 4), , 5, 2, , 5, , y3 = 4, 4, Let (x, y) be the
coordinates of centroid of ∆ DEF, 1 17, 5 , x= , + 0 −
=1, 3 4, 4 , and, , x3 = −, , and, , y=, , ∴, , 1 1 5, , −
+ + 4 = 2, , 3 2 2, , Coordinates of centroid are (1,
2).

Page 612 :
485, , Rectangular Cartesian System, 8. Now, CA = ( at
2 − a )2 + ( 2at )2, = a (t 2 − 1)2 + 4 t 2= a t 4 + 1 + 2 t 2
= a (1 + t 2), 2, , 2, , −2 a , a, , and CB = 2 − a + ,
=, t , t, , =a, , 2a 2 4a 2, a2, + a2 − 2 + 2, 4, t, t, t, ,
10. We know that, if P is such that the difference of
its, distances from two given points is constant, then,
locus of P is a hyperbola, which is the definition of,
hyperbola., 11. We know, if coordinate axes are
rotated, then, P = ( x cos θ − y sin θ , x sin θ + y cos θ ).,
, 1 , 2 , 1, , 4 + 1 + 2 = a 1 + 2 , t, , , t, t , , It
is rotated at an angle 135° i.e., θ = 135° and the new,
point be, , 1 , , 2a 2(1 + t 2) 1 + 2 , , t , Now, HM
of CA and CB =, 1, , , a 1 + t 2 + 1 + 2 , t , , , 2xy
, Q HM of x and y = x + y , , , 1, , 2 , 2a 2 + 2 + t
, , , t, =, = 2a, 1, , 2 , +, +, 2, t, , , , , t2, , P = [(4
cos (90° + 45° ) + 3 sin (90° + 45° ),, 4 sin (90° + 45° ) −
3 cos (90° + 45° )], = (− 4 sin 45° + 3 cos 45° , 4 cos 45°
+ 3 cos 45° ), 1 1 7 , 1, 1, , 1 , ,4⋅, + 3⋅, = −4 ⋅
+ 3 ⋅, = −, , , , , 2 , 2, 2, 2, 2 2 , , , p + q q −
p , 12. Mid-point of ( p, q ) and (q , − p) is , ,, , which,
2, 2 , r s , is given by , ., 2 2 , , 9. Let the
points be, , ∴, , 1, 2 , ,, A = (x + 1, 2), B = (1, x + 2), C =
, ., x + 1 x + 1 , , If A, B and C are collinear, then
area of ∆ ABC must, be zero., x1, x2, , i.e.,, , x3, x+1, , ,
1, 1, x+1, , y1 1, y2 1 = 0, y3 1, 2, , x, 1, 1, x+1, , = s2 + r
2, , 13. Let the locus of the point be ( x1 , y1 )., ∴, , , ,
x12 + (m + n )2 − 2x1 (m + n ) + y12 + (n − m)2 − 2 y1
(n − m), , 1, , = x12 + (m − n )2 − 2x1 (m − n ) + y12 + (n
+ m)2 − 2 y1 (n + m), , x+ 2 1 =0, 2, 1, x+1, , , , , ,
2x1 (m − n − m − n ) + 2 y1 (n + m − n + m) = 0, − 4x1n +
4 y1m = 0, my1 = nx1, , Hence, locus of the point is, ,
−x 0, x+ 2 1 =0, 2, 1, x+1, , 0, , nx = my, , 14., , I. It is a
correct statement that a triangle is, isosceles, if any
two of its medians are equal., II. If we draw a
circumcircle of a right angled ∆ ABC,, then AC is a
diameter of that circle., A, , 0, , 1, x+ 3 1 =0, 1, 3, 1, 1+ x
1+ x, , , , , 3 , x x + 3 −, =0, x + 1 , , , , , x (x2 +
3 + 4x − 3), =0, (x + 1), , , ∴, , [x1 − (m + n )]2 + [ y1 − (n
− m)]2, = [x1 − (m − n )]2 + [ y1 − (n + m)]2, , Applying C
2 C 2 + C1, x, , q− p s, =, 2, 2, , and, , Now, length of
segment = ( p − q)2 + (q + p)2, , Applying R1 R1 −
R2, , , p+ q r, =, 2, 2, , x2 (x + 4) = 0 , x= −4, , O, , B, , x
= 0, − 4, , C, , So, mid-point of a diameter AC is a centre
of a, circle., III. We know, centroid of a triangle divides
the, orthocentre and circumcentre in 2 : 1 internally.,
So, orthocentre, centroid and circumcentre are,
collinear.

Page 613 :
486, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 15. I. Altitudes BA and
CA meets at A, then A is the, orthocentre of a
triangle., B, , = x2 + (b − a )2 − 2x(b − a ) + y2 + (a + b)2
− 2 y(a + b), 2x(a + b) + 2 y(a − b) = 2x(b − a ) + 2 y(a
+ b), x {(a + b) − (b − a )} + y{(a − b) − (a + b)} = 0, ,
2ax + (− 2by) = 0, , ax − by = 0 − ax + by = 0, , 20.
Since, the points with coordinates ( −a , 0), ( ap2 , 2ap),
and ( ap12 , 2ap1 ) are collinear, then, A, , 0, 1, −a, ap2
2ap 1 = 0, ap12 2ap1 1, , C, , II. Let x-axis divides line
segment in k:1, then, k x + 1x1 k y2 + 1 y1 , ,, C 2,
=0, k+1 , k+1, , , , y, k y2 + y1, =0 k = − 1, y2, k+1,
, ∴, , 16. Let the four points A ( a , b), O( 0, 0), B ( − a , −
b) and, C ( ab, b2 )., , and, , …(i), …(ii), …(iii), , ∴ From Eqs.
(i), (ii) and (iii), we see that the slopes c, m1 , m2 and
m3 are equal., m1 = m2 = m3, , i.e.,, , 17. Required area
= 2 area (∆ AOD), , A (c,c), , O, x, , x=, 0, , D (c,0), y–, , x=,
, y+, 0, , y′, , = c× c= c, , 18. Given equations of two lines
as, 2x + 3 y + 4 = 0, 4x + 3 y + 2 = 0, , ...(i), ...(ii), , On
solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), the coordinates of the,
intersecting point are (1, − 2)., Now,, , (0 − 1) + {0 − (−
2)} = d, 2, , d= 1+4 = 5, , , , 19. Let the coordinates of
the point be ( x , y )., ∴, , 0, , −1, , 1, , p, p1, , p2 = 0, p12, ,
Now, using R2 R2 − R1 and R3 R3 − R1 , we get,
1 0, −1, 0 p p2 + 1 = 0, 0 p1 p12 + 1, , , , pp12 + p −
p2p1 − p1 = 0, ( p1 − p) ( pp1 − 1) = 0, pp1 = 1, p1 = p, ,
= { x − (b − a )} + { y − (a + b)}, , A, , D (4,1), , C, , or, (x −
4)2 + ( y − 2)2 = y2, 2, or, x − 8x + 16 + y2 − 4 y + 4 =
y2, or, x2 − 8x − 4 y + 20 = 0, This is the required
equation of the set of all points., , 23. Let the
coordinates of the points A, B, C and D be, (1, 3, 4), ( −
1, 6, 10) (− 7, 4, 7) and ( −5, 1, 1), respectively., AB = (−
1 − 1)2 + (6 − 3)2 + (10 − 4)2, = 4 + 9 + 36 = 7, BC = (−
7 + 1)2 + (4 − 6)2 + (7 − 10)2, = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7, , { x − (a
+ b)}2 + { y − (a − b)}2, 2, , 1, , (x − 4)2 + ( y − 2)2 = (x −
x)2 + ( y − 0)2, , 2, , 2, , p2 = 0, p12, , 22. Let P ( x , y ) be
any point. Since, this point is, equidistant from ( 4, 2)
and x-axis, therefore, , B (c,–c), , x=c, , and, , 1, , p, p1, , =
4 + 4 = 8 =2 2, (which is the length of diagonal BD), ∴
Side of square ABCD, B (2,3), 1, 1, =, × BD =, ×2 2, 2, 2,
= 2 units, , y, , O, , − 2a 1, , ∴ The distance between B
and D, = (2 − 4)2 + (3 − 1)2, , 1, = 2 × × OD × AD, 2, , x′, ,
−1, , 21. Given that, the vertices B and D of a square
ABCD be, ( 2, 3) and ( 4, 1) ,respectively., , Therefore,
these points are collinear., , (0,0), , 0, , 1, , b, a, b,
m2(slope of BO ) =, a, b2 b, m3 (slope of CO ) =, =, ab a,
m1 (slope of AO ) =, , ∴, , , , 1, 2, , 2, , On squaring, we
get, x2 + (a + b)2 − 2x (a + b) + y2 + (a − b)2 − 2 y (a −
b), , DA = (1 + 5)2 + (3 − 1)2 + (4 − 1)2, = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7

Page 614 :
487, , Rectangular Cartesian System, 0 + 2 3 − 2 ,
Mid-point of AC = , ,, , 2, 2 , x + 1 y + 4 , Mid-
point of BD = , ,, , 2, 2 , , AC = (− 7 − 1)2 + (4 − 3)2
+ (7 − 4)2, and, , = 64 + 1 + 9 = 74, CD = (− 5 + 7)2 + (1
− 4)2 + (1 − 7)2, = 4 + 9 + 36 = 7, BD = (− 5 + 1)2 + (1 −
6)2 + (1 − 10)2, , (x, y) D, , C (0,–2), , (2, 3) A, , B (1, 4), , =
16 + 25 + 81 = 122, Q, AB = BC = CD = DA, But, BD ≠
AC, ∴ Points A, B,C and D form a rhombus., , 24. Let
the points A(1, 1), B( 2, 0) and C( 3, 1) be the, vertices
of ∆ ABC., ∴, , AB = (2 − 1)2 + (0 − 1)2 = 2, BC = (3 − 2)2
+ (1 − 0)2 = 2, , and, , 28. OA = ( x1 − 0)2 + ( y1 − 0)2 =
x12 + y12, , CA = (3 − 1)2 + (1 − 1)2 = 2, , ∴ We see that
the sum of the squares of two sides is, equal to the
square of third side which is the property, of right
angled triangle and also, two sides are equal, i.e.,
isosceles right angled triangle., 25. We know that, the
other vertices of the triangle are, a − 3 a , a, 3a ,
, and − ,, − ,, 2 , 2 , 2, 2, ∴Equation of line BC
is, y, , C, , O, , (a, 0), , y′, , x=−, , a, 2, , 2x + a = 0, , a, b
and c are in harmonic progression for all m., , 26.
Since, middle point of A(1, 2) and B ( x , y ) is C( 2, 4)., ∴,
, By cosine law,, y, OA 2 + OB2 − AB2, cos ∠AOB =, 2
OA ⋅ OB, OA ⋅ OB ⋅ cos ∠AOB, B (x2, y2), 1, = (x12
+ y12 + x12 + y22) − (x12 + x22 − 2x1x2), 2, A (x1, y1),
− ( y12 + y22 − 2 y1 y2), 1, x, = {2x1x2 + 2 y1 y2} =
(x1x2 + y1 y2), O, 2, , 1, [x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y2 − y1 ) +
x3 ( y1 − y2)], 2, ∴ a{(m + 1)b − (m + 2)c} + b{(m + 2)}c −
ma }, + c {ma − (m + 1)b} = 0, , mab + ab − mac − 2ac +
mbc + 2bc − mab, + mac − mbc − bc = 0, , ab − 2ac +
2bc − bc = 0, , ab + bc = 2ac, 2ac, b=, , a+c, , x, , B, ,
1+ x, =2, 2, x =3, , AB = (x1 − x2)2 + ( y1 − y2)2, , ∆=, , A,
, – a , – √3a, 2, 2, , , , and, , 29. Since, the points A( a ,
ma ), B[b,( m + 1)b] and, C [c,( m + 2)c] are collinear
area of the triangle should, be zero formed these
points., , – a , √3a, 2 2, , x′, , 2+0 1+ x, 3 −2 4 + y, and, =,
=, 2, 2, 2, 2, , x = 1 and y = − 3, ∴ Value of (x, y) = (1, −
3), , ∴, , 2+ y, and, =4, 2, and, y =6, , D, , , ∴ B(3, 6), BC
= (2 − 3)2 + (4 − 6)2 = 1 + 4, = 5, In ∆BCD,, , 1 2 1, 30.
For collinear 2 4 1 = 0, 3 a 1, , 3, , A, , C, , B, , BD = (CD
)2 − (BC )2, = 3 2 − ( 5 )2 = 9 − 5, = 4 =2, , 27. Given, A(
2, 3), B (1, 4), C( 0, − 2) and D( x , y ) are the, vertices of
a parallelogram. We known that the, mid-points of
diagonals of a parallelogram are same., , 1(4 − a)− 2(2
− 3) + 1 (2a − 12) = 0, , , −6 + a = 0, , a =6, ∴ Point
C is (3, 6), ∴, BC = (3 − 2)2 + (6 − 4)2 = 1 + 4 = 5, , 31.
Let point P ( x1 , y1 ) be equidistant from points A(1,
2), and B( 3, 4)., ∴, , , PA = PB, PA 2 = PB2

Page 615 :
488, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , (1 − x1 )2 + (2 − y1 )2
= (3 − x1 )2 + (4 − y1 )2, 2, 1 + x1 − 2x1 + 4 + y12 − 4
y1 = 9 + x12 − 6x1 + 16 + y12 − 8 y1, ...(i), , x1 + y1 =
5, Point P (x1 , y1 ) lies on 2x − 3 y = 5, ...(ii), ∴, 2x1 − 3
y1 = 5, On solving Eqs (i) and (ii), we get, x1 = 4 and y1
= 1, ∴ Coordinates of P are (4, 1)., , 32. Let A( 2, − 2), B(
8, 4), C( 4, 6) and D( − 1, 1) are in order., AB = (8 − 2)2 +
(4 + 2)2 = 36 + 36 = 72, 2, , y , , , , x − y , , = tan
θ sin θ, 2 , , 1 − cos 2 θ , sin 2 θ , x2 − y2 = 4
, , =4 , cos θ , cos θ , x2 − y2 = 4 (sec θ − cos
θ ), (x2 − y2)2 = 16 (sec2 θ + cos 2 θ − 2), (x2 − y2)2 =
16 (1 + tan 2 θ + 1 − sin 2 θ − 2), (x2 − y2)2 = 16 (tan 2
θ − sin 2 θ ), (x2 − y2)2 = 16xy, , CD = (− 1 − 4)2 + (1 −
6)2 = 25 + 25 = 50, and, , x+, , 2, , (x2 − y2)2 = 16
(tan θ + sin θ ) (tan θ − sin θ ), , BC = (4 − 8) + (6 − 4) =
16 + 4 = 20, 2, , Now,, , 36. Let the straight rod
intercept the coordinate axes be, A( x1 , 0) and B(0,
y1)., , DA = (2 + 1)2 + (2 − 1)2 = 9 + 1 = 10, , y, , Q, AB ≠
BC ≠ CD ≠ DA, ∴ The quadrilateral ABCD is a
trapezium., , B (0, y1), , 33. The intersection point of x
= 0,y = 0 and 3x + 4 y = 12 is, A( 4, 0),B( 0, 3) and C( 0,
0)., , 9, , y, , A (x1, 0), , x, , B (0, 3), , Let coordinate of
centroid be G (h , k), then h =, x′, , C (0,0), , A (4, 0), , In
∆ AOB, OA 2 + OB2 = AB2, , x12 + y12 = AB2, ,
x12 + y12 = 81, , x, , 2, , 1, 1, × OA × OB = × 4 × 3 = 6 sq
units, 2, 2, , 34. Let the coordinates of P are (x , y).,
Since, P is equidistant from A, B and C., AP 2 = BP 2,
and, BP 2 = CP 2, From Eq. (i),, (x − 1)2 + ( y − 3)2 = (x +
3)2 + ( y − 5)2, , x2 + 1 − 2 x + y 2 + 9 − 6 y, , ...(i), ...(ii),
, = x2 + 9 + 6x + y2 + 25 − 10 y, , 8x − 4 y + 24 = 0, ...
(iii), , 2x − y + 6 = 0, From Eq (ii),, (x + 3)2 + ( y − 5)2 =
(x − 5)2 + ( y + 1)2, 2, , x + 9 + 6x + y2 + 25 − 10 y, =
x2 + 25 − 10x + y2 + 1 + 2 y, , 16x − 12 y + 8 = 0, …
(iv), , 4x − 3 y + 2 = 0, On solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we
get, x = − 8, y = − 10, Now, PA 2 = (− 8 − 1)2 + (− 10 −
3)2, = 81 + 169 = 250 PA = 250 = 5 10, , 35. Given ,
tan θ + sin θ = x and tan θ − sin θ = y, ∴, , x+ y, x− y, and
sin θ =, tan θ =, 2, 2, , 2, , x1 , y , + 1 =9, 3 ,
3 , , h 2 + k2 = 9, Hence, locus of a point is x2 + y2
= 9, , , , y′, , Area of ∆ ABC =, , x1, y, , k= 1, 3, 3, , 6 +
0 + 6 6 + 6 + 0 , 37. Centroid of ∆ ABC = , ,, = ( 4, 4),
, 3, 3 , y, C (0, 6), , B (6, 6), , 90º, M, x′, , O, , A (6, 0), , x,
, y′, , Mid-point of AC is called the circumcentre., ∴
Circumcentre, 0 + 6 6 + 0 , ,, M , = M (3, 3), 2, 2
, The distance between circumcentre and centroid, =
(4 − 3)2 + (4 − 3)2 = 2, , 38. Given lines are x + y = 1
and xy = 0, When x = 0, then y = 1, When x = 1, theny =
0

Page 616 :
489, , Rectangular Cartesian System, y, , 41. A. Here,
A( 0, 0), B( 2, 2 3 ) and C( p, q ), Here, AB = CA = BC, ,
(0, 1), , 2 2 + (2 3) 2 = p 2 + q 2 = ( p − 2) 2 + (q − 2 3) 2,
, , ∴ (0, 1) and (1, 0) are the vertices of triangle.
Clearly,, triangle is right angled isosceles. Orthocentre
of right, angled triangle is same as the vertex of right
angle., Therefore, point of intersection of x + y = 1 and
xy = 0 is, (0, 0)., , 39., , 16 = p2 + q2 = p2 + 4 − 4 p + q2 +
12 − 4 3q, , , , x, , (1, 0), , (0, 0), , 4 + 12 = p2 + q2 = ( p
− 2)2 + (q − 2 3 )2, 0 = 16 − 4 p − 4 3q, , , , 4 p + 4 3q =
16, , , , , p = 4, q = 0, , 42. A. It is clear that the given
points are the coordinate, of a right angle triangle at
(0, 0)., So, the orthocentre is (0, 0)., Hence, it is not
true., But R is true., , A (1, √3), , 2, , Solutions (Q. Nos.
43-45), , √3, , 43. Since, triangle is an equilateral., 60º,
(0, 0) B, , (1 , 0 ), 2, , C (2, 0), , ( AB)2 = (BC )2 = (CA )2, ,
x, , 2, , Clearly, the triangle is equilateral., So, the
incentre is the same as the centroid., 1 + 0 + 2 3 + 0
+ 0 1 , Incentre = , ∴, ,, = 1, , 3, 3, 3 , , , ,
40. Since, points ( p + 1, 1), ( 2 p + 1, 3) and ( 2 p + 2, 2
p) are, collinear, then, p+1 1 1, 2p + 1 3 1 = 0, 2p + 2 2p
1, ( p + 1), , 3, , 1, , 2p 1, , −1, , 2p + 1 1, 2p + 2 1, , +1, ,
2p + 1, , 3, , 2p + 2 2p, , =0, , ( p + 1) (3 − 2 p) − (2 p +
1 − 2 p − 2), + (4 p2 + 2 p − 6 p − 6) = 0, , , , 2 p2 − 3
p − 2 = 0, p = 2 , − 0.5, , Thus, both A and R are
individually true and R is the, correct explanation of
A., , (− 1 − 1)2 + (− 1 − 1)2 = (− 3 + 1)2 + (k + 1)2 ,
, , , , 8 = 3 + 1 − 2 3 + k2 + 2k + 1, , , , 8 = 5 − 2 3 +
k2 + 2k, , , , , , k + 2k − 2 3 − 3 = 0, k= 3, 2, , 44.
Area of ∆ =, , 1, 1 1, 1, −1 −1 1, 2, − 3 k 1, , 1, 1 (− 1 − k)
− 1(− 1 + 3 ) + 1(− k − 3 ), 2, 1, = − 2k − 2 3, 2, , , , 4=, ,
, , 4 =|− k − 3|= k + 3, , , , k =4 − 3, , 45. Side of a
triangle, AB = ( − 1 − 1)2 + ( − 1 − 1)2, = 4 + 4 =2 2, 3, 3,
side =, ∴ Altitude of ∆ ABC =, ×2 2 = 6, 2, 2, , 2

Page 617 :
25, , The Straight Line, Any curve is said to be a
straight line, if two points are, taken on the curve such
that every point on the line, segment joining any two
2points on it lies on the curve., , Slope or Gradient of a
Line, , Hence, the equation of a line parallel to x-axis at
a, distance b, is y = b . If a line 2is parallel to x-axis at a
distance, b and below x-axis, then its equation is y = −
b. Equation of, x-axis is y = 0., , Equation of a Line
Parallel to y-axis, , If a line AB makes an angle θ with
the positive x-axis,, then m or tanθ is called the slope
or gradient of the line., i. e. , m = tanθ, y, The angle of
inclination of a, line with the positive direction of, B, x-
axis in anti-clockwise sense, θ, always lies between 0°
and 180° x ′, x, O, A, i.e.,, 0≤ θ < π, If 0° < θ < 90° , then
θ is an, acute angle., y′, If θ = 0°, either the line is, x-
axis or it is parallel to x-axis., If 90° < θ < 180° , then θ
is an obtuse angle., Also, the slope of a line equally
inclined with axes is 1, or − 1 as it makes 45° or 135°
angle with x-axis., , Let AB be a line parallel to y-axis
and at a distance a, from it. Then, the abscissa of every
point on AB is a. So, it, can be treated as the locus of a
point at a distance a from, y-axis, then equation of line
is x = a . Since, if a line parallel, to y-axis at a distance a
to the left of y-axis, then equation is, x = − a, equation
of y-axis is x = 0., , Equation of Lines Parallel to Axes, ,
5 units from y-axis is, (a) x = 5, (c) x + y = 5, , Equation
of a Line Parallel to x-axis, Let AB be a straight line
parallel to x-axis at a distance, b from it., Thus, if P ( x ,
y ) is any point on AB, then y = b, y, , A, , y=b, , B, , y′, , a,
O, , y′, , x, , x=a, , x′, , B, , Example 1. The equation of
line which is at a distance, (b) y = 5, (d) None of these, ,
Solution (a) Since, line is at a distance 5 units from y-
axis, then, it is parallel to y-axis. Then, equation of line
is x = 5., , Example 2. The equation of a line which is at
equal, (d) x = 1, , Solution (d) Since, the given lines are
both parallel to y-axis, x, , O, , A, , distance from the
lines x = − 2 and x = 4 is, (a) y = 1, (b) x = − 1, (c) y = − 1,
, b, x′, , y, , and the required line is equidistant from
these lines, so it is also, parallel to y-axis and its
distance from y-axis, 1, = ( −2 + 4) = 1 unit, 2, Hence,
its equation is x = 1.

Page 618 :
491, , The Straight Line, , Equation of Straight Lines in,
Different Forms, , Solution (a) Qθ = 60 °, ∴, , Cartesian
Form, If the equation of the form y = f ( x )or φ ( x , y ) =
0, where, x and y are the cartesian coordinates of the
moving point,, then it is said to be cartesian, y,
equation of line., P (x, y ), , Slope-intercept Form, The
equation of a line with x ′, slope m and making an
intercept, c on y-axis, is, , θ, O, , c, L, , x, , y′, , y = mx + c,
, Example 3. The equation of a line with slope 1/2 and,
making an intercept 5 on y-axis is, (a) 2y = m + 4, (b) 2y
= m + 5, (c) y = m + 5, (d) None of these, , Solution (b)
Here, m =, , 1, m+5, 2, 2y = m + 5, , ∴ Equation of
required line is y =, , (b) 3x − y − 4 = 0, (d) None of
these, , Solution (a) We know that,, m = tan θ, m = tan
120 °, m = tan (90 ° + 30 ° ), = − cot 30 ° = − 3, , (Slope),
( given θ = 120 ° ), , and given that, c=–4, ∴ Equation of
line is y = mx + c, , y = − 3x − 4, or, , Two-point Form,
Equation of line passing through two points (x1 , y1)
and, (x2 , y2) is given by, y − y1 x − x1, =, y2 − y1 x2 −
x1, , Example 6. The equation of line joining the points,
( at12 , 2 at1) and ( at 22 , 2 at 2 ) is, (a) y (t1 − t 2) = 2 x
+ 2 at1 t 2, (c) y (t1 + t 2) = x + 2 at1 t 2, , 3 x+ y + 4= 0, ,
, , y − y , y − y1 = 2 1 ( x − x1) ,, x2 − x1 , 2at 2
− 2at1, ( x − at12), at 22 − at12, 2, y − 2at 1 =, ( x −
at12), t1 + t 2, , y(t1 + t 2) − 2at12 − 2at1t 2 = 2x −
2at12, , , , y (t1 + t 2) = 2x + 2at1t 2, , Intercept Form,
Equation of the line if their intercept on the axes are a,
x y, and b, is given by + = 1., a b, , Example 7. The
equation of the line which cut off an, intercept 8 on
the positive direction of x-axis and an intercept, 6 on
the negative direction of y-axis is, (a) 3x − y = 24, (b)
3x + 4y = 24, (c) 3x − 4y = 24, (d) 2 x − 3y = 24, ,
Solution (c) Using, , Parametric Form, Equation of line
passing through ( x1 , y1 ) and making, an angle θ from
the positive direction of x-axis in, anti-clockwise
rotation is given by x = x1 + r cosθ and, y = y1 + r sinθ,
r is known as parameter., , (b) y (t1 + t 2) = 2 x + 2 at1 t
2, (d) None of these, , (y − 2at1) =, , , , intercept of 4
units on negative direction of y-axis and makes, an
angle of 120° with the positive direction of x-axis is, ,
, , , 3x − y = 3 − 2, , , , we get, , Example 4. The
equation of a straight line which cut off an, (a) 3x + y +
4 = 0, (c) x + y + 4 = 0, , ∴ Equation of line whose slope
is 3 and passing through, the point (1, 2) is, y − 2 = 3 ( x
− 1) y − 2 = 3x − 3, , Solution (b) Using, , 1, and c = 5,
2, , , , m = tan 60 ° = 3, , or, , x y, + = 1, we get, a b, x, y,
+, =1, 8, −6, 6x − 8y = 48 or 3x − 4y = 24, , Normal
Form, , The equation of a line which passes through
the point, ( x1 , y1 ) and has the slope m is y − y1 = m (
x − x1 )., , Equation of a line, if perpendicular distance
of origin, from the line is p and perpendicular drawn
from origin to, the line is making an angle α from the
positive direction of, x-axis, then equation of line is, x
cos α + y sin α = p, , Example 5. The equation of line
which passes through, , Example 8. The equation of
the perpendicular bisector of, , Point-slope Form, , (1,
2) and making an angle of 60° with x-axis., (a) 3 x − y =
3 − 2, (b) 3 x + y = 3 − 2, (c) 3 x − 2y = 3 + 2, (d) 3 x − y =
2 3 − 4, , the line segment joining the points A (1, 2)
and B(3 , – 7) is, (a) 18y − 4x + 53 = 0, (b) 9y − 3x + 50 =
0, (c) 18y + 4x + 53 = 0, (d) None of these

Page 619 :
492, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Example 10. The angle
between the lines 3x + 4y + 6 = 0, and 3x + 4y + 7 = 0
is, (a) 0°, (b) 90°, (c) 45°, (d) None of these, , Solution (a)
The slope of AB is given by, −7 − 2 − 9, m=, =, 3 −1, 2, ,
1 2, =, m 9, Let P be the mid-point of AB. Then, the
coordinates of P are, 5 , , 1+ 3 2 − 7 , ,, , i.e., 2 ,
− ., , 2, 2 , 2 , 5 , , Thus, the required line passes
through P 2, − and has, , 2 , 2, the slope ., 9, 5 2,
, So, its equation is y + = ( x − 2), , 2 9, or, 9 (2y +
5) = 4x − 8, , 18y − 4x + 53 = 0, , ∴, , Slope of a line
perpendicular to AB = −, , Solution (a) The equation of
lines are, , 3, 4, 3, and slope of line (ii) is, m2 = −, 4,
Since,, m1 = m2, ∴ Lines are parallel to each other i.e.,
the required angle is 0°., , Example 11. The angle
between the line x + y = 3 and the, line joining the
points (1, 1) and ( −3 , 4) is, , distance from the origin is
5 and perpendicular drawn from, the origin to the line
is making an angle 45° from the positive, direction of
x-axis is, (a) x + y = 5 3, (b) x + y = 2, (d) None of these,
(c) x + y = 5 2, ∴ Equation of required line is, x cos 45°
+ y sin 45° = 5, 1, 1, x⋅, + y⋅, =5, , 2, 2, x+ y =5 2, , ,
General linear equation in x and y, say ax + by + c = 0,,
represents an equation of line., , Angle between Two
Straight, Lines, Angle between two lines, if their
slopes are m1 and m2 ,, is given by, y, m1 − m2, tan θ =
±, D, B, 1 + m1m2, a2b1 − a1b2, a1a2 + b1b2, , P, θ, ,
i.e., a2b1 − a1b2 = 0, a1 b1, or, = ., a2 b2, , θ1, , θ2, , O,
y′, , Case II If m1m2 = − 1, then lines are
perpendicular, i.e.,, , a1a2 + b1b2 = 0, , Slope of line
PQ,m1 =, , , , 1 − 4 −3, =, 1+ 3, 4, x+ y −3 =0, , ...(i), ,
−3, +1, 1, m1 − m2, = 4, =, tan θ =, 3, 7, 1 + m1 m2, 1+,
4, 1 , θ = tan −1 , 7 , , Condition of
Concurrency, of Three Lines, Let, a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0,,
a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 and, a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0 are the
three concurrent lines. Then, the, condition of
concurrency of three lines are, a1 b1 c1, a 2 b2 c2 = 0.,
a3 b3 c3, , If m1 = m2,, x′, , (d) None of these, , Solution
(a) Let P = (1, 1) and Q = ( −3 , 4), , ∴, , then lines are
parallel, , 1 , (b) tan− 1 , 4 , , Given, line is, or, x+
y =3, −1, Its slope, m2 =, = −1, 1, , General Form, , Case
I, , 1 , (a) tan− 1 , 7 , 3 , (c) tan− 1 , 7 , , ∴,
, Solution (a) Given that p = 5 and α = 45°, , ±, , …(i), …
(ii), , m1 = −, , Slope of line (i) is, , Example 9. The
equation of line whose perpendicular, , or, , 3x + 4y + 6
= 0, 3x + 4y + 7 = 0, , and, , x, , Example 12. The value of
λ,, 8 x − 11y − 33 = 0 and 2 x − 3y + λ, (a) 7, (c) 3, , if the
lines 3x − 4y − 13 = 0,, = 0 are concurrent, is, (b) − 7,
(d) − 3, , Solution (b) Given that 3x − 4y − 13 = 0, 8x −
11y − 33 = 0 and, 2x − 3y + λ = 0 are concurrent lines.

Page 620 :
493, , The Straight Line, 3 −4 −13, 8 −11 −33 = 0, 2 −3,
λ, , ∴, , , ∴, , −2 − 2 + λ = 0 λ = 4, On putting the
value of λ in Eq. (ii),, ∴ The equation of the required
line is 2x − y + 4 = 0 ., , 3( − 11λ − 99) + 4(8λ + 66) − 13(
− 24 + 22) = 0, − λ −7 =0, λ = −7, , Example 13. If the
lines x + 2 ay + a = 0, x + 3by + b = 0, and x + 4 cy + c =
0 are concurrent, then a, b, c are in, (a) AP, (b) GP, (c)
HP, (d) None of these, , Solution (c) Since, the lines x +
2ay + a = 0 , x + 3by + b = 0, and x + 4cy + c = 0 are
concurrent, then, 1 2a a, 1 3b b = 0, , , , , , , ,
1, , 4c c, , − 2a, , 1 b, 1 c, , +a, , 1 3b, , Example 16. The
equation of a line perpendicular to the, line 3x + 2y =
6 and passes through (2, 3) is, (a) 2 x + 3y + 5 = 0, (b) 2
x − 3y + 5 = 0, (c) x − 3y + 6 = 0, (d) None of these, , 1
4c, , The equation of line perpendicular to given line is,
2x − 3y + λ = 0, This equation passes through (2, 3),
then, 4 −9 + λ =0, , λ =5, ∴ The equation of required
line is 2x − 3y + 5 = 0, , =0, , (3bc − 4bc) − 2a( c − b) + a(
4c − 3b) = 0, − bc − 2ac + 2ab + 4ac − 3ab = 0, − ab − bc
+ 2ac = 0, 2ac, b=, a+ c, , Example 17. The equation of a
line which divides the join, of (1, 0) and (3, 0) in the
ratio 2 :1 and perpendicular to it is, (a) 3x = 8, (b) x = 6,
(c) 2 x = 5, (d) 3x = 7, , a, b, c are in HP., , Solution (d) Let
C be the point which divides the join of (1, 0), ,
Equation of a Line Parallel, to a Given Line, Let ax + by
+ c = 0 be any straight line, then, ax + by + λ = 0 be the
equation of a line parallel to the, given line, where λ is
a constant., , Example 14. The equation of a line which
is parallel to, x + 4y + 5 = 0 and passes through (1, 2) is,
(a) x + 4y + 9 = 0, (b) x + 4y − 9 = 0, (c) x + 2y + 9 = 0, (d)
None of these, , Example 15. The equation of the line
through ( − 1, 2) and, (b) x + y + 5 = 0, (d) None of
these, , Equation of any line parallel to line (i) is, 2x − y
+ λ = 0, If line (ii) passes through the point ( − 1, 2),
then, , Since, AB is along x-axis , therefore a line
perpendicular to AB is, 7 , parallel to y-axis . As it
passes through C , 0 , therefore its, 3 , 7, 3x =
7, 3, Hence, the equation of the required line is 3x = 7.,
x=, , x + 4y + 5 = 0, ∴ The equation of line parallel to
this line is x + 4y + λ = 0, This line passes through (1,
2), then, 1+ 8 + λ = 0 λ = − 9, ∴ The equation of
required line is x + 4y − 9 = 0., , Solution (a) Given line
is 2x − y + 3 = 0, , and (3, 0) in the ratio 2 :1., Then, the
coordinates of C are, 2 × 3 +1 × 1 2 × 0 + 1 × 0 7
, ,, = , 0 , , 2 +1, 3 , 2+1, , equation is, ,
Solution (b) Since, the equation of given line is, ,
parallel to the line y = 2 x + 3 is, (a) 2 x − y + 4 = 0, (c) 2
x + y + 4 = 0, , Let ax + by + c = 0 be any straight line,
then, bx − ay + λ = 0 is perpendicular to it, where λ is a,
constant., , Solution (b) The equation of given line is 3x
+ 2y = 6, , 1 4c c, 3b b, , Equation of a Line
Perpendicular, to a Given Line, , …(i), …(ii), ,
Perpendicular Distance of a, Line from a Point, Let the
length of the perpendicular from a point ( x1 , y1 ), to a
line ax + by + c = 0 is, ax + by + c , 1, 1, , ., 2, a + b2
, , The length of the perpendicular from the origin to
the, |c |, ., line ax + by + c = 0 is, 2, a + b2

Page 622 :
495, , The Straight Line, and at point (1, 2), 3 (1) + 4 (2)
− 7 = 3 + 8 − 7, = 11 − 7, = 4 >0, Since, both the values
are of opposite signs, then both lines, are on the
opposite side to the line 3x + 4y − 7 = 0 ., , The Image
of a Point wrt the Line, The image of a point A ( x1 , y1
) wrt the line minor, ax + by + c = 0 be B ( h , k) is given
by, A (x1, y1) ax + by + c = 0, , Example 23. The position
of points (1, 2) and ( 4, − 6) on the, line 3x − 4y = 8 is,
(a) same side, (c) don’t say, , B, , h − x1 k − y1 − 2( a x1 +
b y1 + c), =, =, a, b, a 2 + b2, , (b) opposite side, (d) None
of these, , Solution (b) Let z = 3x − 4y − 8, z1 = 3 × 1 − 4
× 2 − 8, = 3 − 8 − 8 = − 13, at point ( 4, − 6) z 2 = 3 × 4 −
4 × ( − 6) − 8, = 12 + 24 − 8 = 28, z 1 and z 2 are of
opposite signs, therefore the two, at point (1, 2), ,
points are on the opposite sides of the given line., ,
Family of Lines through the, Intersection of Two Lines,
The equation of the family of lines passing through
the, intersection of the lines a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and,
a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 is( a1x + b1 y + c1 ) + λ ( a2x + b2 y
+ c2 ) = 0,, where λ is a parameter., , Comprehensive
Approach, n, , n, , n, , n, , The equation of a line whose
mid-point is ( x1 , y1) in between the, x, y, axes, is +, =
2., x1 y1, The foot of perpendicular on a line from a
given point can be found, by solving the equation of
the line and the equation of, perpendicular from the
given point on the line. The coordinates of, the foot of
perpendicular from ( x1 , y1) to the line are, ax + by + c
= 0 are, b 2x1 − aby1 − ac a 2y1 − abx1 − bc , ,, , ,
a2 + b 2, a2 + b 2, , , The foot of the perpendicular
(h, k) from ( x1 , y1) to the line, ax + by + c = 0 is given
by, h − x1 k − y1 − ( ax1 + by1 + c), =, =, a, b, a2 + b 2,
The image or (reflection) of the point ( x1 , y1), ax + by
+ c = 0 is (h, k), h − x1 k − y1 − 2 ( ax1 + by1 + c),
where,, =, =, a, b, a2 + b 2, , in the line, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, ,
n, , A straight line is such that the algebraic sum of the
perpendicular, drawn upon it from any number of
fixed point is zero. Then, the line, always passes
through a fixed point., If the vertices of a triangle have
integral coordinates, then the, triangle can’t be
equilateral., If coordinates of the vertices of a triangle
are rational, then triangle, cannot be equilateral.,
Orthocentre of a triangle will lie inside, if triangle is
acute and in, case of obtuse triangle orthocentre will
lie outside and in case of, right angle triangle
orthocentre is the vertex at which it is right, angled.,
Three or more straight lines are said to be concurrent
lines, if they, meet in a point., The distance between
parallel lines, ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0, c
−c , 2 ., is 1, , 2, 2, +, a, b, ,

Page 623 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. The distance of the point (–2, 3)
from the line, x − y = 5 is, (a) 5 2, (b) 2 5, (c) 3 5, (d) 5 3,
2. The equation of the straight line joining the origin
to, the point of intersection of y − x + 7 = 0 and, y + 2x
− 2 = 0 is, (a) 3x + 4 y = 0, (b) 3x − 4 y = 0, (c) 4x − 3 y =
0, (d) 4x + 3 y = 0, 3. The equation of the straight line
which is, perpendicular to y = x and passes through (3,
2) is, (a) x − y = 5, (b) x + y = 5, (c) x + y = 1, (d) x − y = 1,
4. The angle between the straight lines x − y 3 = 5 and,
3x + y = 7 is, (a) 90°, (b) 60°, (c) 75°, (d) 30°, 5. What is
the perpendicular distance of the point (x, y), from x-
axis?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) x, (b) y, (c)|x|, (d)| y|, 6. In what
ratio is the line y − x + 2 = 0 divides the line, joining the
points (3, –1) and (8, 9)?, (a) 1 : 2, (b) 2 : 1, (c) 2 : 3, (d) 3
: 4, 7. For what value of k, are the lines x + 2 y − 9 = 0
and, (NDA 2011 II), kx + 4 y + 5 = 0 parallel?, (a) 2, (b) −
1, (c) 1, (d) 0, 8. Equation of the straight line making
equal intercepts, on the axes and passing through the
point (2, 4) is, (a) 4x − y − 4 = 0, (b) 2x + y − 8 = 0, (c) x +
y − 6 = 0, (d) x + 2 y − 10 = 0, 9. The angle between the
lines 2x − y + 3 = 0 and, x + 2 y + 3 = 0 is, (a) 90°, (b) 60°,
(c) 45°, (d) 30°, 10. What is the equation of a line
through (0, 1) and making, an angle with the y-axis
equal to the inclination of the, line x − y = 4 with x-
axis?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) y = x + 1, (b) x = y + 1, (c) 2x = y
+ 2, (d) None of these, 11. The point moves such that
the area of the triangle, formed by it with the points
(1, 5) and (3, –7) is, 21 sq units. The locus of the point
is, (a) 6x + y − 32 = 0, (b) 6x − y + 32 = 0, (c) x + 6 y − 32
= 0, (d) 6x − y − 32 = 0, 12. If p is the length of the
perpendicular drawn from the, x y, origin to the line +
= 1, then which one of the, a b, following is correct?,
(NDA 2011 II), , 1, 1, 1, =, +, p2 a 2 b2, 1 1 1, (c) = +, p a
b, , (a), , 1, 1, 1, =, −, p2 a 2 b2, 1 1 1, (d) = −, p a b, (b), ,
13. The value of λ for which the lines 3x + 4 y = 5,, 5x +
4 y = 4 and λx + 4 y = 6 meet at a point is, (a) 2, (b) 1, (c)
4, (d) 3, 14. Distance between the lines 5x + 3 y − 7 = 0
and, 15x + 9 y + 14 = 0 is, 35, 1, 35, 35, (a), (b), (c), (d),
34, 3 34, 3 34, 2 34, 15. If (– 4, 5) is one vertex and 7x
− y + 8 = 0 is one, diagonal of a square, then the
equation of second, diagonal is, (a) x + 3 y = 21, (b) 2x
− 3 y = 7, (c) x + 7 y = 31, (d) 2x + 3 y = 21, 16. What is
the equation of the line passing through, (2, − 3) and
parallel to Y -axis?, (NDA 2011 I), (a) Y = − 3, (b) Y = 2,
(c) X = 2, (d) X = − 3, 17. Two straight lines x − 3 y − 2 =
0 and 2x − 6 y − 6 = 0, (NDA 2011I), , (a), (b), (c), (d), ,
never intersect, intersect at a single point, intersect at
infinite number of points, intersect at more than one
points (but finite, number of points), , 18. If the lines
3x + 4 y + 1 = 0, 5x + λy + 3 = 0 and, 2x + y − 1 = 0 are
concurrent , then λ is equal to, (a) – 8, (b) 8, (c) 4, (d) –
4, 19. Two consecutive sides of a parallelogram are, 4x
+ 5 y = 0 and 7x + 2 y = 0. One diagonal of the,
parallelogram is 11x + 7 y = 9. If the other diagonal is,
ax + by + c = 0, then, (a) a = − 1, b = − 1, c = 2 (b) a = 1, b
= − 1, c = 0, (c) a = − 1, b = − 1, c = 0, (d) a = 1, b = 1, c =
1, 20. The length of perpendicular from the, upon, the,
straight, ( a cos α , a sin α ), y = x tan α + c, c > 0, is, (a) c,
(b) c sin2 α, (c) c cosα, (d) c sec2 α, , point, line, , 21. If
the straight lines x − 2 y = 0 and kx + y = 1 intersect,
1 , at the point 1, , then what is the value of k?,
2 , (NDA 2010 II), (a) 1, , (b) 2, , (c) 1 / 2, , (d) − 1 / 2

Page 624 :
497, , The Straight Line, 22. The image of the point (4,
–3) with respect to the line, y = x is, (a) (– 4, – 3) (b) (3,
4), (c) (– 4, 3) (d) (– 3, 4), 23. If the mid-point between
the points ( a + b, a − b) and, ( −a , b) lies on the line ax
+ by = k, what is the value, of k?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) a / b,
(b) a + b, (c) ab, (d) a − b, 24. Equation of a line passing
through (1, − 2) and, perpendicular to the line 3x − 5 y
+ 7 = 0 is, (a) 5x + 3 y + 1 = 0, (b) 3x + 5 y + 1 = 0, (c) 5x
− 3 y − 1 = 0, (d) 3x − 5 y + 1 = 0, 25. What is the
distance between the lines 3x + 4 y = 9, and 6x + 8 y =
18?, (NDA 2012 I), (a) 0, (b) 3 units, (c) 9 units, (d) 18
units, 26. If x cos θ + y sin θ = 2 is perpendicular to the
line, x − y = 3, then what is one of the values of θ?,
(NDA 2009 I), (a) π / 6, (b) π / 4, (c) π / 2, (d) π / 3, 27.
The acute angle which the perpendicular from origin,
on the line 7x − 3 y = 4 makes with the x-axis is, (NDA
2012 I), , (a) zero, (c) negative, , (b) positive but not π /
4, (d) π / 4, , 28. The equation of the line passing
through ( −1, − 2) and, 4, having a slope of is, 7, 4, 10,
(a) 7 y + 10 = 4x, (b) y = x +, 7, 7, 4, 10, (d) 4x + 7 y = 10,
(c) x = y +, 7, 7, 29. The perpendicular form of the
straight, 3x + 2 y = 7 is, 3, 7, x y, (b) + = 1, (a) y = −, x+, 2,
2, 7 7, 3, 2, 3, 2, (d), (c), x+, y= 7, x+, y=1, 7, 7, 7, 7, , line,
, 30. The x-intercept and the y-intercept of the line, 5x
− 7 = 6 y , respectively are, 7, 7, 7, 7, (a) and, (b) and−,
5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, (d) − and, (c) and, 7, 7, 7, 7, 31. The
line through the points (4, 3) and (2, 5) cuts off,
intercepts of lengths λ and µ on the axes. Which one,
of the following is correct?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) λ > µ, (b)
λ < µ, (c) λ > − µ, (d) λ = µ, x y, x y, 32. The lines + = 1
and + = 1, where p ≠ − q are, p q, q p, (a) parallel for all
values of p and q, (b) perpendicular for all values of p
and q, , pq, pq , (c) not parallel and meet at , ,, , (
p + q ) ( p − q ) , pq, pq, (d) not parallel and meet at, ,, (
p + q) ( p + q), 33. The lines 4x + 4 y = 1, 8x − 3 y = 2
and y = 0 are, (a) sides of an isosceles triangle, (b)
concurrent, (c) parallel, (d) sides of an equilateral
triangle, 34. Which one of the following is the nearest
point on the, line 3x − 4 y = 25 from the origin?, (a) (
−1, − 7), (b) ( 3, − 4), (c) ( −5, − 8), (d) ( 3, 4), 35. Which
one of the following is the reflection of the, point ( 4,
3) on the line x + y = 0?, (a) ( −4, 3), (b) ( −3, − 4), (c) ( −3,
4), (d) ( 4, − 3), 36. Which one of the following is the
orthocentre of the, triangle whose sides are x = 0, y =
1 and x + y − 2 = 0 ?, (a) (1, 1), (b) ( 0, 1), (c) ( −1, 0), (d) (
0, − 1), 37. What is the gradient of the coplanar and,
non-intersecting line which lies midway between the,
lines 9x + 6 y − 7 = 0 and 3x + 2 y + 6 = 0 ?, 2, 3, 2, 3, (a),
(b) −, (d) −, (c), 3, 2, 3, 2, 38. If p be the length of the
perpendicular from the origin, on the straight line x +
2by = 2 p, then what is the, value of b?, (NDA 2007 I),
1, 1, 3, (b) p, (c), (d), (a), p, 2, 2, 39. If the mid-point of
the section of a straight line, intercepted between the
axes is (1, 1), then what is, the equation of this line?,
(a) 2x + y = 3, (b) 2x − y = 1, (c) x − y = 0, (d) x + y = 2,
40. What is the equation of the line which passes,
through ( 4, − 5) and is parallel to the line, 3x + 4 y + 5
= 0 ?, (a) 3x − 4 y − 32 = 0, (b) 3x + 4 y + 8 = 0, (c) 4x − 3
y − 31 = 0, (d) 3x + 4 y − 8 = 0, 41. The lines ( p + 2 q ) x
+ ( p − 3 q ) y = p − q for different, values of p and q
pass through the fixed point given, by which one of
the following ?, 3 5 , 2 2 , (a) , , (b) , , 2 2 ,
5 5 , 3 3 , 2 3 , (c) , , (d) , , 5 5 , 5 5 , 42.
What is the angle between the two straight lines, y = (
2 − 3 ) x + 5 and y = ( 2 + 3 ) x − 7 ?, (a) 60°, (b) 45°, (c)
30°, (d) 15°

Page 625 :
498, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Level II, 1. The
equation of straight line through the, intersection of
the lines x − 2 y = 1 and x + 3 y = 2 and, parallel to 3x +
4 y = 0 is, (a) 3x + 4 y + 5 = 0, (b) 3x + 4 y − 10 = 0, (c) 3x
+ 4 y − 5 = 0, (d) 3x + 4 y + 6 = 0, 2. If we reduce 3x + 3
y + 7 = 0 to the form, x cos α + y sin α = p, then the
value of p is, 7, 7, 3 7, 7, (a), (d), (c), (b), 2, 3, 2 3, 3 2, 3.
Equation to the straight line cutting off an intercept, 2
from the negative direction of the axis of y and,
inclined at 30° to the positive direction of axis of x, is,
(a) y + x − 3 = 0, (b) y − x + 2 = 0, (d) 3 y − x + 2 3 = 0, (c)
y − 3x − 2 = 0, 4. The three straight lines ax + by = c, bx
+ cy = a and, cx + ay = b are collinear, if, (a) b + c = a, (b)
c + a = b, (c) a + b + c = 0, (d) a + b = c, 5. What are the
coordinates of the foot of the, perpendicular from the
point (2, 3) on the line, (NDA 2011 II), x + y − 11 = 0?,
(a) (2, 9), (b) (5, 6), (c) (− 5, 6), (d) ( 6, 5), 6. What is the
equation of the line joining the origin, with the point
of intersection of the lines 4x + 3 y = 12, and 3x + 4 y =
12?, (NDA 2011 I), (a) x + y = 1 (b) x − y = 1 (c) 3 y = 4x
(d) x = y, 7. A line AB makes zero intercepts on x-axis
and y-axis, and it is perpendicular to another line CD,,
3x + 4 y + 6 = 0. The equation of line AB is, (a) y = 4, (b)
4x − 3 y + 8 = 0, (c) 4x − 3 y = 0, (d) 4x − 3 y + 6 = 0, 8.
The equation of the line bisecting perpendicularly, the
segment joining the points ( −4, 6) and (8, 8) is, (a) 6x +
y − 19 = 0, (b) y = 7, (c) 6x + 2 y − 19 = 0, (d) x + 2 y − 7
= 0, 9. If a tangent to the curve y = 6x − x 2 is parallel
to the, line 4x − 2 y − 1 = 0, then the point of tangency
on the, curve is, (a) (2, 8), (b) (8, 2), (c) (6, 1), (d) (4, 2), x
y, 10. The line − = 1 cuts the x-axis at P. The equation
of, a b, the line through P perpendicular to the given
line is, (a) x + y = ab, (b) x + y = a + b, (c) ax + by = a 2, (d)
bx + ay = b2, 11. What is the equation to the straight
line joining the, x y, origin to the point of intersection
of the lines + = 1, a b, x y, and + = 1?, (NDA 2010 II), b
a, (a) x + y = 0, (b) x + y + 1 = 0, (c) x − y = 0, (d) x + y + 2
= 0, , 12. What is the image of the point (1, 2) on the
line, (NDA 2010 I), 3x + 4 y − 1 = 0?, 7 1 , 7 6 , (b)
, , (a) − , − , 8 2 , 5 5 , 7 1 , 7 1 , (c) , − ,
(d) − , , 5 2 , 8 2 , 13. A straight line through
P(1, 2) is such that its, intercept between the axes is
bisected at P. Its, equation is, (a) x + y = − 1, (b) x + y =
3, (c) x + 2 y = 5, (d) 2x + y = 4, 14. The equation of the
sides of a triangle are x − 3 y = 0,, 4x + 3 y = 5 and 3x +
y = 0.The line 3x − 4 y = 0 passes, through, (a) the
incentre, (b) the centroid, (c) the orthocentre, (d) the
circumcentre, 15. Two lines are drawn through (3, 4),
each of which, makes angle of 45° with the line x − y =
2, then area, of the triangle formed by these lines is,
(a) 9 sq units, (b) 9/2 sq units, (c) 2 sq units, (d) 2/9 sq
units, 16. Equation of a line passing through the line
of, intersection of lines 2x − 3 y + 4 = 0, 3x + 4 y − 5 =
0, and perpendicular to 6x − 7 y + 3 = 0, then its,
equation is, (a) 119x + 102 y + 125 = 0 (b) 119x + 102
y = 125, (c) 119x − 102 y = 125, (d) None of these, 17.
If the lines 3 y + 4x = 1, y = x + 5 and 5 y + bx = 3 are,
concurrent, then what is the value of b? (NDA 2010 I),
(a) 1, (b) 3, (c) 6, (d) 0, 18. If (− 5, 4) divides the line
segment between the, coordinate axes in the ratio 1 :
2, then what is its, equation?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) 8x + 5
y + 20 = 0, (b) 5x + 8 y − 7 = 0, (c) 8x − 5 y + 60 = 0, (d)
5x − 8 y + 57 = 0, 19. The triangle formed by the lines
x + y = 0,, 3x + y = 4 and x + 3 y = 4 is, (a) isosceles, (b)
equilateral, (c) right angled, (d) None of these, 20.
Consider the following statements, I. The straight line
5x + 4 y = 0 passes through the, point of intersection
of the straight lines, x + 2 y − 10 = 0 and 2x + y + 5 = 0.,
II. Only one straight line can be drawn through the,
origin at equal distances from the points A ( 2, 2), and
B( 4, 0)., III. The product of the perpendiculars from
the, points ( 5 , 0), ( − 5 , 0) to the straight line, 2x cos θ
− 3 y sin θ = 6 is independent of θ., Which of the
statements given above are correct?, (a) I and II, (b) II
and III, (c) Both III and I, (d) All I, II and III

Page 626 :
499, , The Straight Line, 21. Consider the following
statements, I. The points ( 2 , − 5) and ( − 1, 4) are
equidistant, from the line 3x + y + 5 = 0., II. If 2 p is the
length of the perpendicular from the, x y, origin to the
lines + = 1, then a 2 , 8 p2 , b2are, a b, in HP., Which of
the statements given above are correct?, (a) Only I, (b)
Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) None of these, 22. What is
the product of the perpendiculars from the, ± b2 −
a 2 , 0 , two, points, to, the, line, , , (NDA 2009 II),
ax cos φ + by sin φ = ab?, (b) b2, (c) ab, (d) a / b, (a) a 2,
23. What is the foot of the perpendicular from the
point, (NDA 2009 I), ( 2, 3) on the line x + y − 11 = 0?,
(a) (1, 10), (b) ( 5, 6), (c) ( 6, 5), (d) ( 7, 4), 24. The
perpendicular segment from the origin to a line, is of
length 4 units and is inclined to the positive, direction
of x-axis at an angle of 30°. The equation of, the line is,
3, (a) 3x + y = 8, (b), x+ y=4, 2, 3, (c) x + 3 y = 8, (d) x +,
y=4, 2, 25. The angle between the lines x cos α + y sin
α = a and, x sin β − y cos β = a is, (a) β − α, (b) π + β − α,
π, π, (c) + α + β, (d) − β + α, 2, 2, 26. The perpendicular
distance between two parallel, lines 3x + 4 y − 6 = 0
and 6x + 8 y + 7 = 0 is, 1, 13, 19, 1, (b), (a), unit, units
(c), units (d) unit, 5, 5, 10, 2, 27. Consider the following
statements, I. The equation to a straight line parallel
to the axis, of x is, y = d, where d is a constant., II. The
equation to the axis of x is x = 0., Which of the
statement(s) given above is/are correct?, (NDA 2009
I), , (a) Only I, (c) Both I and II, , (b) Only II, (d) Neither I
nor II, , 28. The coordinates of P and Q are (− 3, 4) and
( 2, 1),, respectively. If PQ is extended to R such that,
PR = 2QR, then what are the coordinates of R?, (a) (3,
7 ), (b) ( 2, 4), (NDA 2007 II), 1 5 , (c) − , , (d) ( 7, −
2), 2 2 , 29. If β is the acute angle between the lines,
px + qy = p + q and p ( x − y ) + q( x + y ) = 2q , then the,
value of sinβ is, , 3, 2, 1, (c), 2, (a), , (b), (d), , 3, 4, 1, 2, ,
30. The line 3x + 4 y − 24 = 0 cuts the x-axis at A and,
y-axis at B. The incentre of the ∆ OAB, where O is the,
origin, is at, (a) (2, 2), (b) (3, 3), (c) (4, 3), (d) (3, 4), 31.
The points ( 3, 4) and ( 2, − 6) lie on opposite sides of,
which one of the following lines?, (a) 10x − y = 26, (b)
5x + 3 y = − 9, (c) 3x − 4 y = 8, (d) x − y = 10, 32. What is
the acute angle between the lines, Ax + By = A + B and
A( x − y ) + B ( x + y ) = 2B ?, (NDA 2007 I), , (a) 45°, , ,
B, , (c) tan− 1 , A2 + B2 , , , , , , A, , (b) tan− 1
, A2 + B2 , , , (d) 60°, , 33. In what ratio does the
line y − x + 2 = 0 cut the line, joining (3,− 1) and (8, 9)?,
(NDA 2007 I), (a) 2 : 3, (b) 3 : 2, (c) 3 : − 2, (d) 1 : 2, 34.
What, is, the, angle, between, the, lines, x cos α + y sin
α = p and x cos β + y sin β = p′ , α > β ?, (a) α + β, (b) α −
β, α +β, α −β, (c), (d), 2, 2, 35. What are the
coordinates of the centroid of the, triangle whose
sides are x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 2?, (a) (0, 0), (b) ( 0, 2), 3
3 , (c) , , 2 2 , , 2 2 , (d) , , 3 3 , , 36. What is
the locus of a moving point equidistant from, the
straight lines x + y = 0 and x − y = 0?, (a) xy = 0, (b) xy =
constant, (c) x = 0, (d) y = 0, 37. The intercepts of a
straight line upon the coordinate, axes are a and b. If
the length of the perpendicular on, this line from the
origin be 1, then which one of the, following relations
is correct?, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, (b) 2 + 2 =, (a) 2 + 2 = 2, 2, a, b, a,
b, 1, 1 1, 1, 1, (d) 2 + 2 = 1, (c) 2 + 2 =, 2, a, b, a, b, 38. If p
be the length of the perpendicular from the origin, 3, ,
then what, on the straight line ax + by = p and b =, 2, is
the angle between the perpendicular and the, positive
direction of x-axis?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) 30°, (b) 45°, (c)
60°, (d) 90°

Page 627 :
500, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 39. The straight line ax
+ by + c = 0 and the coordinate, axes from an isosceles
triangle under which one of, the following conditions?,
(NDA 2007 I), (a)|a | = |b |, (b)|a|=|c|, (c)|b|=|c|, (d)
None of these, , a1, a2, , b1, b2, , c1, c2 = 0, , a3, , b3, ,
c3, , 43. Assertion (A) Distance between two parallel
lines, 1, 3x + 4 y + 6 = 0 and 6x + 8 y + 7 = 0 is ., 2,
Reason (R) Distance between two parallel lines, c −c
, 2, ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is 1, ., 2, 2,
a +b , , 40. What is the locus of the point of
intersection of the, straight line x cos θ + y sin θ = a
and the straight line, x sin θ − y cos θ = b?, (a) A circle,
(b) An ellipse, (c) A hyperbola, (d) A parabola, 41. The
bisector of the acute angle between the straight, lines
3x − 4 y − 3 = 0 and 12x + 5 y + 6 = 0 passes, through
which one of the following points?, (a) (5, 3), (b) ( −3,
6), (c) (2, 7), (d) (–1, 4), , 44. Assertion (A) Two lines 5x
+ 3 y + 7 = 0 and, 15x + 9 y + 39 = 0 are parallel.,
Reason (R) Two lines a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and, a2x + b2
y + c2 = 0 are parallel, if a1b2 − a2b1 = 0., 45.
Assertion (A) The lines 2x + 3 y + 4 = 0 and, 3x + 2 y +
3 = 0 are perpendicular., Reason (R) The lines ax + by +
c = 0 and, Ax + By + C = 0 are perpendicular, if aA + bB
= 0, , Directions (Q. Nos. 42-45) Each of these,
questions contain two statements, one is Assertion
(A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these questions
also has, four alternative choices, only one of which is
the correct, answer. You have to select one of the
codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a) Both
A and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 46-48) Suppose there are, two
lines given by 3x − 4 y + 9 = 0 and 6x − 8 y − 15 = 0.,
46. Find the angle between two lines., (a) 0 °, (b) 45°,
(c) 60°, , (d) 90°, , 47. The distance between two lines
is, (a) 5, (b) 33/8, (c) 3, , (d) 33/10, , 48. Find the
equation of a line passing through (2, − 5), and parallel
to the line 6x − 8 y − 15 = 0., (a) 2x − 3 y + 4 = 0, (b) 3x
− 4 y − 26 = 0, (c) 3x + 4 y − 25 = 0, (d) x + 2 y + 3 = 0, ,
42. Assertion (A), The lines ax + by + c = 0,, bx + cy + a
= 0 and cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent, if, a3 + b3 + c3 =
3abc., Reason, (R) The, lines, a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0,, and,
are, a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0, a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0,
concurrent, if, , 49. The equation of line which is
perpendicular to, 3x − 4 y + 9 = 0 and passing through
(0, 3) is, (a) 4x − 3 y − 9 = 0, (b) 3x − 4 y − 8 = 0, (c) 4x +
3 y − 9 = 0, (d) 3x + 4 y + 8 = 0, , Answers, Level I, 1.,
11., 21., 31., 41., , (a), (a), (c), (d), (d), , 2., 12., 22., 32.,
42., , (d), (a), (d), (d), (a), , 3., 13., 23., 33., , (b), (b), (c), (b),
, 4., 14., 24., 34., , (a), (c), (a), (b), , 5., 15., 25., 35., , (d),
(c), (a), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36., , (c), (c), (b), (b), , 7., 17., 27.,
37., , (a), (a), (b), (d), , 8., 18., 28., 38., , (c), (b), (a), (d), , 9.,
19., 29., 39., , (a), (b), (c), (d), , 10. (a), 20. (c), 30. (b), 40.
(b), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (d), (a), (a), (a), (a), , 3., 13., 23.,
33., 43., , (d), (d), (b), (a), (a), , 4. (c), 14. (c), 24. (a), 34.
(b), 44. (a), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (b), (b), (d), (d), (d), , 6.,
16., 26., 36., 46., , (d), (b), (c), (a), (a), , 7., 17., 27., 37.,
47., , (c), (c), (a), (d), (d), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., , (a), (c), (d),
(c), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., , (a), (a), (d), (a), (c), , 10. (c),
20. (c), 30. (a), 40. (a), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (c),
(c), (c), (c), (c)

Page 628 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. The distance of the point
(–2, 3) from the line, x− y=5, −2 − 3 − 5 −10 , , p
= , = , 2, 2, 2 , , (, ), (, ), 1, 1, +, −, , , 10, =, =5 2, 2, ,
2. The intersection point, y + 2x − 2 = 0 is ( 3,− 4)., , of, ,
y− x+ 7= 0, , 8. Line making equal intercepts therefore,
its equation, is, and, , ∴ Equation of straight line
joining from origin to the, −4, point (3, – 4) is y − 0 =, (
x − 0), 3, , , Then, for the lines x + 2 y − 9 = 0 and kx +
4 y + 5 = 0, 1 2, 9, = =−, k 4, 5, Taking the first two
parts, , k =2, , 3 y = − 4x 4x + 3 y = 0, , 3. Q Slope of
given line y = x is 1., ∴ Slope of required line which is
perpendicular to, given line is –1., , Thus, the equation
of required line passing through, (3, 2) and slope –1, is,
, x± y=a, Since, it passes through (2, 4), ∴, a = – 2, 6, ∴
Equation of the required lines are, x± y=a, i.e.,, x + y =
−2, or, x+ y=6 x+ y−6 =0, , 9. We know that, angle
between two lines is, m − m2, ., tanθ = 1, 1 + m1m2,
The slopes of the given lines are, , y − 2 = − 1(x − 3) x
+ y = 5, , 4. Given equation is compared with a1x + b1
y = 0 and, a2x + b2 y = 0., Now,, a1a 2 + b1b2 = (1) ( 3 )
+ (− 3 ) (1) = 0, ∴ Lines are perpendicular., ∴, θ = 90°, ,
5. The perpendicular distance of the point ( x1 , y1 ) to
line, |ax1 + by1 + c|, ax + by + c = 0 p =, a 2 + b2, The
equation of x-axis y = 0, | y|, p=, =| y|, (1)2, 6. Any point
on the line joining ( 3,−1) and ( 8, 9), if it is, 8λ + 3 9λ
− 1 , dividing in the ratio λ : 1 is , ,, and if it, λ +1 λ
+1 , lies on y − x + 2 = 0, , , 9λ − 1 8λ + 3, −, + 2 =0,
λ+1, λ+1, , , , , 9λ − 1 − (8λ + 3) + 2(λ + 1) = 0, 3λ −
2 = 0, 2, λ=, , 3, ∴ The ratio is 2 : 3., , 7. If two lines
a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0, , a, b c, and a 2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
parallel, then 1 = 1 = 1 ., a 2 b2 c2, , …(i), , m1 = 2, m2 =
−, Now,, , 1, 2, , 1 , m1m2 = − (2) = − 1, 2 , , So,
the lines are perpendicular., ∴, θ = 90°, , 10. Since, the
line passes through the point (0, 1) and, making an
angle with y-axis which is equivalent to, the slope of
the line y = x − 4., i.e., θ = 45° tanθ = 1 = m, ∴
Equation of line is, ( y − 1) = m ( x − 0) = 1 ( x ) y = x +
1, 11. Let the locus of the point be ( x , y )., ∴ Area of
triangle with points ( x , y ), (1, 5) and ( 3, − 7), is 21 sq
units., ∴, , , , , x y 1, 1, 1 5 1 = 21, 2, 3 −7 1, 1, [x (5
+ 7) − y (1 − 3) + 1 (−7 − 15)] = 21, 2, 1, [12x + 2 y − 22]
= 21, 2, 6x + y − 32 = 0, , 12. Given equation of line is, ,
x y, + =1, a b, , ...(i), , Then, the length of perpendicular
drawn from the, origin to the line (i) = p, (given)

Page 629 :
502, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 1, , 1, a × 0 + b × 0
− 1 , =p, , , , 2, , 18. The given lines are concurrent,
if, 3 4, 5 λ, 2 1, , 2, , 1 , 1 , + , a , b , |− 1|,
=p, 1, 1, +, a 2 b2, 1, 1, 1, =, + 2, 2, p, a, b, 1, 1, 1, =, +, p2
a 2 b 2, , , , , , , , , , , 13. Given, lines are 3x +
4 y = 5, 5x + 4 y = 4 and, λx + 4 y = 6. These three lines
meet at a point, if the, point of intersection of first two
lines lies on the third, line., Now, point of intersection
of line 3x + 4 y = 5 and, 1 13 , 5x + 4 y = 4 is − , .,
2 8 , The line λx + 4 y = 6 passes through the point,
1 13 , − , ., 2 8 , ∴, , 1 , 13 , λ − + 4 = 6,
2 , 8 , , , , , − λ + 13 = 12, λ =1, , 14. Equation of
lines are 5x + 3 y − 7 = 0, and 15x + 9 y + 14 = 0 or 5x +
3 y +, , Q, , 14, =0, 3, , …(i), …(ii), , Lines (i) and (ii) are
parallel and c1 and c2 are of, opposite signs, therefore
these lines are on, opposite sides of the origin., , So,
the distance between them is, , c, c, 7 14, 2,
1, + , = −, , , 2, + , , 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, +, +, a, b, a,
b, +, 5, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, , , , 3 5 + 3, 7, 14, 35, = −, +,
=, 34, 3 34 3 34, , 15. Equation of perpendicular line to
7x − y + 8 = 0 is, x + 7 y = λ which passes through ( −4,
5)., ∴, , λ = 31, , So, equation of another diagonal is x +
7 y = 31., 16. The equation of line passing through (2,
− 3) and, parallel to Y -axis is (Y + 3) = tan 90° ( X − 2),
, , X −2 =0 X =2, , 17. Here, a1 = 1, a2 = 2, b1 = − 3,
b2 = − 6, c1 = − 2, c2 = − 6, Q, , , a1 1 b1 1 c1 1, = , = ,
=, a 2 2 b2 2 c2 3, a1 b1 c1, = ≠, a 2 b2 c2, , ∴ Both the
straight lines never intersect because both, lines are
parallel to each other., , 1, 3 =0, −1, , 3 (− λ − 3) − 4 (−5
− 6) + 1 (5 − 2λ ) = 0, −3λ − 9 + 44 + 5 − 2λ = 0, 5 λ = 40
λ = 8, , 19. Since, the coordinates of three vertices
A, B and C are, 4 , 5, 2 7 , , − , ( 0, 0) and − , ,
respectively. Also, the, 3, 3 3 , 3 , 1 1 , mid-point
of AC is , ., 2 2 , Therefore, the equation of line
passing through, 1 1 , , and (0, 0) is given by x − y
= 0, which is the, 2 2 , required equation of another
diagonal., So,, , a = 1, b = − 1 and c = 0, , 20. The given
line is x tanα − y + c = 0, or x sin α − y cos α + c cos α =
0, ∴ Length of perpendicular from (a cos α , a sin α ), a
cos α sin α − a sin α cos α + c cos α, =, sin 2 α + cos 2 α,
c cos α, =, = c cos α, 1, , 21. Since, the straight lines x −
2 y = 0 and kx + y = 1, 1 , intersect at the point 1,
., 2 , 1 , ∴ The point 1, will satisfy the equation
kx + y = 1, 2 , 1, 1, ∴ k ⋅1 + = 1 k =, 2, 2, , 22. Let P (
x1 , y1 ) be the image of point Q( 4, − 3)., x + 4 y1 −
3 , Mid-point of PQ is 1, ,, ., 2, 2 , This point lies
on y = x, y1 − 3 x1 + 4, ∴, =, x1 − y1 = − 7, 2, 2, −3 −
y1, and slope of y = x is 1., Slope of PQ =, 4 − x1, Q, ∴, ,
…(i), , PQ is perpendicular to y = x, −3 − y1 , (1) = −
1, , 4 − x1 , , …(ii), , y1 + x1 = 1, On solving Eqs. (i)
and (ii), we get x1 = − 3, y1 = 4, , 23. Given that, mid-
point of the point ( a + b, a − b) and, ( −a , b) lies on the
line ax + by = k, ( a + b) + ( − a ) ( a − b) + b , ,, ∴ Mid-
point = , , 2, 2, , , b a , = , , 2 2

Page 630 :
503, , The Straight Line, , 28. Equation of line passing
through the point ( −1, − 2), 4, and having slope is, 7, ,
Which lies on the line ax + by = k, b, a, a ⋅ + b ⋅ = k k
= ab, , 2, 2, 24. Equation of a line perpendicular to 3x
− 5 y + 7 = 0 is, 5x + 3 y + λ = 0, Q This equation passes
through (1, –2)., ∴, 5 × 1 + 3 × (−2) + λ = 0, , 5 −6 + λ
=0 λ =1, , , , , ∴ The required equation is 5x + 3 y
+ 1 = 0, , 29. We have, equation of line is, , 25. Since,
both equation of lines are same that means, both lines
are coincident to each other, 3x + 4 y = 9, and, , 6x + 8
y = 18, , , , 3x + 4 y = 9, , 3x + 2 y = 7, The
perpendicular form of Eq. (i) is, 3, 2, 7, or, x+, y=, 7, 7, 7,
, …(i), …(ii), , 26. Since, slope of line x cos θ + y sin θ = 2
is − cotθ and, slope of line x − y = 3 is 1., Also, these
lines are perpendicular to each other, ∴, (− cot θ ) (1) =
− 1, π, , cot θ = 1 = cot θ, 4, π, θ=, , 4, , 27. The
equation of perpendicular line to 7x − 3 y = 4 is, 3x + 7
y = λ which is passing through the origin., 3× 0+ 7× 0=
λ, λ=0, 3x + 7 y = 0, , i.e.,, , y, , 7x – 3y = 4, , 5x 6 y, −, =1
, 7, 7, , −, , , , x y, + =1, λ µ, Since, it passes through
(4, 3) and (2, 5), 4 3, + =1, ∴, λ µ, 2 3, and, + =1, λ µ, On
solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, µ =λ =7, , Here,, , 3, x
θ = tan−1( −3/ 7 ), 7, α = 180° − θ = 180° − tan−1( −3 /
7), α = 180° + tan−1( 3/ 7), , , , tan−1( 3 / 7) = α −
180°, 3 / 7 = tan(α − 180° ), , , , , , 3 / 7 = −
tan(180° − α ), tan α = 3 / 7, α = tan−1( 3 / 7 ), ,
Which is positive but not, , π, ., 4, , …(i), …(ii), , 32.
Given, lines are, , Here,, , y=−, , 7, and, 5, , 31. Let the
equation of the line be, , or, and, , y', , x, y, =1, +, 7 ,
7 , −, , , , 6 , 5 , , 7, , respectively., 6, , x, , α, , 3,
2, x+, y= 7, 7, 7, , The x-intercept and y-intercept of
the line are, , θ, x', , …(i), , 30. The intercept form of the
line 5x − 7 = 6 y is, , ∴ Distance between two
coincident line is zero., , , , 4, (x − (−1)), 7, 4, y + 2 = (x
+ 1), 7, 7 y + 10 = 4x, , y − (−2) =, , x y, x y, + = 1 and, +
=1, p q, q p, qx + py = pq, px + qy = pq, q, p, m1 = − and
m2 = −, p, q, , Since, m1 ≠ m2, therefore the given lines
are not, parallel. Their point of intersection is
obtained by, eliminating x and y from these two
equations which, pq, pq , comes out to be , ,, ., p
+ q′ p + q , 33. The given lines are, and, Now,, , 4x + 4 y
− 1 = 0,, y=0, 4 4 −1, , 8x − 3 y − 2 = 0,, −1, , 4, , −1, , 8
−3 −2 = −4 −2 −3 −2 = 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 1, 0, , (Since, two
columns are same), ∴ Lines are concurrent.

Page 631 :
504, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 34. Let the point A( −1,
− 7) and B( 3, − 4) are satisfied the, given equation of
the line 3x − 4 y = 25., , y, B(0,2), , Now, distance of
A(−1,−7) from the origin O., = (0 + 1)2 + (0 + 7)2 = 50 =
5 2, , P(1,1), , Distance of B(3, − 4) from the origin O., =
(0 − 3)2 + (0 + 4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5, , A(2,0), , ∴ The
nearest point is (3, − 4)., , 35. We have,, , O, , x+ y=0, ,
So, equation of straight line is, x y, + =1, 2 2, , x = 4 4
+ y = 0 y = −4, y=3 x+ 3 =0 x= −3, , when, and
when, , ∴ Reflection of the point ( 4, 3) on the line x + y
= 0 is, ( −3, − 4)., 36. Sides of a triangle are x = 0, y = 1
and x + y − 2 = 0, y, A(0,2), C(1,1), , y, x+, =2, , From
figure, B is the orthocentre of ∆ ABC which is( 0, 1).,
37. The, given, lines, are, 9x + 6 y − 7 = 0 and, 3x + 2 y
+ 6 = 0 and these lines are parallel to each, other,
therefore their slope is – 3/2., The required line will
also be parallel to these lines,, so the gradient of the
required line will be – 3/2., 38. The given equation of
straight line is, …(i), x + 2by − 2 p = 0, Length of
perpendicular from origin to line (i) = p, , , , , 1 +
4b2, 2p, 1 + 4b, , 2, , =p, , = p 4 = 1 + 4b2, , 4b2 = 3
b =, , 40. Equation of line parallel to line 3x + 4 y + 5 =
0 is, 3x + 4 y + λ = 0, , …(i), , This line passes through ( 4,
− 5)., ∴, , 3 (4) + 4 (−5) + λ = 0, , , , 12 − 20 + λ = 0, , ,
, λ =8, , 41. ( p + 2q)x + ( p − 3q ) y = p − q, x, , 0 + 0 −2p, ,
x+ y=2, , ∴ Required equation of line is 3x + 4 y + 8 =
0., , (0,0)O, , ∴, , , , On putting the value of λ in Eq. (i).,
, y =1, , B (0,1), x=0, , x, , , , The line always pass
through the fixed point, the, coefficient of p and q are
zero., , x + y − 1 = 0 and 2x − 3 y + 1 = 0, On solving,
we get, 2, 3, x= , y=, , 5, 5, 2 3 , ∴ Fixed point is ,
., 5 5 , , 42. The given lines are, y = (2 − 3 ) x + 5, and,
y = (2 + 3 ) x − 7, Therefore, m1 = 2 − 3 and m2 = 2 + 3,
m − m1 2 + 3 − 2 + 3 , = , , ∴ tan θ = 2, 1 +
m1m2 1 + (4 − 3) , 2 3 , π, = = 3 = tan, 2, 3, ,
, 3, 2, , 39. Since, P is the mid-point of straight line,
then end, points of AB are A( 2, 0) and B( 0, 2)., , p(x + y
− 1) + q(2x − 3 y + 1) = 0, , , , θ=, , π, = 60°, 3, , ...(i), ...
(ii)

Page 632 :
505, , The Straight Line, , Level II, 1. The intersection
point of lines x − 2 y = 1 and, 7 1 , x + 3 y = 2 is , .,
5 5 , Since, required line is parallel to 3x + 4 y = 0., 3,
Therefore, the slope of required line = −, 4, ∴ Equation
of required line which passes through, 3, 7 1 , ,
and slope − , is, 5 5 , 4, 1 −3 , 7 , =, x − , 5, 4 , 5 ,
3x, 21 1, + y=, +, 4, 20 5, 3x + 4 y 21 + 4, =, 4, 20, 3x + 4
y = 5, 3x + 4 y − 5 = 0, y−, , , , , , , , , , 3, , 3, ,
x+, , y+, , 7, , =0, , 1, 1, , sin α =, 2, 2, −, 7, , , , p = , 3
2 , 7, , −7 , =, p = , 3 2 3 2, , y = mx + c, , 1, 3, ,
[QIt is intercepted in negative axes of y with an angle,
of 30° ], ∴ The required line is, y=, , 4. We have,, and, ,
x, −2 , 3, , , y1 − 3 = x1 − 2, …(i), , x1 − y1 + 1 = 0,
Since, the point M lies on the line AB, then, …(ii), x1 +
y1 − 11 = 0, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 2x1 −
10 = 0, , x1 = 5 and y1 = 6, ∴ Required foot of the
perpendicular M is (5, 6)., , , , c= −2, , and, , y1 − 3, x1
− 2, , m1m2 = − 1, y1 − 3 , −1 , = −1, x1 − 2 , ,
and, , 3. Let the equation of line is, m = tan 30° =, , m2
=, , 6. The equation of given lines are, , cos α =, , Q, , B,
M, x + y –11=0, (x1, y1), , Now,, PM ⊥ AB, Slope of line
AB is, Let, m1 = − 1, and slope of line MP is, , , , This
equation is of the form x cos α + y sin α = p, on,
comparing these two equations, we get, , ∴, , A, , , ,
32 + 32, 32 + 32, 32 + 32, 3, 3, −7, x+, y=, 3 2, 3 2, 3 2,
1, 1, −7, x+, y=, 2, 2, 3 2, , and, , P (2,3), , Let, , 2. Given
equation is 3x + 3 y + 7 = 0, , , 5. Let the point of foot
of the perpendicular be M ( x1 , y1 )., , 3y − x + 2 3 = 0, ,
x=, , 12, 7, , 4x + 3 y = 12, 3x + 4 y = 12, and, , y=, , …(i),
…(ii), 12, 7, , 12 12 , ∴ Point of intersection of the
given line is , , ., 7 7 , Hence, the equation of line
passing through (0, 0) and, 12 12 , , is, , 7 7 , 12,
−0, y −0 = 7, (x − 0), 12, −0, 7, y=x, , ax + by = c, , …(i), ,
7. Given, line AB makes 0 intercepts on x-axis and, y-
axis or ( x1 , y1 ) ≡ ( 0, 0) and the line is perpendicular,
to line CD , 3x + 4 y + 6 = 0., , bx + cy = a, cx + ay = b, , …
(ii), …(iii), , ∴ Slope of required line which is
perpendicular to, 3x + 4 y + 6 = 0 is 4/3., , On adding
Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get, ax + by + bx + cy + cx + ay =
a + b + c, , (a + b + c)x + (a + b + c) y = (a + b + c), On
comparing with 0x + 0 y = 0, (for collinearity), we get,,
a + b + c = 0., , ∴ Required line which is passing
through origin and, slope 4/3, is, 4, (x − 0), 3, 4x − 3 y =
0, y−0 =, ,

Page 633 :
506, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 8. Equation of the line
passing through( −4, 6) and( 8, 8) is, , , , , 8 − 6 ,
y−6 = , (x + 4), 8 + 4 , 2, y−6 =, (x + 4), 12, 6 y − 36
= x + 4 6 y − x − 40 = 0, , …(i), , Now, equation of any
line perpendicular to the Eq. (i),, is, 6x + y + λ = 0, , …
(ii), , This line passes through the mid-point of ( −4, 6)
and, −4 + 8 6 + 8 , ( 8, 8) is , ,, i.e., (2, 7), 2, 2 , ∴,
, , On putting the value of λ in Eq. (i), we get, x y ,
x y , + − 1 − 1 + − 1 = 0, a b , b a, , x y, x y, +
−1 − − + 1 =0, , a b, b a, 1 1 , 1 1 , , x − − y
− =0, a b , a b , , , x − y =0, , 12. Let (α, β) be the
image of point (1, 2) with respect to, line 3x + 4 y − 1 =
0., y, , 6 ×2 + 7 + λ =0, 19 + λ = 0 λ = − 19, , P (1, 2),
M, , Putting λ = − 19 in Eq. (ii), we get the required line,
6x + y − 19 = 0., 1, 9. Since, tangent is parallel to y = 2x
−, 2, ∴ Equation of tangent is, , x′, P′, (α, β), , y = 2x + λ,
, y′, , The point of tangency will be the point of,
intersections of tangent and curve but in the given,
options only option (a) satisfied the equation of
curve,, then (2, 8) will be the point of tangency., x y, 10.
Line perpendicular to the given line − = 1 is, a b, 1, 1,
x+ y+ λ =0, b, a, , …(i), , According to the question, line
(i) is passing through, the point P ( a , 0), y, x, y, —– —
=1, a, b, P(a, 0), O, , O, , α+1 , β+1, 2, 2, x, , α + 1 β +
2 , ∴ , ,, will be on the line, 2, 2 , , , 3x + 4 y − 1 =
0, α + 1 , β + 2 , 3 , +4 , −1 =0, 2 , 2 , , ,
, , 3α + 3 + 4β + 8 − 2 = 0, 3α + 4β + 9 = 0, 7 6 ,
Which is satisfied by − , − ., 5 5 , 7 6 , Thus, the
image of point (1, 2) is − , − ., 5 5 , , 13. Q Point
P(1, 2) is the mid-point of AB. Therefore,, coordinates
of A and B are respectively (2, 0) and (0, 4)., y, , x, , Q (0,
–b), (0, 4)B, , ∴, , a, a, + 0 + λ =0 λ = −, b, b, , O, , x, , y', ,
x y a, + − =0, b a b, ax + by = a 2, , ∴, , Equation of line
AB is, 4, (x − 2), −2, 2x + y = 4, y−0 =, , 11. We know
that the equation of the straight line, passing through
the intersection point of two lines, x y, x y, + = 1 and +
= 1 is, a b, b a, x y , x y , + − 1 + λ + − 1 = 0, ,
b a, a b , This line passes through the origin., ∴, (0 −
1) + λ (0 − 1) = 0 λ = − 1, , A (2, 0), , x', , On putting
the value of λ in Eq. (i), we get, , , P(1, 2), , ...(i), , , ,
14. Two sides x − 3 y = 0 and 3x + y = 0 are
perpendicular, to each other. Therefore, its
orthocentre is the point, of intersection of x − 3 y = 0
and 3x + y = 0 i.e., (0, 0)., So, the line 3x − 4 y = 0
passes, orthocentre of triangle., , through, , the

Page 634 :
507, , The Straight Line, 15. The equation of lines are,
y − y1 =, Since,, , , , m1 ± m2, (x − x1 ), 1 m m1m2, ,
4=, , , , b = 12, y, , m1 = 1, m2 = 1, 1±1, y−4 =, (x − 3),
1m1, y=4, , or, , B, , x=3, , The intersection points of
these lines are (6, 4), ( 3, 1), and (3, 4)., 1, ∆ = |6(1 − 4) +
3(4 − 4) + 3(4 − 1)|, 2, 1, = |6(−3) + 3(0) + 3(3)|, 2, 1, 9, =
|− 18 + 0 + 9| = sq units, 2, 2, , 16. The point of
intersection of lines 2x − 3 y + 4 = 0 and, 2 22 , , .,
3x + 4 y − 5 = 0 is −, 34 17 , The slope of required
line which is perpendicular to, 6x − 7 y + 3 = 0 is –7/6.,
∴Equation of required line which is passing through,
7, 2 22 , , and slope − , is, −, 34 17 , 6, 22, 7 ,
2 , = − x +, , 17, 6 , 34 , 6 (17 y − 22), 7(34x + 2), =−,
17, 34, y−, , , , , (–5,4), 1, x′, , and, , 5 y + bx = 3, , 19.
The vertices of triangle are the intersection points of,
these lines, , and, , …(ii), …(iii), , 2b = 12, , 18. Let A( a
, 0) and B ( 0, b) be two points on respective,
coordinate axes and (− 5, 4) divides AB in the ratio, 1 :
2., , , , 1 ×0 + 2 × a, 3, − 15, a=, 2, , AC = (2 + 2)2 + (−2
− 2)2, , …(i), , b =6, , −5 =, , AB = (1 + 2)2 + (1 − 2)2, , =
12 + (−3)2 = 10, , If three lines are concurrent, then
these values must, satisfy the third equation., , ∴, , …(i),
…(ii), …(iii), , = 9 + 1 = 10, BC = (2 − 1)2 + (−2 − 1)2, , y
=3, , 15 − 2b = 3, , x+ y=0, 3x + y = 4, x + 3y = 4, , On
solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), Eqs. (ii) and (iii), Eqs. (iii), and (i),
we get, Now,, , x = −2, , , , x, , the vertices of ∆ are A (
−2, 2), B (1, 1) and C( 2, − 2), , On solving Eqs. (i) and
(ii), we get, and, , O, , A (a,0), , − 15 , Hence, equation
of line joining , , 0 and (0, 12) is, 2, , 12 − 0 , 15 ,
⋅ x + , ( y − 0) =, 15 , 2 , 0+, 2, 4, y = (2x + 15), , 5,
, 5 y = (8x + 60), , 8x − 5 y + 60 = 0, , 17. The
equation of given lines are, y=x+5, , M, , y′, , 119x +
102 y = 125, 3 y + 4x = 1, , (0, b), , 2, , Hence, the lines
which makes the triangle are, x − y = 2, x = 3 and y = 4.,
, ∴, , 1 × b + 2 ×0, 3, , and, , = 16 + 16 = 4 2, Q, AB = BC,
∴Triangle is isosceles., , 20. I. Point of intersection of
lines x + 2 y − 10 = 0 and, − 20 25 , , ., 2x + y + 5 = 0
is , 3, 3 , 5x + 4 y = 0, 25, − 20, i.e.,, 5×, +4×, =0, 3, 3,
− 100 100, +, =0, , 3, 3, , 0 =0, Line 5x + 4 y = 0
passes through the point of, ∴, intersection of given
lines., II. Let equation of line through origin is y = mx, 2
−2m, Distance from point A(2, 2) =, 1 + m2, Now,

Page 635 :
508, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , B(4, 0) =, , and from
point, , 0 − 4m, 1 + m2, , − 4m , , =± , , 2, 2 , 1+m,
1+m , , 2 − 2m, , Now,, , , 2 − 2m = ± (− 4m), , 2 −
2m = − 4m, and, 2 − 2m = − (− 4m), , m = −1, and, m =
1 /3, ∴ Two lines are possible., III. Line is 2x cos θ − 3 y
sin θ = 6 perpendicular from, ( 5 , 0),, |2 5 cos θ − 0 −
6|, P1 =, (2 cos θ )2 + (− 3 sin θ )2, =, =, , On squaring
both sides, we get, 1, = 4 P2, 1, 1, +, a 2 b2, 1, 1, 1, =, +,
, 4P 2 a 2 b2, 2, 1, 1, or, = 2 + 2 are in HP., 2, 8P, a, b,
Hence, both the statements are true., , 22. Given, ax
cos φ + by sin φ − ab = 0, At point ( b2 − a 2 , 0), d1 =, ,
d2 =, , 6 − 2 5 cos θ, 6 − 2 5 cos θ, , ∴, , 4 + 5 sin 2 θ, , ×, ,
6 + 2 5 cos θ, 4 + 5 sin 2 θ, , =, , 36 − 20 cos 2 θ 36 − 20
(1 − sin 2 θ ), =, 4 + 5 sin 2 θ, 4 + 5 sin 2 θ, , =, , 16 + 20
sin 2 θ 4 (4 + 5 sin 2 θ ), =4, =, 4 + 5 sin 2 θ, 4 + 5 sin 2
θ, , 21. I. Line is 3x + y + 5 = 0, Distance from point (2,
− 5) =, , 3 ×2 −5 + 5, 32 + 12, , 6, =, 10, and distance
from point (−1, 4), 3 × (− 1) + 4 + 5, 6, =, =, 2, 2, 10, 3
+1, ∴ Points are equidistant from the given line., x y, II.
Line is + = 1, a b, Now, length of perpendicular from
origin, =, 1, 1, 1, +, a 2 b2, , 0 + 0 −1, 1, 1, +, a 2 b2, ,
=±2P, , [a 2 (b2 − a 2) cos 2 φ − a 2 b2], a 2 cos 2 φ + b2
sin 2 φ, , =−, , a 2 (− b2 sin 2 φ − a 2 cos 2 φ ), a 2 cos 2
φ + b2 sin 2 φ, , = a2, , 4 + 5 sin 2 θ, 6 − 2 5 cos θ, , a 2
cos 2 φ + b2 sin 2 φ, , d1 d2 = −, , 4 + 5 sin 2 θ, , ∴
Product of perpendicular is independent of θ., Hence,
Ist and IIIrd statements are true., , , , − a b2 − a 2 cos
φ − ab, , 4 cos 2 θ + 9 sin 2 θ, , |− 2 5 cos θ − 0 − 6|, ,
Now, P1 × P2 =, , a 2 cos 2 φ + b2 sin 2 φ, , At point (−
b2 − a 2 , 0), , and perpendicular from (− 5 , 0) ,, P2 =, , a
b2 − a 2 cos φ − ab, , 23. The equation of line
perpendicular to the given line, …(i), x + y − 11 = 0, is,
…(ii), − x + y + λ =0, This equation passes through (2,
3)., − 2 + 3 + λ = 0, λ = − 1, ∴ From Eq. (ii), we get, − x +
y −1 =0 y = x + 1, ∴ From Eq. (i), we get, x + x + 1 −
11 = 0, , 2x = 10, , x = 5 and y = 5 + 1 = 6, Hence,
coordinates of foot of perpendicular from (2, 3), to
given line is (5, 6)., , 24. Given that perpendicular
segment from ( 0, 0) to any, line x cos α + y sin α = A is
of length A units which is, inclined to the positive
direction of x-axis at an angle, of 30°., ∴ We have,, …(i),
x cos α + y sin α = A, and, α = 30° , A = 4, On putting
the value of α and A in Eq. (i), we get, 3x y, + =4, 2, 2, 3x
+ y = 8, , Which is the required equation of line., , 25.
We have, x cos α + y sin α = a and x sin β − y cos β = a,
Above equations can be rewritten as,, y = − x cot α + a
cosec α, and, y = x tanβ − a sec β, ∴ Angle between the
lines (i) and (ii) is, , …(i), …(ii)

Page 636 :
509, , The Straight Line, , , , , , , − cot α − tan β
, θ = tan −1 , , 1 − cot α tan β , , −1 m1 − m2
, , Q θ = tan , 1 + m1m2 , , cot α cot β + 1
, θ = tan −1 −, , cot β − cot α , θ = tan −1 [− cot (α
− β )], , π, , θ = tan −1 tan + (α − β ) , 2, , , ,
π, θ = −β + α, 2, , 26. Given, 3x + 4 y − 6 = 0, and, or, , 6x
+ 8 y + 7 = 0, 7, 3x + 4 y + = 0, 2, , and, , ∴, , , , …(i), …
(ii), , are two parallel lines., , ∴, , 30. Since, the line 3x +
4 y − 24 = 0 cuts x-axis at A and, y-axis at B., y, , ∴
Perpendicular distance between two parallel lines, is
given by, |c1 − c2|, , (0,6) B, , …(iii), , +, , a 2 + b2, , 3x, ,
d=, , p, Coefficient of x, =−, q, Coefficient of y, p+ q, m2
=, p−q, p p+ q, − −, q p−q, tan β =, p p + q , 1 + −
, , q p − q , − p2 + pq − pq − q2, =, pq − q2 − p2
− pq, π, tan β = 1 β =, 4, π, 1, sin β = sin, =, 4, 2, m1 =,
, 4y, –2, 4, , From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, , =, , =, , 0, , 7, 2,
On putting all these values in Eq. (iii), we get, , , −
6 − 7 , − 19 , , 2 2 , , d=, =, 25, 32 + 42, a = 3, b
= 4, c1 = −6, , and c2 =, , ∴, , 19, 19, units, =, 2 × 5 10, ,
Q, , 1, , ( x, y), R, , =, y=, =, , 6 × 8 + 8 × 0 + 10 × 0 48, =,
=2, 6 + 8 + 10, 24, ay1 + by2 + cy3, a+ b+ c, 6 × 0 + 8 ×
6 + 10 × 0 48, =, =2, 6 + 8 + 10, 24, , ∴ Incentre = (2, 2),
, 31. (a) Let L = 10x − y − 26, , ∴ Coordinates of R are
(7, − 2)., , 29. Given that β is the acute angle between
the lines, px + qy = p + q, p(x − y) + q(x + y) = 2q, , ∴ For
incentre of ∆ OAB,, ax + bx2 + cx3, x= 1, a+ b+ c, , and, ,
Let coordinates of R be (x, y)., Also,, PR = 2QR, , m : n
= 2 :1, By external section formula, 2 ×2 + 1 × 3, ∴, x=,
=4 + 3 = 7, 2 −1, 2 ×1 − 1 ×4, and, y=, =2 − 4 = −2, 2 −1,
, and, , AB = c = 82 + 62 = 10, OA = b = 8 and OB = a =
6, , 28. Since, the coordinates of P and Q are (− 3, 4)
and, (2, 1), respectively., 2, , x, , ∴ Coordinates of A and
B are (8, 0) and ( 0, 6),, respectively., , 27. We know
that the equation of x-axis is y = 0. Thus,, only
statement I is correct., , P, , (8,0) A, , (0,0)O, , …(i), …(ii), ,
∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), slopes of both equations are, ,
At point (3, 4), L = 30 − 4 − 26 L = 0, and at point (2,
− 6), L = 20 + 6 − 26 L = 0, (b) Let L = 5x + 3 y + 9, At
point (3, 4), , L = 15 + 12 + 9 = 36, At point (2, − 6),
, L = 10 − 18 + 9 = 1

Page 637 :
510, , NDA/NA Mathematics, (c) Let L = 3x − 4 y − 8,
At point (3, 4), , L, and at point (2, − 6), , L, (d) Let L
= x − y − 10, At point (3, 4), , L, and at point (2, − 6),
, L, , = 9 − 16 − 8 = − 15, , = 3 − 4 − 10 = − 11, = 2 + 6
− 10 = − 2, , ∴ From the above discussion, we see that
the points, ( 3, 4) and ( 2 , − 6) are the opposite sides to
the, equation 3x − 4 y = 8., , m2 = −, , …(i), , tan θ =, , , ,
tan θ =, , θ =α −β, , 35. The equation of sides, x = 0, y =
0, x + y = 2., , of, , the, , triangle, , are, , x=0, , …(ii), , (0, 2)
B, , ( A + B), (B − A ), , y=0, A, , (0,0)O, , Let θ be the
angle between both the lines, then, m − m2, Q, tan θ =
1, 1 + m1 m2, ∴, , cos α, cos β, and m2 = −, sin α, sin β,
Let θ be the angle between these two lines, then, cos
α cos β, −, +, m1 − m2, sin α sin β, tan θ =, =, 1 + m1 m2
1 + cos α ⋅ cos β, sin α sin β, sin α cos β − cos α sin β,
, tan θ =, cos α cos β + sin α sin β, sin (α − β ), , tan
θ =, = tan (α − β ), cos (α − β ), , ∴, , 32. The given
equations of lines be, , , , and, , m1 = −, , = 6 + 24 − 8
= 22, , Ax + By = A + B, and, A (x − y) + B(x − y) = 2B, ,
( A + B)x + (B − A ) y = 2B, Let slope of line (i) is m1, A,
m1 = −, , B, and the slope of the line (ii) is m2, , x cos
α + y sin α = p, , 34. The given lines are, x cos β + y sin β
= p′, , A A + B , − + , , B B − A , , y, , =, , 2, , From
figure, the vertices of ∆OAB are O( 0, 0), A( 2, 0), and
B( 0, 2)., So, the coordinates of the centroid are, , A A
+ B , 1+ , , B B − A , , 0 + 2 + 0 0 + 0 + 2 , 2 2 ,
,, , i.e., , ., , 3 3 , , 3, 3, , − A (B − A ) + B ( A +
B), B (B − A ) + A ( A + B), , 36. Let P ( x1 , y1 ) be a
moving point and, Let, , = tan − 1, , AB + B − AB + A, A
2 + AB + B2 − AB, , = tan −1, , A 2 + B2, = tan −1 (1) =
45°, A 2 + B2, , 2, , x+, , 2, , 33. Let C be the point which
divides the join of (3, − 1) and, (8 , 9) in the ratio (λ : 1).,
Then, the coordinates of C are, λ × 8 + 1 × 3 9 × λ − 1
× 1 8λ + 3 9λ − 1 , ,, ,, , = , , λ +1, λ +1 λ +1 λ
+1 , , (by internal section formula), This point also
lies on, y − x + 2 =0, 9λ − 1 8λ + 3, −, + 2 =0, ∴, λ +1, λ
+1, 9λ − 1 − 8λ − 3 + 2λ + 2 = 0, 2, 3λ − 2 = 0, , λ=, 3,
∴ Required ratio = 2 : 3, , d1 =, , x1 + y1, 1 +1, 2, , 2, ,
and d2 =, , x1 − y1, 12 + 12, , According to given
condition,, d12 = d22, , (x1 + y1 )2 = (x1 − y1 )2, ,
4x1 y1 = 0 x1 y1 = 0, ∴ Locus of a point is xy = 0., ,
37. Let the equation of intercept form of line is, , x y, +
= 1., a b, , The perpendicular distance from origin to
the line, =, , , , , , , , , , 1, , |−1|, , =1, 2, 1 , 1 ,
+ , b , a , 1, 1, + 2 =1, 2, a, b, 2, , 2, , 1 , 1 ,
+ , a , b , , 2, , (given)

Page 638 :
511, , The Straight Line, 38. Since, pis the length of
perpendicular from the origin, on the straight line ax +
by − p = 0., 0+0− p, , ∴, , a 2 + b2, , =p, , 1 = a 2 + b2, 3, 1
= a2 +, 4, 1, 2 1, a = a=, 4, 2, , , , , , , 3 , , Q b
=, 2 , , , y, , p, , M, 60º, , x, , A, , O, , − 3x + 4 y + 3 12x +
5 y + 6, =, 5, 13, , − 39x + 52 y + 39 = 60x + 25 y + 30,
, 99x − 27 y − 9 = 0, Now, point (2, 7), 99 × 2 − 27 × 7
− 9 = 0, 0 =0, ∴ Point (2, 7) satisfy the bisector line., ,
42. The lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0, cx + ay + b
= 0 are concurrent, if, , y′, , Thus, equation of straight
line is, 1, 3, x+, y= p, 2, 2, , x cos 60° + y sin 60° = p,
Hence, required angle is 60°., Which is the equation of
line in normal form, where, 60° be the angle between
the perpendicular and the, positive direction of x-
axis., , 39. The straight line ax + by + c = 0 and the
coordinates, axes form an isosceles triangle., y, , , ,
, , , a, , c, , a, , a, , b, , −b, , b a, c, , b, , a, b, , b c, c a =0, ,
c, , a b, b c, , +c, , distance, , =, x, , ax + by = − c, x, y,
(intercept form), , +, =1, (− c / a ) (− c / b), c, c, If, − =−,
a, b, i.e., intercept on x-axis = intercept on y-axis, 1 1,
=, |a|=|b|, , a b, , 40. Let the point of intersection
be ( x1 , y1 ). Then, this, point lies on both the lines., …
(i), ∴, x1 cos θ + y1 sin θ = a, and, …(ii), x1 sin θ − y1 cos
θ = b, On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get,
x12(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) + y12(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) = a 2 +
b2, , x12 + y12 = a 2 + b2, ∴ The locus of intersecting
point is a circle., , =0, , a (bc − a 2) − b(b2 − ac) + c (ab −
c2) = 0, 3abc − a3 − b3 − c3 = 0, 3abc = a3 + b3 + c3, ,
between, , two, , 3x + 4 y + 6 = 0 and, , A, , c a, , and, ,
Hence, both A and R are individually true and R is, the
correct explanation of A., 43. The, , B, , O, , − 3x + 4 y +
3 = 0 and 12x + 5 y + 6 = 0, a1 = − 3, b1 = 4, c1 = 3 and
a 2 = 12, b2 = 5, c2 = 6, Here,, a1a 2 + b1b2 = − 3 × 12
+ 4 × 5 = − 16 < 0, For acute angle we take positive
sign., ∴ Equation of acute angle bisector is, − 3x + 4 y +
3 12x + 5 y + 6 , =, (− 3)2 + 42 122 + 52 , or, ,
, , B, , x′, , 41. Lines are , 3x − 4 y − 3 = 0 and 12x + 5 y
+ 6 = 0, , parallel, 3x + 4 y +, , lines, 7, =0, 2, , 7, 2 = 5 =1,
2 ×5 2, 32 + 42, , 6−, , Hence, both A and R are
individually true and R is, the correct explanation of
A., 44. Lines are 5x + 3 y + 7 = 0 and 15x + 9 y + 39 = 0,
, , a1 = 5, b1 = 3, c1 = 7 and a 2 = 15, b2 = 9, c2 = 39,
a1 b1, =, a 2 b2, 5 3, =, , 15 9, 1 1, , =, 3 3, ∴ The
two lines are parallel., Hence, Both A and R are true
and R is the correct, explanation of A., For parallel
lines,, , 45. Assertion (A) Given, lines are, 2x + 3 y + 4 =
0 and 3x + 2 y + 3 = 0, If these lines are perpendicular
to each other, then, a1a 2 + b1b2 = 0, , 2 ×3 + 3 ×2
=0

Page 639 :
512, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , ∴ It is false., , 12 ≠ 0, ,
=, , Reason (R) If the lines ax + by + c = 0 and, Ax + By +
C = 0 are perpendicular, then aA + bB = 0, ∴ It is true.,
∴ A is false, but R is true., , 46. 3x − 4 y + 9 = 0, , and,
, , m1 =, , − ( 3) 3, =, −4 4, , 6x − 8 y − 15 = 0, − (6) 3,
m2 =, =, −8 4, , , m1 = m2, Lines are parallel., ∴
Angle between lines is 0°., , 48. 6x − 8 y − 15 = 0, , 3, 4,
3, Slope of parallel line (m) =, 4, ∴ Equation of line
passing through (2, − 5) and, 3, slope, = is, 4, 3, y − (− 5)
= (x − 2), 4, 4 y + 20 = 3x − 6, , 3x − 4 y − 26 = 0, Slope
of line =, , 3, 49. Slope of line 3x − 4 y + 9 = 0 is m = ., 4, ,
1 −4, =, 3, 3, 4, −4, ∴ Required equation is, y −3 =, (x −
0), 3, , 3 y − 9 = − 4x, , 4x + 3 y − 9 = 0, Slope of
perpendicular line = −, , 47. Lines are, 3x − 4 y + 9 = 0,
6x − 8 y − 15 = 0, 15, or, 3x − 4 y −, =0, 2, Since, two
lines are parallel, , …(i), , and, , ∴ Distance between
lines =, , 33 / 2 33, =, 5, 10, , − 15 , 9− , , 2 , 32 +
(− 4)2, , …(ii)

Page 640 :
26, , The Circle, Y, , A circle is defined as the, locus of
all such points in a, plane, which remains at, constant
distance from a fixed, point,where the fixed point (C ),
and the given distance (CP ) is, called the centre and
radius of, the circle, respectively as shown, in given
figure., , Example 2. The equation of circle whose
centre is (0,0) and, area of the circle is 154 sq units is,
(a) 2 x 2 + 2y 2 = 48, (b) x 2 + y 2 = 48, (d) None of
these, (c) x 2 + y 2 = 49, , N, P, , C, , M, , X, , , , Let C( h ,
k) be the centre of circle and CP ( = r ) be the, radius of
circle, then equation of circle is, P (x, y), , …(i), , Now, if
origin (0,0) be the centre of circle, then Eq.(i),
becomes, x2 + y2 = r 2, , …(ii), , Which is the required
equation of circle., The area of the circle is given by π r
2 sq units., , Example 1. The equation of a circle whose
centre is (2, − 3), and radius 5 is, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 6y
− 12 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y − 12 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 −
4x + 6y + 12 = 0, (d) None of the above, Solution (a)
The equation of the required circle is, ( x − 2) 2 + (y +
3) 2 = 5 2, , , x + y − 4x + 6y − 12 = 0, , πr 2 = 154, , (Q
area of circle = π r 2 ), , r2 = 7 × 7, r =7, , Now, equation
of circle is given by, ( x − h) 2+ (y − k) 2 = r 2, x2 + y 2 =
(7) 2 x2 + y 2 = 49, , General Equation of Circle, , C(h
, k), , ( x − h )2 + ( y − k)2 = r 2, , , , , , r, , 2, , Area of
circle = 154 sq units, , , Equation of Circle, , 2, ,
Solution (c) Given that,, , We know that, the general
equation of second degree, may represents a circle, if
the coefficient of x 2 and, coefficient of y 2 is identical
and the coefficient of xy, becomes zero., Let the
second degree equation be, ax 2 + by 2 + 2hxy + 2gx +
2 fy + c = 0, , …(i), , It represents a circle, if, (a) a = b i. e.,
coefficient of x 2 = coefficient of y 2, (b) h = 0 , i. e. ,
coefficient of xy = 0,, then Eq. (i) reduces as, x 2 + y 2 +
2gx + 2 fy + c = 0,, whose centre and radius are ( − g, −
f ) and, g2 + f 2 − c, respectively., , Nature of the Circle,
Let the equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c =
0,, whose centre and radius is ( − g, − f ) and,
respectively., , g2 + f 2 − c ,

Page 641 :
514, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , l, , l, , l, , If g2 + f 2 − c >
0,then the radius of circle will be real, and real circle is
possible., If g2 + f 2 − c = 0, radius of circle = 0, then
the circle, becomes a point circle., If g2 + f 2 − c < 0,
then radius of circle will be, imaginary, so in this case,
no real circle is possible., , Intercepts Made on the,
Axes by a Circle, Case I. When the circle passes
through the origin, (0, 0) Let the equation of circle be,
…(i), ( x − h )2 + ( y − k)2 = r 2, , Example 3. The given
curve 2 x2 + 2y 2 + 14x + 10y − 26 = 0, represents, (a)
parabola, (c) ellipse, , y, , (b) circle, (d) hyperbola, ,
Solution (b) The equation of given curve is, , 2x2 + 2y 2
+ 14x + 10y − 26 = 0, (i) Here, coefficient of x2 =
coefficient of y 2, (ii) Coefficient of xy = 0, ∴ The given
curve represents a circle., , C (h , k), r, , the three points
(0,1), (2,0) and (5,6) is, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 5 x − 7y + 6 = 0, (b)
x 2 + y 2 − 5 x − 7y − 6 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + 5 x − 7y + 6 =
0, (d) None of the above, , 1 + 2f + c =0, −, − , −,
3 + 4g − 2f = 0, On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (iv), we
get, 61 + 10 g + 12f + c = 0, 4 + 4g, + c =0, – –, –, 57 +6g
+ 12f, = 0, , M, , x, , Q It passes through origin (0,0), ∴, h
2 + k2 = r 2, ∴ Eq. (i) becomes,, ( x − h )2 + ( y − k)2 = h 2
+ k2, or, , Solution (a) The general equation of circle
be, Since, the given points satisfy this equation, we
have, 1 + 2f + c = 0 ,, 4 + 4g + c = 0, and, 61 + 10 g + 12f
+ c = 0, On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii), we get, 4 +
4g + c = 0, , h, , O(0, 0), , Example 4. The equation of
circle, which passes through, , x2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
= 0, , k, , …(i), …(ii), …(iii), …(iv), , x 2 + h 2 − 2hx + y 2 −
2ky + k2 = h 2 + k2, x 2 + y 2 − 2hx − 2ky = 0, , or, ,
Example 5. The equation of the circle which passes
through, the origin and cuts off intercepts 3 and 4
from the positive, parts of the axes, respectively is, (a)
4x 2 + 12 xy + 4y 2 − 16y = 0, (b) 4x 2 − 12 x + 4y 2 −
16y = 0, (c) 4x 2 − 12 x + 4y 2 + 16y = 0, , …(v), , (d)
None of the above, , Solution (b) We have,, OA = 3, OB
= 4, 3, OL =, and CL = 2, 2, , ∴, …(vi), , In ∆OCL, we have,
, On multiplying Eq. (v) by 6 and adding Eqs. (v) and
(vi), we get, 57 + 6g + 12f = 0, 18 + 24g − 12f = 0, 75 +
30 g, = 0, , y, , − 75, 5, g =, =−, , 30, 2, 7, and, f =–, 2, ∴
From Eq. (iv), we get, −7 , −5 , 61 + 10 + 12
+ c = 0, 2 , 2 , , 4, , , 61 − 25 − 42 + c = 0 c =
6, Put all these values in Eq. (i), we get required
equation of circle, which is x2 + y 2 − 5x − 7y + 6 = 0, ,
C (3/2,2), 2, 3/2, , O, , L, , A, , OC 2 = OL2 + LC 2, 2, , ,
, , 9, 25, 3 , OC 2 = + 2 2 = + 4 =, 2 , 4, 4, 5,
OC =, 2, , x

Page 642 :
515, , The Circle, 3 , The required equation of circle
whose centre is , 2 and radius, 2 , 5, is is, 2, 2, 2,
3 , 5 , , 2, x − + (y − 2) = , 2 , , 2 , 9, 25, 2,
2, , x − 3x + + y − 4y + 4 =, 4, 4, , 4x2 − 12x + 4y 2 −
16y = 0, , Case II. When the circle touches abscissa (x-
axis), If the centre of circle be C( h , k)and it touches x-
axis and the, radius of circle is CP = k, y, , h, P, , C (h , k),
, x, , O, , ∴ Equation of circle is, ( x − h )2+ ( y − k)2 = (CP
)2 = h 2, x 2 + y 2 − 2ky − 2hx + k2 = 0, , or, , Example 7.
The equation of circle whose centre is ( −3, 5), and
touches the y-axis is, (a) x 2 + y 2 + 16 x + 10y + 25 = 0,
(b) x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 10y + 25 = 0, (c) 2 x 2 + 2y 2 + 6 x −
10y + 25 = 0, (d) None of the above, , C(h , k), , O, , y, , x,
, P, , Solution (b) Here, radius CM = 3, y, , ∴ Equation of
circle is ( x − h )2+ ( y − k)2 = (CP )2 = k2, , , x 2 + y 2 −
2hx − 2ky + h 2 = 0, , Example 6. The equation of the
circle whose centre is ( 4, 2), and touches the x-axis is,
(a) x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 4y + 16 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 8 x + 4y +
16 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 4y − 16 = 0, (d) None of the
above, Solution (a) Since, the circle touches x-axis,
therefore its radius, , CM = 2., , C(–3,5), x', , M, , x, , O,
y', , ∴ Required equation of circle is, ( x + 3) 2 + (y − 5) 2
= (3) 2, , , x2 + y 2 + 6x − 10y + 9 + 25 = 9, , , , x2 + y
2 + 6x − 10y + 25 = 0, , Case IV. When the circle
touches both abscissa, and ordinate (x-axis and y-axis)
In this case h = k. Then,, the equation of circle is ( x − h
)2 + ( y − k)2 = r 2, where, radius h = k = α, (say), , y, , y, ,
C (4,2), 2, O, , M, , x, , ∴ Required equation of circle is, (
x − 4) 2 + (y − 2) 2 = 2 2, , , x + y − 8x − 4y + 16 + 4 =
4, , , , x + y − 8x − 4y + 16 = 0, , 2, , M, , h, , C (h, k), k, ,
2, , 2, , O, , 2, , Case III. When the circle touches
ordinate, (y-axis) Let the centre of circle be C( h , k)
and it touches, y-axis at point P with radius CP = h., , P,
, ∴, , ( x − α )2 + ( y − α )2 = α 2, , or, , x 2 + y 2 − 2 αx − 2
αy + α 2 = 0, , x

Page 643 :
516, , NDA/NA Mathematics, y, , Example 8. The
equation of a circle of radius 6 units, touches the
coordinate axes in the second quadrant is, (a) 2 x 2 +
2y 2 + 12 x − 12y + 36 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 + 12 x − 12y −
40 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 − 12 x − 12y + 37 = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 +
12 x − 12y + 36 = 0, , C (0,k), x', , x, , (0, 0) O, , Solution
(d) ∴ Radius = 6 units and centre is ( −6, 6), y', , y, , (–6,
6)C, , 6, , 6, x, , x', O, y', , ∴ Required equation of circle is,
( x + 6) 2 + (y − 6) 2 = 6 2, 2, 2, , x + y + 12x − 12y +
36 + 36 = 36, , x2 + y 2 + 12x − 12y + 36 = 0, , Case V.
When the circle passes through O(0,0) and, centre lies
on abscissa (x-axis) In this case k = 0, then, equation of
circle is, y, , x, , (0, 0) O, , C (h, 0), , x', , Example 10. The
equation of circle passes through origin, and whose
radius is 4 units and their centre lies on ordinate is, (a)
x 2 + y 2 − 8y = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 + 8y = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 − 8y
− 8 x = 0, (d) None of the above, Solution (a) ∴Centre is
(0 , 4) and radius is 4., ∴The required equation of circle
is, ( x − 0) 2 + (y − 4) 2 = 4 2, , , , x2 + y 2 − 8y + 16 =
16, x2 + y 2 − 8y = 0, , Equation of Circle in Diameter,
Form, Let A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) be the end points
of a, diameter of the given circle and let P ( x , y ) be
any point on, the circle., P(, , 90, , y', , whose centre lies
on the x-axis of radius 3 units is, (a) x 2 + y 2 + 6 x = 0,
(b) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x = 0, 2, 2, (d) None of the above, (c) x +
y − 6 x + 6y = 0, , ∴ From figure ∠ APB = 90°, ∴, and, ,
Solution (b) The centre of circle is (3, 0) and radius is
3., ∴ Equation of circle is, ( x − 3) 2 + (y − 0) 2 = 3 2, , ,
x2 + y 2 − 6x + 9 = 9 x2 + y 2 − 6x = 0, , Case VI.
When the circle passes through O(0,0), and centre lies
on ordinate (y-axis), In this case h = 0, then equation
of circle is, ( x − 0)2 + ( y − k)2 = k2, , , x 2 + y 2 − 2ky
= 0, , B(x 2 ,y2 ), , (x1, y1) A, , x 2 + y 2 − 2hx = 0, ,
Example 9. The equation of circle passes through
origin,, , °, , C(h , k ), , ( x − h )2 + ( y − 0)2 = h 2, , , y), x,,
, y − y1 , Slope of AP = , , x − x1 , y − y2 ,
slope of BP = , , x − x2 , , ∴ For perpendicular, m1
m2 = − 1, , , AP ⋅ BP = − 1, , , , y − y1 y − y2 ,
, ⋅ , = −1, x − x1 x − x2 , , ( x − x1 ) ( x − x2
) + ( y − y1 ) ( y − y2 ) = 0, Which is the required
equation of circle in diameter, form.

Page 644 :
517, , The Circle, , Example 11. The equation of the
circle, the coordinates of, the end points of whose
diameter are (2, 4) and (3, 5) is, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 5 x − 9y +
26 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 5 x − 9y − 26 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + 5 x
+ 9y − 26 = 0, (d) None of the above, , On resolving the
component, we get, … (i), x = OM = r cosθ, and, … (ii), y
= PM = r sinθ, Here, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are the required
parametric form, of the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2, where ' θ'
is a parameter., Case II. Parametric form of equation
of circle, if ( h , k), is the centre and r being the radius
is, , Solution (a) The equation of the circle described
on the line, , y, , segment joining ( x1, y1) and ( x2, y 2)
as diameter is, , P, , ( x − x1) ( x − x2) + (y − y1) (y − y 2)
= 0, and it is given that x1 = 2 , x2 = 3, y1 = 4, y 2 = 5,
So, the equation of required circle is, ( x − 2) ( x − 3) +
(y − 4) (y − 5) = 0, , x2 − 5x + 6 + y 2 − 9y + 20 = 0, ,
x2 + y 2 − 5x − 9y + 26 = 0, , r, , (h, k), C, , x', , Example
12. If them y = 2 x is a chord of the circle, x 2 + y 2 − 10
x = 0, then the equation of a circle with this chord, as
diameter is, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4y = 0, (a) x 2 + y 2 + 2
x − 4y = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 4y = 0, (d) None of these,
, Solution (b) Given, equation of chord is y = 2x, and
equation of circle is x2 + y 2 − 10 x = 0, , …(i), …(ii), ,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x2 + 4x2 − 10 x = 0, , θ, ,
N, , x, O, , x = h + r cos θ ; y = k + r sin θ, where, θ being
the parameter., , Example 13. The parametric
equations of the circle, x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4y − 4 = 0 is, ,
(a) x = 1+ 3 cos θ, y = 2 + 3 sin θ, (b) x = 1− 3 cos θ, y =
2 + 3 sin θ, (c) x = 1+ 3 cos θ, y = 2 − 3 sin θ, , , 5x ( x −
2) = 0 x = 0 , x = 2, at, x = 0,y = 0, and at, x = 2, y = 4,
These are the coordinates of end points of the chord.
Since,, the chord is a diameter, therefore these points
are the end, points of a diameter., ∴ Equation of circle
is, ( x − 0) ( x − 2) + (y − 0) (y − 4) = 0, , x2 + y 2 − 2x −
4y = 0, , (d) None of the above, , Solution (a) The
equation of circle is, x2 + y 2 − 2x − 4y − 4 = 0, , , ( x2
− 2x + 1) + (y 2 − 4y + 4) = 9, , , , ( x − 1) 2 + (y − 2) 2 =
3 2, , ∴ The parametric equations of the circle are x = 1
+ 3 cos θ,, y = 2 + 3 sin θ, where θ is the angle lying
between 0 to 2π., , Example 14. The parametric
equations of the circles, x 2 + y 2 + mx + my = 0 is, ,
Equation of Circle in, Parametric Form, , m m, m m, −
cos θ, y = − +, cos θ, 2 2, 2, 2, m m, m m, (b) x = − + cos
θ, y = − +, sin θ, 2 2, 2, 2, , (a) x = −, , Case I. Let P ( x , y )
be any point on the circle, x 2 + y 2 = r 2, then from
figure ∠ MOP = θ, , (c) x =, , y, , m m, m m, +, cos θ, y = −
+, sin θ, 2, 2, 2, 2, , (d) None of the above, P(x, y), r, x', ,
θ, M, , O, , Solution (b) Here,, x, , , , , x2 + y 2 + mx +
my = 0, ( x + mx) + (y 2 + my) = 0, 2, , 2, m2 2, m2
m2, x + mx +, + y + my +, =, 4 , 4 , 2, , 2, , , y',
, 2, , m , m m , x− −2 + y−
−2 = 2 , , , ,,2

Page 645 :
518, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , So, the parametric
equations of the circle are, m m, x=−, +, cos θ, 2, 2, m
m, and, y=−, +, sin θ, 2, 2, , Position of a Point with,
Respect to a Circle, , Concentric Circles, Two circles
having the same centre C(h , k) but different, radii r1
and r2, respectively are called concentric circles., and,
Thus,, the, circles, ( x − h )2 + ( y − k)2 = r12, 2, 2, 2, ( x
− h ) + ( y − k) = r2 , r1 ≠ r2 are concentric circles.,
Therefore, the equation of concentric circles differ
only in, constant term., , Let C( h , k)be the centre and r
be the radius of the circle, and P ( a , b)be any point in
the plane of the circle, then three, cases arises, Case I.
Let point P lies outside the circle, then, equation of
circle is ( a − h )2 + ( b − k)2 > r 2., P(a, b), Q, , r, C (h, k), ,
Case II. Let point ‘ P ’ lies on the circle, then equation,
of circle is ( a − h )2 + ( b − k)2 = r 2., , C (h,k), r, r2 1, , P
(a,b), , r, C (h,k), , Example 15. The equation of circle
passing through (1, 2), and, which, is, concentric, with,
the, circle, x 2 + y 2 + 11x − 5y + 3 = 0 is, (a) x 2 + y 2 +
11x + 5y + 6 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 11x − 5y − 6 = 0, (c) x 2 +
y 2 + 11x − 6y + 7 = 0 (d) None of these, , Case III. Let
point P lies inside the circle, then, equation of circle is
( a − h )2 + ( b − k)2 < r 2., r, C(h,k), , Solution (b) We
have,, x2 + y 2 + 11x − 5y + 3 = 0, , Since, it passes
through (1, 2)., ∴, 1 + 4 + 11 − 10 + λ = 0, , 6 + λ =0,
, λ = −6, ∴ Required equation of circle is, x2 + y 2 +
11x − 5y − 6 = 0, , Cyclic Quadrilateral, If all four
vertices of a quadrilateral lie on a circle is, called a
cyclic quadrilateral as shown in figure., S, , P, , Q, ,
These four vertices are said to be concyclic., Here, ∠S
+ ∠Q = 180° and ∠P + ∠R = 180°, , b, (a,, , ), , …(i), , The
equation of a circle, which is concentric with the circle
(i), is, x2 + y 2 + 11x − 5y + λ = 0, , R, , P, , Example 16.
The position of a point (3, 4) with respect to, the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 36, is, (a) inside, (b) on, (c) outside, (d) None
of the above, , Solution (a) Let S ≡ x2 + y 2 − 36 = 0, At
point (3, 4), S = 9 + 16 − 36 = − 9 < 0, ∴ Point lies inside
the circle., , Maximum and Minimum, Distance of a
Point from a, Circle, Let any point P ( x1 , y1 ) inside or
outside the circle, x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0., The
centre and radius of the circle are ( − g, − f ) and, g2 + f
2 − c, respectively.

Page 646 :
519, , The Circle, Case I. Roots of Eq. (i) are real and
distinct, if, c, ., D = r 2(1 + m 2 ) − c2 > 0, i.e., if r >, 1 +
m2, , P (x1,y1), A, P, C (–g –f), , Hence, the line meets
the circle at two distinct points., Case II. Roots of Eq.
(i) are coincident, if, c, ., D = r 2(1 + m 2 ) − c2 = 0 i.e., if
r =, 1 + m2, , B, , The maximum and minimum distance
from P ( x1 , y1 ) to, the circle are PB = CB + PC = r +
PC, and, PA =|CP − CA|=|PC − r|, , Hence, the line
touches the circle., Case III. Roots of Eq. (i) are
imaginary, if, , Example 17. The greatest distance of
the point P(10, 7) from, , D = r 2(1 + m 2 ) − c2 < 0, i.e.,
if r <, , the circle x + y − 4x − 2y − 20 = 0 is, (a) 10, (b)
15, (c) 5, (d) None of these, 2, , 2, , c, 1 + m2, , ., , Hence,
the line will not intersect the circle at all., %, , Length
of perpendicular from (0,0) on y = mx + c is, , Solution
(b) At point P(10 , 7), , c, 1 + m2, , ., , S1 = 10 2 + 7 2 − 4
× 10 − 2 × 7 − 20, , Condition of Tangency of a, Line to
a Circle, , 100 + 49 − 40 − 14 − 20 = 75 > 0, So, point
lies outside the circle., Here, centre of circle C(2,1., ),
Radius,, r = 4 + 1 + 20 = 5, CP = (10 − 2) + (7 − 1), 2, , 1.
The line y = mx + c touches the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2,, ,
2, , iff c = ± r 1 + m 2 ., 2. The line lx + my + n = 0 will
touch the circle, x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0, iff, , = 64
+ 36 = 10, ∴ Greatest distance = r + CP = 5 + 10 = 15, ,
( l 2 + m 2 ) ( g2 + f 2 − c) = ( − lg − mf + n )2., , Chord, ,
%, , Chord if A and B are any two points on a curve,
then, the segment AB is called a chord of the curve., , x
2 + y2 = r 2., , Example 18. The range of values of n for
which the line, y = mx + 2 cuts the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 at
distinct on coincident, points is, (a) [ − ∞, − 3] ∪ [ 3, ∞],
(b) [ − 3, 3], (d) None of these, (c) [ 3, ∞], , B, O, , A, ,
Solution (a) The length of the perpendicular from the
centre, (0 , 0 ) to the line =, , Secant, The chord AB
produced on either or both sides is, known as a
secant., , Intersection of a Line and a, Circle, , (1 + m 2 )
x 2 + 2mcx + ( c2 − r 2 ) = 0, , Which is quadratic in x,
then three cases arises., , …(i), , 2, , 1 + m2, , The radius
of the circle =1, For the line to cut the circle at
distance or coincident points,, 2, ≤ 1 or 1 + m2 ≥ 4 or
m2 ≥ 3, 1 + m2, , , Let y = mx + c and x 2 + y 2 = r 2 be
the equation of a line, and a circle, respectively., ∴ On
solving both the equations, we get, x 2 + ( mx + c)2 = r
2, (Q y = mx + c), , , The line y = mx ± r 1 + m 2 is
always a tangent to the circle, , m ≤ − 3 and m ≥ 3, ,
Length of the Tangent, Suppose P is any point outside
the circle, then the, length of tangent drawn from the
point ( x1 , y1 ) to a circle, x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
is given by, x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2 fy1 + c .

Page 647 :
520, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Solution (a) In a right
angle ∆ C1PC 2., , T, , P, a, , P (x1,y1), , C, , a, , C1, (2,3), ,
C2, (5,6), , (C1C 2) 2 = (PC1) 2 + (PC 2) 2, , Example 19.
The length of tangent drawn from the point, , ( −14, , )
to the circle 2 x + 2y = 9 is, (b) 5 / 2, (a) 5 / 2, (d) 5 / 3 2,
(c) 2 / 5, 2, , 2, , Solution (a) The given equation of
circle can be written as, 9, x + y − =0, 2, ∴ Required
length of tangent, 2, , 2, , = x12 + y12 − r 2, = ( −1) 2 + 4
2 −, , 9, 2, , 5, 9, units, = 17 − =, 2, 2, , Angle of
Intersection of Two, Circles, The angle of intersection
of two intersecting curves is, the angle between their
tangents at the point of, intersection., R, , , , (2 − 5) 2
+ (3 − 6) 2 = a2 + a2, , , , 9 + 9 = 2 a2 a2 = 9, a =3, ,
(Q radius cannot be negative), , Family of Circles, We
have general equation of a circle is, x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2
fy + c = 0, then, 1. Family of circles passing through
the points of, intersection of line P ≡ lx + my + n = 0
and circle, S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is, S + λP =
0, 2. Family of circles passing through the points of,
intersection of two given circles, S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2g1 x
+ 2 f1 y + c1 = 0, and, , S1 ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2g2 x + 2 f2 y + c
= 0, , are, S1 + λ S 2 = 0, 3. Equation of family of circles
passing through two, points ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is,
x y 1, ( x − x1 ) ( x − x2 ) + ( y − y1 ) ( y − y2 ) + λ x1 y1 1
= 0 ., x2, , P, T, , Since,, ∴, , y2 1, , Q, , θ, , T', , RQ ⊥ RT and
RP ⊥ RT ′, ∠ TRT ′ = π −∠ QRP = π − θ, , Orthogonal
Circles, When two circles intersect at right angles
known as, orthogonal circles., , Condition of
Orthogonality, Let S1 = 0 and S 2 = 0 be any two
circles, then, 2 ( g1g2 + f1 f2 ) = c1 + c2., , Example 20.
If the circles of same radius a and centres at, (2, 3) and
(5, 6) cut orthogonally, then a is, (a) 3, (b) 4, (c) 6, (d)
10, , Example 21. The equation of the circle through
the, intersection of the circles x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 2y + 7 =
0 and, x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 10y + 8 = 0 and that passes
through the point, ( −1, − 2) is, (a) 9 x 2 + 9y 2 − 40 x +
78y + 71= 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 40 x + 78y + 71= 0, (c) 9 x 2
+ 9y 2 − 40 x − 78y + 71= 0, (d) None of the above,
Solution (a) The equation of any circle is, x2 + y 2 − 8x
− 2y + 7 + λ( x2 + y 2 − 4x + 10y + 8) = 0, x2(1 + λ ) +
y 2 (1 + λ ) − 4x (2 + λ ), −2y (1 − 5λ ) + 7 + 8λ = 0, This
circle passes through the point ( −1, − 2). Therefore,,
(1 + λ ) + 4 (1 + λ ) + 4(2 + λ ) + 4(1 − 5λ ) + 7 + 8λ = 0,
, , 24 − 3λ = 0, , λ =8, , On putting λ = 8 in Eq. (i),
we get the required circle as, 9x2 + 9y 2 − 40 x + 78y +
71 = 0, , …(i)

Page 648 :
521, , The Circle, , Condition of Two Circles, Touch
Each Other, , Case IV. If the circles touch each other
externally at a, point A, then C1 C2 = r1 + r2, Hence,
only three common tangents are drawn., A, , Case I. If
one circle lies inside the other, then, C1C2 ≥|r1 − r2|, ,
r1, , r2, , C1, , r1, , C2, , r2, C1 C 2, , Hence, no common
tangent can be drawn., Case II. If the two circles touch
each other internally, at a point A, then C1 C2 =|r1 −
r2|, Hence, only one common tangent is drawn., , (i.e.,
Distance between their centres C1and C2 is equal, to
the sum of their radii). Where, A is the point of
contact, (touching)., Case V. If two circles lies outside
the other, then, C1C2 >|r1 + r2|, C1, , r1, , C2, , r2, ,
Hence, there are four common tangents can be
drawn., r1 r2, C1 C2, , A, , (i.e., Distance between their
centres c1and c2is equal to, the mode of difference of
their radii r1 and r2)., Case III. If two circles intersect
each other, then, |r1 − r2|< C1C2 < r1 + r2, r1, , r2, ,
C1, , C2, , Example 22. The circles x2 + y 2 + 2 x + 2y +
1 = 0 and, x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 6y − 3 = 0 touch each other
are, (a) internally, (b) externally, (c) no where, (d) None
of these, , Solution (b) The equation of the given
circles are, and, , x2 + y 2 + 2x + 2y + 1 = 0, , …(i), , x + y
− 4x − 6y + 3 = 0, , …(ii), , 2, , 2, , The coordinates of the
centres of Eqs. (i) and (ii), are C1( −1, − 1), and C 2(2,
3), respectively., Let r1 and r2 be the radii of Eqs. (i)
and (ii), we get, Then, r1 = 1 + 1 − 1 = 1 and r2 = 4 + 9 +
3 = 4, Now,, , C1C 2 = (2 + 1) 2 + (3 + 1) 2 = 5, , , C1C
2 = r1 + r2 = 5, So, the circle touch each other
externally., , Hence, two common tangents can be
drawn., , Comprehensive Approach, n, , n, , ax2 + 2hxy
+ by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a circle, if, a = b ,
i. e., coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y 2 and
coefficient of, xy = 0., The centre of a circle is mid-
point of the diameter and radius is half, of the length
of diameter., , Intercepts on Axes, , n, , n, , The length of
intercept made by circle x + y + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, with
x-axis is 2 g 2 − c , ( g 2 > c) and with y-axis is, 2, , n, , n, ,
n, , 2, , 2 f 2 − c , ( f 2 > c)., Point ( x1 , y1) lies outside, on
or inside a circle S = x2 + y 2 − a 2 = 0, according as S1
> = < 0., , n, , n, , n, , Number of Tangents, n, , n, n, , In
general two real tangents can be drawn from a point
outside a, circle., The point θ on the circle x2 + y 2 = a
2 is ( a cos θ, a sin θ)., A line touches a circle, if the
length of the perpendicular from the, centre is equal
to the radius of the circle., , n, , n, , A line intersects a
given circle at two distinct real points, if the, length of
the perpendicular from the centre is less than the
radius of, the circle., A line does not intersect a circle,
if the length of the perpendicular, from the centre is
greater than the radius of the circle., If circle x2 + y 2 +
2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 touches the x-axis, then, g 2 = c., If
circle x2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 touches the y-axis,
then, f 2 = c., If the circle x2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
touches both the axes,, then g 2 = f 2., A line intersects
a given circle at two distinct points, if the length of,
the perpendicular from the centre is less than the
radius of the, circle., A line touches a circle, if the
length of the perpendicular from the, centre is equal
to the radius of the circle., The diameter
corresponding to a system of parallel chords of a,
circle always passes through the centre of the circle
and is, perpendicular to the parallel chords.

Page 649 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. The coordinates of the centre and
the radius of the, circle x 2 + y 2 + 4x − 6 y − 36 = 0 are
respectively,, given by, (a) ( −4, 6) and 6, (b) ( 4, − 6) and
7, (c) ( 2, − 3) and 6, (d) ( −2, 3) and 7, , 10. Which of the
following is a point on the common, chord of the
circles x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 3 y + 6 = 0 and, x 2 + y 2 + x − 8 y
− 13 = 0?, (a) (1, − 2), (b) (1, 4), (c) (1, 2), (d) (1, − 4), , 2.
The equation x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0, represents
a, circle of non-zero radius, if, (a) g2 + f 2 > c, (b) g2 + f
2 < c, 2, 2, (c) g > f + c, (d) g2 < f 2 + c, , 11. Radius of
circle ( x − 5)( x − 1) + ( y − 7)( y − 4) = 0 is, (a) 3, (b) 4,
(c) 5 / 2, (d) 7 / 2, , 3. If g + f = c, then the equation, 2, ,
2, , x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 will represent, (a) a
circle of radius g, (b) a circle of radius f, (c) a circle of
diameter c (d) a circle of radius 0, 4. The circle x 2 + y 2
− 8x + 4 y + 4 = 0 touches, (a) x-axis, (b) y-axis, (c) Both
axes, (d) Neither x-axis nor y-axis, 5. What is the
radius of the circle touching x-axis at, (3, 0) and y-axis
at (0, 3)?, (NDA 2011 II), (a) 3 units, (b) 4 units, (c) 5
units, (d) 6 units, 6. For the equation, ax 2 + by 2 +
2hxy + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0, where a ≠ 0, to, represent a
circle, the required condition will be, (a) a = b and c =
0, (NDA 2011 I), (b) f = g and h = 0, (c) a = b and h = 0,
(d) f = g and c = 0, 7. The circle x 2 + y 2 − 3x − 4 y + 2 =
0 cuts x-axis at, (a) ( 2, 0), ( −3, 0), (b) ( 3, 0), ( 4, 0), (c)
(1, 0), ( −1, 0), (d) (1, 0), ( 2, 0), 8. The limiting points of
the system of circles, represented by the equation 2 (
x 2 + y 2 ) + λ x + 9/ 2 = 0, are, 9 , 3 , (b) ( 0, 0) and
, 0 , (a) ± , 0 , 2 , 2 , 9 , (c) ± , 0 , 2 , , (d)
( ± 3 , 0), , 9. The value of c for which the line y = 2x + c
is a, tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 is, (a) −16 5, (c)
16 5, , (b) 4 5, (d) 20, , 12. The square of the length of
the tangent from ( 3, − 4) to, the circle x 2 + y 2 − 4x −
6 y + 3 = 0 is, (a) 20, (b) 30, (c) 40, (d) 50, 13. The radius
of any circle touching the lines, 3x − 4 y + 5 = 0 and 6x
− 8 y − 9 = 0 is, (a) 1.9, (b) 0.95, (c) 2.9, (d) 1.45, 14. If
the area of the circle 4x 2 + 4 y 2 − 8x + 16 y + k = 0 is,
9π sq units, then the value of k is, (a) 4, (b) 16, (c) −16,
(d) ±16, 15. Let AB be the intercept of the line y = x by
the circle, x 2 + y 2 − 2x = 0. Then, the equation of the
circle with, AB as its diameter is, (a) x 2 + y 2 − x − y =
0, (b) x 2 + y 2 + x + y = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + 2( x − y ) = 0 (d)
x 2 + y 2 − 2x + y = 0, 16. If, x-axis, is, tangent, to, the,
circle, x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + k = 0, then which one of
the, following is correct?, (NDA 2009 I), 2, 2, 2, (a) g =
k, (b) g = f, (c) f = k, (d) f 2 = g, 17. The equation of the
circle passing through ( −1, 2) and, concentric with x 2
+ y 2 − 2x − 4 y − 4 = 0 is given by, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4
y + 1 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 4 y + 1 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 −
2x − 4 y + 4 = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 4 y + 4 = 0, 18. The
lines 5x − 12 y − 5 = 0 and 10x − 24 y + 3 = 0 are,
tangents to the same circle. What is the diameter of,
the circle?, (a) 1 unit, (b) 5 units, 1, (c) 8 units, (d) unit,
2, 19. Point, (1,, 2), relative, x 2 + y 2 + 4x − 2 y − 4 = 0
is a/an, (a) exterior point, (b) interior point but not
centre, (c) boundary point, (d) centre, , to, , the, , circle,
, (NDA 2008 I)

Page 650 :
523, , The Circle, 20. If the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy
+ c = 0 (c > 0) touches, the y-axis, then which one of
the following is correct?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) Only g = −
c, (c) Only f = c, , (b) g = ± c, (d) f = ± c, , 21. For what
value of k, does the equation, 9x 2 + y 2 = k( x 2 − y 2 −
2x ) represents equation of a, circle?, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) –1,
(d) 4, 22. What is the length of the intercept made on
the x-axis, by the circle, x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0?,
(a), , ( g2 − c ), 2, , (c) 2 ( g2 − 4c), , (b), , (a) 5x 2 + 5 y 2 −
10x + 30 y + 49 = 0, (b) 5x 2 + 5 y 2 + 10x − 30 y + 49 =
0, (c) 5x 2 + 5 y 2 − 10x + 30 y − 49 = 0, (d) None of the
above, 28. Centre of circle ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) + ( y − y1 )
( y − y2 ) = 0 is, x + y1 x2 + y2 , x − y1 x2 − y2 , (a)
1, (b) 1, ,, ,, , , 2, 2, 2 , 2 , x + x2 y1 + y2 ,
x − x2 y1 − y2 , (c) 1, (d) 1, ,, ,, , , 2, 2, 2 , 2 ,
29. The area of the circle whose centre is at (1, 2) and,
which passes through the point (4, 6) is, (a) 5π, (b) 10π,
(c) 25π, (d) None of these, 30. The number of circle
having radius 5 and passing, through the points (− 2,
0) and (4, 0) is, (a) one, (b) two, (c) four, (d) infinite, , ( g2
− 4c), 2, , (d) 2 ( g2 − c), , 23. Under which one of the
following conditions does the, circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2
fy + c = 0 meet the x-axis in two, points on opposite
sides of the origin?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) c > 0, (b) c < 0, (c)
c = 0, (d) c ≤ 0, 24. If the line x + 2by + 7 = 0 is a
diameter of the circle, x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 2 y = 0, then b is
equal to, (a) 3, (b) − 5, (c) − 1, (d) 5, 25. The, centres, of,
the, circles, x 2 + y 2 = 1,, 2, 2, 2, 2, x + y + 6x − 2 y = 1
and x + y − 12x + 4 y = 1 are, (a) same, (b) collinear, (c)
non-collinear, (d) None of these, 26. If a circle passes
through the point (0, 0), (a, 0), (0, b),, then its centre is,
(a) ( a , b), (b) (b, a), a b , b a , (c) , , (d) , − , 2
2 , 2, 2 , 27. The equation of the circle whose centre
is (1, − 3) and, which touches the line 2x − y − 4 = 0 is, ,
31. The equation of the circle, which touches x-axis
and, whose centre is (1, 2) is, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 4 y + 1
= 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4 y + 1 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4
y + 1 = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 2 y + 4 = 0, 32. The
equation of the circle having centre (1, − 2) and,
passing through the point of intersection of lines, 3x +
y = 14, 2x + 5 y = 18 is, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 4 y − 20 = 0,
(b) x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4 y − 20 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 4 y −
20 = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 4 y − 20 = 0, 33. For the line
3x + 2 y = 12 and the circle, x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 6 y + 3 = 0,
which of the following, statements is true?, (a) Line is a
tangent to the circle, (b) Line is a cord of the circle, (c)
Line is a diameter of the circle, (d) None of the above, ,
Level II, 1. If a1 , b1 , c1 , f1 , g1 and h1 are real
numbers such that, g12 + f12 > c1a1 , then the
equation, a1x 2 + 2h1xy + b1 y 2 + 2g1x + 2 f1 y + c1 =
0, represents a circle if and only if, (b) a1 = b1 , h1 = 0,
(a) a1 = b1, (c) a1 = b1 , a1 ≠ 0, h1 = 0 (d) a1 = b1 , a1 ≠
0, h1 ≠ 0, 2. The line 3x − 2 y = k meets the circle x + y
= 4 r at, only one point, if k2 is, (b) 52 r 2, (a) 20 r 2, 52
2, 20 2, (d), (c), r, r, 9, 9, 2, , 2, , 2, , 3. The radius of the
circle passing through the point, (6, 2) and two of
whose diameters are x + y = 6 and, x + 2 y = 4 is, (a) 4,
(b) 6, (c) 20, (d) 20, 4. Two circles x 2 + y 2 = 6 and x 2 +
y 2 − 6x + 8 = 0 are, given. The equation of the circle
through their point, of intersection and the point (1, 1)
is given by, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 4 y + 2 = 0, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 3x +
1 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 4 = 0, , (d) x 2 + y 2 − 3x + 2 = 0

Page 651 :
524, , NDA/NA Mathematics, + 2 y 2 − 3x + 6 y + k = 0
and, 0 cut orthogonally, then the, , 5. If r1 , r2 and r3
are the radii of the circles, and, x 2 + y 2 + 6x − 4 y = 3,
x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 6 y = 5,, 2, 2, x + y − 2x + 4 y = 8,
respectively, then, (b) r2 > r3 > r1, (a) r1 > r2 > r3, (c)
r3 > r1 > r2, (d) r1 > r3 > r2, , 14. If the two circles 2x 2,
x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 10 y + 16 =, value of k is, (a) 41, (c) 4, ,
6. What is the equation to circle, which touches both
the, axes and has centre on the line x + y = 4? (NDA
2010 II), (a) x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 4 y + 4 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 4x
− 4 y + 4 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + 4x − 4 y − 4 = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2
+ 4x + 4 y − 4 = 0, , 15. The circle x 2 + y 2 + 4x − 4 y + 4
= 0 touches (NDA 2009 I), , 7. The equation of the
circumcircle of the triangle, formed by the lines x = 0,
y = 0 and 2x + 3 y = 5, is, (a) 6 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 5( 3x − 2 y )
= 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 3 y + 5 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 3
y − 5 = 0, (d) 6 ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 5( 3x + 2 y ) = 0, 8. The
value of k, so that x 2 + y 2 + kx + 4 y + 2 = 0 and, 2( x 2
+ y 2 ) − 4x − 3 y + k = 0 cut orthogonally is, (a) 10/ 3,
(b) −8/ 3, (c) −10/ 3, (d) 8/ 3, 9. The equation of the
tangents to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4,, which are parallel
to x + 2 y + 3 = 0, are, (a) x − 2 y = 2, (b) x + 2 y = ± 2 3,
(c) x + 2 y = ± 2 5, (d) x − 2 y = ± 2 5, 10. Consider the
following statements in respect of, circles x 2 + y 2 −
2x − 2 y = 0 and x 2 + y 2 = 1 (NDA 2010 I), I. The
radius of the first circle is twice that of the, second
circle., II. Both the circles pass through origin., Which
of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?, (a)
Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II,
11. The value of λ, for which, x 2 + y 2 + 2λx + 6 y + 1 =
0 intersects, x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 2 y = 0 orthogonally, is, (a)
11/ 8, (b) −1, (c) −5/ 4, (d) 5/ 2, , the, the, , 12. The two
circles x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 6 y + 6 = 0, x 2 + y 2 − 5x + 6 y +
15 = 0, (a) intersect, (b) are concentric, (c) touch
internally, (d) touch externally, , circle, circle, , and, ,
13. The centre of a circle is ( 2, − 3) and the
circumference, is 10π. Then, the equation of the circle
is, (a) x 2 + y 2 + 4x + 6 y + 12 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 6
y + 12 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 6 y − 12 = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 −
4x − 6 y − 12 = 0, , (a) only the x-axis, (c) Both the axes,
, (b) 14, (d) 0, (b) only the y-axis, (d) Neither of the
axes, , 16. If two circles of the same radius r and
centres at (2, 3), and (5, 6), respectively cut
orthogonally, then the, value of r is, (a) 3, (b) 2, (c) 1, (d)
5, 17. The equations of the tangents to the circle, x 2 +
y 2 − 6x + 4 y − 12 = 0, which are parallel to the, line 4x
+ 3 y + 5 = 0, are, (a) 4x + 3 y + 11 = 0 and 4x + 3 y + 8 =
0, (b) 4x + 3 y − 9 = 0 and 4x + 3 y + 7 = 0, (c) 4x + 3 y +
19 = 0 and 4x + 3 y − 31 = 0, (d) 4x + 3 y − 10 = 0 and
4x + 3 y + 12 = 0, 18. The equation of the circle, which
touches the axes at, a, distance, 5, from, the, origin, is,
y 2 + x 2 − αx − 2αy + α 2 = 0. What is the value of α?,
(NDA 2008 II), , (a) 4, (c) 6, , (b) 5, (d) 7, , 19. The lines
2x − 3 y = 5 and 3x − 4 y = 7 are diameters of, a circle
having area as 154 sq units. Then, the, equation of the
circle is, (a) x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 2 y = 62 (b) x 2 + y 2 + 2x −
2 y = 47, (c) x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 2 y = 47 (d) x 2 + y 2 − 2x +
2 y = 62, 20. A circle is drawn to cut a chord of length
2a units, along X-axis and to touch the Y-axis. The
locus of the, centre of the circle is, (a) x 2 + y 2 = a 2,
(b) x 2 − y 2 = a 2, 2, (c) x + y = a, (d) x 2 − y 2 = 4a 2, 21.
ABC is an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle of,
centre O and radius 5 cm. Let the diameter through C,
meet the circle again at, (NDA 2008 II), Assertion (A)
AD ⋅ BD < OB ⋅ OC, Reason (R), ( AD 2 + BD 2 ) = CD 2
= 100 sq cm, (a) A and R are both correct and R is
correct, explanation of A., (b) A and R are both correct
but R is not correct, explanation of A., (c) A is correct
but R is wrong., (d) A is wrong but R is correct., 22.
Consider the following statements, I. The area of the
triangle formed by the tangent at, ( 3, 4) to the circle x
2 + y 2 = 25 and the coordinate, 625, sq units., axes is,
24

Page 652 :
525, , The Circle, II. The equation of the circle having
centre at (3, – 4), and touching the line 5x + 12 y − 12
= 0 is, 45 , ( x − 3)2 + ( y + 4)2 = , 13 , , 2, ,
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?,
(a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) None of the
above, 23. Consider the following statements, I. The
shortest distance from the point ( 2, − 7) to the, circle
x 2 + y 2 − 14x − 10 y − 151 = 0 is equal to 5., and, II.
The, circles, x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4 y = 0, 2, 2, x + y + 8 y − 4
= 0 touch each other., Which of the statements given
above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I
and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 24. Consider the following
statements, I. Two tangents can be drawn from the
point ( 0, 1) to, the circle x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 4 y = 0., II. The
line x + 3 y = 0 is a diameter of the circle, x 2 + y 2 + 6x
+ 2 y = 0., Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d)
Neither I nor II, 25. Which one of the following is
correct?, The circles x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 2 y − 7 = 0, and 3(
x 2 + y 2 ) − 8x + 29 y = 0, (a) touch externally, (b)
touch internally, (c) cut each other orthogonally, (d) do
not cut each other, 26. Equation of a circle passing
through origin is, x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 2 y = 0. What is the
equation of one of its, diameters?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) x
+ 3 y = 0, (b) x + y = 0, (c) x = y, (d) 3x + y = 0, 27. Which
one of the following statements is correct?, The two
circles x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 3 = 0, and, 2, 2, x + y − 4x − 6 y −
64 = 0 are such that, (a) they touch each other, (b) they
intersect each other, (c) one lies inside the other, (d)
each lies outside the other, 28. The centre of circle
passing through the points ( 0, 0),, (1, 0) and touching
the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9, is, 3 1 , 1 1 , (a) , , (b) , ,
2 2 , 2 2 , 1 1 , , 1, (d) , − 2 , (c) −, , , , 2,
, 2 2 , , 29. Match List I (Equations of circles) with
List II (Their, centres) and select the correct answer
using the codes, given below the lists, List I,
(Equations of circles), , List II, (Their centres), , A. ( x +
2) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 1, , 1. (1, − 2), , B. ( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 =
1, , 2. ( −1, 2), , C. ( x + 1) + ( y − 2) = 4, , 3. ( 2, 1), , D. ( x −
2) 2 + ( y − 1) 2 = 4, , 4. ( −2, − 1), , 2, , Codes, A, (a) 4, (b)
4, (c) 3, (d) 3, , B, 1, 2, 1, 2, , 2, , C, 2, 1, 2, 1, , D, 3, 3, 4, 4,
, 30. ABCD is a square whose side is a. If AB and AD
be, the coordinate axes, then the equation of the,
circumcircle is, (a) x 2 + y 2 + 2a ( x + y ) = 0, (b) x 2 + y
2 + a ( x + y ) = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 − a ( x + y ) + a 2 = 0, (d) x 2
+ y 2 − a ( x + y ) = 0, 31. What is the equation of circle,
which touches the, lines x = 0, y = 0 and x = 2?, (NDA
2007 II), (a) x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 2 y + 1 = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 − 4x
− 4 y + 1 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 − 2x − 2 y + 1 = 0 (d) None of
these, 32. Which of the following are the equations of
circles,, which touch the x-axis at a distance 3 from
the origin, and intercept a distance 6 on the y-axis?, (a)
x 2 + y 2 − 6x ± 6 2 y + 9 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 + 6x ± 6 2 y +
9 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 ± 6x + 6 2 y + 9 = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 ± 6 2
y − 6 y + 9 = 0, 33. A tangent is drawn from the origin
to the circle, x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 2 y + 1 = 0. What is the
point of contact?, (a) ( −1, − 1), (b) ( 0, − 1), (c) ( 0, 1), (d)
(1, 1), 34. What is the number of common tangents to
the, circles x 2 + y 2 = 1 and x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 3 = 0?, (a)
One, (c) Three, , (b) Two, (d) Four, , 35. Which one of
the following statements is correct?, The circles x 2 +
y 2 + x − 2 y = 0, and, x 2 + y 2 − 2x + y = 0, (a) touch
each other, (b) intersect each other, (c) do not
intersect each other, (d) are concentric

Page 653 :
526, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 36. The centre of the
circle ( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 = 9 lies on, the straight line x
= y and the circle touches the circle, x 2 + y 2 = 1
externally. What are the values of α , β ?, (a) α = ± 2 2 ,
β = ± 2 2 (b) α = ± 2 , β = ± 2, (c) α = 0, β = 0, (d) α = 2, β
= 2, 37. What is the radius of the circle passing
through the, points (0, 0), ( a , 0) and ( 0, b)?, (a) a − b, 1,
(c), a 2 + b2, 2, 2, , 2, , (b) a + b, 2, , 2, , (d) 2 a 2 + b2, , 38.
If two circles A and B of equal radii pass through the,
centres of each other, then what is the ratio of the,
length of the smaller arc to the circumference of the,
circle A cut-off by the circle B?, 1, 1, (a), (b), 2, 4, 1, 2,
(d), (c), 3, 3, 39. If the extremities of a diameter of a
circle are (0, 0), and ( a3 , 1 / a3 ), then the circle passes
through, which, one of the following points?, (a) ( a 2 ,
1 / a 2 ), (b) ( a , 1 / a ), (c) ( a , − a ), (d) (1 / a , a ), 40.
What is the equation of a circle whose centre lies on,
the x-axis at a distance h from the origin and the,
circle passes through the origin?, (NDA 2007 I), 2, 2,
(a) x + y − 2hx = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 2hx + h 2 = 0, (c) x 2 +
y 2 + 2hxy = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 − h 2 = 0, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 41-43) Each of these, questions contain two
statements, one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has, four alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct, answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d)
given below., Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually
true and R is the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A
and R are individually true but R is not, the correct
explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is
false but R is true., 41. Assertion (A) The equation, 4x
2 + 4 y 2 + 2x + 8 y + 7 = 0, represents an equation of a
circle., Reason (R) The equation, ax 2 + by 2 + 2gx + 2
fy + c = 0, represents an equation of a circle, if a = b., ,
42. Assertion (A) Length of tangent drawn from the,
point (1, 2) to a circle x 2 + y 2 + 8x + 7 y + 5 = 0 is 3 2.,
Reason (R) Length of tangent drawn from the, point (
x1 , y1 ) to a circle x 2 + y 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is, x12 +
y12 + 2gx1 + 2 fy1 + c ., 43. Assertion (A) The line y =
4x + 153 touches the, circle x 2 + y 2 = 32., Reason (R)
The line y = mx + c touches the circle, x 2 + y 2 = r 2, iff
c = ± r 1 + m 2 ., , Directions (Q. Nos. 44-47) Let there
are two points, A( 2, 3) and B( 4, 5) in xy-plane and one
line y − 4x + 3 = 0., , 44. Find the equation of circle
passing through A and B, and centre lie on a given
line., (a) x 2 + y 2 + 4x − 10 y + 25 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 4x
− 10 y + 25 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 10 y + 6 = 0, (d)
None of the above, 45. Find the position of a point (4,
5) relative to circle., (a) inside, (b) on, (c) outside, (d)
None of these, 46. Find the area of the circle., (a)
12.56 sq units, (b) 12.50 sq units, (c) 12.80 sq units, (d)
None of these, 47. If we shift the centre to the point
(4, 6), then the, equation of circle having radius 3 is, (a)
x 2 + y 2 − 8x − 12 y + 40 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 8x − 12 y +
49 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + 8x + 12 y + 49 = 0, (d) None of the
above, , Directions (Q. Nos. 48-50), , The equation of
two, , circles is given by, S1 = x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 6 y + 6 = 0
and, S 2 = x 2 + y 2 − 5x + 6 y + 15 = 0, 48. Two circles
S1 and S 2, (a) intersect, (c) touch internally, , (b) are
concentric, (d) touch externally, , 49. Find the
equation of circle having centre S1 and, radius 5 is, (a)
x 2 + y 2 + 2x − 6 y = 15 (b) x 2 + y 2 − 2x + 6 y = 15, (c)
x 2 + y 2 + 2x + 6 y = 15 (d) None of these, 50. Find the
intersecting equation of circles S1 and S 2, passing
through (1, 2) is, (a) 2x 2 + 2 y 2 + 17x + 12 y − 51 = 0,
(b) 2x 2 + 2 y 2 + 17x + 12 y + 51 = 0, (c) 2x 2 + 2 y 2 +
17x + y + 51 = 0, (d) None of the above

Page 654 :
Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., , (d), (c), (d), (b), , 2.,
12., 22., 32., , (a), (c), (d), (a), , 3., 13., 23., 33., , (d), (b),
(b), (c), , 4. (b), 14. (c), 24. (d), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (b),
(c), (c), (a), (d), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (d), (c), (b), (b), (a), ,
4., 14., 24., 34., 44., , 5. (a), 15. (a), 25. (b), , 6. (c), 16. (a),
26. (c), , 7. (d), 17. (a), 27. (a), , (a), (d), (c), , 8., 18., 28., , 9.
(b), 19. (a), 29. (c), , 10. (d), 20. (d), 30. (b), , Level II, 1.,
11., 21., 31., 41., , (c), (c), (d), (c), (a), , (a), (c), (d), (c), (b), ,
5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (a), (a), (c), (b), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36.,
46., , (b), (a), (a), (a), (a), , (d), (c), (c), (c), (b), , 7., 17., 27.,
37., 47., , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., , (c), (b), (d), (c), (c), , 9., 19.,
29., 39., 49., , (c), (c), (a), (d), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., ,
(d), (b), (d), (a), (a), , Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. Given
that, the equation of circle is, …(i), x2 + y2 + 4x − 6 y −
36 = 0, ∴ The standard equation of circle is, …(ii), x2 +
y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, On comparing the given
equation with the standard, equation of circle, we get,
g = 2 , f = − 3, c = − 36, ∴ Centre of circle is (− g , − f ) =
(−2 , 3), and the radius is r =, , g2 + f 2 − c, , 2. We,
know, that,, the, equation, of, circle, x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2
fy + c = 0 represents a circle of non-zero, radius, when,
or, , g + f − c >0, 2, , g2 + f 2 > c, , 3. Given that, x2 + y2 +
2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 and g 2 + f 2 = c, ∴ Radius of circle =
g 2 + f 2 − c, , , Radius = 0, , [Q g + f = c], 2, , 2, , 4. We
have, equation of circle is, x2 + y2 − 8x + 4 y + 4 = 0,
On comparing with standard equation of circle, x2 +
y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, we get, g = − 4, f = 2 and c = 4, ∴
Coordinates of the centre are (− g , − f ) = (4, − 2), ∴
Radius of the circle = g 2 + f 2 − c, = (− 4)2 + (2)2 − 4 =
16 + 4 − 4, =4, , 5. Radius of the circle = AC = BC, y-
axis, , C (3, 3), , B, , = 4 + 9 + 36 = 49 = 7, , 2, , Here,
radius of circle is equal to x- coordinate of the, centre.,
∴ Circle touches the y-axis., , 3, O, , 3, , ∴ Radius = 3
units, , A, , x-axis, , (Q AC = OB = 3 and BC = OA = 3), ,
6. The equation ax2 + by2 + 2hxy + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0,
represents a circle, if a = b and h = 0., Then, the
equation becomes the general equation of a, circle, x2
+ y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, 7. Given, equation of circle is
x2 + y2 − 3x − 4 y + 2 = 0 and, it cuts the x-axis., ∴, y=0,
The equation of the circle becomes, x2 + 0 − 3x − 4(0)
+ 2 = 0, , x2 − 3x + 2 = 0 x2 − 2x − x + 2 = 0, , (x −
1)(x − 2) = 0 x = 1, 2, Therefore, the points are (1, 0),
(2, 0).

Page 655 :
528, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 9, = 0., 2, On comparing
with standard equation of circle, we get, λ2 9, λ ,
centre − , 0 and radius r =, − ., 4 , 16 4, We know
that, for limiting point, λ2 9, − =0, 16 4, , λ2 = 36 λ
= ± 6, 6 , 3 , ∴ Limiting points are ± , 0 or ± ,
0 ., 4 , 2 , , 15. The coordinates of the point of
intersection of line y = x, and x2 + y2 − 2x = 0 are
A(0,0) and B(1,1)., ∴ Equation of circle with AB as its
diameter is, x(x − 1) + y( y − 1) = 0, , x2 + y2 − x − y =
0, , 9. Given that,, y = 2x + c, … (i), and, x2 + y2 = 16, …
(ii), We know that, if y = mx + c is tangent to the circle,
, 16. Since, x-axis is a tangent to the given circle, it
means, the circle touches the x-axis., 2 g2 − k = 0, ∴, ,
8. We have, 2(x2 + y2) + λx +, , x2 + y2 = a 2, then c = ±
a 1 + m2, here, m = 2 , a = 4., ∴, , …(i), , S 2 ≡ x2 + y2 + x
− 8 y − 13 = 0, , …(ii), , ∴ Equation of common chord is,
S1 − S 2 = 0, (x2 + y2 + 2x − 3 y + 6) − (x2 + y2 + x −
8 y − 13) = 0, x + 5 y + 19 = 0, , … (iii), , In the given
options, only the point (1, – 4) satisfied the, Eq. (iii).,
11. Extremities of diameter are (5, 7) and (1, 4) and
radius, 1, 5, is half of the distance between them =,
(4)2 + (3)2 = ., 2, 2, 12. Length of tangent from the
point (x1 , y1 ) to the circle, x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
is, x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c, ∴ Required length of
tangent from the point (3,−4), to the circle x2 + y2 −
4x − 6 y + 3 = 0, = 32 + (−4)2 − 4 (3) − 6 (−4) + 3 = 40, ∴
Square of length of tangent = 40, 13. Since, given lines
are parallel to each other, so the line, segment joining
the points of contact is diameter of the, circle.
Distance between the lines 3x − 4 y + 5 = 0 and, 9, 3x
− 4 y − = 0 is, 2, 5+ 9 , , 2 = 19 = 1.9, 32 + 42
10, , , Length of diameter of the circle is 1.9., 1.9, ∴
Radius of circle =, = 0.95, 2, 14. The equation of circle
is, x2 + y2 − 2x + 4 y +, , k, =0, 4, , k, k, = 5−, 4, 4, , Area
of circle = 9π, k , k, , , π 5 − = 9π 5 − 9 =, , ,
4, 4, , k = − 16, , , , (given), , g2 = k, , 17. Let the
equation of the circle concentric with the circle, x2 +
y2 − 2x − 4 y − 4 = 0, , c = ± 4 1 + 22 = ± 4 5, , 10. Let
the equation of circles are, S1 ≡ x2 + y2 + 2x − 3 y + 6
= 0, , , , ∴ Radius of circle = 1 + 4 −, , is, , x2 + y2 − 2x
− 4 y + λ = 0, , …(i), , Eq. (i) passes through the point
(−1, 2)., ∴, (−1)2 + (2)2 − 2 (−1) − 4 (2) + λ = 0, , , 1 + 4
+ 2 −8 + λ =0, , , , λ =1, , Hence, the required
equation is, x2 + y2 − 2x − 4 y + 1 = 0, 18. Two given
tangents are parallel to each other therefore,, the
distance between them is equal to the diameter of,
the circle., Thus, diameter = [distance between 5x −
12 y − 5 = 0, 3, and 5x − 12 y + = 0], 2, −5 − 3 , 2
= , −13 , = 1 unit, = , 25 + 144 2 × 13 2, , ,
19. The given equation of circle is, x2 + y 2 + 4 x − 2 y −
4 = 0, At (1, 2), (1)2 + (2)2 + 4(1) − 2(2) − 4 = 1 + 4 + 4 −
4 − 4 = 1 > 0, Thus, the point (1, 2) lies outside the
circle, i.e., this, point is an exterior point., 20. The
circle x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 touches y-axis, then,
2 f 2 − c =0, , , , f2=c, f =± c, , 21. Given, equation is,
9x2 + y2 = k (x2 − y2 − 2x), This equation represents a
circle, if, coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2, , 9 − k
=1 + k, , 2k = 8, , k =4

Page 656 :
529, , The Circle, 22. The length of the intercept made
on the x-axis is given, by 2 g 2 − c., 23. The circle x2 +
y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 meets the x-axis in, two points
on opposite of the origin, if c < 0 (by, property)., 24.
Here, the centre of circle (3, − 1 ) must lie on the line, x
+ 2by + 7 = 0, Therefore,, 3 − 2b + 7 = 0, , b =5, 25.
Centres are (0, 0), (− 3, 1) and (6, − 2) and a line
passing, 1, through any two points say (0, 0) and (− 3,
1) is y = − x, 3, and point (6, − 2) lies on it. Hence,
points are collinear., 26. Let the equation of circle be
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0., Now, on passing through
the points, we get three, equations., …(i), c=0, …(ii), a 2
+ 2 ga + c = 0, …(iii), b2 + 2 fb + c = 0, a, b, On solving
them, we get g = − , f = −, 2, 2, a b , Hence, the centre
is , ., 2 2 , 27. Radius of circle is, , 2 + 3 −4, 1, =, 5,
5, , Therefore, equation is (x − 1)2 + ( y + 3)2 =, , 1, 5, ,
1, 5, or, 5x2 + 5 y2 − 10x + 30 y + 49 = 0, 28. (x1 , y1 )
and (x2, y2) are extreme points of diameter., x + x2
y1 + y2 , Hence, centre is 1, ,, ., 2, 2 , or, , x2 + y 2
− 2 x + 6 y + 1 + 9 =, , 29. Obviously, radius = (1 − 4)2 +
(2 − 6)2 = 5, Hence, the area is given by πr 2 = 25π sq
units, 30. Two centre of each lying on the
perpendicular bisector, of the join of the two points.,
31. Centre (1, 2) and since, circle touches x-axis,
therefore, radius is equal to 2., Hence, the equation is
(x − 1)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 22, , x2 + y 2 − 2 x − 4 y + 1 = 0,
32. The point of intersection of 3x + y − 14 = 0, 2x + 5
y − 18 = 0 are, x = 4 and y = 2, i.e., point is (4, 2).,
Therefore, radius is (9) + (16) = 5 and equation is, x2 +
y2 − 2x + 4 y − 20 = 0., 33. Centre of the circle is (2, 3).
Obviously, the line, 3x + 2 y = 12 passes through the
centre of the circle., Hence, it is a diameter of the
circle., , Level II, 1. A general equation of second
degree is, ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, in x, y
represent a circle, if, (i) coefficient of x2 is non-zero,
i.e., a ≠ 0, (ii) coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2, i.e.,,
a=b, Coefficient of xy is zero, i.e.,, h =0, Thus, from the
given equation, the condition comes out, to be a1 = b1
, a1 ≠ 0, h1 = 0., , 4. The equation of point of
intersection of circle x2 + y2 = 6, and, x2 + y2 − 6x + 8
= 0 is given by, ...(i), (x2 + y2 − 6) + λ (x2 + y2 − 6x + 8) =
0, Since it passes through the point (1, 1), ∴ (1 + 1 − 6)
+ λ (1 + 1 − 6(1) + 8) = 0, , − 4 + λ (4) = 0 λ = 1,
Putting λ = 1 in Eq. (i), we get, 2 x2 + 2 y 2 − 6 x + 2 = 0,
x2 + y 2 − 3 x + 1 = 0, , 2. Given, equation of line is 3x −
2 y = k, and equation of circle is, x2 + y2 = 4r 2, 3, k, Eq.
(i) can be rewritten as y = x −, 2, 2, 3, k, m= ,c=−, , 2,
2, The line will meet the circle in one point, if, , 5.
Given equation of circles are,, x2 + y2 − 4x + 6 y − 5 =
0, … (i), ... (ii), x2 + y2 + 6x − 4 y − 3 = 0, ...(iii), x2 + y2 −
2x + 4 y − 8 = 0, Let C1, C 2, C3 be the centre of
equation of circle (i), (ii), and (iii), respectively., Centre
C1 = (2, − 3) , C1 = − 5, r1 = (−2)2 + (3)2 − (−5), ∴, , c = a
1 + m2, On squaring, we get, , , , −, , k, 3 , = (2r ) 1 +
, 2 , 2, , … (i), … (ii), , 2, , 13, k2, = 4r 2 ×, k2 = 52r
2, 4, 4, , 3. Centre is the point of intersection of two
diameters, i. e. ,, the point is C(8, − 2), therefore, the
distance from the, centre to the point P(6, 2) is, r = CP
= 4 + 16 = 20, , = 4 + 9 + 5 = 18 = 3 2, Centre C 2 = (− 3,
2), C 2 = − 3, ∴r2 = (3)2 + (− 2)2 − (− 3) =, , 9+4+3 =, ,
16 = 4, , Centre C3 = (+ 1, − 2), C3 = − 8, ∴r3 = (− 1)2 +
( 2)2 − (− 8) =, , 1+4+8 =, , 13, , It is obvious from above
r1 > r2 > r3 ., 6. We know that, the equation of circle,
which touches, both the axes, is

Page 657 :
530, , NDA/NA Mathematics, ...(i), x2 + y2 − 2rx − 2ry
+ r 2 = 0, The centre (r , r) of this circle lies on the line x
+ y = 4, ∴, r + r =4, , r =2, On putting the value of r in
Eq. (i), we get, x2 + y2 − 4 x − 4 y + 4 = 0, Which is the
required equation of circle., , 7. Given that, x = 0, y = 0,
2x + 3 y = 5, On solving these equations, we get the
required points is, 5 5 , (0, 0), 0, , , 0 , 3
2 , Let equation of circle is, x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0, …(i), Eq.(i) passes through (0,0), we get, c=0, 5 , 5
, Similarly, Eq. (i) passes through 0, and , 0 ,,
3 , 2 , 5, 5, we get, 2 f = − and 2 g = −, 3, 2, ∴
Required equation of circle is, 5, 5, x2 + y2 − x − y = 0,
2, 3, , 6 x2 + 6 y2 − 15x − 10 y = 0, 8. We have,
equation of circles are, x2 + y2 + kx + 4 y + 2 = 0, … (i),
and, 2(x2 + y2) − 4x − 3 y + k = 0, … (ii), From Eq.(i), we
get, , g1 = k / 2 , f1 = 2 , c1 = 2, and from Eq.(ii), we
get, , g2 = − 1, k, 3, f2 = − , c2 =, 2, 4, Condition for
two circles cut orthogonally is, 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 +
c2, k, k, 3 , 2 × × (−1) + 2 × 2 × − = 2 +, 4 , 2,
2, k, −k − 3 = 2 +, , 2, 3k, 10, = −5 k = −, , 2, 3, 9.
Centre of circle is (0,0)., Equation of tangent, which is
parallel to x + 2 y + 3 = 0,, is, x + 2y + λ = 0, … (i), As we
know, perpendicular distance from centre (0,0) to, x +
2 y + λ = 0 should be equal to radius., , (0, 0), , x + 2y +
λ = 0, , ∴, , 0 + 2 ×0 + λ, 1 +2, 2, , 2, , = ±2, , λ = ± 2 5,
put the value of λ in Eq.(i)., ∴ Equation of tangents to
the circle are x + 2 y = ± 2 5., 10. The equation of first
circle is x2 + y2 − 2x − 2 y = 0, Radius of this circle = (−
1)2 + (− 1)2 = 2,, and equation of second circle is x2 +
y2 = 1, Radius of this circle = 1., From above it is clear
that the radius of first circle is not, twice that of the
second circle., Also, the first circle passes through the
origin while the, second circle does not pass through
the origin., Hence, neither statements I or II is
correct., 11. We have, x2 + y2 + 2λx + 6 y + 1 = 0, and,
x2 + y2 + 4x + 2 y = 0., Since, the circles cut
orthogonally, ∴, 2 gg′ + 2 ff ′ = c + c′, , 2 λ × 2 + 6 × 1
= 1 + 0 4λ + 6 = 1, 5, , λ=−, 4, 12. Given, equation
of circles are, x2 + y2 − 2x + 6 y + 6 = 0, … (i), 2, and, x +
y2 − 5x + 6 y + 15 = 0, … (ii), The standard equation of
a circle is, x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, From Eq. (i), we
get, g = − 1, f = 3, c = 6 centre of the circle C1 = (1, −
3), and radius of the circle,, r1 =, , g 2 + f 2 − c = (−1)2 +
32 − 6, , = 1 + 9 −6 =2, Similarly, from Eq. (ii), g = −, , ,
5, , f = 3, c = 15, 2, , 5, , Centre C 2 = , − 3 and, 2,
, 2, , 5 , r2 = + (3)2 − 15, 2 , , radius of the
circle, , =, , 25, + 9 − 15, 4, , =, , 25 − 24 1, = ., 4, 2, ,
Therefore, distance between their centres C1 and C
2, 2, , , 5, = − 1 + (−3 + 3)2, , 2, 2, , 3, 3 , =
=, 2 , 2, Also, difference of radii, (r1 − r2) = 2 −, , 1 3,
= ., 2 2, , Since, distance between C1 and C 2 is equal
to r1 − r2,, therefore, the circles touch each other
internally., 13. It is given, centre is (2, –3) and,
circumference of circle = 10π 2πr = 10π r = 5.

Page 658 :
531, , The Circle, The equation of circle, if centre is (2,
− 3) and radius is 5,, is, , , , (x − 2)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 52,
x + y2 − 4x + 6 y + 13 = 25, x2 + y2 − 4x + 6 y − 12 = 0,
2, , …(i), , So, equation of the circle from the figure is, (x
− 5)2 + ( y − 5)2 = (5)2, 2, x + 25 − 10x + y2 + 25 − 10 y
= 25, , x2 + y2 − 10x − 10 y + 25 = 0, Comparing
with,, x2 + y2 − 2αx − 2αy + α 2 = 0, , α =5, 19. The
equation of diameters are, 2x − 3 y = 5, and, 3x − 4 y =
7, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x = 1 and y = − 1, ,
y, , ∴, , O, , Since, area of circle is 154 sq units, then
radius of circle, is r = 7., ∴ Equation of circle is, (x − 1)2
+ ( y + 1)2 = 49, , x2 + y2 − 2x + 2 y = 47, , x, , y', , ,
, , x + y − 4x − 6 y − r + 13 = 0, 2, , 2, , Centre of circle
= (1, − 1), , 20. Let the equation of circle is, , Here, we
see that the circle touches both the axes., , x2 + y2 + 2
gx + 2 fy + c = 0, , 16. The equation of circles are, (x −
2)2 + ( y − 3)2 = r 2, 2, , …(i), …(ii), , B, , 2, A, , x, , (5, 0), ,
y′, , 15. Given, equation is, x2 + 4 x + 4 + y2 − 4 y = 0,
, (x + 2)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 22, , x', , A, , x′, , …(ii), , Q Circles
(i) and (ii) cut orthogonally., ∴, 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 +
c2, k, 3 , 3 , 2 − (−2) + 2 5 = + 16, , 4 ,
2 , 2, k, k, , 3 + 15 = + 16 18 = + 16, 2, 2, , k =4, ,
(–2,2)C 2, , O, (5, 5), , (0, 5) B, , 14. Given, equation of
circles are, 2x2 + 2 y2 − 3x + 6 y + k = 0, 3, k, or, x2 +
y2 − x + 3 y + = 0, 2, 2, and, x2 + y2 − 4x + 10 y + 16 =
0, , and, , y, , Since, the circle cuts the X-axis and touch
the Y -axis., …(i), , Y, , (x − 5)2 + ( y − 6)2 = r 2, x2 + y2 −
10x − 12 y − r 2 + 61 = 0, , …(ii), , The given circles cut
orthogonally, if, , 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2, , , ,
, , 2 (−2) (−5) + 2 (−3) (−6) = − r 2 + 13 − r 2 + 61, 20 +
36 − 13 − 61 = − 2r, , O, , 2, , r=3, , 17. The centre and
radius of given circle are (3, − 2) and 5,, respectively.
The equation of a line parallel to, 4x + 3 y + 5 = 0 is 4x
+ 3 y + λ = 0, As we know, that perpendicular distance
from centre, (3,−2) to the circle = radius of the circle,
4 × 3 + 3 × (−2) + λ , , , = 5 λ = 19, − 31, 42 +
32, , , ∴ Equation of tangents are, 4x + 3 y + 19 = 0
and 4x + 3 y − 31 = 0, 18. Given that, the circle
touches the axes at a distance 5, from the origin, then,
, A, , Q, , 2, , 2a, , B, , X, , g 2 − c = 2a, , , g2 − c = a 2,
and, f2 = c, On solving Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get, g2 − f 2 =
a 2, ∴ Locus of centre of the circle is, x2 − y 2 = a 2, 21.
From figure,, ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle,, , … (i), …
(ii)

Page 659 :
532, , NDA/NA Mathematics, ∴ Distance between P(
2, 7) andC( 7, 5), = ( 7 − 2)2 + ( 5 − 7)2 = 25 + 4 = 29, , y,
A, , Radius,, , D, O, , x′, , = 49 + 25 + 151, = 15,
∴Shortest distance = 15 − 29, II. Centres of given
circles are, C1 (1, 2) and C 2(0, − 4), ∴, r1 = 1 + 4 + 0 =
5, r2 = 0 + 16 + 4 = 20 = 2 5, , x, , C, , B, , y′, , Then,
∆ODA is also an equilateral triangle., Similarly, ∆OBD
is also an equilateral triangle., ∴, , AD ⋅ BD = 25 and
OB ⋅ OC = 25, and 2( AD + BD ) = 2(25 + 25) = 100 =
CD, 2, , 22. I. Given, x2 + y2 = 25, ∴, , 2x + 2 y, , , , 2, ,
dy, =0, dx, dy − x, =, dx y, , r1 + r2 = 5 + 2 5 = 3 5 ≠ 37
(C1C 2), Hence, they do not touch., , ∴Equation of
tangent at (3, 4) is, −3, y −4 =, (x − 3), 4, 4 y − 16 = − 3x
+ 9 3x + 4 y = 25, y, B (0, 25/4), 3x + 4y = 25, , O, , 24.
I. Let S = x2 + y2 − 2x − 4 y = 0, At point (0, 1), S1 ≡ 02
+ 12 − 2(0) − 4(1), =1 −4 = −3 < 0, , Point lies inside the
circle, hence, no tangents, can be drawn., II. Centre of
a circle (− 3, − 1)., If the given line is a diameter of the
circle, then, centre lies on the line., , At point (3, 4), −3,
dy , =, = m (say), , dx (3 , 4) 4, , x′, , C1C 2 = (0 −
1)2 + (− 4 − 2)2 = 1 + 36 = 37, , Now,, , OB = OA = AD =
BD = 5, 2, , A (25/3, 0), x, , ∴ Line is x + 3 y = 0, ∴, − 3 + 3
(− 1) = 0, , −6 ≠0, Hence, given line is not a diameter
of the circle., 25. Given, circles are x2 + y2 − 2x − 2 y −
7 = 0, 8, 29, and, x2 + y 2 − x +, y =0, 3, 3, 4 − 29 ,
Centre of circles are C1 (1, 1) and ,, ., 3 6 , C1 = −
7, C 2 = 0, Condition for orthogonally,, 2( g1 g2 + f1 f2)
= C1 + C 2, 4, − 29 , , 2 1 × + 1 ×, =−7+0, , 3, 6 ,
4 29 , 2 − =−7, 3 6 , 21 , 2 =−7, 6 , , ∴, y′, ,
, , , , x, y, +, =1, 25 / 3 25 / 4, , , , 1 25 25 625, sq
units, ×, =, ∴ Area of ∆OAB = ×, 2 3, 4, 24, II. Radius =
perpendicular distance from centre (3, − 4), to the line
5x + 12 y − 12 = 0, |5(3) + 12(− 4) − 12| 45, =, =, 13, 25
+ 144, , 2, , 2, , 16 841, 905, 905, 4 , 29 , +, =, =, r2
= + =, 3 , 6 , 9, 36, 36, 6, 2, , Now,, , 2, ,
Hence, both statements are correct., 23. I. Centre of
circle is C (7, 5)., , r1 = 12 + 12 + 7 = 3, , Here,, , ∴
Equation of circle is, 45 , (x − 3)2 + ( y + 4)2 = ,
13 , , R = 72 + 52 + 151, , ∴, , 2, , 1 35 , 4 , − 29 ,
C1C 2 = − 1 + , − 1 =, + , 3 , 6, , 9 6 , 1
1225, 1229 35.06, =, +, =, =, = 5.84, 9, 36, 6, 6, 905,
905 + 18 30.08 + 18, r1 + r2 =, +3=, =, 6, 6, 6, = 8.01,
C1C 2 < r1 + r2, , 2

Page 660 :
533, , The Circle, 26. The given equation of circle is, x2
+ y2 − 6 x + 2 y = 0, , x(x − 6) + y( y + 2) = 0, , (x − 0)
(x − 6) + ( y − 0) ( y + 2) = 0, This is the equation of
circle in diameter form, where, end points of the
diameter are (0, 0) and (6, − 2)., Now, equation of
diameter is a line, which passes, through the points (0,
0) and (6, − 2), which is, −2, ( y − 0) =, (x − 0), 6, , ,
Centre of circle (x + 1)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 4 is (−1, 2), Centre
of circle (x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 4 is (2 , 1), 30. Since, AB
and AD are coordinate axes., a a , The equation of
circumcircle whose centre is , and, 2 2 , 2, 2, a,
a , a , a2, , , , is x − + y − =, radius is, , , 2 ,
2 , 2, 2, y, a, , x + 3y =0, , D, , 27. Let S1 = x + y − 2x − 3
= 0, 2, , 2, , C1 = (1, 0), r1 = 12 + 02 − (− 3) = 10, , a, a, 2
2, , a, , S 2 = x + y − 4x − 6 y −. 64 = 0, 2, , And, , a, , 2, , a/
2, , C 2 = (2, 3), r2 = 22 + 32 − (− 64) = 77, Now,, , C, , a/
2 E a/ 2, , A, , x, , B, , C1C 2 = (2 − 1)2 + (3 − 0)2 = 10, ,
, |r1 − r2|=| 10 − 77|> 10, , C1C 2 <|(r1 − r2)|, ∴ One
lies inside the other., , x2 + y2 − a (x + y) = 0, , 31. From
the figure, it is clear that coordinates of centre of,
circle are (1, 1) and radius of circle is 1., y, , 28. The
general equation of circle is, x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0, , (1,1), , Since, it passes through (0, 0), it gives c = 0
and it passes, through (1, 0), then, 1, g=−, 2, , 1, (2,0),
O, , 2, , y=0, , x, , 2, , ∴ Radius, , 1 , R1 = − + f 2 − 0,
2 , , 1, + f2, 4, , 1, and its centre, C1 = , − f , , 2,
and this circle touches the circle, x2 + y2 = 9, =, , x=0, ,
(x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 1, , ∴Its centre C 2 = (0, 0) and
radius R2 = 3., Since, the circle is touching the
required circle, then, C1C 2 = R2 − R1, 2, , , , , ,
1 , 1, , 2, + f2, 0 − + (0 + f ) = 3 −, , 2 , 4, 1, 1, + f2
=3 −, + f2, 4, 4, 1, 2, + f2 =3, 4, , , 1, 4 + f 2 = 9, ,
4, , , , 1, 9, + f2 = f2 =2, 4, 4, , , , f = 2, , 1, C1 =
, − 2 ., , 2, , ∴ Centre, , x = +2, , ∴ Equation of circle
is, , 29. Centre of circle (x + 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 1 is (−2 , −
1), Centre of circle (x − 1)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 1 is (1, − 2), , ,
, x2 − 2x + 1 + y2 − 2 y + 1 = 1, , , , x2 + y 2 − 2 x − 2 y
+ 1 = 0, , 32. Let the equation of circle is, x2 + y2 + 2 gx
+ 2 fy + c = 0, This touches x-axis at (3, 0), ∴, , x2 + 2 gx
+ c = 0, , Let this equation has roots x1 and x2., ∴, , x1 +
x2 = − 2 g and x1x2 = c, , At x-axis,, ∴, , x1 = x2 = 3, , 6 =
− 2 g g = − 3 and 3 ⋅ 3 = c c = 9, , Also, y-intercept
= 6, , , , 2, , f2 − c =6, f2 −9 =9, , , f 2 = 18, , f =
±3 2, ∴ Equation of circle is, x2 + y2 − 6x ± 6 2 y + 9 = 0

Page 661 :
534, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Since, the centre of
circle (α , β ) lies on the line x = y, ∴, α =β, And these
two circles touch externally, then, C1C 2 = r1 + r2, ,
33. The equation of circle is, y, P, , x', , O, , x, , , , 1, , (α
− 0)2 + (β − 0)2 = 3 + 1, , , , α 2 + β 2 = 16, [ Q α = β],
α 2 + α 2 = 16, 2, α = 8 α = ± 2 2 and β = ± 2 2, , ∴
The values of α and β are ± 2 2 and ± 2 2,,
respectively., , C, (–1, –1), , y', , x + y + 2x + 2 y + 1 = 0,
x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 + 2 y + 1 = 1, (x + 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 1, 2, ,
, , , 2, , This shows that the centre of circle is (−1, −
1) and, radius is 1. It is clear that the circle touches
both the, axes and two tangents can be drawn from
the origin., Therefore, the points of contact are (0, − 1)
and (−1, 0)., 34. Equation of given circles are, x2 + y2 =
1, and, x2 + y2 − 4x + 3 = 0, , …(i), …(ii), , Since, centre
and radius of given circles are C1 (0, 0), 1, and C 2(2 ,
0), 1, respectively, ∴, , C1C 2 = (2 − 0)2 + (0 − 0)2 = 2, ,
38. Let r1 = r2 = r, A, , r1 + r2 = 1 + 1 = 2, C1C 2 = r1 +
r2, , and, , , r, , This shows that the two circles touch
each other, externally. Therefore, the number of
common tangents, is 3., 35. Given, equation of circles
are, x2 + y2 + x − 2 y = 0, and, x2 + y2 − 2x + y = 0, , ,
C1C 2 = 1 +, , , 2, , 1 , 1, , + − − 1 , , , , 2, 2, ,
r, , C2, , BRAHAMPAL, , …(i), …(ii), , , C1C 2 = r, Angle
between two circles is, r2 + r2 − r2 1, cos θ =, =, 2r × r,
2, , θ = 60°, , ∠C1 AC 2 = 60°, , ∠AC1B = 60° +
60° = 120°, ∴ Angle of the arc of circle A cut by B =
120°, ∴ Ratio of arc length = ratio of their angles, 120
1, =, =, 360 3, 1 , , 39. End points of a diameter are (0,
0) and a3 , 3 , , a , , 2, , 9 9, +, 4 4, 9, 3, =, =, 2, 2, 3 2,
=, 2, 5, 5, and, +, = 5, r1 + r2 =, 2, 2, , C1C 2 < r1 + r2,
Thus, both circles intersect each other., =, , 36.
Equation of circles are, (x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 = 9, and, x2
+ y2 = 1, And equation of line is, x= y, , C1, , r, , B, ,
∴Centre and radius of circles are, 1 5, 1 5, , and
C 2 1, − ,, , respectively., C1 − , 1 ,, 2 2, , 2 2,
Now,, , 37. Let (α , β ) be the centre of the circle., ∴, α 2
+ β 2 = (α − a )2 + β 2 = α 2 + (β − b)2, , α 2 + β 2 = α 2
+ β 2 + a 2 − 2 aα, = α 2 + β 2 + b 2 − 2 bβ, 2, 2, , α + β
= α 2 + β 2 + a 2 − 2 aα, a, , α=, 2, b, Similarly,, β=, 2, ∴
Radius of circle = α 2 + β 2, 1, =, a 2 + b2, 2, , Then,
equation of a circle is, , …(i), …(ii), …(iii), , 1 , , (x − 0) (x
− a3 ) + ( y − 0) y − 3 = 0, , a , y, , x2 − a3 x + y2 −
3 = 0, a, y, 2, 2, 3, x + y − a x − 3 =0, , a, 1 , Clearly,
, a satisfy the circle, a , 1, 1 a, i.e.,, + a 2 − a3 × − 3 =
0, a a, a2

Page 662 :
535, , The Circle, 1, 1, + a2 − a2 − 2 =0, 2, a, a, 0 =0, , ,
, 1, , Hence, circle passes through the point , a .,
a, , 40. Let (h,0) be the centre of circle and radius is
h., y, , x′, , (h, 0), , O, h, , C, , x, , On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we get, h = 2, k = 5, ∴, C (2, 5), Also, radius, r = AC, = (2
− 2)2 + (5 − 3)2 = 2, ∴ Equation of circle, (x − 2)2 + ( y −
5)2 = x2, 2, , x + y2 − 4x − 10 y + 25 = 0, 45. Let S ≡
x2 + y2 − 4x − 10 y + 25 = 0, S1 ≡ (4)2 + (5)2 − 4(4) −
10(5) + 25, ≡ 16 + 25 − 16 − 50 + 25 = 0, Hence, the
point lies on the circle., , At point (4, 5),, , 46. Area of
circle = πr 2, = 3.14 × (2)2, = 12.56 sq units, y′, , ∴ The
equation of circle is, , (x − h )2 + y2 = h 2, 2, , x −
2hx + h 2 + y2 = h 2, , x2 + y2 − 2xh = 0, 41. The
given equation is, 4x2 + 4 y2 + 2x + 8 y + 7 = 0, Since,
coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2, ∴ The given
equation represents a circle., ∴ Both A and R are
individually true and R is the, correct explanation of
A., 42. The length of tangent drawn from the point (1,
2) to a, circle x2 + y2 + 8x + 7 y + 5 = 0, = (1)2 + (2)2 +
8 (1) + 7 (2) + 5, = 1 + 4 + 8 + 14 + 5 = 32, =4 2, ∴ A is
false but R is true., 43. The equation of circle is x2 + y2
= 32 and equation of line, is y = 4x + 153, , 153 =
153 [Q c = a 2(1 + m2)], ∴ The given line is a tangent to
the circle x2 + y2 = 32., ∴ Both A and R are true and R
is the correct explanation, of A., , Solutions (Q. Nos.
44-47), 44. Let C (h , k) be the centre of circle., ∴, AC =
BC, , (h − 2)2 + (k − 3)2 = (h − 4)2 + (k − 5)2, h 2 −
4h + 4 + k2 − 6k + 9 = h 2 − 8h + 16 + k2 − 10k + 25, …
(i), , 4h + 4k = 28, Also, centre lies on a given line,, …
(ii), ∴, k − 4h + 3 = 0, , 47. ∴ Equation of required circle
is, (x − 4)2 + ( y − 6)2 = ( 3 )2, 2, 2, , x + y − 8x − 12 y +
16 + 36 = 3, , x2 + y2 − 8x − 12 y + 49 = 0, , Solutions
(Q. Nos. 48-50), 48. Centres of given circles are, 5, ,
C1 (1, − 3) and C 2 , − 3 , 2, , ∴, , r1 = g 2 + f 2 − c =
1 + 9 − 6 = 2, r2 =, , 25, 1, + 9 − 15 =, 4, 2, 2, , 9 3, 5 ,
C1C 2 = − 1 + (3 − 3)2 =, =, 2 , 4 2, 1 3, Now, r1 −
r2 = 2 − =, 2 2, ∴, C1C 2 = r1 − r2, Hence, the circle
touch each other internally., ∴, , 49. ∴ Required
equation of circles, is, (x − 1)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 52, 2, 2, ,
x + y − 2x + 6 y + 9 + 1 = 25, , x2 + y2 − 2x + 6 y = 15,
50. Intersection of two circles is, x2 + y2 − 2x + 6 y + 6
+ λ (x2 + y2 − 5x + 6 y + 15) = 0, At point (1, 2),, 1 + 4 −
2 + 12 + 6 + λ (1 + 4 − 5 + 12 + 15) = 0, , 21 + λ (27) =
0, 7, λ =−, , 9, 7, ∴ x2 + y2 − 2x + 6 y + 6 − (x2 + y2 −
5x + 6 y + 15) = 0, 9, , 2x2 + 2 y2 + 17x + 12 y − 51 =
0

Page 663 :
27, Conic Sections, The locus of a point P which,
moves in a plane such that the, distance from a fixed
point is always, in a constant ratio to its,
perpendicular distance from a, fixed straight line, is
known as conic, section., ∴From figure, section of a
right, circular cone by a plane parallel to, a generator
of the cone is a, parabola., , Definition of Terms
Related to, Parabola, Focus, , The fixed point S is called
the focus of the, , conic section., , Directrix The fixed
straight line NM is called the, directrix of the conic
section., Axis The straight line passing through the
focus and, perpendicular to the directrix, is known as
axis., Eccentricity The constant ratio is called the,
eccentricity and is denoted by e., Vertex The point of
intersection of the conic section, and the axis is the
vertex A of conic section., Latusrectum The chord
passing through the focus, and perpendicular to the
axis i.e., DE., Focal chord A chord of a parabola passing
through, the focus is called a focal chord RS., ,
Parabola, Locus of all such points which is equidistant
from a given, fixed point and from a given fixed line is
known as parabola., The straight line perpendicular
from the focus to the, directrix is called the axis of the
parabola., , Terms Related to the Parabola, 2. y2 = −
4ax, y, , y, N, , 3. x 2 = 4ay, y, , N, , P (x, y), , 4. x 2 = − 4ay,
y, N, , (0, ,, , Figures , , 1. y2 = 4ax, , a), , Parabola , ,
Q, , S, , M, x, , x′, , S ′ (–a,0), , O, , x, , O, , Q, , O, y′, , ( −a,
0), x=a, (0, 0), y=0, , ( 0, a), y=−a, (0, 0), y- axis i. e., x = 0,
, ), , ( a, 0), x= −a, (0, 0), x-axis i.e., y = 0, , N, , –a, , Focus,
Directrix, Vertex, Axis, , ,, (0, , Q, , 1., 2., 3., 4., , x, , x, S, ,
Terms related, to parabola, , , Q a O a S (a, 0), , ( 0, −
a), y=a, (0, 0), x=0

Page 664 :
537, , Conic Sections, , Parabola , 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., , 1.
y2 = 4ax, , Length of, latusrectum, Equation of,
latusrectum, Extremities of, latusrectum, Eccentricity,
Focal distance, , 2. y2 = − 4ax, , 3. x 2 = 4ay, , 4a, , 4a, ,
4a, , 4a, , x=a, , x+ a=0, , y=a, , y+ a=0, , ( a, 2 a) and ( a, −
2 a), , ( −a, 2 a) and ( − a, − 2 a), , ( 2a, a) and ( −2a, a), , (
2a, − a) and ( −2a, − a), , e =1, x+ a, , e =1, x+ a, , e =1, y+
a, , e =1, y−a, , , , General Equation of a, Parabola, , ,
, The second degree equation, ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx
+ 2 fy + c = 0 represents, if, abc + 2 fgh − af − bg − ch ≠
0, ab − h = 0and e = 1, 2, , 2, , 2, , 2, , Example 1. Find
the equation of the parabola whose focus, is the point
(0,0) and whose directrix is the straight line, 3x − 4y +
2 = 0., (a) 16 x 2 + 9y 2 + 24xy − 12 x + 16y − 4 = 0, (b)
16 x 2 + 9y 2 − 24xy + 12 x + 16y + 4 = 0, (c) 16 x 2 +
9y 2 + 20 xy − 12 x + 16y = 0, (d) None of the above, ,
3x – 4 y + 2 = 0, , Solution (a) By definition of
parabola,, M, , 2, , , , , 16x + 9y + 24xy − 12x + 16y
− 4 = 0, , 2, , 2, , 2, , This is the required equation of the
parabola., , Example 2. The focus of the parabola y 2 −
x − 2y + 2 = 0 is, (b), , 5, 4, , (c), , 4, 5, , Solution (b) We
have, y 2 − 2y = x − 2, (y – 1) = 1( x – 1), 2, , Q, ∴, , (d) ( −
2, ± 4), , Solution (c) If the coordinates of a point on
the parabola, y 2 = 4ax are P( x, y) , then its focal
distance is SP = x + a., Here, a = 2 and SP = 4, , ∴, , ,
4= x+2 x=2, y2 = 8 × 2, , , y=± 4, ∴ Coordinates of
required point are (2, ± 4)., , %, , x2 + y 2 =, , 3, 4, , y 2 =
8 x and whose focal distance is 4., (a) (2, − 4), (b) (2, +
4), (c) (2, ± 4), , Parametric form of the parabola y 2 =
4ax is x = at 2 and, y = 2at, where t being the
parameter., , (3x − 4y + 2), 25, 25x2 + 25y 2 = 9x2 +
16y 2 + 4 − 24xy + 12x − 16y, , (a), , Example 3. Find
the coordinates of a point on the parabola, , Equation
of Parabola in, Parametric Form, , S(0, 0), , (3x − 4y +
2) , , ( x − 0) 2 + (y − 0) 2 = , 9 + 16 , , , , , 1, , y
−1= 0, 4, 5 , Focus of parabola is ., 4 , x −1=, ,
P(x, y), , SP = PM, SP 2 = PM 2, , , 4. x 2 = − 4ay, , 4a
=1, Focus is X = a, Y = 0, , (d), , 1, 5, , The parametric
relation between the coordinates of the ends of a,
focal chord of a parabola is, t1 t 2 = − 1 or t 2 = − 1 / t1,
If one extremity of a focal chord is (at 12 ,2at1 ), then
the other, a 2a , extremity (at 22 ,2at 2 ) becomes ,
− ., t12 t1 , , Example 4. Write the parametric
equations of the parabola, (y − 1) 2 = 12 ( x + 1)., (a) x =
3t 2 − 1 and y = 6t + 1, (b) x = 3t 2 + 1 and y = 6t − 1, (c)
x = 3t 2 − 1 and y = t + 1, (d) None of the above,
Solution (a) The given equation of parabola is, (y − 1) 2
= 12 ( x + 1), , …(i), , This parabola is of the form, (y − k)
2 = 4a ( x − h), , …(ii), , On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get, a = 3, h = −1

Page 665 :
538, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , and, k =1, ∴ The
parametric equations of the given parabola are, x + 1
= 3t 2 and y − 1 = 6 t, , Definition of Terms Related, to
an Ellipse, , , , x = 3t 2 − 1, , and, , y = 6t + 1, , Vertices
The point A and A', where the curve meets, the line
joining the foci S and S', are called the vertices of, an
ellipse., Major and minor axes, , Point P ( h , k) lies,
outside the parabola, if, ( k2 − 4ah ) > 0. Point P ( h , k)
lies on the parabola, if, ( k2 − 4ah ) = 0 and point P ( h ,
k) lies inside the parabola, if, ( k2 − 4ah ) < 0., , Example
5. The position of point ( −1, 7) lies relative to the,
parabola y 2 = 12 x is, (a) outside, (b) inside, (c) on, (d)
None of these, Solution (a) Since, k = −1 and, , h =7, , ∴,
49 − 12 > 0, ∴ The given point lies outside the given
parabola., , (1,1) and eccentricity, , The locus of a point
in a plane which moves in the plane, in such a way that
the ratio of its distance from a fixed, point (focus) in
the same plane to its distance from a fixed, straight
line (directrix) is always constants, which is, always
less than unity (one)., y, , Q, , M', , B, , L, , P(x, y), , S', , Z'
A', Directrix, , (b) 7x 2 + 7y 2 + 2 xy − 22 x − 10y + 7 =
0, (c) 7x 2 + 7y 2 + 2 xy + 22 x + 10y + 7 = 0, , Centre
Major axis, A, C, S, Foci, , Z, , x, , ∴, , SP = e ⋅ PM, , , , ( x
− 1) 2 + (y − 1) 2 =, , Vertex Directrix, Q', , Vertex, L',
Double ordinate, , B', Latusrectum, , PS ′, PM ′, i.e.,, PS
′ = e ⋅ PM ′, On squaring both sides of Eq. (i), we get,
PS ′ 2 = e2 ⋅ PM ′ 2, , a, ( x − ae) + ( y − 0) = e − x ,
, e, 2, , x, , 2, , a, , 2, , +, , 2, , y, , 2, , a (1 − e ), 2, , 2, , = 1
or, , b = a (1 − e ), b < a, 2, , 2, , 2, , …(i), , x, a, , 2, , +, , y, , 1
x−y + 3 , , , 2 (1) 2 + ( − 1) 2 , , , , , , 8 ( x − 1)
2 + 8 (y − 1) 2 = ( x − y + 3) 2, , , , 8x2 − 16x + 8 + 8y 2
− 16y + 8, , , , 7x2 + 7y 2 + 2xy − 22x − 10y + 7 = 0, ,
Which is the required equation of an ellipse., ,
Example 7. The foci of the ellipse, 25( x + 1) 2 + 9(y +
2) 2 = 225 is, , 2, , 2, , 2, , (by definition), , = x2 + y 2 + 9
− 2xy + 6x − 6y, , ∴ Eccentricity (e) =, , where,, , (a) 7x 2
+ 7y 2 + 2 xy − 22 x + 10y − 7 = 0, , Solution (b) Let P (
x, y) be the point on the ellipse, , M, , x', , 1, and
directrix x − y + 3 = 0, 2, , (d) None of the above, ,
Minor axis, , , , P (outside), , Example 6. Find the
equation of an ellipse with focus at, , Ellipse, , , , y, , P
(on), Major axis is the one which lie along, the line
passing through focus and, P (inside), perpendicular to
directrix and x ′, minor axis is the one which is,
perpendicular to major axis and, passes through the
mid-point of the, y′, foci., Centre Since, all chords
passing through C are, bisected at C. Hence C ( 0, 0) is
the centre of an ellipse., Ordinate and double ordinate
Let P be a point, on the ellipse and let PN be
perpendicular to the major axis, AA' such that PN
produced meets the ellipse at P' Then, PN, is called
the ordinate of P and PNP' the double ordiante of, P.,
Latusrectum The double ordinate passing, through an
focus is called latusrectum ., x, , Position of a Point
with Respect, to a Parabola, , 2, , b2, , =1, , (a) ( − 1, 2), (
− 1, − 6), (c) ( − 1, 2), (1, 6), , (b) (1, 2), ( − 1, − 6), (d)
None of these, , Solution (a) The given equation can be
rewritten as, ( x + 1) 2 (y + 2) 2, +, =1, 9, 25

Page 666 :
539, , Conic Sections, Which represents an ellipse of
centre ( − 1, − 2) and semimajor, and semiminor axes
are 5 and 3, respectively., i.e.,, b = 5 and a = 3, ∴ The
eccentricity of the ellipse is given by, a2 = b 2 (1 − e2),
, , 9 = 25 (1 − e2) e =, , 4, 5, , Shifting the origin at (
−1,−2) , given equation reduces to, X2 Y2, +, =1, 9, 25,
where,, x = X − 1and y = Y − 2., ∴ Coordinates of the
foci are ( X = 0 , Y = ± be), i.e.,, ( −1, 2) and ( −1,−6), , …
(i), …(ii), , Terms Related to an Ellipse, Ellipse , , x2, 2,
, a, Figure , , +, , y2, 2, , b, , x2, , = 1, a > b, , 2, , a, , x′, ,
A′ S ′(– ae, 0) C(0, 0)S(ae, 0) A, (a, 0), (– a, 0), , B ′(0, –
b), y′, , y2, b2, , = 1, a < b, , y, , y, B (0, b) P(x, y), , +, , A(0,
b), , M, x, , S, (0, be), , x′, , (– a, 0)B′, , C (0, 0) B(a, 0), ,
Terms related to, an ellipse, , , , S ′ be), ,–, (0, A′(0, –
b), , y′, , 1., , Centre, , ( 0, 0), , ( 0, 0), , 2., , Vertices, , ( ± a,
0), , ( 0, ± b), , 3., , Length, axis, , of, , major, , 2a, , 2b, , 4., ,
Length, axis, , of, , minor, , 2b, , 2a, , 5., , Foci, , ( ± ae, 0), ,
( 0, ± be), , 6., , Equations, directrices, , x = ± a/ e, , y = ±
b/ e, , 7., , Relation in a, b and e, , b2 = a2 (1 − e 2 ), , a2
= b2 (1 − e 2 ), , of, , 2b, a, , b2 , ± ae, ±, , a , , , 2a2,
b, a2, , , ± be , ±, b, , , , Parametric, coordinates, ,
( a cos φ, b sin φ) , 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π, , ( a cos φ, b sin φ), 0 ≤ φ
≤ 2π, , 11., , Focal radii, , SP = a − ex1 and S′ P = a + ex1,
, SP = b − ey1 and S′ P = b + ey1, , 12., , SP + S′P, , 2a, ,
2b, , 13., , Distance, foci, , 2 ae, , 2 be, , 14., , Distance
between, directrices, , 2a / e, , 2 b/ e, , 8., , Length,
latusrectum, , of, , 9., , Ends, latusrectum, , of, , 10., ,
between, , 2, , x

Page 667 :
540, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Example 8. Find the
eccentricity and latusrectum of the, ellipse 25 x 2 + 9y
2 − 150 x − 90y + 225 = 0., (a) 17/5, (b) 18/5, (c) 5/18,
(d) None of the above, , Position of a Point with
Respect to an, Ellipse, y, P(outside), P(on), , B, ,
Solution (b) The given equation of an ellipse is, 25x2 +
9y 2 − 150 x − 90y + 225 = 0, , , 25( x2 − 6x) + 9(y 2 −
10y) + 225 = 0, , , , 25( x2 − 6x + 9) + 9(y 2 − 10y +
25) − 225 = 0, , 25 ( x − 3) 2 9 (y − 5) 2, +, =1, 225, 225,
2, 2, ( x − 3), (y − 5), , +, =1, 9, 25, Let x − 3 = X and y −
5 = Y , then the equation of an ellipse, X2 Y2, becomes,
+, = 1., 9, 25, Here,, a = 3 and b = 5., , P(inside), , x′, , A′, ,
A, B′, , , , 9, 4, a2, = 1−, =, 2, 25, 5, b, 2a2 2 × 9 18, and
length of latusrectum =, =, =, 5, 5, b, , ∴ Eccentricity = 1
−, , General Equations of an Ellipse, The second
degree equation, ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c =
0, represents an, ellipse, if, abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg2 − ch
2 ≠ 0, ab − h 2 > 0, e < 1, , Parametric Equations of, an
Ellipse, x = a cos θ and y = b sinθ, since (a cos θ, b sin θ
) is, x2 y2, satisfying the equation 2 + 2 = 1, a, b, ∴x = a
cosθ and y = b sinθ is the required parametric form., ,
Example, , y′, , Point P ( h , k) lies outside the ellipse, if,
h 2 k2, +, −1> 0, a 2 b2, h 2 k2, Point P ( h , k) lies on the
ellipse, if, +, −1= 0, a 2 b2, h 2 k2, Point P ( h , k) lies
inside the ellipse, if 2 + 2 − 1 < 0, a, b, , Example 10.
The position of a point (3, 4) relative to the, x2 y 2, +, =
1 is, 9 16, (a) inside, (c) on, , ellipse, , (b) outside, (d)
None of these, , (3) 2 ( 4) 2, +, −1, 9, 16, 9 16, = +, −1, 9
16, =1+ 1−1=1> 0, ∴ The point P(3, 4) lies out side the
ellipse., , Solution (b) Since, S1 =, , Auxiliary Circle, The
circle which is described on the major axis AA′ of, an
ellipse as diameter is called the auxiliary circle., y, , 9.
The curve with parametric equations, , x = 1 + 4 cosθ
and y = 2 + 3 sinθ is a/an, (a) circle, (b) parabola, (c)
ellipse, (d) hyperbola, , Q', Q, B, , Solution (c) We have,
x = 1 + 4 cos θ and y = 2 + 3 sin θ, 2, , ∴, , A, , P', , C N', ,
P, N, , A', , 2, , y − 2 , x − 1 , =1, + , , 3 , 4 ,
, ( x − 1) 2 (y − 2) 2, +, =1, 16, 9, Which is an ellipse., , x, ,
, , , , PN, BC b, =, =, QN, AC a, , x

Page 668 :
541, , Conic Sections, , %, , %, , P (h, k), , The sum of the
focal distances of any point on an ellipse is a, constant
and is equal to the length of the major axis of the
ellipse, i.e., SP + S ′ P = 2 a., , a, Since, S ′ P = ePN ′ =
e (CQ ′ + CS) = e + x = a + ex, , e, Also,, SP = ePN
= e ( CQ − CS), , a, = e − x = a − ex, , e, Thus, S' P
= a + ex and SP = a − ex, x2, 2, , +, , B, A′, , y2, , = 1
formed by, a, b2, drawing PM perpendicular from P on
the major axis and produce, MP to meet the auxiliary
circle in Q, ∴The ∠ XCQ = φ is called eccentric angle.,
Eccentric angle of a point on the ellipse, , 90°, , i.e.,
Equation of director circle is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b2, ,
Example 12. The locus of the point of intersection of
the, perpendicular tangents to ellipse, , y, , A, , C, B′, ,
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 4, (c) x 2 + y 2 = 5, , Q, , x2 y 2, +, = 1 is, 9,
4, 2, (b) x + y 2 = 9, (d) x 2 + y 2 = 13, , P, x', , Solution (d)
The locus of the point of intersection of the, , φ, , C, ,
M, , x, , x2 y 2, +, = 1 is a director circle, a2 b 2, and
whose equation is given by x2 + y 2 = a2 + b 2, ,
perpendicular tangents to ellipse, , ∴Required
equation of director circle of an ellipse, x2 y 2, +, = 1 is
x2 + y 2 = 9 + 4 = 13, 9, 4, , y´, , Example 11. The line lx
+ my + n = 0 will cut the ellipse, π, + 2 = 1 in points
whose eccentric angles differ by , if, 2, 2, a, b, (a) l 2a 2
+ m 2b 2 = 2n2, (b) l 2a 2 − m 2b 2 = 2n2, (c) l 2a 2 + m
2b 2 = n2, (d) None of the above, x2, , y2, , Hyperbola,
A hyperbola is the locus of a point in a plane which,
moves in a plane in such a way that the ratio of its
distance, from a focus to a fixed line (directrix) is
always greater, than unity., y, Directrix, , Directrix, ,
Solution (a) Let the line lx + my + n = 0 cuts the ellipse
at two, , ∴, la cos θ + mb sin θ + n = 0, and, − la sin θ +
mb cos θ + n = 0, , la cos θ + mb sin θ = − n, and, − la
sin θ + mb cos θ = − n, Now, (la cos θ + mb sin θ) 2 + ( −
la sin θ + mb cos θ) 2 = n 2 + n 2, , La, x', , S'(– ae, 0), um,
e ct, u sr, Lat, , A', , l 2a2 + m2b 2 = 2n 2, , Director
Circle of an Ellipse, The locus of the point of
intersection of the tangent to, x2 y2, an ellipse 2 + 2 =
1, which are perpendicular to each, a, b, other is called
director circle., , A, (a, 0), , (– a, 0), , x = –a/e, , Double,
ordinate, , x = a/e, , ∴, , SP = e ⋅ PM, , , , SP 2 = e2 ⋅
PM 2, , , , a , , ( x − ae)2 + y 2 = e2 x − , , e , , , ,
x 2( e2 − 1) − y 2 = a 2( e2 − 1), x2, a, , 2, , −, , y2, a ( e2 −
1), 2, , ctu, , S(ae, 0), , y', , , , tu, , e, sr, , x, , C, , l 2a2 (sin
2 θ + cos2 θ) + m2l 2 (cos2 θ + sin 2 θ) = 2n 2, , , P, ,
M, , M', , Centre, , points P and Q whose coordinates
are ( a cos θ , b sin θ) and, , , π, , π, a cos +
θ , sin + θ , respectively., , , 2, 2, , =1, , 2, , m

Page 669 :
542, , NDA/NA Mathematics, x2, , , , a, , where,, , 2, ,
−, , y2, , Double ordinates If Q be a point on the,
hyperbola draw QN perpendicular to the axis of the,
hyperbola and produced to meet the curve again at
Q’., Then, QQ' is called a double ordinate of Q.,
Latusrectum The double ordinate passing, through
focus is called latusrectum., , = 1 (standard form of
hyperbola), b2, b2 = a 2 ( e2 − 1), , Definitions of Terms
Related, to Hyperbola, , Parametric Form of
Hyperbola, , Vertices The point A and A' where the
curve meets, , x = a sec θ and y = b tanθ is the
parametric form of, hyperbola., , the line joining the
foci S and S', are called the vertices of, the hyperbola.,
Transverse and conjugate axes Transverse, axis is the
one which lie along the line passing through the, foci
and perpendicular to the directrices. Conjugate axis
is, the one which is perpendicular to the transverse
axis and, passes through the mid-point of the foci (i.e.,
centre)., Centre The mid-point C of AA' bisects every
chord, of the hyperbola passing through it and is
called the centre, of the hyperbola., , Focal Distance of
a Point, The difference of the focal distances of any
point on the, hyperbola is constant and is equal to the
length of the, transverse axis of the hyperbola., S ′ P –
SP = transverse axis., , Terms Related to the
Hyperbola, Figure Hyperbola, , x 2 y2, –, =1, a 2 b2, ,
Hyperbola, , x 2 y2, –, =–1, a 2 b2, y, , Figure , , y, , S,
(ae, 0), B'(0, b), y = b/e, , Terms related to hyperbola, ,
X', , O, , S(– ae, 0), A', (– a, 0), , A, (a, 0), , x, S' ( ae, 0), , x, ,
O, , y = – b/e, B'(0, – b), , x = – a/e x = a/e, , S', (– ae, 0), ,
1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , Centre, Foci, Length of transverse
axis, Length of conjugate axis, Equations of
directrices, Eccentricity, , 7., , Length of latus rectum, ,
8., , Parametric coordinates, , 9., 10., 11., 12., , Focal
radii, Difference of focal radii, Equation of transverse
axis, Equation of conjugate axis, , (0 , 0 ), ( ± ae, 0), 2a,
2b, x=± a / e, , ( 0, 0), ( 0, ± be), 2b, 2a, y = ± b/ e, , a2 +
b2, a2, 2, 2b, a, (a sec φ , b tan φ), 0 ≤ φ < 2π, SP = ex1
− a and S′ P = ex1 + a, 2a, y=0, x=0, , a2 + b2, b2, 2, 2a,
b, ( a tan φ, b sec φ), 0 ≤ φ < 2π, SP = ey1 − b and S′ P =
ey1 + b, 2b, x=0, y=0, , e=, , e=

Page 670 :
543, , Conic Sections, , Example 13. Find the equation
of the hyperbola whose, directrix is 2 x + y = 1, focus
(1, 2) and eccentricity 3., (a) 7x 2 − 2y 2 + 12 xy − 2 x +
14y − 22 = 0, (b) 7x 2 + 2y 2 + 12 xy − 2 x + 14y + 22 =
0, (c) 7x 2 − 2y 2 + 12 xy + 2 x + 14y = 0, (d) None of
the above, , Solution (c) Let the equation of the
hyperbola be, x2 y 2, −, =1, a2 b 2, The coordinates of
the foci are ( ae, 0) and ( −ae, 0)., ∴, 2ae = 16 2a 2 =
16 a = 4 2, b 2 = a2( e2 − 1) = 32 (2 − 1) = 32, , Also,, ,
(Q a = 4 2 and e = 2), , Solution (a) Let P ( x, y) be a
point on the hyperbola, then, SP = e ⋅ PM, , a = 32 and
b = 32, x2 y 2, ∴ The required equation is, −, =1, 32 32,
Thus,, , (by definition), P (x, y), , M, , 2, , 2, , 2x+y=1, , ,
, , , , , , S (1, 2), , General Equation of a,
Hyperbola, ( x − 1) + (y − 2) = 3, 2, , 2, , The second
degree equation, ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c =
0, represents a hyperbola, if, abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg2 −
ch 2 ≠ 0, , 2x + y − 1, 2 2 + 12, , (2x + y − 1) 2, 5, 5 [( x −
1) 2 + (y − 2) 2] = 3 (2x + y − 1) 2, ( x − 1) 2 + (y − 2) 2 =
3, , ab − h 2 < 0 and e > 1., , 5x2 + 5y 2 − 10 x − 20y +
25, = 3 ( 4x2 + y 2 + 1 + 4xy − 4x − 2y),, , , , x2 − y 2 =
32, , 7x2 − 2y 2 + 12xy − 2x + 14y − 22 = 0, , Position
of a Point with Respect, to the Hyperbola, y, , P (on), ,
This is the required equation of the hyperbola., x′, ,
Example 14. The eccentricity of the conic represented
by, x − y − 4x + 4y + 16 = 0 is, (b) − 2, (a) 2, 2, , x, , 2, , (c)
3, , (d) 5, , y′, , Solution (a) The equation of conic is, , Let
the equation of hyperbola be, , x − y − 4x + 4y + 16 = 0,
2, , , , 2, , ( x2 − 4x) − (y 2 − 4y) = 16, , , , ( x − 4x + 4)
− (y − 4y + 4) = − 16, , , , ( x − 2) 2 − (y − 2) 2 = − 16, ,
2, , 2, , ( x − 2) 2 (y − 2) 2, −, =1, 42, 42, Let, x − 2 = X and
y − 2 = Y, X2 Y2, ∴ The equation becomes 2 − 2 = 1, 4,
4, , , ∴, , e=, , 1+, , 42, a2, = 1+ 2 = 2, 2, 4, b, , Example
15. Find the equation of the hyperbola whose,
eccentricity is 2 and the distance between the foci is
16,, taking transverse and conjugate axes of the
hyperbola as x, and y-axes, respectively., (b) x 2 + y 2 =
32, (a) x 2 − y 2 = 16, 2, 2, (c) x − y = 32, (d) None of
these, , x2, a, , 2, , −, , y2, b2, , = 1 and, , coordinates of P
are ( h , k)., Now, P will lie outside, on or inside the
hyperbola, h 2 k2, according as 2 − 2 − 1 < , = , > 0., a, b,
%, , The line y = mx + c will be a tangent to the
hyperbola, x 2 y2, −, = 1, if c 2 = a 2 m 2 − b 2 and point
of contact is, a2 b2, a2m, b2 , ,±, ±, , c, c , , ,
Example 16. The position of the point (2,3) with
respect, to the hyperbola, , x2, , 5, , 2, , −, , y2, , 32, , = 1
is, , (a) inside, (c) on, , (b) outside, (d) None of these, , 4
32, 4, −46, −, − 1=, −2 =, <0, 25 3 2, 25, 25, ∴ The point
lies inside the hyperbola., , Solution (a) Since,, , S1 =

Page 671 :
544, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Comprehensive
Approach, n, n, n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, n, , n,
, n, , For PQ to be focal chord t1t 2 = − 1, Length of
focal chord having t1 and t 2 as end points is a(t 2 − t1)
2., Angle between tangents at two points P( at12 , 2
at1), Q( at 22 , 2 at 2) on, t −t , the parabola y 2 = 4
ax is given by θ = tan−1 2 1 ., 1 + t1t 2 , x = ly 2 +
my + n is a parabola with it’s axis parallel to x-axis and,
4nl − m2 m , it’s vertex is , ,– ., 4l, 2l , , If the
distance between directrix and latusrectum is 2a,
then, length of latusrectum is 4a., The locus of the
points of intersection of perpendicular tangents to,
the parabola y 2 = 4 ax is its directrix., An equilateral
triangle is inscribed in the parabolay 2 = 4 ax whose,
vertices are at the parabola, then the length of its side
is equal to, 8 a 3., The angle of intersection of the
parabolas y 2 = 4 ax and x2 = 4 by, 3a1/3 b1/3, ., is
given by tan−1, 2 ( a 2/3 + b 2/3 ), The length of the
intercept made by the line y = mx + c on the, 4,
parabola y 2 = 4 ax is 2 a (1 + m2) ( a − mc) ., m, The
orthocentre of the triangle formed by three tangents
to the, parabola lies on the directrix., y = ax2 + bx + c is
a parabola with it’s axis parallel to y-axis and, D , b,
2, it’s vertex is −, ,−, , where D = b − 4 ac., 2a, 4a ,
For the ends of latusrectum of the parabola y 2 = 4 ax,
the values of, the parameter are ± 1., Tangents drawn
from any point on the directrix are at right angle., The
tangents at the ends of any chord of parabola meet on
the, diameter which bisects the chord., The tangent at
one extremity of a focal chord of a parabola is, parallel
to the normal at the other extremity., Any tangent is
the polar of its point of contact., , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , n,
n, , n, n, , n, , n, , n, , The sum of focal distances of any
points on the ellipse is equal to, the major axis., Two
tangents can be drawn from a point to an ellipse. The
two, tangent are real and distinct or coincidental or
imaginary, according as the given points lies outside
or inside the ellipse., x2 y 2, The equation of director
circle of an ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is, a, b, x2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2.,
The product of perpendiculars from the foci on any
tangent to the, x2 y 2, ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is equal to b 2.,
a, b, Two tangents can be drawn from a point to a
hyperbola., x2 y 2, The equation of the director circle
of the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1is, a, b, x2 + y 2 = a 2 − b 2.,
Difference of the focal distances = 2a (length of
transverse axis), Locus of the point of intersection of
perpendicular tangents to the, x2 y 2, hyperbola 2 − 2
= 1 is a circle ., a, b, 2, x + y 2 = a 2 − b 2., Centre of the
hyperbola is the mid-point of line joining two foci., The
locus of the point of intersection of mutually
perpendicular, x2 y 2, tangents to the hyperbola 2 − 2
= 1 is a circle., a, b, The locus of the point of
intersection of the lines, ax sec θ + by tan θ = a and ax
tan θ + by sec θ = b, where θ is the, parameter, is a
hyperbola., If the line l x + my + n = 0 is a tangent to
the hyperbola, x2 y 2, −, = 1, then a 2l 2 − b 2m2 = n2.,
a2 b 2, The product of lengths of perpendiculars
drawn from foci on any, x2 y 2, tangent to the
hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 is b 2., a, b

Page 672 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. The focus of the parabola ( y − 3)2
= 4x is, (a) (–1, –3), (b) (–1, 3), (c) (1, –3), (d) (1, 3), , 11.
What is the focal distance of any point P ( x1 , y1 ) on
the, parabola Y 2 = 4ax?, (NDA 2011 II), , 2. For the
parabola y 2 − 8 y − x + 19 = 0, the focus and, directrix
are, 11, 13 , 19 , (b) , 8 and y = 7, (a) , 4 and
x =, 4 , 7 , 4, 7 , (c) , 3 and y = 9, 2 , 3. The
equation of, x 2 − 4 y + 8 = 0 is, (a) y = 0, (c) x = 0, , (d) (
6, 3) and x = 7, the, , axis, , of, , the, , parabola, , (b) y = 2,
(d) x = 2, , 4. The equation of the parabola whose focus
is (–3, 0), and the directrix x + 5 = 0 is, (a) y 2 = − 4( x +
4), (b) y 2 = 4 ( x + 4), (c) y = 4 ( x − 4), 2, , (d) y = − 4 ( x −
4), 2, , 5. The length of the latusrectum of the
parabola, x 2 − 4x − 8 y + 12 = 0 is, (a) 4, (b) 6, (c) 8, (d)
10, 6. The equation of the parabola with its vertex at
the, origin, axis on the y-axis and passing through the,
point ( 6, − 3), is, (b) x 2 = 12 y, (a) y 2 = 12x + 6, (c) x 2 =
− 12 y, , (d) y 2 = − 12x + 6, , 7. The equation of
parabola whose focus is (5, 3) and, directrix is 3x − 4 y
+ 1 = 0, is, (a) ( 4x + 3 y )2 − 256x − 142 y + 849 = 0, (b)
( 4x − 3 y )2 − 256x − 142 y + 849 = 0, (c) ( 3x + 4 y )2 −
142x − 256 y + 849 = 0, (d) ( 3x − 4 y )2 − 256x − 142 y
+ 849 = 0, 8. The point of the parabola y 2 = 18x for
which the, ordinate is three times the abscissa, is, (a)
(6, 2), (b) ( − 2, − 6), (c) ( 3, 18), (d) (2, 6), 9. The directrix
of the parabola x 2 − 4x − 8 y + 12 = 0 is, (a) x = 1, (b) y
= 0, (c) x = − 1, (d) y = − 1, 10. The equation of the
parabola with vertex at the origin, and directrix y = 2
is, (b) y 2 = − 8x, (a) y 2 = 8x, 2, (c) y = 8x, (d) x 2 = − 8 y, ,
(a) x1 + y1, (c) ax1, , (b) x1 y1, (d) a + x1, , 12. If a focal
chord of the parabola y 2 = ax is, 2x − y − 9 = 4 = 0,
then the equation of the directrix is, (a) x + 4 = 0, (b) x
− 4 = 0, (c) y − 4 = 0, (d) y + 4 = 0, 13. If the line x + y − 1
= 0, is a tangent to the parabola, y 2 − y + x = 0, then
the point of contact is, (a) ( 0, 1), (b) (1, 0), (c) ( 0, − 1),
(d) ( − 1, 0), 14. The equation of directrix ( x − 1)2 = 2 (
y − 2) is, (a) 2 y + 3 = 0, (b) 2x + 1 = 0, (c) 2 y − 3 = 0, (d)
2 y − 1 = 0, 15. The point at which the line y = mx + c
touches the, parabola y 2 = 4ax is, 2a , a 2a , a, (a)
2 , , (b) 2 , −, , m m , m, m , 2a , a 2a , a, (c)
− 2 , , (d) − 2 , −, , m m , m, m , 16. The focal
distance of a point on the parabola y 2 = 8x, is 4. Its
ordinates are, (a) ± 1, (b) ± 2, (c) ± 3, (d) ± 4, 17. What is
the length of the smallest focal chord of the, parabola
y 2 = 4ax?, (a) a, (b) 2a, (c) 4a, (d) 8a, 18. Which of the
following is the correct set of the, parametric
coordinates of the parabola y 2 = ax ?, (a) ( at 2 , 2at ), ,
at , , (b) at 2 , , , 2 , , at 2, at , (c) , ,− , 2 , 4, ,
at 2, , (d) , , − at , 2, , , 19. What is the slope of
the normal at the point ( at 2 , 2 at ), of the parabola y
2 = 4ax ?, (a), , 1, t, , (b) t, , (c) − t, , (d) −, , 1, t, , 20. What
is the area of the triangle formed by the lines, joining
the vertex of the parabola x 2 = 12 y to the end, of the
latusrectum?, (NDA 2011 II), (a) 9 sq units, (b) 12 sq
units, (c) 14 sq units, (d) 18 sq units

Page 673 :
546, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 21. The eccentricity of
the ellipse 25 x 2 + 16 y 2 = 400 is, 3, 1, (a), (b), 5, 3, 2,
1, (d), (c), 5, 5, , 30. The, curve, represented, by, the, 4x
2 + 16 y 2 − 24x − 32 y − 12 = 0 is, (a) a parabola, (b) a
pair of straight lines, (c) an ellipse with eccentricity
1/2, (d) an ellipse with eccentricity 3/ 2, , 22. The sum
of focal distance of any point on the ellipse, with
major and minor axes as 2a and 2b respectively,, is
equal to, a, (a) 2a, (b) 2, b, b, b2, (d), (c) 2, a, a, , 31. The
latusrectum of the ellipse 9x 2 + 16 y 2 = 144 is, 11, (a)
4, (b), 4, 7, 9, (c), (d), 2, 2, , 23. The, eccentricity, of, 4x 2
+ 16 y 2 − 24x − 32 y = 1 is, 1, (b) 3, (a), 2, 3, 3, (d), (c), 4,
2, , the, , conic, , 24. The distance between the foci of
an ellipse is 16 and, 1, eccentricity is . Length of the
major axis of the, 2, ellipse is, (a) 8, (b) 64, (c) 16, (d) 32,
1, 25. Equation of the ellipse with eccentricity and foci
at, 2, ( ± 1, 0) is, x2 y2, x2 y2, (a), (b), +, =1, +, =1, 3, 4, 4,
3, x2 y2 4, (d) None of these, (c), +, =, 4, 3 3, 26. If the
latusrectum of an ellipse is equal to half its, minor
axis, then what is its eccentricity? (NDA 2010 II), 1,
(a), (b) 3, 2, 3, 1, (c), (d), 2, 2, 27. In an ellipse 9x 2 + 5 y
2 = 45, the distance between the, foci is, (a) 4 5, (b) 3 5,
(c) 3, (d) 4, 28. The locus of a point which moves such
that the, difference of its distances from two fixed
points is, always a constant is, (a) a straight line, (b) a
circle, (c) an ellipse, (d) a hyperbola, 29. What is the
eccentricity of an ellipse, if its, latusrectum is equal to
one-half of its minor axis?, (NDA 2009 I), , 1, (a), 4, (c), ,
3, 4, , 1, (b), 2, (d), , 3, 2, , 32. The, eccentricity, of, 25x 2
+ 16 y 2 − 150x − 175 = 0 is, 2, 2, (b), (a), 5, 3, 4, 3, (d),
(c), 5, 5, , the, , equation, , ellipse, , 33. If a bar of given
length moves with its extremities on, two fixed
straight lines at right angles, then the locus, of any
point on bar marked on the bar describes a/an, (a)
circle, (b) parabola, (c) ellipse, (d) hyperbola, 34. What
is the sum of focal radii of any point on an, ellipse
equal to, (NDA 2009 I), (a) length of latusrectum, (b)
length of major axis, (c) length of minor axis, (d) length
of semi-latusrectum, 35. The equation of the ellipse
with foci at ( ±5, 0) and, 36, as one directrix, is, x=, 5, 2,
x, y2, x2 y2, (b), (a), +, =1, +, =1, 3, 5, 36 11, 2, 2, 2, 2, x,
y, x, y, (c), (d), +, =1, +, =1, 36, 9, 11 36, 36. The
eccentricity of the ellipse whose major axis is, three
times the minor axis, is, 2, 3, 2 2, 2, (a), (b), (c), (d), 3, 2,
3, 3, 37. If the foci are ( ±1, 0) and the major axis is 6,
then the, equation of the ellipse in its standard form is
given by, x2 y2, x2 y2, (a), (b), +, =1, +, =1, 8, 9, 9, 8, 2, 2,
2, 2, ( x − 2), ( y − 1), x, y, (c), +, = 1 (d), +, =1, 9, 8, 3, 4,
38. What does an equation of the first degree
containing, one arbitrary parameter passing through a
fixed, point represent?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) Circle, (b)
Straight line, (c) Parabola, (d) Ellipse

Page 674 :
547, , Conic Sections, 2, 1 1, = − + cosθ is a/an, r, 2 4,
(a) parabola, (b) hyperbola, (c) ellipse, (d) straight line, ,
39. The curve, , 48. Locus of the point of intersection
of straight lines, x y, x y 1, is, − = m and + =, a b, a b m,
(a) an ellipse, (b) a circle, (c) a hyperbola, (d) a
parabola, , 40. What is the eccentricity of the ellipse
whose length of, minor axis is equal to the distance
between the two, foci?, 2, 1, (b), (a), 3, 2, 1, 2, (d), (c), 3,
2, , 49. The length of transverse axis of the hyperbola,
3x 2 − 4 y 2 = 32 is, 8 2, 16 2, (a), (b), 3, 3, 3, 64, (c), (d),
32, 3, , 41. If the latusrectum of an ellipse is equal to
one-half its, minor axis, what is the eccentricity of the
ellipse?, , 50. Any point on the hyperbola, , (NDA 2012
I), , 1, (a), 2, 3, (c), 4, , 3, (b), 2, 15, (d), 4, , 42. Which one
of the following points lies outside the, ellipse ( x 2 / a
2 ) + ( y 2 / b2 ) = 1 ?, (a) ( a , 0), (b) ( 0, b), (c) ( − a , 0), (d)
( a , b), 43. In how many points do the ellipse, circle x 2
+ y 2 = 9 intersect?, (a) One, (c) Four, , x2 y2, +, = 1 and
the, 4, 8, (NDA 2007 II), , (b) Two, (d) None of these, ,
44. The foci of the hyperbola 2x 2 − 3 y 2 = 5 is, , 5,
(a) ±, , 0 , , 6 , , 5 , (c) ±, , 0 , 6, , , , (d) None of
these, , 45. The length of latusrectum, 16x 2 − 9 y 2 =
144 is, 16, 3, 8, (c), 3, , (a), , of, , the, , hyperbola, , 32, 3,
4, (d), 3, , (b), , 46. What is the eccentricity of the conic
4x 2 + 9 y 2 = 144 ?, ( NDA 2012 I), , 5, (a), 3, 3, (c), 5, ,
the form, (a) ( 4 sec θ , 2 tan θ ), (b) ( 4 sec θ + 1, 2 tan θ
− 2), (c) ( 4 sec θ − 1, 2 tan θ − 2), (d) ( 4 sec θ − 1, 2 tan
θ + 2), 1 1 3, 51. Equation = +, cosθ represents, r 8 8,
(a) a circle, (b) a hyperbola, (c) an ellipse, (d) a
parabola, 52. What are the points of intersection of
the curve, 4x 2 − 9 y 2 = 1 with its conjugate axis?,
(NDA 2011 I), (a), (b), (c), (d), , (1 / 2, 0) and ( − 1 / 2, 0), (
0, 2) and ( 0, − 2), ( 0, 3) and ( 0, − 3), No such point
exists, , 53. The, locus, of, the, x cos α − y sin α = a and
x, (a) ellipse, (c) parabola, , 5 , (b) ± , 0 , 6 , , 5,
(b), 4, 2, (d), 3, , 47. The distance between the
directrices of a rectangular, hyperbola is 10 units,
then distance between its foci, is, (a) 10 2, (b) 5, (d) 20,
(c) 5 2, , ( x + 1)2 ( y − 2)2, −, = 1 is of, 16, 4, ,
intersection point, of, sin α − y cos α = b is a/an, (b)
hyperbola, (d) None of these, , 54. Which one of the
following is correct?, If the equation ax 2 + 2 hxy + by
2 + 2 g x + 2 fy + c = 0, represents a hyperbola, then,
(a) ∆ ≠ 0, h 2 > ab, (b) ∆ ≠ 0, h 2 < ab, a + b = 0, (c) ∆ ≠ 0,
h = ab, a + b = 0, (d) None of the above, 55. The
equation 2x 2 − 3 y 2 − 6 = 0 represents a/an, (a) circle,
(b) parabola, (c) ellipse, (d) hyperbola, 56. The
eccentricity of the hyperbola 25x 2 − 9 y 2 = 144 is,
34, 34, (a), (b), 12, 3, 6, 3, (d), (c), 34, 34, 57. What is the
difference of the focal distances of any, point on the
hyperbola?, (a) Eccentricity, (b) Distance between foci,
(c) Length of transverse axis, (d) Length of semi-
transverse axis

Page 675 :
548, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Level II, 1. The
equation of latusrectum of a parabola is x + y = 8, and
the equation of the tangent at the vertex is, x + y = 12,
then length of the latusrectum is, (a) 4 2, (b) 2 2, (c) 8,
(d) 8 2, 2. Equation of the parabola with its vertex at
(1, 1) and, focus ( 3, 1) is, (a) ( x − 1)2 = 8 ( y − 1), (b) ( y
− 1)2 = 8 ( x − 3), (c) ( y − 1)2 = 8 ( x − 1), (d) ( x − 3)2 = 8
( y − 1), 3. If (0, 6) and (0, 3) are, respectively the
vertex and, focus of a parabola, then its equation is, (a)
x 2 + 12 y = 72, (b) x 2 − 12 y = 72, 2, (c) y − 12x = 72,
(d) y 2 + 12x = 72, 4. The tangents drawn from the
ends of latusrectum of, y 2 = 12x meets at, (a)
directrix, (b) vertex, (c) focus, (d) None of these, 5. An
equilateral triangle is inscribed in a parabola, y 2 = x
whose one vertex is the vertex of the parabola., What
is the length of side of the triangle?, (b) 2 3 units, (a) 3
units, (d) 1 unit, (c) 3 3 units, 6. Two equal parabolas
have the same vertex and their, axes are at right
angles. What is the angle between, the tangents
drawn to them at their point of, intersection (other
than vertex)?, π, π, 3 , (a), (b) tan−1 2 (c), (d) tan−1
, 4 , 4, 3, 7. Consider the following statements, I.
Chords parallel to latusrectum of the parabola, y 2 =
4ax are called double ordinate., II. Equation of the
chord joining points P ( at12 ,2at1 ), and Q( at22 , 2at2
) is ( t1 + t2 ) y = 2x + 2a t1t2., Which of the
statements is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c)
Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 8. Consider the
following statements, I. The orthocentre of the
triangle formed by three, tangents to the parabola lies
on the directrix., II. Tangents drawn at the ends of any
focal chord, intersect at directrix of the parabola., III.
The locus of the points of intersection of,
perpendicular tangents to the parabola is its,
directrix., Which of the statements given above are
correct ?, (a) I and II, (b) II and III, (c) III and I, (d) All I, II
and III, 9. Consider the parabolas S1 ≡ y 2 − 4ax = 0
and, S 2 ≡ y 2 − 4bx = 0, S 2 will contain S1, if, (NDA
2008 II), (a) a > b > 0, (b) b > a > 0, (c) a > 0, b < 0 but|
b|> a (d) a < 0, b > 0 but b >| a|, , 10. What is the length
of the focal distance from the point, t of the parabola
y 2 = 4ax?, (b) a (1 + t 2 ), (a) at 2, , (c) a t +, , , 1 , ,
t , , 2, , (d) at −2, , 11. What are coordinates of the
point of intersection of, 1, the line y = mx +, and the
curve y 2 = 4x?, m, 2 , 1 2 , 1, (a) 2 , , (b) 2 , 2 ,
m m , m m , 1 2 , 1 2 , (c) , , (d) , 2 , m m
, m m , 12. What is the length of the chord of the
parabola, y 2 = 9x, which is inclined at an angle of 45°
to the axis, of the parabola and passes through the
point (1, 3)?, (a) 2, (b) 2 2, (c) 3 2, (d) 4 2, 13. P ( 2 , 2) is
a point on the parabola y 2 = 2 x and A is its, vertex. Q
is another point on the parabola such that, PQ is
perpendicular to AP. What is the length of PQ?, (a) 2,
(b) 2 2, (d) 6 2, (c) 4 2, 14. What is the equation to the
parabola, whose vertex, and focus are on the x-axis at
distances a and b from, the origin, respectively? ( b > a
> 0), (NDA 2007 I), 2, 2, (a) y = 8( b − a )( x − a ), (b) y =
4( b + a )( x − a ), (c) y 2 = 4( b − a )( x + a ), (d) y 2 = 4( b
− a )( x − a ), 15. In an ellipse length of minor axis is 8
and eccentricity, 5, . The major axis is, is, 3, (a) 6, (b) 12,
(c) 10, (d) 16, 16. The eccentricity of the curve 2x 2 + y
2 − 8x − 2 y + 1 = 0, is, 1, 1, (a), (b), 2, 2, 2, 3, (d), (c), 3, 4,
17. The locus of the point of intersection of the, x2 y2,
perpendicular tangents to the ellipse, +, = 1 is, 9, 4, (b)
x 2 + y 2 = 4, (a) x 2 + y 2 = 9, 2, 2, (c) x + y = 13, (d) x 2 +
y 2 = 5, 18. If ( 4, 0) and ( − 4, 0) are the foci of an
ellipse and the, semi-minor axis is 3, then the ellipse
passes through, which one of the following points?,
(NDA 2010 I), (a) ( 2, 0), (b) ( 0, 5), (c) ( 0, 0), (d) ( 5, 0)

Page 676 :
549, , Conic Sections, 19. Equation, , of, , the, , circle
passing through the, x2 y2, x2 y2, intersection of
ellipses 2 + 2 = 1 and 2 + 2 = 1 is, a, b, b, a, (a) x 2 + y 2
= a 2, (b) x 2 + y 2 = b2, 2a 2b2, (c) x 2 + y 2 = 2, (d) x 2 +
y 2 = 1, a + b2, , 20. On the ellipse 4x 2 + 9 y 2 = 1, the
point at which the, tangent are parallel to 8x = 9 y are,
1 , 2 1 , 2 1 , 2 1 , 2, (a) , or − , − (b) − ,
or , − , 5 5 , 5 5 , 5 5 , 5, 5 , 2, (c) − , −,
5, , 1 , , 5 , , 3 2 , 3 2 , (d) − , − or , , 5 5 ,
5 5 , , 21. The angle between the pair of tangents
drawn from, the point (1, 2) to the ellipse 3x 2 + 2 y 2 =
5 is, (b) tan−1 ( 6 / 5 ), (a) tan−1 (12 / 5), −1, (d) tan−1 (
6 / 5), (c) tan (12 / 5 ), 22. A circle is drawn with the, x2
y2, +, = 1 at the end of the, a 2 b2, equation of the
circle?, (b), (a) x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b2, (d), (c) x 2 + y 2 = 2( a
2 + b2 ), , two foci of an ellipse, diameter. What is the,
(NDA 2010 I), , x 2 + y 2 = a 2 − b2, x 2 + y 2 = 2( a 2 −
b2 ), , x2 y2, +, = 1. If, 25 16, P is variable point on the
ellipse and if ∆ is area of the, triangle PSS ′, then the
maximum value of ∆ is, (a) 8, (b) 12, (c) 16, (d) 20, , 23.
Suppose S and S ′ are foci of the ellipse, , 24. If the
angle between the lines joining the end points, of
minor axis of an ellipse with its foci is π / 2, then the,
eccentricity of the ellipse is, (a) 1/ 2, (b) 1 / 2, (c) 3 / 2,
(d) 1 / 2 2, 25. If M1 and M 2 are the feet of the
perpendiculars from, x2 y2, the foci S1 and S 2 of the
ellipse, +, = 1 on the, 9 16, tangent at any point P on
the ellipse, then, (S1M1 ) (S 2 M 2 ) is equal to, (a) 16,
(b) 9, (c) 4, (d) 3, 26. The length of the axes, 9x 2 + 4 y 2
− 6x + 4 y + 1 = 0 are, 1, 2, 2, (b) 3,, (a) , 9, (c) 1,, 2, 5, 3, ,
of, , the, , conic, , 28. Consider the following
statements, I. Maximum four normals can be drawn
from a, point to an ellipse., II. The sum of focal
distances of any point on the, ellipse is equal to the
major axis., III. The equation of director circle of an
ellipse, x2 y2, +, = 1 is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 − b2., a 2 b2,
Which of the statements given above are correct?, (a)
I and II, (b) III and I, (c) II and III, (d) All I, II and III, 29.
Consider the following statements, I. The product of
perpendiculars from the foci on any, x2 y2, tangent to
the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is equal to b2., a, b, II. Locus of
mid-points of focal chord of an ellipse, x2 y2, x 2 y 2
ex, is, +, =, 1, +, = ., a 2 b2, a 2 b2 b2, Which of the
statements is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c)
Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 30. Consider the
following statements, I. The line lx + my + n = 0 is a
normal to the ellipse, x2 y2, a2, b2 ( a 2 − b2 )2, ., if, +,
=, 1, ,, −, =, a 2 b2, l2 m2, n2, II. If the line lx + my + n = 0
is a tangent to the, x2 y2, ellipse 2 + 2 = 1, then n 2 =
b2m 2 + a 2l 2., a, b, Which of the statements is/are
correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d)
Neither I nor II, 31. What is the area of the ellipse 4x 2
+ 9 y 2 = 1 ?, π, (a) 6π, (b), (NDA 2008 II), 36, π, π, (c),
(d), 6, 6, 32. Match List I (Equation of ellipse) with List
II (Their, centre) and select the correct answer using
the codes, given below the lists., List I, (Equation of
ellipse), , (d) 3, 2, , x2 y2, 27. Let E be the ellipse, +, = 1
and C be the circle, 9, 4, 2, 2, x + y = 9. Let P = (1, 2)
and Q = ( 2, 1). Which one of, the following is correct?,
(NDA 2010 I), (a) Q lies inside C but outside E, (b) Q
lies outside both C and E, (c) P lies inside both C and E,
(d) P lies inside C but outside E, , x2, y2, +, =1, a2 b2, ( x
− 2) 2 ( y − 3) 2, +, =1, B., 16, 25, A., , List II, (Their
centre), 1. ( 3, 5), 2. ( 0, 0), , 2, 2, C. 25 x + 9 y − 150 x −
90 y + 225 = 0 3. (7, − 8), , D., , ( x − 7) 2 ( y + 8) 2, +, =1,
25, 9, , 4. ( 2, 3)

Page 677 :
550, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Codes, A B, (a) 4 1, (b) 2
3, (c) 2 4, (d) 2 1, , C, 3, 4, 1, 3, , D, 2, 1, 3, 4, , 33. The
distance from the major axis of any point on the, x2
y2, ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 and its corresponding point on, a,
b, auxiliary circle are in the ratio, a, b, a2, b2, (b), (c) 2,
(a), (d) 2, b, a, b, a, x2 y2, +, = 1 from, 9, 4, the centre is
2. The eccentric angle of the point is, π, π, 3π, (b), (c),
(d) π, (a), 4, 2, 4, , 34. The distance of a point on the
ellipse, , 35. If the angle between the lines joining the
end points, π, of minor axis of an ellipse with its foci is ,
then the, 2, eccentricity of the ellipse is, 1, 1, 3, 1, (b),
(c), (d), (a), 2, 2, 2, ( 2 2), 36. Which one of the following
is correct? The, x2, y2, eccentricity of the conic 2, + 2,
= 1, ( λ ≥ 0), a +λ b +λ, (NDA 2008 I), , (a), (b), (c), (d), ,
increases with increase in λ, decreases with increase
in λ, does not change with λ, None of the above, , 37.
The equation 14x 2 − 4xy + 11 y 2 = 60 represents a,
certain locus. If the axes be rotated through an angle,
tan−1 2, without change of origin, then the equation
of, the locus referred to new axes becomes, x2 y2, x2
y2, (b), (a), +, =1, +, =1, 4, 5, 6, 4, x2 y2, x2 y2, (c), (d), −,
=1, −, =1, 6, 4, 5, 4, 38. S and T are the foci of an ellipse
and B is an end of its, minor axis. If STB is an
equilateral triangle. What is, the eccentricity of the
ellipse?, 1, 1, 1, 2, (a), (b), (c), (d), 4, 3, 2, 3, 39. The
eccentricities of the ellipse, , x, , 2, , α, , 2, , +, , y, , 2, , β2,
, = 1, α > β and, , x2 y2, +, = 1 are equal. Which one of
the following is, 9 16, correct?, (a) 4α = 3β, (b) α β =
12, (c) 4β = 3α, (d) 9 α = 16 β, , 40. If t is a variable,
then what does the curve, a(1 − t 2 ), 2bt, represent?,
x=, ,y=, (1 + t 2 ), (1 + t 2 ), (a) An ellipse with centre at (
0, 0), (b) An ellipse with centre at ( a , b), (c) A
hyperbola with centre at ( 0, 0), (d) A hyperbola with
centre at ( a , b), 41. If the eccentricity of a conic
section is equal to, , x2, , ,, x2 + 1, , x ∈ R/{ 0}, then the
conic section is, (a) a circle, (b) a parabola, (c) an
ellipse, (d) a hyperbola, 42. What is the locus of the
point of intersection of the, straight, lines, and, ( x / a )
+ ( y/ b) = m, ( x / a ) − ( y/ b) = 1/ m?, (a) Circle, (b)
Parabola, (c) Ellipse, (d) Hyperbola, 43. The distance
between the directrices of the hyperbola, x = 8 sec θ ,
y = 8 tan θ is, (b) 2, (c) 8 2, (d) 4 2, (a) 16 2, 44. If the
foci of the ellipse, , x2 y2, +, = 1 and the hyperbola, 16
b2, , 1, x2, y2, coincide, then the value of b2 is, −, =,
144 81 25, (a) 1, (b) 7, (c) 5, (d) 9, 45. The equation of
the hyperbola in the standard, form (with transverse
axis along the x-axis), having the length of the
latusrectum = 9 units and, 5, eccentricity = is, 4, x2 y2,
x2 y2, (a), (b), −, =1, −, =1, 16 18, 36 27, 2, 2, 2, 2, x, y, x,
y, (d), (c), −, =1, −, =1, 64 36, 36 64, 46. If a point ( x , y )
= (tan θ + sin θ , tan θ − sin θ ), then, locus of ( x , y ) is,
(a) ( x 2 y )2/ 3 + ( xy 2 )2/ 3 = 1, (c) ( x 2 − y 2 )2 = 16xy,
, (b) x 2 − y 2 = 4xy, (d) x 2 − y 2 = 6xy, , 47. If e and e′
are the eccentricities of the ellipse, 5x 2 + 9 y 2 = 45
and the hyperbola 5x 2 − 4 y 2 = 45, respectively, then
ee′ is equal to, (a) 9, (b) 4, (c) 5, (d) 1, 48. Consider the
following statements, I. The equation of the director
circle of the, x2 y2, hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 is x 2 + y 2 = a
2 − b2., a, b, x2 y2, II. The angle between the
asymptotes of 2 − 2 = 1, a, b, −1 b , is 2 tan ., a

Page 678 :
551, , Conic Sections, III. Asymptotes always passes
through the centre of, the hyperbola., Which of the
statements given above are correct?, (a) I and II, (b) II
and III, (c) III and I, (d) All I, II and III, 49. Equation of
the hyperbola with eccentricity 3 / 2 and, foci at ( ± 2,
0) is 5x 2 − 4 y 2 = k2. What is the value of, k?, (NDA
2008 II), (a) 4 / 3, (b) 3 / 4, (c) ( 4 / 3) 5, (d) ( 3 / 4) 5, 50.
The standard equation of the hyperbola having the,
distance between foci as 32 and eccentricity 2 2 is, (b)
x 2 − 7 y 2 = 56, (a) 7x 2 − y 2 = 56, (c) 7x 2 − y 2 = 224,
, (d) x 2 − 7 y 2 = 224, , 51. The equation of the
hyperbola whose eccentricity is, 5/4 and distance
between foci is 10, is given by, x2 y2, x2 y2, (b), (a), −,
=1, −, =1, 25 16, 16, 9, x2 y2, x2 y2, (d), (c), −, =1, −, =1,
9 16, 16 25, 1, y2, x2, y2, = 1 and, −, =, 2, 7, 144 81 25,
a, were to coincide, then what is the value of a?, (a) 2,
(b) 3, (NDA 2007 II), (c) 4, (d) 16, , 52. If the foci of the
conics, , x2, , +, , 53. Match List I (Equations of curves)
with List II (Their, types) and select the correct answer
using the codes, given below the lists, List I, (Equation
of curves), , List II, (Their types), , A., , x2 + x + 1 = y, , 1.,
, Circle, , B., , x + y + 2x + 2y − 6 = 0, , 2., , Parabola, , C., ,
2 x + 3y + 4x + 6 y = 0, , 3., , Ellipse, , D., , 3 x2 − 2 y 2 +
6 x − 4 y = 0, , 4., , Hyperbola, , 5., , Straight lines pair, ,
2, , 2, , 2, , Codes, A B, (a) 2 3, (c) 2 1, , 2, , C, 4, 3, , D, 4,
4, , A, (b) 4, (d) 4, , B, 3, 1, , C, 5, 5, , x2 y2, +, = 1, where
µ < 4 and, 16 µ 2, x2, y2, 1, , coincide., the foci of the
hyperbola, −, =, 144 81 25, What is the value of µ 2?,
(a) 1, (b) 5, (c) 7, (d) 9, , 55. The foci of the ellipse, , 56. If
the eccentricity and length of latusrectum of a, 13, 10,
units respectively, then, and, 3, 3, what is the length of
the transverse axis? (NDA 2007 I), 7, (a) units, (b) 12
units, 2, 15, 15, units, (d), units, (c), 2, 4, , hyperbola
are, , Directions (Q. Nos. 57-64) Each of these,
questions contain two statements, one is Assertion
(A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these questions
also has, four alternative choices, only one of which is
the correct, answer. You have to select one of the
codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a) Both
A and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., (b) Both A and R are individually
true but R is not, the correct explanation of A., (c) A is
true but R is false., (d) A is false but R is true., 57.
Assertion (A) The length of the intercept made by, 1,
the line y = 3 x +, on the parabola y 2 = 16x is, 3, 16, 3
units., 3, Reason (R) The length of the intercept made
by, the line y = mx + c on the parabola y 2 = 4ax is, 4, a
(1 + m 2 ) ( a − mc)., m2, , D, 5, 5, , 54. If e and e′ are the
eccentricities of a hyperbola and its, 1, 1, conjugate
respectively, then 2 + 2 is equal to, e, e′, (a) 0, (b) 1, 1,
(c) 2, (d), 2, , 58. Assertion (A) The equation 5x 2 +
10xy + 5 y 2 + 7x, + 14 y + 5 = 0 represents a
parabola., Reason (R) The equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2
+ 2gx, represents, a, parabola,, if, + 2 fy + c = 0, abc + 2
fgh − af 2 − bg2 − ch 2 ≠ 0 and ab − h 2 = 0, 59.
Assertion (A) The slopes of tangents drawn from a, 1,
9, point ( 4, 10) to the parabola y 2 = 9x are and ., 4, 4,
Reason (R) The equation of a tangent of slope m to, 9,
the parabola y 2 = 9x is y = mx +, ., 4m

Page 679 :
552, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 60. Assertion (A) The
number of values of c such that, the straight line y =
4x + c touches the curve, x2, + y 2 = 1 is 2., 4, , Reason
(R) The equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx, represents,
a, hyperbola,, if, + 2 fy + c = 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, and, abc + 2 f
gh − af − bg − ch ≠ 0, h > ab., , Reason (R) The line y =
mx + c touches the curve, x2 y2, +, = 1, iff c2 = a 2m 2
+ b2., a 2 b2, , Directions (Q. Nos. 65-67) A parabola
has the, origin as its focus and the line x = 2 as the
directrix., , 61. Assertion (A) The point ( 3, 5) lies
outside the, ellipse 4x 2 + 3 y 2 = 12., Reason (R) The
point ( x1 , y1 ) lies outside the, x2 y2, x2 y2, ellipse 2 +
2 = 1, iff 12 + 12 − 1 > 0., a, b, a, b, 62. Assertion (A) If
the point P( 3, 5) lies on the ellipse, x2 y2, +, = 1, then
SP + S ′ P = 2., 4, 5, Reason (R) If the point ( x1 , y1 ) lies
on the ellipse, x2 y2, +, = 1, then SP + S ′ P = 2a., a 2 b2,
63. Assertion (A) For an ellipse with major axis and,
minor axis equal to 9 and 5 units of length, the,
distance of a point P on its periphery from directrix is,
9 units, while its distance from the focus has been,
measured to be 11 units of length., Reason (R)
Eccentricity of an ellipse is less than, unity., , 65. The
vertex of the parabola is, (a) (2,0), (b) (0,2), (c) (1,0), (d)
None of these, 66. Find the equation of the parabola,
(a) y 2 = 4 ( x − 1), (b) y 2 = − 4 ( x − 1), 2, (d) None of
these, (c) y = − 4 ( x + 1), 67. The position of a point
(1,4) relative to the parabola, is, (a) inside, (b) outside,
(c) on, (d) None of these, , Directions (Q. Nos. 68-70), ,
Let the equation of, , x2 y2, ellipse be, +, =1, 16 9, 68.
Find the foci of an ellipse., (b) ( ± 7,0), (a) ( ± 7 ,0), (c) ( ±
5 ,0), (d) None of these, 69. The distance between two
foci is, (b) 2 7, (c) 3 7, (a) 7, , (d) 4 7, , 70. The equation
of a circle passing through focus having, centre (0,3)
is, (a) x 2 + y 2 − 6 y − 7 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 − 6 y + 7 = 0, 2,
2, (c) x + y + 6 y + 7 = 0, (d) None of these, , 64.
Assertion (A) The equation, 9x 2 − 16 y 2 − 18x + 32y
− 151 = 0, represents a hyperbola., , Answers, Level I,
1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., , (d), (d), (a), (d), (b), (b), , 2., 12.,
22., 32., 42., 52., , (a), (a), (a), (d), (d), (d), , 3., 13., 23.,
33., 43., 53., , (c), (a), (c), (c), (d), (d), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44.,
54., , (b), (c), (d), (b), (a), (a), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., 55., ,
(c), (b), (b), (b), (b), (d), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., 56., , (c), (d),
(c), (c), (a), (b), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., 57., , (a), (c), (d), (b),
(d), (c), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., , (d), (c), (c), (b), (c), , 9., 19.,
29., 39., 49., , (d), (c), (d), (c), (a), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., ,
(d), (d), (d), (c), (d), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., 52., 62., , (c), (c),
(b), (c), (d), (c), (d), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., 53., 63., , (a), (d),
(b), (b), (c), (c), (d), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., 54., 64., , (a), (d),
(b), (b), (b), (b), (a), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., 55., 65., , (b), (b),
(a), (b), (c), (c), (c), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., 56., 66., , (d), (b),
(c), (b), (c), (c), (b), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., 57., 67., , (c), (c),
(d), (b), (d), (a), (b), , 8., 18., 28., 38., 48., 58., 68., , (d), (d),
(a), (c), (d), (a), (a), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., 59., 69., , (b), (c),
(a), (b), (c), (a), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., 60., 70., , (c),
(b), (b), (a), (c), (a), (a), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51.,
61., , (d), (a), (c), (c), (c), (b), (a)

Page 680 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. We have, ( y − 3)2 = 4x,
and the standard equation of parabola is, Y 2 = 4aX,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, X = x, Y = y − 3 and 4a = 4
i.e., a = 1, The focus of the parabola is given by, X = a ,Y
= 0, i.e.,, x = 1 and y − 3 = 0 y = 3, ∴ Required focus is
(1, 3)., , …(i), …(ii), , From Eq. (i), (x + 3)2 + y2 = x + 5, On
squaring both sides, we get, (x + 3)2 + y2 = (x + 5)2, 2,
, x + 6x + 9 + y2 = x2 + 10x + 25, , y2 − 4x = 16, ,
y2 = 4(x + 4), This is the equation of the required
parabola., , 2. Given, equation of parabola is y2 − 8 y −
x + 19 = 0, , y2 − 8 y = x − 19 ( y − 4)2 = x − 3, This
is the form of Y 2 = 4aX, Here, Y = y − 4, X = x − 3, 1,
and, 4a = 1 a =, 4, ∴ Focus is, X = a ,Y = 0, 1, x − 3 =
and y − 4 = 0, , 4, 13, and y = 4, ∴, x=, 4, 13 ,
Hence, the focus is , , 4 ., 4 , , 5. The given
equation of parabola is, x2 − 4x − 8 y + 12 = 0 x2 −
4x = 8 y − 12, , x2 − 4x + 4 = 8 y − 12 + 4, , (x − 2)2
= 8( y − 1), ∴The length of latusrectum = 4a = 8, 6.
Given that the axis of parabola is y-axis and vertex is,
origin., ∴ Equation of parabola, x2 = 4ay, Since, it
passes through (6, − 3), ∴, (6)2 = 4a (− 3), , 36 = − 12a
a = − 3, ∴ Equation of parabola is x2 = − 12 y., , ∴
Equation of directrix, X = − a, 1, , x−3 = −, 4, 11, ,
x=, 4, , 7. By definition of parabola, PM 2 = PS 2, 2, , 3.
Equation of given parabola is, x2 − 4 y + 8 = 0, or, x2 =
4 ( y − 2 ), Which is the form of, X 2 = 4aY, Here, X = x,
Y = y − 2 and 4a = 4, The axis of the parabola is y-axis
i.e., X = 0, , x=0, , (given), …(i), …(ii), , 4. Let S(−3, 0) be
the focus and ZM be the directrix whose, equation is x
+ 5 = 0, x+5=0, , y, M, , x', , P(x, y), , S(–3,0) O, , Z, , and
PM = Perpendicular distance from P to ZM, x+5, =,
=x+5, 1+0, , , , 9x2 + 16 y2 + 12 − 24xy − 8 y + 6x, =
25 (x2 + 25 − 10x + y2 + 9 − 6 y), 2, 2, 16x + 9 y −
256x − 142 y + 24xy + 849 = 0, , (4x + 3 y)2 − 256x −
142 y + 849 = 0, 8. Let x be any point on the parabola,
then y = 3x, putting, this value in the given equation
y2 = 18x, we get, (3x)2 = 18x, ∴ Point is (2,6)., , , , x
2 and y = 6, , 9. Equation of parabola is x2 − 4x − 8 y +
12 = 0, , x2 − 4x + 4 = 8 y − 8 (x − 2)2 = 8 ( y − 1), 2,
X = 8Y , this is a standard form of parabola, On
comparing with X 2 = 4aY , we get a = 2., ∴ Directrix is
Y = − a y − 1 = − 2 y = − 1, , x, , y', , Let P (x, y) be
any point on the parabola, then, PS = PM, , PS = (x +
3)2 + y2, , 3x − 4 y + 1 , = (x − 5)2 + ( y − 3)2, , 2, 2,
3 + (− 4) , , …(i), , 10. Directrix of parabola is y = 2,
∴, a = −2, ∴ Required equation of parabola is, x2 = − 4 ⋅
2 ⋅ y x2 = − 8 y, 11. Given equation of parabola is y2
= 4ax, and P (x1 , y1 ) be a point on the parabola.

Page 681 :
554, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Y, , (–a,0), , X′, , Z, , (0,0)
(a,0), , A, , dx , Slope of normal = − , dy ( at 2 ,
2at ), , P (x1, y1), , M, , S, , N, , y , 2 at, =− , =−, 2 a ,
2a, , X, , = −t, 20., , Equation of parabola is x2 = 12 y, , …
(i), , y-axis, , Y′, , We know that,, (by definition of
parabola), PS = ePM, , PS = PM, (Q for parabola, e =
1), , PS = ZN, , PS = ZA + AN, , PS = a + x1, Which
is the required focal distance., 12. Since, focal chord of
parabola y2 = ax is 2x − y − 8 = 0, a , Q This chord
passes through focus i. e. , , 0 , 4 , a, 2⋅ −0 −8 =0,
∴, 4, , a = 16, ∴Directrix is x = − 4 x + 4 = 0, 13.
Since, x + y − 1 = 0 is a tangent to the parabola, y2 − y
+ x = 0, then the point of contact is (0, 1)., 14. Equation
of directrix (x − 1)2 = 2 ( y − 2) is, 1, ( y − 2) = −, 2, , 2y
− 3 = 0, 15. We know, if the line y = mx + c touches the
parabola, 2a , a, y2 = 4ax, then the point of contact
is 2 , − ., m, m , 16. Let the point on the parabola is
(x1 , y1 ), then focal, distance, = a + x1, , 2 + x1 = 4,
(Q a = 2), , x1 = 2, On putting this value in y2 = 8x, ,
y12 = 8 × 2, , y1 = ± 4, 17. The smallest length of the
focal chord is the length of, the latusrectum. So, the
length of required chord = 4a., at 2 − at , 18. Let the
point , ,, lies on the parabola y2 = ax., 2 , 4, Q, , ,
2, at 2 , at , , − = a , 2 , 4 , 2 2, , (0,3), , x', ,
19. Equation of parabola is, y2 = 4ax, dy, ∴, 2y, = 4a, dx,
dy 2 a, =, , dx, y, , 12, , (0,0) O, , B (6,3), x2 = 12y, x-
axis, , y', , So, area of ∆ ABO is, 0 0, 1, 1, =, 6 3, 1, 2, −6
3, 1, 1, 1, = (18 + 18) = × 36 = 18 sq units, 2, 2, x2, y2, +,
=1, 16 25, 2, 2, a = 16, b = 25, 16, a2, 9, 3, e= 1− 2 = 1−,
=, =, 25, 25 5, b, , 21. Given equation,, Here,, ∴, , 22.
We know that, the sum of focal distance of any point
on, the ellipse always equal to the length of major axis
i.e.,, it is equal to 2a., 23. We have, 4x2 + 16 y2 − 24x −
32 y = 1, , 4 (x2 − 6x) + 16 ( y2 − 2 y) = 1, 2, 4 (x −
6x + 9) + 16 ( y2 − 2 y + 1) −36 − 16 = 1, , 4 (x − 3)2 +
16 ( y − 1)2 = 53, (x − 3)2 ( y − 1)2, +, =1, , 53, 53, 4,
16, x2, y2, On comparing with 2 + 2 = 1, we get, a, b, a
2 = 53 / 4 and b2 = 53 / 16, a 2 − b2, a2, (53 /4) − (53
/16), e=, (53 /4), , ∴ Eccentricity of ellipse is e =, , , 2
2, , a t, a t, =, 4, 4, , S, , (–6,3) A, , , , e=, , 3, 2, , 24.
Given, the distance between the foci = 2ae = 16 and,
1, eccentricity of ellipse (e) = . We know that length of
the, 2, 2ae 16, major axis of the ellipse = 2a =, =, = 32.,
1 /2, e

Page 682 :
555, , Conic Sections, 1, and foci (± 1, 0), 2, 1, , ae = 1,
a = =2, 1, 2, 1 , 3 , 2, 2, 2, 2 , Now, b = a (1 − e ) =
2 1− =4 = 3, 4 , , , 4, ∴ The equation of
ellipse is, x2, y2, + 2 =1, 2, a, b, x2 y2, , +, =1, 4, 3, ,
25. Given, eccentricity e =, , 26. According to the
question,, 2b2 1, = (2b), 2, a, 2b2, , =b, a, , 2b = a
4b2 = a 2, , 4a 2(1 − e2) = a 2, [Q a 2 = b2(1 − e2)], 3,
3, , e2 =, e=, 2, 4, x2 y2, +, =1, 5, 9, (here, a < b), 5
2, a2, Eccentricity e = 1 − 2 = 1 − =, 9 3, b, 2, Distance
between foci is 2be = 2 × 3 × = 4, 3, , 27. Given
equation can be rewritten as, , 28. It is an ellipse., 29.
Latusrectum of an ellipse =, , 2b2, a, , and minor axis =
2b, ∴, , Also,, , 2b2, a, a = 2b, b=, , (according to
question), b2, 3, 3, b2, e= 1− 2 = 1− 2 =, =, 4, 2, a, 4b, ,
30. The given equation can be rewritten as, 4x2 − 24x
+ 36 + 16 y2 − 32 y + 16 − 36 − 16 − 12 = 0, , (2x −
6)2 + (4 y − 4)2 = 64, (x − 3)2 ( y − 1)2, , +, =1, 16, 4,
This represents an ellipse and a 2 = 16, b2 = 4, 4, 3, ∴,
e= 1−, =, 16, 2, 31. The given equation of ellipse can be
rewritten as, x2, y2, +, =1, 16, 9, Here,, a = 4, b = 3, 2b2
2 × 9 9, ∴ Length of latusrectum =, =, =, 4, 2, a, , 32. The
equation of ellipse is, 25x2 + 16 y2 − 150x − 175 = 0,
, 25 (x2 − 6x + 9) − 225 + 16 y2 − 175 = 0, 25 (x − 3)2
16 y2, (x − 3)2 y2, +, =1, +, =1 , , 400, 400, 16, 25,
The major axis of ellipse is a line parallel to y-axis,,
therefore eccentricity of ellipse is given by, 16, 9, 3, e=
1−, =, =, 25, 25 5, 33. It is an ellipse., 34. We know that
the sum of focal radii of any point on an, ellipse is
equal to length of major axis. i.e., sum of focal, radii, =
(a + x) + (a − x), = 2a = major axis, 36, 35. Given, the
foci at (±5, 0) and the directrix is x =, 5, a 36, …(i), , ae
= 5 and =, e, 5, a, 36, ae × = 5 ×, a =6, ∴, e, 5, 5, From
Eq. (i), ae = 5 e =, 6, 25 , , 2, 2, 2, 2, b = a (1 − e ) b
= 36 1 − = 11, ∴, , 36 , 2, 2, x, y, ∴ Equation of the
ellipse is, +, =1, 36 11, 36. Given that major axis = 3
minor axis, i.e.,, a = 3b, and eccentricity is given by, b2
= a 2(1 − e2) b2 = 9b2(1 − e2), 1, 1, , = (1 − e2) ,
= (1 − e2), 9, 9, 1, 8, 2 2, 1 − = e2 e2 =, e=, , 9, 9,
3, 37. Given that, foci = (±1, 0), i.e.,, ae = ± 1, and major
axis = 6, i.e.,, 2a = 6, , a =3, Q, ae = ± 1, ∴, 3e = 1, 1, ,
e=, 3, ∴ By the relation, b2 = a 2(1 − e2), we get, b2 = 8,
and we know that the standard equation of ellipse is,
x2, y2, …(i), +, =1, a 2 b2, On putting the values of a 2
and b2 in Eq. (i), we get, the required equation of
ellipse which is, x2 y2, +, =1, 9, 8, 38. The required
equation represents a straight line., (by definition)

Page 683 :
556, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 2, 1 1, = − + cos θ, r, 2 4,
, 8 = − 2r + r cos θ, , 8 − r cos θ = − 2r, , (8 − r cos
θ )2 = 4r 2, , (8 − x)2 = 4 (x2 + y2), 2, where, x = r cos
θ , r = x2 + y2, , 64 + x2 − 16x = 4x2 + 4 y2, 2, , 3x +
4 y2 + 16x − 64 = 0, Which represents the equation of
an ellipse., , 39. Since,, , 40. Given that the length of
minor axis is equal to distance, between the two foci.,
∴, 2b = 2ae, , b = ae, b2, We know that, e = 1 − 2, a, 2
2, a, e, , e2 = 1 − 2, a, , 2e2 = 1, 1, e=, , 2, 41.
Length of latusrectum of an ellipse is, ∴, , , 2 b2, ., a, ,
2 b2, =b, a, 2b = a, b2, a2, 1, 3, = 1− =, 4, 2, , e= 1−, , We
know that,, , 42. Given equation of ellipse is, , x2 y2, +,
=1, a 2 b2, , a 2 b2, +, = −1, a 2 b2, Let point (a,b), then,
a 2 b2, S = 2 + 2 −1 =1 + 1 −1 =1, a, b, i.e.,, S >0, (a,b)
lies outside the ellipse., i.e.,, , S≡, , 43. The given
equation of circle and ellipse are, respectively, …(i), x2
+ y2 = 9, x2 y2, and, …(ii), +, =1, 4, 8, From Eqs. (i) and
(ii), we get, x2 9 − x2, +, =1, 4, 8, , 2x2 + 9 − x2 = 8
x2 = − 1, Thus, it is clear that circle and ellipse never
intersect, each other., 44. The given equation is 2x2 −
3 y2 = 5 , it can be rewritten, as, , x2 y2, −, =1, 5, 5, 2, 3,
, 5 5 2, = (e − 1), 3 2, 2 25 , 5, = e=, 5 6 , 3, ,
Now,, , b2 = a 2(e2 − 1) , , , , e2 =, , 2, 5, , 5 5 , +
, 3 2 , , The foci of hyperbola is (± ae, 0), , 5 5 5,
, = ±, ⋅, , 0 = ±, , 0 , 2 3 , 6 , , 45. The given
equation of hyperbola is 16x2 − 9 y2 = 144, x2 y2, It
can be rewritten as, −, =1, 9 16, 2b2 2 × 16 32, ∴
Length of latusrectum =, =, =, 3, 3, a, 46. The given
equation of conic is 4x2 + 9 y2 = 144, x2, y2, +, =1, 36
16, which represents an ellipse, here a > b., Q, a 2 = 36
a = 6, b2 = 16 b = 4, Now,eccentricity b2 = a 2(1 −
e2), , 16 = 36 ( 1 − e2), 4, 5, 4, , = 1 − e2 e = 1 − =,
9, 9, 9, 5, e=, , 3, 2a, 47. Distance between
directrices =, e, and eccentricity of rectangular
hyperbola = 2, 2a, ∴ Distance between directrices =, 2,
From the given condition,, 2a, = 10, 2, 2a = 10 2, ,
Distance between foci = 2ae = 10 2 ⋅ 2 = 20, 48. Given
equation of lines are, x y, − =m, a b, x y 1, and, + =, a b
m, Multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 1, x y x y ,
− + = m⋅, a b a b , m, x2 y2, −, =1, a 2 b2,
which is the required equation of hyperbola., 49. The
given equation may be rewritten as, x2, y2, −, =1, 32
/3 8, x2, y2, , −, =1, 2, (2 2 )2, 4 2 , , , 3 , , …(i),
…(ii)

Page 684 :
557, , Conic Sections, On comparing the given
equation with the standard, x2 y 2, equation 2 − 2 = 1,
we get, a, b, 2, 4 2 , 2, a = , and b2 = (2 2 )2, 3 , ∴
Length of transverse axis of a hyperbola, 4 2 8 2, = 2a
= 2 ×, =, 3, 3, (x + 1)2 ( y − 2)2, −, = 1 is of the, 16, 4,
form (4 sec θ − 1, 2 tan θ + 2)., 1 1 3, 51. Given
equation is = + cos θ, it can be rewritten as, r 8 8, 8, l, =
1 + 3 cos θ which is of the form = 1 + e cos θ, r, r, On
comparing, we get, e=3 >1, ∴ Given equation is of
hyperbola., …(i), , This is an equation of a hyperbola
and the equation of, conjugate axes is y-axis i.e., x = 0.,
On putting x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get, 1, 1, or y = i.e.,
imaginary points, y2 = −, 9, 3, Hence, no point of
intersection exists., 53. Let (h , k) be the point of
intersection of, x cos α − y sin α = a and x sin α − y cos
α = b, ∴, h, k, 1, =, =, b sin α − a cos α b cos α − a sin α −
(cos 2 α − sin 2 α ), , , h=, , x4 + y4 − 2x2y2 = (a 2 +
b2) (x2 + y2) + 4 abxy, which is, not a locus of any
given curves., 54. The, equation, a x2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2
gx + 2 fy + c = 0, represents a hyperbola, if, ∆ ≠ 0, h 2 >
ab, a + b = 0, 2 x2 − 3 y2 − 6 = 0, x 2 y2, or, −, =1, 3, 2,
Which represents a hyperbola of the form, x2 y2, −,
=1, a 2 b2, , 55. We have,, , 50. Any point on hyperbola,
, 52. The equation of curve is, 4 x2 − 9 y2 = 1, x2, y2,
, −, =1, 1 /4 1 /9, , Then, the locus of point (h , k) is, , a
cos α − b sin α, a sin α − b cos α, ,k=, cos 2α, cos 2α, , …
(i), , 56. Given equation is 25x2 − 9 y2 = 144, x2, y2, ,
−, =1, 144 144, 25, 9, x2, y2, −, =1, , 144 16, 25, 144
2, Here,, a2 =, , b = 16, 25, 2, 2 2, Now,, b = a (e − 1),
144 2, 16 =, (e − 1), , 25, 16 × 25, , e2 =, +1, 144,
25, , e2 =, +1, 9, 34, e2 =, , 9, 34, , e=, 3, 57. The
difference between the focal distance from any, point
P (x1 , y1 ) of the hyperbola is equal to the length of,
transverse axis., i.e.,, S′ P − SP = (ex1 + a ) − (ex1 − a ) =
2a, , Level II, 1. Since, the equation of latusrectum and
equation of, tangent both are parallel and they lie in
the same side of, the origin, −8 + 12 , 4, ∴, a = , =2
2, =, 2, 2, 2, 1 +1 , ∴ Length of latusrectum = 4a, =
4 (2 2 ) = 8 2, 2. Given, vertex of parabola (h , k) ≡ (1, 1)
and its focus, (a + h , k) ≡ (3, 1) or a + h = 3, , a =2,
Since, y coordinate of vertex and focus are same,,
therefore axis of parabola is parallel to x-axis. Thus,,
equation of parabola is, ( y − k)2 = 4a (x − h ) ( y −
1)2 = 8 (x − 1), , 3. Since, the focus and vertex of the
parabola are on y-axis., Therefore, directrix is parallel
to x-axis and axis of, parabola is y-axis., Let the
equation of the directrix be y = k. The directrix, meets
the axis of the parabola at (0, k) . But vertex is the,
mid-point of the line segment joining the focus to the,
point, where directrix meets axis of the parabola.,
k+3, =6 k =9, ∴, 2, Thus, the equation of directrix is y
= 9, ∴Equation of parabola is, 2, | y − 9| , (x − 0)2 + ( y
− 3)2 = , [Q PS 2 = PM 2], , 12 , , x2 + y2 − 6 y +
9 = y2 − 18 y + 81, , x2 + 12 y − 72 = 0

Page 686 :
559, , Conic Sections, 11. The given equations of line
and curve are, 1, y = mx +, m, and, y2 = 4 x, or, y=2 x,
On putting the value of y in Eq. (i), we get, 1, 2 x = mx
+, m, m2 x + 1, , 2 x=, m, m2x − 2 m x + 1 = 0, , (m x
− 1)2 = 0, , 1, , m x −1 =0 x =, m, 1, , x= 2, m,
From Eq. (ii), we get, 1, y = 2⋅, m2, 2, =, m, 1 2 , So,
points are 2 , ., m m , , …(i), …(ii), , = 36 + 36 = 72,
=6 2, , (a > b), Length of minor axis = 2b = 8 b = 4
and, eccentricity,, 5, e=, 3, Now, b2 = a 2 (1 − e2), 5 , ,
4 , , (4)2 = a 2 1 − 16 = a 2 , , 9 , 9 , ,
P(x1,y1), , O, , 14. Since, the focus and vertex of the
parabola are on x-axis,, therefore, its direction is
parallel to x-axis and axis of, parabola is x-axis. Let the
equation of the directrix be, x = k. The directrix meets
the axis of parabola at (k, 0)., But vertex is mid-point
of the line segment joining the, focus to the point,
where directrix meets the axis of the, parabola., k+ b,
= a k = 2a − b, ∴, 2, ∴ Equation of the directrix is x =
2a − b, Let (x, y) be a point on the parabola, then, 2, x −
2a + b, (x − b)2 + y2 =, 1, x2 + b2 − 2bx + y2 = x2 +
4a 2 + b2 − 4ax − 4ab + 2bx, , y2 = 4bx − 4ax − 4ab +
4a 2, , = 4x(b − a ) − 4a (b − a ), , y2 = 4(b − a )(x − a
), Which is the required equation of parabola., 15. Let
the standard equation of ellipse is, , y, , Q(x2,y2), , ...(ii),
, ∴ Required distance PQ = (8 − 2)2 + (−4 − 2)2, , 12.
Equation of parabola is y2 = 9x., …(i), The chord of the
parabola is inclined at an angle of 45°, to the axis of
the parabola and passes through the, point (1, 3)., ,
45°, , , y1 − 2 = − x1 + 2, , x1 + y1 = 4, From Eqs. (i)
and (ii), we get, y1 = − 4 and 2, ∴ Coordinates of point
Q are (8, − 4)., , x, , ∴ Equation of chord is ( y − 3) = 1 (x
− 1), …(ii), y=x+2, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x =
1 and 4., ∴ Point of intersections of parabola and
chord are, P(4, 6) and Q (1, 3), So, length of chord =
PQ, = (1 − 4)2 + (3 − 6)2 = 32 + 32 = 18 = 3 2, 13.
Equation of parabola is y2 = 2 x, ∴ Coordinates of
vertex are A (0, 0)., Let (x1 , y1 ) be the coordinates of
the point Q, ∴, y12 = 2 x1, y −2, and slope of PQ = 1, x1
− 2, 2 −0, Also, slope of AP =, =1, 2 −0, Since, PQ and
AP are perpendicular to each other, y1 − 2 , ∴, , =
−1, x1 − 2 , , ...(i), , x2, y2, + 2 =1, 2, a, b, , , a 2 = 36
a = 6, Length of major axis = 2a = 12., 16. The
equation of curve is, 2 x2 − 8 x + y 2 − 2 y + 1 = 0, 2,
2 (x − 4x + 4 − 4) + ( y2 − 2 y + 1 − 1) + 1 = 0, , 2 [(x −
2)2 − 4] + ( y − 1)2 = 0, , 2 (x − 2)2 + ( y − 1)2 = 8, (x −
2)2 ( y − 1)2, +, =1, , 4, 8, 2, 2, x, y, This equation is of
the form 2 + 2 = 1, a, b, Here,, a 2 = 4 and b2 = 8, Q, ∴,
, , b2 − a 2, b2, 8 −4, e=, 8, 1, 1, e=, =, 2, 2, e=, , …(i)

Page 687 :
560, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 17. We know, the locus
of point of intersection of two, perpendicular
tangents drawn on the ellipse is, x2 + y2 = a 2 + b2,
which is called director circle., For the given equation
of ellipse, x2 y2, +, = 1 a 2 = 9, b2 = 4, 9, 4, ∴ Locus is,
x2 + y2 = a 2 + b2, 2, 2, , x + y = 9 + 4 x2 + y2 = 13,
18. Q Foci of an ellipse are (4, 0) and (−4, 0)., ∴, 2ae =
8, , ae = 4, and, (semi-minor axis), b =3, b2, We know
that, e= 1− 2, a, 2, 9 , , 4 , , = 1−2 , , a ,a
, 16 a − 9, =, a2, a2, 2, , a = 25 a = 5, Thus, the
equation of an ellipse is, x2, y2, +, =1, 25, 9, Which is
satisfied by (5, 0). Hence, the ellipse passes, through
(5, 0)., 2, , , , 19. The equation of circle passing
through the intersection, of ellipses, x2, y2, x2, y2,
and, +, =, 1, +, = 1 is, a 2 b2, b2 a 2, 2 2, 2a b, x2 + y2 =
2, a + b2, , , , , tan θ =, , θ = tan −1 (12 / 5 ), x2, y2, +
2 = 1 are (ae, 0) and (−ae, 0)., 2, a, b, Equation of circle
whose end points of diameter, is, (x − ae)(x + ae) + ( y −
0)( y − 0) = 0, x2 − a 2e2 + y2 = 0, , b2 , x2 + y 2 − a 2
1 − 2 = 0, a , , 2 , b2 , Q e = 1 − 2 , a ,
, , x2 + y2 − a 2 + b2 = 0, x2 + y2 = a 2 − b2, , 22. Q
Foci of an ellipse, ∴, , , , , , , 23. We have, a 2 =
25 and b2 = 16, 16, b2, ∴, e= 1− 2 = 1−, 25, a, 9, 3, =, =,
25 5, So, the coordinates of foci S and S′ are (3, 0) and
(− 3, 0),, respectively. Let P (5 cos θ , 4 sin θ ) be a
variable point, on the ellipse., 1, Then, ∆ = area of
∆PSS′ = × 6 × 4 sin θ = 12 sin θ, 2, So, maximum value
of area of ∆PSS′ is 12., Since, value of sin θ lies
between −1 and 1., 24. Let the equation of ellipse be, ,
1 2 1, 8, , b = ,m =, 4, 9, 9, The required points are, , ,
a 2m, b2, ±, , ,m, , a 2m2 + b2, a 2m2 + b2 , , , ,
, , 1 8, ×, 4 9, ,m, 1 64 1, ×, +, 4 81 9, 1 , 2, ± , m ,
5, 5 , , 1, 9, 1 64 1, ×, +, 4 81 9, , x2, y2, +, =1, a 2 b2, , (a
> b), , y, B, , 20. We have, a 2 =, , , , ±, , , , , 2 144 +
36 2 180, = 12 / 5, =, 9 −4, 5, , F′, , , , , , , , , The
angle between these lines is tan θ =, , 2 h 2 − ab, a+b, ,
F, , x, , π, 2, π, ∴, ∠ FBC = and ∠ CFB is also an angle of π
/ 4, 4, , BC = CF b = ae, ...(i), , b2 = a 2e2, 2, We
know, b = a 2 (1 − e2), [from Eq. (i)], ∴, a 2e2 = a 2 (1 −
e2), , e2 = 1 − e2 2e2 = 1, 1, , e=, 2, , Q, , 21. The
combined equation of the pair of tangents drawn,
from (1, 2) to the ellipse 3x2 + 2 y2 = 5 is SS ′ = T 2, ,
(3x2 + 2 y2 − 5) [3 (1)2 + 2(2)2 − 5], = [3x (1) + 2 y (2) −
5]2, 2, 2, (3x + 2 y − 5) (3 + 8 − 5) = (3x + 4 y − 5)2,
, 9x2 − 24xy − 4 y2 + 40 y + 30x − 55 = 0, This is the
equation of pair of straight lines, where,, a = 9, h = −
12, b = − 4, , C, , ∠ FBF ′ =, , 25. We know that the
product of perpendiculars from two, x2 y2, foci S1
and S 2 of an ellipse, +, = 1 on the tangent at, 9 16, any
point P on the ellipse is equal to the square of the,
semi-minor axis., ∴, (S1M1 ) ⋅ (S 2M 2) = 16

Page 688 :
561, , Conic Sections, 26. Given, equation is 9x2 + 4 y2
− 6x + 4 y + 1 = 0, 2, 1 , 1 , , , 9 x2 − x + 2 + 4
y2 + y + + 1 − 1 − 1 = 0, , , , 3, 4 , 3, 2, 2, 1 , 1 , ,
, y+ , x − , , , 2 , 3 , [ here, a < b], +, , =1, 2, 2,
1, 1, , , , , 2 , 3 , 1 , Length of major
axis = 2b = 2 = 1, 2 , 1 2, Length of minor axis
= 2a = 2 =, 3 3, 27. For a point P(1, 2), 4(1)2 +
9(2)2 − 36 = 40 − 36 > 0, and, 12 + 22 − 9 = 5 − 9 < 0, ∴
Point P lies outside of E and inside of C, For a point
Q(2, 1)., 4(2)2 + 9(1)2 − 36 = 16 + 9 − 36 < 0, and, (2)2
+ (1)2 − 9 = 4 + 1 − 9 < 0, ∴ Point Q lies inside of E and
C., 28. I. Let any given point be P(x1 , y1 ) and any
point on an, ellipse be φ i.e., (a cos θ , b sin θ ), then,
Equation of normal is, ax sec φ − by cosec φ = a 2 − b2,
φ, Now putting , tan = t, then, 2, 2t, 1 − t2, and, sin φ =,
cos, φ, =, 1 + t2, 1 + t2, 2, 2, 1 + t , 1 + t , ax , −
by , = a 2 − b2, 1 − t2 , 2t , It passes through
the point P (x1 , y1 )., by1t 4 + 2t3 (ax1 + a 2e2) + 2t
(ax1 − a 2e2) − by1 = 0, Which is a four degree
equation in t., It has maximum four normal can be
drawn from, point P., II. Let the focus be S and S' and
any point on an ellipse, be P, then sum of focal
distances of a point, = a − ex + a + ex = 2a (major axis),
x2, y2, III. 2 + 2 = 1, a, b, Equation of director circle is,
x2 + y2 = a 2 + b2, Hence, statements I and II are
correct., x2, y2, + 2 =1, 2, a, b, Then, foci are S = (ae, 0)
and S′ = (− ae, 0), , 29. I. Let the equation of ellipse be, ,
Equation of tangent at any point P is, y = mx +, , a 2m2
+ b2, , Now, length of perpendicular from foci are, mae
+ a 2m2 + b2, L1 =, 1 + m2, and, , L2 =, , − mae +, , a
2m2 + b2, , 1 + m2, , , , a 2m2 + b2 − m2a 2e2, 1 +
m2, 2 2, 2, a m (1 − e ) + b2, =, 1 + m2, 2 2, m b + b2, [Q
b2 = a 2 (1 − e2)], =, 1 + m2, b2(1 + m2), = b2, =, 1 +
m2, , L1 × L 2 =, , II. Let the mid-point of the focal
chord of the given, ellipse be (h , k). Then, its equation
is, hx ky h 2 k2, +, =, +, a 2 b2 a 2 b2, Since, it passes
through the focus i.e., (ae, 0), hae h 2 k2, = 2+ 2, ∴, a2,
a, b, he h 2 k2, , = 2+ 2, a, a, b, ex x2, y2, = 2+ 2, ∴
Focus of mid-point is, a a, b, Hence, only statement It
is correct., 30. I. Line lx + my + n = 0, − lx n, , y=, −, m,
m, −l, Here, slope m′ =, , c = − n /m, m, Condition for
normal is, m′ (a 2 − b2), c=±, a 2 + b2(m′ )2, l2 (a 2 −
b2)2, − n , m2, On squaring, , =, m , l2, a 2 + b2
× 2, m, n 2 l2(a 2 − b2)2, , =, m2 a 2m2 + b2l2, a 2m2
+ b2l2 (a 2 − b2)2, , =, m2l2, n2, 2, 2, 2, (a − b2)2, a, b,
, + 2=, 2, l, m, n2, II. Condition of tangency is, c = a
2(m′ )2 + b2, 2, , 2, , − n , 2, 2, 2, On squaring, , = a
(− l/m) + b, m , n 2 a 2l2 + m2b2, =, m2, m2, 2, 22, ,
n = a l + b2m2, Hence, only II statement is correct., 31.
Given, equation of ellipse, 4x2 + 9 y2 = 1, 2, x, y2, =1,
+, , 2, 2, 1 , 1 , , , 3 , 2

Page 691 :
564, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 41. Let e =, , x2, , x ∈ R
/{0}, x +1, , 9, 9, =, a =8, 2a 16, On putting this value
in Eq. (i), we get, 9 ×8, b2 =, = 36 b = 6, 2, ∴ Equation
of hyperbola is, x2 y2, x2 y2, − 2 =1 , −, =1, 2, 64 36,
8, 6, 46. Put the value of, (x, y) = (tan θ + sin θ , tan θ −
sin θ ) in the given option,, we get the required result.,
Now, putting the value of x and y in option (c), we get,
[(tan θ + sin θ )2 − (tan θ − sin θ )2]2, = 16 (tan θ + sin
θ ) × (tan θ − sin θ ), [tan 2 θ + sin 2 θ − tan 2 θ − sin
2 θ + 4 tan θ sin θ]2, = 16 (tan 2 θ − sin 2 θ ), , (4 tan
θ sin θ )2 = 16 (tan 2 θ − sin 2 θ ), , 16 tan 2 θ sin 2 θ
= 16 tan 2 θ (1 − cos 2 θ ), , 16 tan 2 θ sin 2 θ = 16
tan 2 θ sin 2 θ, Hence, the option (c) satisfies., , , 2, ,
For every non-zero values of x, we will get the value
of, e in the interval (0, 1)., The given eccentricity is of
an ellipse., x y, x y 1, 42. Lines are + = m and − =, a b, a b
m, On multiplying both equations, we get, 2, 2, 1, x ,
y , − =m ×, a , b , m, x2 y 2, −, =1, , a 2
b2, Which is a equations of hyperbola., Hence, locus of
the point of intersection of given two, lines is
hyperbola., 43. Given, x = 8 sec θ, y = 8 tan θ, x, y, ,
secθ = and tan θ =, 8, 8, We know,, sec2 θ − tan 2 θ =
1, x2 y2, −, =1, , 64 64, , 47. Given, equation of
ellipse, , 64, = 2, 64, 2a 2 × 8, ∴ Distance between
directrices =, =, =8 2, e, 2, , , e = 1+, , 44. We have,
equation of ellipse is, ∴, , e= 1−, , x2, y2, + 2 =1, 16 b, ,
∴, , e= 1−, , …(i), , b2, 16, , ∴, ∴, , and equation of
hyperbola is, 1, x2, y2, −, =, 144 81 25, 81 225, b2, =,
e2 = 1 + 2 = 1 +, ∴, 144 144, a, 225 15 5, , e=, =, =,
144 12 4, 144, also,, a2 =, 25, Hence, foci are (± ae, 0).,
12 5 , i.e.,, × , 0 = (± 3, 0), ±, 5 4 , , e′ = 1 +, , and,
, , ee′ =, , x2, y2, −, =1, 32 45 2, , , 4 , , 45 /4,
3, b2, = 1+, =, 9, 2, a2, , 2 3, × =1, 3 2, , 48. Obviously,
statement I is correct., II. Combine equation of
asymptotes of hyperbola, x2 y2, x2 y2, x y, is, −, =, 1, −
2 = 0 i.e., − = 0, 2, 2, 2, a, b, a, b, a, b, x y, and, + =0, a b, b,
−b, and m2 =, m1 =, , a, a, b/a − (− b /a ), , tan θ =, 1
+ (− b /a ) (b /a ), 2ab, i.e., θ = 2 tan −1 (b /a ), , tan θ =
2, a − b2, , b2 = 16 − 9, , III. Asymptotes passes through
centre of hyperbola., Hence, all the three statements
are correct., , 2, , 2b, a, 5, b2 25, e=, 1+ 2=, 16, 4, a,
9a 25, 1+, =, 2a 2 16, , 45. Length of latusrectum = 9 =,
, 5, b2, 2, e= 1 − e=, 2, 9, 3, a, , and equation of
hyperbola, , Hence, foci are (± ae, 0) i.e., (± 16 − b2 , 0),
, Since, the foci coincide., , 16 − b2 = 9, , , b2 = 7, ,
x2, y2, +, =1, 2, 2, 3, 5, , …(i), , [using Eq. (i)], , 49., ,
Given, equation of hyperbola, 5 x2 − 4 y2 = k 2, x2, y2,
− 2 =1, , 2, k, k, 5, 4

Page 692 :
565, , Conic Sections, , ∴, , a=, , k, 5, , and b =, , The
eccentricity and foci are, ∴, , , , k, 2, , 3, and (± 2, 0),
respectively, 2, , 3, and ± ae = 2, 2, k 3, ⋅ =2, 5 2, 4, k=,
5, 3, , e=, , 50. Let the standard equation of hyperbola
be, x2 y 2, …(i), −, =1, a 2 b2, Given that distance
between foci = 32, and eccentricity, e = 2 2, ∴, 2 ae =
32, a =4 2, (Q e = 2 2 ), , Also,, b2 = a 2 (e2 − 1), , b2
= 32 (8 − 1) = 224, , b2 = 224, 2, On putting a = 32
and b2 = 224 in Eq. (i), we get the, equation of
hyperbola which is, x2, y2, −, =1, 32 224, , 7x2 − y2 =
224, 51. Distance between the foci = 10, , 2ae = 10
ae = 5, 5, and, e=, 4, ∴, ae = 5, 5, a × =5, , 4, , a = 4
a 2 = 16, Using the relation, b2 = a 2 (e2 − 1), , 25,
b2 = 16 , − 1 b2 = 9, , , 16, ∴ Equation of
hyperbola is, , 52., , ∴ Eccentricity, e′ = 1 +, , x2 y2, −,
=1, a 2 b2, , x2 y 2, −, =1, 16 9, , The equation of ellipse
is, x2, y2, +, =1, 7, a2, 7, a2, Therefore, foci of ellipse
are (± ae, 0) i.e.,, , 7 , ± a 1 − 2 , 0 , , , a, , Here,
eccentricity e = 1 −, , Now, the equation of hyperbola
is, 1, x2, y2, −, =, 144 81 25, x2, y2, −, =1, , 144 81,
25, 25, , =, , 81 /25, 144 + 81, 225, =, =, 144 /25, 144,
144, 2 , , Q e′ = 1 + b , , a 2 , , , 15, 12, , ∴ Foci
of hyperbola are (± ae, 0) i.e.,, , 12 15, ., , 0 , i.e., ( ±
3 , 0), ±, , 15 12, Given that these foci coincides, ∴,
, 3=a 1−, , , , 9, 7, =1 − 2, a2, a, 16, =1, a2, a =4, , , ,
, 7, a2, , 53. General equation is, …(i), ax2 + 2 hxy + b
y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, 2, (A) x + x + 1 − y = 0, On
comparing with Eq.(i), we get, 1, 1, a = 1, h = 0, b = 0, g
= , f = − , c = 1, 2, 2, ∴, ∆ = abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch
2, 2, 1 , , ∆ = 0 + 0 − 1 − − 0 − 0, 2 , 1, ∆ = − ≠0,
, 4, and h 2 = 0 = ab, ∴ It is parabola., (B) x2 + y2 + 2x
+ 2 y − 6 = 0, On comparing with Eq. (i), we get, a = 1, b
= 1, h = 0, g = 1, f = 1, c = − 6, ∴, ∆ = abc + 2 fgh − af 2 −
bg 2 − ch 2, = 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ (−6) + 0 − 1 (1)2 − 1 (1)2 − 0, = −6
− 1 −1 = − 8, ∆ ≠0, and, a = b, h = 0, ∴ It is circle., (C),
2 x2 + 3 y2 + 4 x + 6 y = 0, On comparing with Eq. (i),
we get, a = 2 , b = 3 , g = 2, f = 3 , h = 0 , c = 0, ∆ = 0 + 0 −
2 (3)2 − 3 (2)2 − 0, = − 18 − 12 = − 30 ≠ 0, 2, Now,, h = 0
and ab = 6, , h 2 < ab, ∴ It is an ellipse., (D) 3x2 − 2 y2
+ 6x − 4 y = 0, Here, a = 3, b = − 2, c = 0, h = 0, g = 3, f =
− 2, ∆ = 0 + 0 − 3( − 2)2 + 2 (3)2 − 0 = 6, , ∆ ≠0, Now,
ab = − 6 and h 2 = 0, ∴, h 2 > ab, ∴ It is a hyperbola.

Page 693 :
566, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 54. If e and e′ are the
eccentricities of a hyperbola and its, conjugate,
respectively, b2, Then,, e= 1+ 2, a, b2, 2, , e =1 + 2, a,
a2, and, e′ = 1 + 2, b, a2, 2, , e′ = 1 + 2, b, 1, 1, 1, 1, ∴,
+ 2=, +, 2, 2, e, e′, b, a2, 1+ 2 1+ 2, a, b, a 2 + b2, a2, b2,
= 2, + 2, = 2, 2, 2, a + b2, a +b, a +b, 1, 1, +, =1, , e2 e′
2, 55. Given equation of ellipse is, x2, y2, + 2 =1, 16 µ,
Here, a 2 = 16 and b2 = µ 2, µ2, µ2, ∴, e= 1− 2 = 1−, 16,
4, , (µ < 4), , 16 − µ 2, 16, ∴ Foci of the ellipse are (± ae,
0),, ± (16 − µ 2 , 0 , i.e.,, , , Given, equation of
hyperbola is, 1, x2, y2, −, =, 144 81 25, x2, y2, =1, −, ,
2, 2, 9 , 12 , , , 5 , 5 , 2, , 9 , 12 , a 2 =
, b2 = , 5 , 5 , , 2, , 81 15 5, b2, = 1+, =, =, 2,
144 12 4, a, ∴ Foci of the hyperbola are (± ae, 0) i.e.,
(±3, 0)., By the given condition, 16 − µ 2 = 3, , ∴, , e= 1+,
, 16 − µ 2 = 9, µ 2 = 16 − 9, , µ2 = 7, 13, 10, 56. Q e =,
and length of latusrectum =, 3, 3, 5a, 2b2 10, 2, =, b
=, , 3, a, 3, We know that,, b2 = a 2(e2 − 1), 5a, ,
13, = a2 , − 1 , , , 9, 3, , , 5a 4a, =, 3, 9, , 57. The
length of the intercept made by the line, 1, on the
parabola y2 = 16x, y= 3 x+, 3, 4, 1 , , =, 4 (1 + 3) 4 −
3 ⋅ , , 3, 3 , 4, = ⋅2 ⋅2 4 − 1, 3, 16, =, 3 units, 3,
Hence, A and R both are true and R is the correct,
explanation of A., , 59. The equation of a tangent of
slope m to the parabola, y2 = 9x is, , 9, 4m, It passes
through (4, 10), then, 9, 10 = 4m +, 4m, , 16m2 −
40m + 9 = 0, , (4m − 1) (4m − 9) = 0, 1 9, m= ,, , 4 4,
Hence, both A and R are true and R is the correct,
explanation of A., y = mx +, , , , 2, , 4a 2 − 15a = 0, a
(4a − 15) = 0, 15, a=, , (Q a ≠ 0), 4, 5 × 15, [from Eq.
(i)], ∴, b2 =, 3 ×4, 5, , b=, 2, 2 × 15 15, units, =,
∴Length of transverse axis = 2a =, 4, 2, , 58. Given
equation is 5x2 + 10xy + 5 y2 + 7x + 14 y + 5 = 0, On
comparing with general equation of second degree, in
two variables, i. e. , ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0,, we get, 7, a = 5, h = 5, b = 5, g = f = 7, c = 5, 2, Now,,
7, abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2 = 5 × 5 × 5 + 2 × 7 × ×
5, 2, − 5 (7)2 − 5 (7 /2)2 − 5 (5)2, 225, = 125 + 225 −
225 −, − 125, 4, − 225, =, ≠0, 4, and, ab − h 2 = 5 × 5 −
52, =0, ∴ It represents a parabola., Hence, both A and
R are true and R is the correct, explanation of A., , =, ,
Here,, , , , , …(i), , 60. The equation of given line is, y
= 4x + c, On comparing with y = mx + c, we get, m= y

Page 694 :
567, , Conic Sections, and equation of an ellipse is, x2
y2, +, =1, 4, 1, Here,, a 2 = 4, b2 = 1, Now,, c2 = 4 × 16 +
1, [Q c2 = a 2m2 + b2], , = 65, , c = ± 65, Thus, the
number of values of c such that the straight, x2, line y
= 4x + c touches the curve, + y2 = 1 is 2., 4, Hence,
both A and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., 61. Since, 4(3)2 + 3(5)2 − 12 = 4 × 9
+ 3 × 25 − 12, = 36 + 75 − 12, = 99 > 0, Thus, the point
(3, 5) lies outside the ellipse., Hence, both A and R are
individually true and R is the, correct explanation of
A., x2 y2, +, =1, 4, 5, Here,, a = 5, b = 2, 4, 1, , e= 1− =,
5, 5, Now, SP + S′ P = Sum of focal distances from
point, P (3, 5), = 2a = 2 5, A is false but R is true., ,
62. Equation of ellipse is, , 63. Assertion (A) From
figure,, y, B, , x′, , A′, , P, S, , O, , M, A, , Z, , 64. Given
equation is 9x2 − 16 y2 − 18x + 32 y − 151 = 0, On
comparing, with general equation of second degree, in
two variables i.e., ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0,, we get, a = 9, h = 0, b = − 16, g = − 9, f = 16, c = −
151, Now, abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2 = 9 × − 16 ×
− 151, + 2 × 16 (− 9) × 0 − 9 (16)2 − (− 16) (− 9)2 − (−
151) (0)2, = 21744 − 0 − 2304 + 1296 − 0, = 20736 ≠
0, and, h 2 − ab = 02 − 9 (− 16), = 14 > 0, , h 2 > ab, ∴
It represents a hyperbola., Hence, both A and R are
true and R is the correct, explanation of A., , Solutions
(Q.Nos. 65-67), 65. The vertex of parabola is the mid-
point of foot directrix, and focus., 0 + 2 0 + 0 , i.e.,, ,,
, = (1, 0), 2, 2 , 66. Using (PS )2 = (PM )2, , (x − 2)2,
1, x2 + y2 = x2 + 4 − 4x, y2 = − 4 (x − 1), , ∴ (x − 0)2 + ( y
− 0)2 =, , , , 67. Let S1 ≡ y2 + 4 (x − 1), At point (1,
4), S1 = 42 + 4 (1 − 1), = 16 > 0, Hence, point lies
outside the parabola., , Solutions (Q. Nos. 68-70), x, ,
B′, y′, , AA′ = Length of major axis = 9, BB′ = Length of
minor axis = 5, ZM = Directrix, S = Focus, SP = 11, PM
= 9, SP, For ellipse,, = e < 1, e is the eccentricity., PM,
11, , <1, 9, 11 < 9, which is not possible., Reason
(R) It is true that eccentricity of an ellipse, is always
less than unity., ∴ A is false but R is true., , x2, y2, +, =1,
16, 9, Here,, a = 4, b = 3, 9, 7, ∴, e= 1−, =, 16, 4, ∴
Coordinator of foci are (± ae, 0) i. e. , (±, , 68. Given,, ,
69. ∴Distance between foci is 2ae, 7, =2 ×4 ×, 4, =2 7,
70. Here, radius = (0 ±, , 7 )2 + (3 − 0)2, , = 7 + 9 =4, ∴
Equation of circle is, (x − 0)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 42, , x2 +
y2 − 6 y + 9 = 16, , x2 + y2 − 6 y − 7 = 0, , 7 , 0)

Page 695 :
28, , Vector Algebra, Scalar and Vector Quantities,
Those quantities, which have only magnitude and are,
not related to any direction in space are called scalar,
quantities e.g., mass, speed, distance etc., Those
quantities, which have both magnitude and, direction
are called vector quantities. e.g., displacement,,
velocity etc., , Representation of Vectors, A vector
quantity can be represented by directed line, segment
because this line segment has both magnitude, and
direction. On joining O and P, we get a line segment
OP, whose length is its magnitude and its direction is
from O to, P. The direction is represented by an arrow.
On this line, segment O is called origin and P is called
end point or, terminus point. Vector OP is denoted by
a or a, Modulus of vector OP is denoted by|OP|., ,
Types of Vectors, (i) Free vectors Those vectors, which
are not, related to specific points are called free
vectors. These, vectors do not alter due to transfer
value of free vector, depends only upon its direction
and magnitude. It does not, depend upon its position
in space., (ii) Localised vector A vector which can be,
shifted only along its line of action is called localised
vector., (iii) Like vectors The two vectors of same
direction, are called like vectors. In the given figure
vectorsa and b are, like vectors., a, , (v) Unit vector A
vector whose modulus is unity,, is known as unit
vector. Unit vector of a is denoted by a$ and, a, ., a$ =,
|a|, (vi) Equal vectors If magnitude and direction of,
two vectors are same, then those are called equal
vectors., (vii) Equality of vectors Two vectorsa and b
are, said to be equal, if (i) a = b (ii) They have the same
or, parallel support and (iii) The same sense., (viii) Zero
vector A vector whose modulus is zero,, is known as
zero vector. The direction of zero vector cannot, be
determined., (ix) Negative vector A vector having the
same, magnitude as that of a given vector and
direction opposite, to that given vector is called as
negative vector., (x) Collinear or parallel vectors Two
or more, vectors are known as collinear vectors, if
they are parallel, to a given straight line. The
magnitude of collinear vectors, can be different., (xi)
Coplanar vectors Those vectors, which are, parallel to
the same plane are called coplanar vectors., (xii)
Position vector If O is a fixed point in a, space, then
vector OP which represents the position of a, point P,
is known as position vector of P., P, , (xiii)
Displacement vectors If a particle is, displaced from A
to B, then displacement AB is a vector and, AB is
called the displacement vector of that particle., AB =
OB − OA, , b, , A, , (iv) Unlike vectors The vectors
having opposite, line of action are called unlike
vectors. In the given figure a, and b are unlike vectors.,
a, b, , O, , B

Page 696 :
569, , Vector Algebra, , Addition of Vectors, , %, , The
addition of two vectors a and b is denoted by a + b,
and it is known as resultant of a and b ., There are
three methods of addition of vectors., (a) Triangle law
of vector addition If two, vectors a and b lie along the
two sides of a triangle in, consecutive order, , If
ABCDEF is a hexagon, then, AB + AC + AD + EA + FA =
4AB, , C, , F, , B, , A, , b, , a+, , D, , E, , b, , %, , Resultant
vector of vectors λ OA and µ OB is (λ + µ ) OG, where,
G divides line segment AB in the ratio µ : λ., , B, , a, , (as
shown), then third side represents the sum,
(resultant) a + b., (b) Parallelogram law of vector
addition, If two vectors lie along two adjacent sides of
a, parallelogram (as shown) the diagonal of the,
parallelogram through the common vertex
represents, their sum., , a, , O, , G, , µ, , G, µ )O, (λ+, O,
%, , b, , λ, , µ OB, , +b, , A, , λ OA, , If position vectors of
point A and B are a and b which are wrt, origin, then G,
which divides line AB in the ratio p : q, is, qa + pb ,
., , p+ q , , Example 1. If a, b, c be the vectors
represented by the sides, , a, , (c) Polygon law of
vector addition If ( n − 1), sides of a polygon
represents vector a1 , a2 , a3 ,... in, consecutive order,
then nth side represents their sum., a3, , a1+ a2+ a3, ,
of a triangle taken in order, then a + b + c is equal to,
(a) a, (b) − a, (c) 0, (d) None of the above, , Solution (c)
Let ABC be a triangle such that, BC = a , CA = b and AB
= c. Then,, A, , a2, , O, a1, , c, , Properties of Addition of
Vectors, 1. Addition of vectors is commutative. i.e.,, a+
b= b+ a, 2. Addition of vectors is associative. i.e.,, (a + b
) + c = a + ( b + c), %, , If AD, BE and CF are medians of
∆ ABC, then, AD + BE + CF = 0, , A, , E, , F, , B, , D, , C, , b,
, B, , C, a, , a + b + c = BC + CA + AB, = BA + AB, = − AB
+ AB, a + b + c =0, , (QBC + CA = BA), , Example 2. P is
the point of intersection of the diagonals of, the
parallelogram ABCD. If, O is any point, then, OA + OB
+ OC + OD is equal to, (a) OP, (b) 2 OP, (c) 3 OP, (d) 4
OP, Solution (d) We know that, P will be the mid-point
of AC and, BD

Page 697 :
570, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Orthonormal Triad of
Unit Vectors, , O, , D, , Let i, j and k represents unit
vectors along x, y and z, axes. Let a can be represents
in terms of i, j and k as, a = ax i + a y j + az k, , C, , Y, , P,
A, , j, , B, , ∴, , OA + OC = 2 OP, , ...(i), , and, , OB + OD =
2 OP, , ...(ii), , k, , On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get,, , i, ,
X, , Z, , OA + OB + OC+ OD = 4 OP, , Subtraction of
Vectors, Ifa and b are two vector, then their
subtractiona − b is, defined as a − b = a + ( − b ) where
−b is the negative of b, having magnitude equal to that
of b and direction opposite, to b . If a = a1i + a2 j + a3
k, b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k., , where ax , a y and az are
components of a along x, y and z, axes., Modulus of a =
a =|a|= ax2 + a 2y + az2 ., %, , %, , If two vectors a = (a1
, a 2 , a3 ) and b = (b1 , b 2 , b3 ) are equal, then, their
resolved parts will also equal., i.e.,, a1 = b1 , a 2 = b 2
and a3 = b3 ., The resolved parts of a resultant vector
of addition of two vectors, are equal to the sum of
resolved parts of those vectors., , Then, a − b = ( a1 −
b1 )i + ( a2 − b2 ) j + ( a3 − b3 )k, , Important Results, ,
B, a+b, O, , b, A, , a, , –b, a + (–b) = a – b, , 1. If α,β and γ
are the angles subtended by vector a on, coordinate
axes x, y and z. Then, cos α , cos β and cos γ are, known
as direction cosines of vector a., ay, a, a, cos α = x , cos
β =, , cos γ = z, | a|, | a|, | a|, cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ =
1., , and, B′, , Properties of Vector Subtraction, (i) a − b
≠ b − a, (ii) (a − b ) − c ≠ a − ( b − c), (iii) Since, any one
side of a triangle is less than the sum, and greater than
the difference of the other two sides,, so for any two
vectors a and b, we have, (b) a + b ≥ a − b, (a)|a + b|≤ a
+| b|, (c) a − b ≤ a + b, , (d) a − b ≥ a − b, , 2. Unit vector
along vector a is, ay, a, a, a$ = x i +, j + z k., | a|, | a|, | a|, ,
Example 3. The unit vector along 3i + 4j + 7k is, (a) (3i
+ 4j + 7k), (b) (3i + 4j + 7k) / 74, (c) (3i − 4j + 7k) / 74, (d)
None of the above, , Solution (b) Unit vector along
vector 3i + 4j + 7k, , Multiplication of a Vector by,
Scalar, Let a is a vector and λ be any scalar, then
product of, vector by a scalar will be λ a or a λ., ,
Properties of Multiplication of a Vector by, Scalar, If λ
and µ be two scalars, then, (i) λ (µ a) = λµ a, (ii) ( λ + µ )
a = λ a + µ a, (iii) λ (a + b ) = λ a + λ b, , 1, (3i + 4j + 7k), 9
+ 16 + 49, 1, =, (3i + 4j + 7k), 74, =, , Example 4. The
unit vector in ZOX plane and making, , angles 45° and
60°, respectively with a = 2i + 2 j − k and, b = 0i + j − k
is, 1, 1, 1, 1, (a) −, (b), i−, k, i+, k, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 4, 1, (c), i+,
j+, k (d) None of these, 3 2, 3 2, 3 2

Page 698 :
571, , Vector Algebra, , Solution (b) Let the required
vector be c = xi + zk, Since ,, , |c|=1 x + z = 1, 2, , 2, , a
and c are inclined at the angle 45°., 2 x− z, 3, 2x − z
=, cos 45° =, ∴, 4 + 4 +1, 2, b and c are inclined at the
angle 60 °., z, 1, ∴, −, = cos 60 ° z = −, 2, 2, 1, From
Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get x =, 2, 1, 1, c=, i−, k, ∴, 2, 2, , …(i),
…(ii), , If a1v1 + a2v 2 + a3 v3 + ... + an v n = 0,, then,
combination of vectors is known as linearly
dependent, combination of vectors., , Condition for
Three Points to be Collinear, Let the position vectors
of three points are a, b , c and, a + λb + µc = 0, where 1
+ λ + µ = 0, then three points will, be collinear., , …(iii), ,
Position Vector, If a point O is fixed as the origin in
space (or plane ) and, P is any point, thenOP is called
the position vector of P with, respect to O., P, r, , O
(Origin), , If we say that P is the point r, then we mean
that the, position vector of P is r with respect to some
orgin O., (1) AB in terms of the position vectors of
point A, and B If a and b are position vectors of points
A and B, respectively. Then , AB = a, OB = b, ∴ AB =
(Position vector of B) − (Position vector ofA), = OB −
OA = b − a, (2) Position vector of a dividing point The,
position vectors of the points dividing the line AB in
the, mb + na, ration m : n internally or externally are,
or, m+n, mb − na, ., m−n, , Example 5. The position
vectors of P and Q are, respectively, a and b. If R is a
point on PQ such that, PR = 5 PQ, then the position
vector of R is, (a) 5 b − 4a, (b) 5 b + 4a, (c) 4b − 5 a, (d)
4b + 5 a, Solution (a) Given, PR = 5PQ, It means R
divides PQ externally in the ratio 5 : 4., 5b − 4a, ∴
Position vector of R =, = 5b − 4a, 5−4, , Linear
Combination of Vectors, If some vectors v1 , v 2 , v3 ,
... , v n can be written as a, where, vector, a1v1 + a2v 2
+ a3 v3 + ... + an v n ,, a1 , a2 , a3 ,... , an are scalars,
then this vector is known as, linear combination of
vectors v1 , v 2 , K , v n ., , Example 6. If a and b are
non-collinear vectors, find the, value of x for which
vectors, α = ( x − 2) a + b, and, β = (3 + 2 x) a − 2 b are
collinear., 1, 1, (b), (a), 4, 3, 1, 1, (c), (d), 2, 5, , Solution
(a) Since, the vectors α and β are collinear., ∴ There
exist scalar λ such that, α = λβ, , ( x − 2) a + b = λ {(3 +
2x) a − 2b }, , , ( x − 2) − λ (3 + 2x) a + (1 + 2λ ) b = 0, ,
, , x − 2 − λ (3 + 2x) = 0 and 1 + 2λ = 0, 1, x − 2 − λ (3 +
2x) = 0 and λ = −, 2, 1, x − 2 + (3 + 2x) = 0, 2, , , , ,
, , 4x − 1 = 0, 1, x=, 4, , Thus, if a , b are non-collinear
vectors, but α, β are collinear,, 1, ., 4, , then x =, , Linear
Independent and Dependence of, Vectors, 1. Linearly
independent vectors A set of, non-zero vectors a1, a2
... an is said to be linearly, independent, if x1a1 + x2a2
+ .... + xn an = 0, x1 = x2 = .... = xn = 0, 2. Linearly
dependent vectors A set of, vectors a1 , a2 ,... an is said
to be linearly dependent, if there, not all zero such
that, exist scalars x1 , x2 ,... , xn, x1a1 + x2a2 + ....+ xn
an = 0., Three vectors a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k , b = b1i + b2
j + b3 k, and c = c1i + c2 j + c3 k will be linearly
dependent vectors iff, a1, , a2, , a3, , b1, c1, , b2, c2, , b3
= 0, c3

Page 699 :
572, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Properties of Linearly
Independent and, Dependent Vectors, (i) Two non-
zero, non-collinear vectors are linearly, independent.,
(ii) Any two collinear vectors are linearly dependent,
(iii) Any three non-coplanar vectors are linearly,
independent., (iv) Any three coplanar vectors are
linearly, dependent., (v) Any four vectors in 3-
dimensional space are, linearly dependent., , 7., If, and,
a = i + j + k, b = 4i + 3j + 4k, c = i + α j + β k are linearly
dependent vectors and | c| = 3,, then the value of α
and β are, (a) ±2, 1, (b) ±11, ,, (c) ±1, 2, (d) None of
these, , Example, , Solution (b) Q a , b and c are linearly
dependent vectors., , , , [a b c ] = 0, 1 1 1, 4 3 4 =0,
1 α β, , , , Now ,, , , , 1 (3β − 4α ) − 1 ( 4β − 4) +
1( 4α − 3) = 0, −β + 1= 0 β =1, | c| = 3, 1 + α 2 + β2 =
3, 1+ 1+ α 2 = 3, , α 2 = 1 α = ± 1, , Example 8. The
vectors i − 3j + 2 k and 2i − 4j − 4k and, 3i + 2 j − k are,
(a) linearly dependent, (b) linearly independent, (c)
Both ‘a’ and ‘b’, (d) None of these, Solution (b) Let x, y ,
and z be scalars such that, x ( i − 3j + 2k) + y(2i − 4j −
4k) + z(3i + 2j − k) = 0, ( x + 2y + 3z) i + ( −3x − 4y +
2z) j + (2x − 4y − z) k = 0, x + 2y + 3z = 0 , − 3x − 4y +
2z = 0 and 2x − 4y − z = 0, This is a homogeneous
system of equation. The determinant, 1, , 2, , b, , b, , θ, ,
θ, a, , Properties of Scalar Product, (i) The scalar
product of two vectors is commutative, i.e., a ⋅ b = b ⋅
a., (ii) If m and n be any two scalars and a and b be any,
two vectors, then ( m a) ⋅ ( n b ) = ( n a) ⋅ ( m b )., (iii) a ⋅ (
b + c) = a ⋅ b + a ⋅ c (distributive law), (iv) a ⋅ a =|a|2, (v)
If two vectors a and b are perpendicular to each,
other, then a ⋅ b = 0., (vi) If a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k and b =
b1i + b2 j + b3 k, then, a ⋅ b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3 b3 .,
(vii) i ⋅ i = j ⋅ j = k ⋅ k = 1 and i ⋅ j = j ⋅ k = k ⋅ i = 0., (viii) If
a = a1i + a2i + a3 k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k , then, ,
a⋅b , a1b1 + a2b2 + a3 b3, , cos θ = , = , , |a||b|
a12 + a22 + a32 b12 + b22 + b32 , (ix) If a1a2 +
b1b2 + c1c2 = 0, then both vectors are, a, a, a,
perpendicular to each other and if 1 = 2 = 3 ,, b1 b2 b3,
then both vectors are parallel to each other., (x) (a + b
+ c)2 = a2 + b 2 + c2+2(a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a), b ⋅a, (xi)
Projection of b along a =, |a|, a⋅b, and projection of a
along b =, ., |b|, (xii) Let a particle be placed at O and a
force F, represented by OB be acting on the particle at
O., Due to the application of force F, the particle is,
displaced in the direction of OA., Let OA be the
displacement d., B, , F, , 3, , of coefficient matrix is −3 −
4 2 = 11 ≠ 0, 2 − 4 −1, So, the system of equations has
only the trivial solution given, by x = 0 = y = z., Hence,
the set of given vectors is linearly independent., ,
Scalar Product, If acute angle between two vectors a
and b be θ and, their modulus, respectively a and b.
Then, their scalar, product is ab cosθ., ∴, a ⋅ b = ab
cosθ, , a, , O, , θ, , A, , Then, total work done = F ⋅ d = Fd
cosθ., , Example 9. Find the angle between the
vectors, 3i + 2j − 6k and 4i − 3j + k., , (a) 90°, (c) 60°, , (b)
45°, (d) 0°, , Solution (a) Let a = 3i + 2j − 6k and b = 4i −
3j + k, Now, a ⋅ b = 12 − 6 − 6 = 0, ∴ Two vectors a and
b are perpendicular., i.e., the angle between the
vectors a and b = 90 °

Page 700 :
573, , Vector Algebra, , Example 10. Two forces F1 = 3i
− 2 j + k and F2 = i + 3j − 5 k, acting on a particle at A
move it to B. Find the work done, if, the position
vectors of A and B are − 2i + 5 k and 3i − 7j + 2 k., (a)
24, (b) 23, (c) 22, (d) 25, , Solution (d) Let R be the
resultant of two forces F1 and F2 and d, be the
displacement., Then,, , R = (3i − 2j + k) + ( i + 3j − 5k), ,
and, , d = (3i − 7j + 2k) − ( − 2i + 5k), , = 4i + j − 4k, = 5i −
7j − 3k, ∴ The total work done = the work done by
resultant, = R⋅d, = ( 4i + j − 4k) ⋅ (5i − 7j − 3k), , (iv) If a
= a1i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k, then, a × b =
( a2b3 − a3 b2 )i + ( a3 b1 − a1b3 ) j, + ( a1b2 − a2b1 )k,
i j k, or, a × b = a1 a2 a3, b1 b2 b3, (v) a × b = 0, If a = 0
or b = 0 or a and b are two collinear vectors., (vi) i × i =
j × j = k × k = 0, and, i × j = k, j × k = i, k × i = j, and, j × i =
− k, k × j = − i, i × k = − j, (vii) Perpendicular unit vector
to a and, a× b, $ =±, b, n, |a × b|, (viii) Area of
parallelogram, Area of parallelogram OACB, , = 20 − 7
+ 12, = 25 units, , B, , Example 11. Let u, v and w be
vectors such that, if u = 3, v = 4 and, u + v + w = 0,, u ⋅ v
+ v ⋅ w + w ⋅ u is equal to, (a) 25, (b) −25, (c) 30, (d)
−30, 2, , 2, , 2, , Solution (b) u + v + w = u + v + w, , , ,
w = 5,, , C, , b, , then, θ, O, , M, , + 2 (u ⋅ v ⋅ + v ⋅ w + w ⋅
u), 0 = 9 + 16 + 25 + 2 ( u ⋅ v + v ⋅ w + w ⋅ v), u ⋅ v + v ⋅
w + w ⋅ u = − 25, , A, , a, , = OA × BM, = ab sinθ =|a × b|,
, 2, , (ix) Area of triangle, 1, (a) Area of ∆ ABC = | AB ×
AC|, 2, A, , Vector Product (or Cross Product), The
vector product of two vectors a and b is a vector, and
is given by, $, a × b = ab sin θ n, B, B, n, θ, O, , b, a, , A, , $
is a, where θ be the angle between a and b , and n,
perpendicular unit vector to plane of a and b ., , |a ×
b|=|a||b|sin θ, , Properties of Vector Product, (i)
Vector product is not commutative. i.e.,, a× b≠b×a,
but, a× b= − b×a, (ii) If m and n be two scalars and a
and b be two vector, quantities, then, ( m a) × ( n b ) =
mn(a × b ) = ( n a) × ( m b ), (iii) a × ( b + c) = a × b + a × c
(distributive law), , C, , (b) If a, b and c are position
vectors of A, B and C, respectively, then, 1, area of ∆
ABC = |a × b + b × c + c × a|, 2, (x) Moment, (a) About a
point Moment = r × F, Where r be the position vector
of any point P, and F be the force about the point O.,
(b) About a line The moment of a force F acting, at a
point P about a line L is a scalar given by, ( r × F) ⋅ a$ .,
Where, a$ is a unit vector in the direction of the, line,
and OR = R, where O is any point on the, line., ,
Example 12. If a × b = c × d and a × c = b × d, then, a − d
is parallel to (where a ≠ d and b ≠ c.), , (a) ( b − c), (c) ( b
⋅ c), , (b) ( b + c), (d) None of these

Page 701 :
574, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Solution (a) ( a − b) × ( b
− c), = a ×b−a ×c−d×b+ d×c, = c×d−b×d+ b×d−c×d, =0,
So, (a − d) is parallel to (b − c)., , (vi) [a b c + d ] = [a b c]
+ [a b d ], (vii) [a + b b + c c+ a] = 2 [a b c], (viii) [a − b b −
c c − a] = 0, (ix) [a × b b × c c × a] = [a b c]2, (x) Volume
of parallelopiped = [a b c] where a, b, and c are
adjacent sides of parallelopiped., , Example 13. Find
the moment about the point i + 2 j + 3k of, a force
represented by i + j + k acting through the point, 2i +
3j + k., (a) 3i + 3 j, (b) 3i − 3j, (c) 2i + 2 j, (d) None of
these, , Solution (b) Here, r = (2i + 3j + k) − ( i + 2j + 3k),
r = i + j − 2k, and, F = i + j + k., Then, the required
moment is given by, r × F = (i + j − 2 k ) × (i + j + k ), i j k, ,
Tetrahedron, A tetrahedron is a three-dimensional
figure formed by, four triangle OABC is a tetrahedron
with ∆ ABC as the, base. OA, OB, OC , AB, BC and CA
are known as edges of the, tetrahedron. OA, BC ; OB,
CA and OC , AB are known as the, pairs of opposite
edges. A tetrahedron in which all edges, are equal is
called a regular tetrahedron. Any two edge of, regular
tetrahedron are perpendicular to each other., A(a), , =
1 1 −2 = 3 i − 3 j, 1 1 1, , a, D, , ∴ Moment about a point
= 3i − 3j, b, , Scalar Triple Product, The scalar triple
product of three vectors a, b and c is, [a b c ]., or, [a b c]
= a ⋅ ( b × c), If, a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k, b = b1i + b2 j + b3 k,
and, c = c1i + c2 j + c3 k, then, a1 a2 a3, [a b c] = b1 b2
b3, c1 c2 c3, , Properties of Scalar Triple Product, (i)
The value of scalar triple product does not depend,
upon the position of dot and cross., a ⋅ ( b × c) = (a × b )
⋅ c, (ii) If a, b , c are cyclically permuted the value of
scalar, product remains same., The change of cyclic
order of vectors in scalar triple, product changes the
sign of the scalar but not the, magnitude., i.e.,, [a b c] =
[ b c a] = [c a b ], and, [a b c] = − [b a c] = − [c b a], = − [a c
b ], (iii) The scalar triple product of three vectors is
zero, if, any two of them are equal., (iv) The scalar
triple product of three vectors is zero, if, two of them
are parallel or collinear., (v) If three vectors a, b and c
are collinear, then, [a b c] = 0., , c, , B(b), , C(c), , Volume
of Tetrahedron, (i) The volume of a tetrahedron, 1, =
(area of the base) (corresponding altitude), 3, 1, = [ AB
BC AD ], 6, (ii) If a, b, c, are position vectors of vertices
A, B and C, with respect to O, then volume of
tetrahedron, 1, OABC = [a b c], 6, (iii) If a, b, c, d, are
position vectors of vertices A, B, C , D, of a
tetrahedron ABCD, then its volume, 1, = [b − a c − a d
− a], 6, , Example 13. If the volume of the
parallelopiped with a, b, and c as coterminus edges is
40 cm units, then the volume of, the parallelopiped
having b + c, c + a and a + b as coterminus, edges in
cubic units is, (a) 80, (b) 120, (c) 160, (d) 40, , Solution
(a) Given, volume of parallelopiped, [ a b c] = 40, ∴
Volume of parallelopiped, = [ b + c c + a a + b], = 2 [ a b
c], = 2 × 40 = 80 cu units

Page 702 :
575, , Vector Algebra, , Example 14. If the vectors 2i −
3j + 4k, i + 2 j − k and, mi − j + 2 k are coplanar, then
the value of m is, 5, 8, 2, 7, (b), (c) −, (a), (d), 8, 5, 3, 4, ,
Solution (b) For coplanar, 2, , −3, , 4, , 1, , 2, , −1 = 0, , m,
, −1, , 2, , , , 2 ( 4 − 1) + 3 (2 + m) + 4 ( −1 − 2m) = 0, ,
, , m=, , 8, 5, , Vector Triple Product, If a, b and c are
three vector quantities, then, a × ( b × c)represents
the vector triple product and is given, by, a × ( b × c) =
(a ⋅ c)b − (a ⋅ b ) c, , (iii) The formula a × ( b × c) = (a ⋅ c)b
− (a ⋅ b ) c is true, only, when the vector outside the
bracket is on the, left most side. If it is not, we first
shift on left by using, the properties of cross product
and then apply the, same formula., Thus, ( b × c) × a = −
{ a × ( b × c)}, = − {(a ⋅ c)b − (a ⋅ b ) c}, = (a ⋅ b ) c − (a ⋅
c)b, (iv) Vector triple product is a vector quantity., (v) a
× ( b × c) ≠ (a × b ) × c, , Example 16. If a and b are unit
vectors, then the vector, ( a + b) × ( a × b) is parallel to
the vector, (a) a − b, (b) a + b, (c) 2a − b, (d) 2a + b,
Solution (b) Now, ( a + b) × ( a × b), = a × ( a × b) + b × ( a
× b), = ( a ⋅ a) a − ( a ⋅ a) b + ( b ⋅ b) a − ( b ⋅ a) b, = ( a ⋅ b)
a − b + a − ( b ⋅ a) b, = ( a − b)( a ⋅ b − 1), Hence, given
vector is parallel to ( a − b)., , Properties of Vector
Triple, Product, (i) The vector triple product a × ( b × c)
is a linear, combination of those two vectors, which
are within, brackets., (ii) The vector r = a × ( b × c) is
perpendicular to a and, lies in the plane of b and c ., ,
Comprehensive Approach, n, , n, , The vector along
the bisector of angle between vectors a and b is, λ(a +
b), where λ is a parameter., The unit vector along the
bisector of angle between a and b is, a+b, , where θ is
angle between a and b., 2 cos θ / 2, , θ /2, θ /2, , n, , a⋅ a,
, n, , n, n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , For any three vectors a, b and c,,
[ a − b b − c c − a] = 0., If diagonals of a parallelogram is
along the vectors a and b, then, 1, area of
parallelogram = |a × b|., 2, If a, b and c are position
vectors of A, B and C of ∆ ABC, then, a + b+ c, position
vector of centroid G will be, and, 3, GA + GB + GC = 0.,
If D, E and F are mid-points of AB, BC and CA
respectively of, ∆ ABC, then AD + BE + CF = 0., If
circumcentre, centroid and orthocentre of triangle
ABC are O, G, and H, then, , OA + OB + OC = 3OG =
OH, and, HA + HB + HC = 3HG = 3HO, [a × b b × c c ×
a] = [a b c] 2, , n, , n, , n, , a⋅ b a ⋅ c, , = b⋅ a, , b⋅ b, , b⋅ c, ,
c⋅ a, , c⋅ b, , c⋅ c, , 1, Area of quadrilateral ABCD = |AC
× BD|,, 2, where AC and BD are diagonals of
quadrilateral., Volume of Tetrahedron If A, B, C, D are
vertices of tetrahedron, 1, ABCD, then its volume = [
AB AC AD]., 6, If F be a force and d be a displacement,
then, Work done = F ⋅ d, Incentre formula The
position vector of the incentre of ∆ABC is, aa + bb +
cc, a+ b+c, Orthocentre formula The position vector
of the orthocentre of, a tan A + b tanB + c tanC, ∆ABC
is, tan A + tanB + tanC

Page 703 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. Three non-zero, non-parallel
coplanar vectors are, always, (a) linearly dependent,
(b) linearly independent, (c) Either ‘a’ or ‘b’, (d) None of
these, 2. Projection of 2i + j + k along i − j + k is, (a) 2 /
3, (b) 1 / 3, (c) 3, (d) 2 3, 3. Area of parallelogram
ABCD, when AB = i + j + k, and BD = − i + j is, (a) 1 sq
unit, (b) 6 sq units, (c) 3 sq units, (d) None of these, 4. If
a and b are two vectors such that a ⋅ b = 0 and, a × b =
0,which one of the following is correct?, (NDA 2011
II), , (a), (b), (c), (d), , a is parallel to b, a is perpendicular
to b, Either a or b is a null vector, None of the above, ,
5. Angle between the vectors a = − i − 2 j + k and, b = xi
+ j + ( x + 1)k, (a) is obtuse angle, (b) is acute angle, (c)
is right angle, (d) depends on x, 6. Which of the
following expression is meaningless?, a, (b) (a × b ) ⋅ ( c
× d ), (a), b, (c) a × ( b × c), (d) (a × b ) ⋅ c, 7. Which of the
following is wrong?, (a)|a|2 = a 2, ‘a’ is a real number.,
(b)|a|2 = − a 2, (c)|a|2 = a 2, ‘a’ is a complex number., (d)
None of the above, , 11. If the points A, B and C with
position vectors 2i + 2 j,, λi + 8 j and 8i + 32 j are
collinear, then λ is equal to, 8, 16, (a), (b), 5, 5, (c) 4, (d)
None of these, 12. If a, b and c are three unit vectors,
then, a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a is equal to (a + b + c = 0), (a) 0,
(b) 1, 3, (c), (d) None of these, 2, 13. For what value of
m are the points with position, vectors 10i + 3 j,12i − 5
j and mi + 11 j collinear?, (NDA 2011 II), , (a) – 8, (c) 8, ,
(b) 4, (d) 12, , 14. Angle between the vectors 3 (a × b )
and b − (a ⋅ b )a is, π, (a), (b) 0, 2, π, π, (c), (d), 4, 3, 15. If
a, b are two unit vectors at an angle θ, then,
magnitude of a + b is, (a) 2, (b) 2, θ, (d) None of these,
(c) 2 cos, 2, 16. A unit vector in xy-plane makes an
angle 45° with the, vector i + j is, i+ j, (a) i, (b), 2, i− j, (d)
None of these, (c), 2, , 8. If a and b are position vectors
of the points A and B, respectively, what is the
position vector of a point C, on AB produced such that
AC = 2 AB ?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) 2a − b (b) 2 b − a (c) a − 2
b (d) a − b, , 17. If G is the centroid of ∆ABC, then GA +
GB + GC is, equal to, (a) 0, (b) 3 GA, (c) 3 GB, (d) 3 GC, ,
9. If c is the unit vector perpendicular to both the
vectors, a and b, what is another unit vector
perpendicular to, both the vectors a and b?, (NDA
2011 II), (a) c × a, (b) c × b, (a × b ), (a × b ), (c) −, (d), |a ×
b|, |a × b|, , 18. If (a × b )2 + (a ⋅ b )2 = 144 and|a| = 4,
then|b| is equal, to, (a) 16, (b) 8, (c) 3, (d) 12, , 10. If x, a,
b and c are non-zero vectors such that, a ⋅ x = 0, b ⋅ x =
0 and c ⋅ x = 0, then [a b c] is, (a) 0, (b)|a| |b| |c|, 1, (d)
None of these, (c) |a| |b| |c|, 3, , 19. Let p, q, r and s be
respectively the magnitude of the, vectors 3i + 2 j, 2i +
2 j + k, 4i − j + k and 2i + 2 j + 3k., Which one of the
following is correct?, (NDA 2011 I), (a) r > s > q > p, (b)
s > r > p > q, (c) r > s > p > q, (d) s > r > q > p

Page 704 :
577, , Vector Algebra, 20. The position vector of three
points A, B and C are, i + j, i − j and l i + m j + n k ,
respectively. The points, are collinear, if, (a) l = m = n =
1, (b) l = 1, m , n ∈ R, (c) l = 1, n = 0, m ∈ R, (d) m = 0, n =
1, l ∈ R, , 30. ABCD is a quadrilateral. Forces AB, CB,
CD and DA, act along its sides. What is their
resultant?, , 21. The magnitude, the displacement of
vector from, position (2, 4, 2) to position (6, 1, 12), is,
(b) 2 3, (a) 5 5, (c) 3 7, (d) 3 8, , 31. The magnitude of
the projection of the vector, A = i − 2 j + k on the
vector B = 4i − 4 j + 7k lies, between, (a) 1 and 2, (b) 2
and 3, (c) 3 and 4, (d) 4 and 5, , 22. if a, b are two unit
vectors and θ is the angle between, θ, them, then the
value of cos is equal to, 2, 1, 1, (a) |a − b|, (b) |a ⋅ b|, 2, 2,
|a × b|, 1, (d) |a + b|, (c), 2|a||b|, 2, 23. If xi + yj + zk is a
unit vector and x : y : z = 3 : 2 : 3,, what is the value of
z?, (NDA 2011 I), 3, (b) 3, (a), 16, 3, (c), (d) 2, 4, 24.
Position vector of a point P is r from origin of,
coordinate axes. A force F passes through the point P.,
The moment of the force about the orign is, (a) r × F,
(b) r ⋅ F, (c) F ⋅ r, (d) zero, 25. The projection of the
vector a = i − 2 j + k on the vector, b = 4i − 4 j + 7k is
equal to, 6, 19, (a), (b), 9, 9, 9, 6, (c), (d), 19, 19, 26. If
the vectors i − xj − yk and i + xj + yk are, orthogonal to
each other, then what is the locus of the, point ( x , y )?,
(NDA 2012 I), (a) A parabola, (b) An ellipse, (c) A circle,
(d) A straight line, 27. If a = i − k,, , (NDA 2010 II), , b =
xi + j + (1 − x)k and, c = yi + xj + (1 + x − y)k,, then a ⋅ (b
× c) depends upon, , (a) x only, (c) both x and y, , (b) y
only, (d) Neither x nor y, , 28. The area of the
parallelogram with a = 2i + 3 j − 5k, and b = i + j − k as
consecutive sides is equal to, (b) 2 14 sq units, (a) 61
sq units, (c) 2 7 sq units, (d) 14 sq units, 29. If|a + b|=|a
− b|, then, (a) a is parallel to b, (c)|a|=|b|, , (b) a is
perpendicular to b, (d) None of these, , (NDA 2010 II), ,
(a) 2 CD, (c) 2 BC, , (b) 2 DA, (d) 2 CB, , 32. The moment
about the point A ( 3, − 1, 3) of a force, F = 2i + j + 4k
through the point B ( 5, 1, 4) is, (a) 3i + 2 j − k, (b) 7i − 6
j − 2k, (c) 5i + j + 3k, (d) i + 2 j − k, 33. If|a × b|2 +|a ⋅ b|2
= 144 and|a|= 4, then|b| is equal, to, (a) 3, (b) 8, (c) 12,
(d) 16, 34. Let a and b be two unit vectors and α be the
angle, between them. If (a + b ) is also the unit vectors
what, is the value of α ?, (NDA 2010 I), π, π, (a), (b), 4,
3, 2π, π, (d), (c), 3, 2, 35. If C is the mid-point of AB and
P is any point not lying, on AB, then, (a) PA + PB = 2
PC, (b) PA + PB = PC, (c) PA + PB = − PC, (d) PA + PB =
− 2 PC, 36. The position vectors of points A, B, C , D
are, a, b , 2 a + 3 b and a − 2 b, respectively. The vector
AC, is, (a) a − 3 b, (b) 3b − a, (c) a + 3b, (d) − a − b, 37.
What are the unit vectors parallel to xy-plane and,
perpendicular to the vector 4i − 3 j + k ? (NDA 2009
II), (a) ± ( 3i + 4 j) / 5, (b) ± ( 4i + 3 j) / 5, (c) ± ( 3i − 4 j) /
5, (d) ± ( 4i − 3 j) / 5, 38. If P is a point on the
circumference of a semi-circle of, radius a being
bounded by the diameter BC, then, which one of the
following is correct?, (a) BP ⋅ PC = 1, (b) BP ⋅ PC = a, (c)
BP ⋅ PC = a 2, (d) BP ⋅ PC = 0, 39. What is the vector in
the xy-plane through origin and, perpendicular to the
vector r = ai + bj and of the, same length?, (NDA 2009
II), (a) − ai − bj, (b) ai − bj, (c) − ai + bj, (d) bi − aj, 40.
What is the area of the parallelogram having, diagonal
a = 3i + j − 2k and b = i − 3 j + 4k ?, (a) 5 2 sq units, (b) 4
3 sq units, (c) 5 3 sq units, (d) 10 3 sq units

Page 705 :
578, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 41. The magnitude of
the vectors a and b are equal and, the angle between
them is 60°. If the vectors λa + b, and a − λb are
perpendicular to each other them,, what is the value
of λ?, (NDA 2009 II), (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, 42. For any
vector a, what is the value of, (a)|a|, (c) 3|a|2, , 2, , (b)
2|b|, (d) 4|a|2, , 43. Consider the diagonals of a
quadrilateral formed by, the vectors 3i + 6 j − 2k and
4i − j + 3k. The, quadrilateral must be a, (NDA 2009 II),
(a) square, (b) rhombus, (c) rectangle, (d) None of
these, 44. What is the area of the rectangle having
vertices A,B, C, 1, 1, and D with position vectors − i + j
+ 4k, i + j + 4k ,, 2, 2, 1, 1, i − j + 4k and i − j + 4k ?, (NDA
2012 I), 2, 2, (a) 1/2 sq unit, (b) 1 sq unit, (c) 2 sq units,
(d) 4 sq units, 45. If, ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and,
AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = λ AD, then λ is equal to, (a)
2, (b) 3, (c) 4, (d) 6, 46. Let a, b and c be the position
vectors of points A, B, and C, respectively. Under
which one of the following, conditions are the points
A, B and C collinear?, (NDA 2009 I), , (a), (b), (c), (d), ,
51. What is the value of m, if the vectors, 2 i − j + k, i +
2 j − 3k and 3 i + mj + 5k are coplanar?, (NDA 2012 I), ,
| a × i|2 + |a × j|2 + |a × k|2 ?, 2, , 50. If r1 = λi + 2 j + k
and r2 = i + ( 2 − λ ) j + 2k are such, that | r1|>| r2|, then
λ satisfies, which one of the, followng?, (NDA 2008 II),
(a) λ = 0, (b) λ = 1, (c) λ < 1, (d) λ > 1, , a × b is equal to 0,
b × c is parallel to a × b, a × b is perpendicular to b × c,
(a × b ) + ( b × c) + ( c × a) is equal to 0, , 47. What is the
angle between the yz-plane and the, vector i + j + k?, π,
1, 1, (a) − cos−1, (b) cos−1, 2, 3, 3, −1 1, (c) 90°, (d) π −
cos, 3, 48. Let a = (1, − 2 , 3) and b = ( 3, 1, 2) be two
vectors and, c be a vector of length l and parallel to (a
+ b ). What is, the value of c?, (NDA 2008 II), 1, 1, (b),
(a), ( −2, − 3, 1), (1, 0, 1), 14, 2, 1, (d) None of these, (c), (
−5, − 4, − 1), 42, 49. If c is normal to a and b, then
which one of the, following statement is not correct ?,
(a) c is normal to a + b, (b) c is normal to a − b, (c) c is
normal to a × b, (d) c is normal to a + 2 b, , (a) −2, (b) 2,
(c) −4, (d) 4, 52. What is the value of λ, if the triangle
whose vertices, are i, j and i + j + λk,will be right
angled?, (NDA 2008 II), , (a) 2, , (b) 0, , (c) –1, , (d) 1, , 53.
What is the volume of the rectangular parallelopiped,
formed by the vectors i, 2 j, 3k?, (a) 14 cu units, (b) 6 cu
units, (c) 1 cu unit, (d) 14 cu units, 54. If in a ∆OAC, B is
the mid-point of AC and OA = a, and OB = b , then
what is the value of OC ?, (a) (a + b ) / 2, (b) 2 b − 2 a, (c)
2 b − a, (d) 3 a − 2 b, 55. The scalar triple product ( A ×
B) ⋅ C of three vectors, (NDA 2008 II), A , B and C
determines, (a) volume of a parallelopiped, (b) volume
of a tetrahedron, (c) volume of an ellipsoid, (d) None of
the above, 56. OAB is a given triangle such that OA =
a, OB = b., Also, C is a point on AB such that AB = 2
BC. What is, the value of AC?, 1, 1, (a) ( b − a), (b) ( b +
a), 2, 2, 3, 3, (c) (a − b ), (d) ( b − a), 2, 2, 57. If a and b are
two unit vectors inclined at an angle, 60° to each
other, which one of the following is, correct?, (NDA
2008 II), (a) |a + b|< 1, (b) |a + b|> 1, (c) |a − b|< 1, (d) |a
− b|> 1, 58. If a, b , c are the position vectors of
corners A, B, C of a, parallelogram ABCD, then what is
the position, vector of the corner D?, (a) a + b + c, (b) a
+ b − c, (c) a − b + c, (d) − a + b + c, 59. If a is a position
vector of a point (1, − 3) and A is, another point ( −1,
5), what are the coordinates of the, point B such that
AB = a ?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) ( 2, 0), (b) ( 0, 2), (c) ( −2, 0),
(d) ( 0, − 2)

Page 706 :
579, , Vector Algebra, 60. In a ∆ABC, angle B is obtuse
and D , E , F are the, middle points of sides BC , CA ,
AB, respectively., Which one of the following vectors
has the greatest, magnitude?, (a) BC, (b) CA, (c) AB, (d)
AD, 61. Let a and b be the position vectors of A and B,,
respectively. If C is the point 3a − 2b , which one of,
the following is correct?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) C is in
between A and B., (b) A is in between C and B., (c) B is
in between A and C., (d) A, B and C are not collinear.,
π, 62. If two unit vectors pand q make an angle with
each, 3, 1, other, what is the magnitude of p − q?, 2, 3,
1, (a) 0, (b), (c) 1, (d), 2, 2, 63. What is the locus of the
point ( x , y ) for which the, vectors ( i − xj − 2k) and ( 2i
+ j + yk) are orthogonal?, (NDA 2008 I), , (a) A circle, (c)
A parabola, , (b) An ellipse, (d) A straight line, ,
64.What are the values of x for which the two vectors,
( x 2 − 1) i + ( x + 2) j + x 2 k and 2i − x j + 3 k are,
orthogonal?, 1, (a) No real value of x, (b) x = and x = −
1, 2, 1, (d) x = − 1 and x = 2, (c) x = − and x = 1, 2, 65.
What is the area of the rectangle of which r = ai + bj, is
a semi-diagonal?, (NDA 2008 I), , (a) a 2 + b2, (c) 4( a +
b2 ), , (b) 2 ( a 2 + b2 ), (d) 4 ab, , 66. Which one of the
following is correct? If the vector c is, normal to the
vectors a and b, then c is (NDA 2007 II), (a) parallel to
both a + b and a − b., (b) normal to a − b and parallel to
a + b., (c) normal to a + b and parallel to a − b., (d)
normal of both a + b and a − b., 67. Let O be the origin
and P , Q and R be the points such, that PO + OQ =
QO + OR. Then, which one of the, following is
correct?, (a) P , Q and R are the vertices of an
equilateral, triangle, (b) P , Q and R are the vertices of
an isosceles, triangle, (c) P , Q and R are collinear, (d)
None of the above, 68. If a = i + 2 j − 3k and b = 3i − j +
λk and (a + b ) is, perpendicular to a − b , what is the
value of λ ?, (a) – 2, (b) ± 2, (NDA 2007 II), (c) 3, (d) ± 3,
69. Two vectors a and b are non-zero and non-
collinear., What is the value of x for which the vectors,
p = ( x − 2) a + b and q = ( x + 1) a − b are collinear?,
(NDA 2007 I), , (a) 1, , 1, (b), 2, , 2, (c), 3, , (d) 2, , 70.
What is the magnitude of the moment of the couple,
consisting of the force F = 3i + 2 j − k acting through,
the point i − j + k and −F acting through the point,
(NDA 2007 I), 2i − 3 j − k ?, (b) 3 5, (c) 5 5, (d) 7 5, (a) 2
5, , Level II, 1. i × (a × i) + j × (a × j) + k × (a × k) is always
equal to, (a) a, (b) − a, (c) 2 a, (d) −2 a, 2. If a, b and c are
three non-coplanar vectors, then, [a × b b × c c × a] is
equal to, (a) [a b c], (b) 0, (c) [a b c]2, (d) None of these,
3. If vectors a, b and c are non-coplanar, then the
vector, a × b , b × c and c × a are, (a) linearly
dependent, (b) linearly independent, (c) depends on
vectors, (d) None of these, 4. If the vectors − i − 2xj − 3
yk and i − 3xj − 2 yk are, orthogonal to each other,
what is the locus of the, point ( x , y )?, (NDA 2011 II),
(a) A straight line, (b) An ellipse, (c) A parabola, (d) A
circle, , 5. If vectors a, b and c are mutually
perpendicular, vectors such that |a| =|b| = 10,|c| = 1,
then the, length of vector 2 a + 2 b + 40 c is, (a) 20, (b)
20 6, (c) 40 6, (d) None of these, 6. If the points A, B, C
and D with position vectors, i + j + k, 2i + 3 j + k, i + 2 j
+ 5k and λi + 3 j + 4k are, coplanar, then λ is equal to,
(a) 5, (b) 7, (c) 2, (d) None of these, 7. Consider the
following statements in respect of the, vectors u1 =
(1, 2, 3), u2 = (2, 3, 1), u3 = (1, 3, 2) and, (NDA 2011 II),
u4 = (4, 6, 2), I. u1 is parallel to u4., II. u2 is parallel to
u4., III. u2 is parallel to u3 .

Page 707 :
580, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Which of the
statements given above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b)
Only II, (c) Only III, (d) Both I and III, , 8. If the
magnitudes of two vectors a and b are equal,, then
which one of the following is correct?, (NDA 2012 I),
(a) (a + b ) is parallel to (a − b ), (b) (a + b ) ⋅ (a − b ) = 1,
(c) (a + b ) is perpendicular to (a − b ), (d) None of the
above, 9. If a, b and c are three non-coplanar vectors,
[a + b b + c c + a] is equal to, (a) [a b c], (b) 2 [a b c], (d)
None of these, (c) [a b c]2, 10. If i, j and k are unit
orthonormal vectors and a is a, vector, if a × r = j, then
a ⋅ r is, (a) 1, (b) 0, (c) 1/ 2, (d) None of these, 11. What
is the sine of angle between the vectors, (NDA 2011
I), i + 2 j + 3k and − i + 2 j + 3k ?, (a), (c), , 13, 7, 13, 7, ,
(b), , 13, 7, , (d) None of these, , 12. Unit vectors
perpendicular to 2i − j + 2k and, i + j + 4k are, 3i + 3 j
− 6k , − 6i − 6 j + 3k , (b) ± , (a) ± , , , , , , , 9,
52, ( i + j + k), (c) ±, (d) None of these, 3, 13. A
tetrahedron has vertices at O (0, 0, 0), B (2,1,3) and, C
(−1, 1, 2). Then, the angle between the faces OAB, and
ABC will be, 19 , 17 , (b) cos−1 , (a) cos−1 ,
35 , 31 , (c) 30°, (d) 90°, 14. |a| = 10,|b| = 2 and a ⋅
b = 12, then what is the value, of|a × b|?, (NDA 2012 I),
(a) 12, (b) 16, (c) 20, (d) 24, 15. If the position vector of
a point P with respect to, origin O is i + 3 j − 2k and
that of a point Q is, 3i + j − 2k, what is the position
vector of the bisector, of the ∠ POQ?, (NDA 2010 II),
(a) i − j − k, (b) i + j − k, (c) i + j + k, (d) None of these, 16.
If|a| = 5,|b| = 12 and|a + b|= 13, then|a − b|is equal, to,
(a) 13, (b) 5, (c) 12, (d) 15, 17. If a, b , c are unit vectors,
such that a + b + c = 0 and, m = a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a, then,
(a) m < 0, (b) m > 0, (c) m = 0, (d) None of these, , 18.
Given, the points A( −2, 3,−3), B( 3, 2, 5), C(1, − 1, 2),,
D( 3, 2, − 4). The projection of the vector AB on the,
axis of CD is, 41, (a) −, 7, 41, (b), 7, 44, (c), 7, (d) None
of the above, 19. If vectors ax i + 3 j − 5k and xi + 2 j +
2ax k make an, acute angle with each other, for all x ∈
R, then a, belongs to the interval, 1 , (b) ( 0, 1), (a)
− , 0 , 4 , 6 , 23 , (d) −, (c) 0, , , 0 , 25 ,
25 , vectors and |a|= 7. If, 1, a × ( b × c) + b × ( c × a) =
a, then the angle between, 2, a and c is, (a) π / 3, (b) π /
6, (c) π / 2, (d) None of these, , 20. b, , and, , c, , are, ,
unit, , 21. Let α , β , γ be distinct real numbers. The
points with, position vectors, α i + β j + γ k, β i + γ j + α
k, γ i + α j + β k, (a) are collinear, (b) form an equilateral
triangle, (c) form a scalene triangle, (d) form a right
angled triangle, 22. Let p and q be the position vectors
of P and Q,, respectively, with respect to O and | p|=
p,|q|= q., The points R and S divide line segment PQ
internally, and externally in the ratio 2 : 3 ,
respectively. If OR, and OS are perpendicular, then, (a)
9 p2 = 4q 2, (b) 4 p2 = 9q 2, (c) 9 p = 4q, (d) 4 p = 9q, 23.
Let a, b and c be the distinct non-negative numbers., If
the vectors ai + aj + ck,i + k and ci + cj + bk lie on a,
plane, which one of the following is correct?, (NDA
2010 II), , (a), (b), (c), (d), , c is the arithmetic mean of a
and b., c is the geometric mean of a and b., c is the
harmonic mean of a and b., c is equal to zero., , 24. If a
+ b + c = αd , b + c + d = β a, then a + b + c + d is, equal
to, (a) (β + 1) a, (b) α a, (c) (α + 1) b, (d) α a + β b, 25. If A
= (1, 1, 1) and C = ( 0, 1, − 1) are given vectors, then, a
vector B satisfying the equation A × B = C and, A ⋅ B =
3 is, 1 2 2 , 2 2 , (a) , , , (b) 1, , , 3 3 3 , 3 3 ,
2 2 2 , 5 2 2 , (c) , , , (d) , , , 3 3 3 , 3 3 3

Page 708 :
581, , Vector Algebra, 26. PQRS is a parallelogram,
where PQ = 3i + 2 j − mk,, PS = i + 3 j + k and the area
of the parallelogram is, 90.What is the value of m?,
(NDA 2010 II), (a) 1, (c) 2, , (b) –1, (d) –2, , 27. If A(a), B(
b ) and C( c) be the vertices of a triangle, whose
circumcentre is the origin, then orthocentre is, given
by, a+b+c, (a) a + b + c, (b), 3, a+ b+ c, (c), (d) None of
these, 2, 28. Let a be a real number and, α = i + 2 j, β =
2 i + a j + 10 k, γ = 12 i + 2a j + a k be, three vectors,
then α , β and γ are, , (a) linearly dependent for all a.,
(b) linearly independent for all a., (c) linearly
dependent for a < 0., (d) linearly dependent for a > 0.,
29. If a = ( 2, 1, − 1), b = (1, − 1, 0), c = ( 5, − 1, 1), then,
what is the unit vector parallel to a + b − c in the,
opposite direction?, (NDA 2012 I), i − j − 2k, i − 2 j +
2k, (a), (b), 3, 3, 2i − j + 2k, (c), (d) None of these, 3, 30.
What is the value of b such that the scalar product of,
the vector i + j + k with the unit vector parallel to the,
sum of the vectors 2i + 4 j − 5k and bi + 2 j + 3k is,
unity?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) –2, (b) –1, (c) 0, (d) 1, 31. If A,
B, C and D are four points with vectors 3i, 3 j, 3k, and i
+ j + k, respectively, then D is the, (a) orthocentre of ∆
ABC, (b) lies on a circle passing through A, B and C, (c)
is collinear with A, B, (d) None of the above, 32. The
vector 2 i + 2 j + 3 k is rotated about origin, through an
angle θ and becomes 2 i + 3 j + 2 k. Then,, angle θ is,
43, 16 , (a) θ = cos−1 , (b) θ = sin−1, 17 , 17, (c)
θ = sin−1, , 33, 27, , 37 , (d) θ = tan−1 , , 16 , ,
33. If a is non-zero vector of modulus a and m is a,
non-zero scalar, then m a is a unit vector, if the value,
of a is equal to, 1, 1, (d), (a) m, (b)|m|, (c), |m|, m, , 34. If
the vector a = i + aj + a 2 k, b = i + bj + b2 k,, c = i + cj +
c2 k are three non-coplanar vectors and, a a 2 1 + a3,
b b2 1 + b3 = 0, then the value of abc is equal to, c, , c2,
, 1 + c3, , (a) 2, (c) 0, , (b) 1, (d) – 1, , 35. Consider the
following statements, I. For any three vectors a, b and
c,, a ⋅ {( b + c) × (a + b + c)} = 0, II. For any three
coplanar unit vectors d, e and f,, ( d × e) ⋅ f = 1, Which
of the statements given above is/are correct?, (NDA
2010 I), , (a) Only I, (c) Both I and II, , (b) Only II, (d)
Neither I nor II, , 36. If |a|= 4,|b|= 4,|c|= 5 such that a ⊥
( b + c),, b ⊥ ( c + a) and c ⊥ (a + b ), then the value of, |a
+ b + c| is equal to, (a) 5, (b) 7, (d) 57, (c) 13, 37. A force
is represented in magnitude and direction by, the line
joining the point A(1, − 2, 4) to the point, B( 5, 2, 3).
The moment about the point ( −2, 3, 5) is, equal to, (a)
9i − j + 32k, (b) 9i + j + 32k, (c) 9i − j − 32k, (d) 9i − j −
8k, 38. What is the geometric interpretation of the
identity, (NDA 2010 I), (a − b ) × (a + b ) = 2(a × b )?, I. If
the diagonals of a given parallelogram are used, as
sides of a second parallelogram, then the area, of the
second parallelogram is twice that of the, given
parallelogram., II. If the semi-diagonals of a given
parallelogram are, used as sides of a second
parallelogram, then the, area of the second
parallelogram is half that of, the given parallelogram.,
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d)
Neither I nor II, 39. If r × b = c × b and r ⋅ a = 0, where a
= 2i + 3 j − k,, b = 3i − j + k, c = i + j + 3k, then the value
of r is, equal to, 1, (a) ( i + j + k), (b) 2 ( i + j + k), 2, 1, (c) 2
( − i + j + k), (d) ( i − j + k), 2, 40. If in a right angled
∆ABC, the hypotenuse AB = p,, then the value of AB ⋅
AC + BC ⋅ BA + CB ⋅ CA is equal, to, (b) p2, (a) 2 p2, 1
2, (c) p, (d) p, 2

Page 709 :
582, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 41. If p = a − b , q = a + b
and|a|=|b|= 2, then the value, of| p × q| is equal to, (a)
2 16 − (a ⋅ b )2, , (b) 16 − (a ⋅ b )2, , (c) 2 4 − (a ⋅ b )2, , (d)
4 − (a ⋅ b )2, , π, 42. If a and b are two unit vectors
inclined at an angle ,, 3, then the value of|a + b| is, (a)
greater than 1, (b) less than 1, (c) equal to 1, (d) equal
to 0, 43. Forces of magnitudes 3 and 2 units acting in
the, directions 5i + 3 j + 4k and 3i + 4 j − 5k,
respectively, act on a particle which is displaced from
the point, (1, 1, − 1) to ( 3, 3, 1). The work done by the
forces is, equal to, (a) 80 2 units, (b) 40 2 units, (d) 8 2
units, (c) 16 2 units, 44. A vector b is collinear with the
vector a = (2, 1, −1), and satisfies the condition a ⋅ b =
3. What is b equal, to?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) (1, 1 / 2, − 1 /
2), (b) ( 2 / 3, 1 / 3, − 1 / 3), (c) (1 / 2, 1 / 4, − 1 / 4), (d) (1,
1, 0), 45. If a a vector of magnitude 50 is collinear with
the, 15, vector b = 6i − 8 j −, k and makes an acute
angle, 2, with the positive direction of z-axis, then the
vector a, is equal to, (a) 24i − 32 j − 30k, (b) −24i + 32 j
+ 30k, (c) 16i − 16 j − 15k, (d) − 12i + 16 j − 30k, 46. A
particle moves along a circular path of radius r in, xy-
plane. The position vector R of this particle as a,
function of its y-coordinate is, (a) x 2 − y 2 i + yj, (b) r 2
− y 2 i + yj, (c), , y 2 − r 2 i − yj, , (d) r 2 − y 2, , i − yj, , 47.
If a + 2 b + 3 c = 0 and, (a × b) + (b × c) + (c × a ) = λ (b ×
c), then the value of λ, is equal to, , (a) 2, (c) 4, , (b) 3, (d)
6, , 48. Which one of the following vectors of
magnitude 51, makes, equal, angles, with, three,
vectors, i − 2j + 2k, −4i − 3k, and c = j ?, ,b =, a=, 3, 5,
(NDA 2009 I), (a) 5i − j − 5k, (b) 5i + j + 5k, (c) −5i − j +
5k, (d) 5i + 5 j − k, 49. If a + b + c = 0 and|a|= 6,|b|= 8
and|c|= 10, then the, value of a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a is
equal to, (a) 100, (b) – 100, (c) 200, (d) – 200, , 50. If
the sides of a parallelogram are 2i + 4 j − 5k and, i + 2 j
+ 3k, then the unit vector parallel to one of the,
diagonals is equal to, 1, (a) ( 3i + 6 j − 2k), 7, 1, (b) ( 3i −
6 j − 2k), 7, 1, (c) ( −3i + 6 j − 2k), 7, 1, (d) ( 3i + 6 j + 2k),
7, 51. EFGHIJ is a regular hexagon in which vector, EJ
= i + j and IH = 2i + j + 3k, then the vector JI is, equal
to, E, , i+j, , J, , I, , F, , G, , H, , (a) i + 3k, (b) j + 3k, (c) 3i + 2
j + 3k, (d) 2i + 3k, 52. The position vectors of P, Q, R
and S are, and, i + j + k, 2i + 5 j, 3i + 2 j − 3k, i − 6j − k,
respectively, then which one of the following forms a,
parallel pair?, (a) PQ and RS, (b) PR and OS, (c) PR and
OR, (d) None of these, 53. The projection of the vector
4i − 3 j + k on the line, passing through the points ( 2,
3, − 1) and (−2, − 4, 3) is, (a) 4, (b) 3, (c) 2, (d) 1, 54. If P,
Q and R are the mid-points of the sides AB, BC, and
CA , respectively of a ∆ ABC and if a, p and q are, the
position vectors of A, P and Q respectively, what, is
the position vector of R?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) 2a − ( p − q
), (b) ( p − q ) − 2a, a ( p − q), (c) a − ( p − q ), (d), −, 2, 2,
55. What is the work done by a force of 3 Newton
whose, line of action has direction cosines 2/3, 1/3
and 2/3 in, a displacement from the point (1, 3, 5) to
the point, (7, 9, 2), the unit of length being a metre?, (a)
6 Nm, (b) 9 Nm, (c) 12 Nm, (d) 18 Nm, 56. If A ≠ O and
both the conditions, (i) A ⋅ B = A ⋅ C and, (ii) A × B = A
× C hold simultaneously, then, (a) B = C = O, (b) B = C,
(c) B ≠ C, (d) B ≠ O , C ≠ O

Page 710 :
583, , Vector Algebra, 57. If n forces PA1 , PA 2 ,... , PA
n diverge from point P, and n other forces A1Q , A
2Q,.....,A n Q converge to a, point Q, then the resultant
of the 2n forces is, represented in magnitude and
direction by, (a) n PQ, (b) n QP, (c) 2n PQ, (d) n 2PQ, 58.
If A + t B is perpendicular to C, where, A = i + 2 j + 3k,
B = − i + 2 j + k and C = 3i + j, then t, is equal to, (a) 4,
(b) 5, (c) 6, (d) 7, 59. If a = a1i + a2 j + a3 k, where a1 ,
a2 , a3 are scalar, quantities and i, j, k are unit vectors
in three, mutually, perpendicular, directions,, then, |a
× i|2 +|a × k|2 is equal to, (b) a12 + a22 + a32, (a) a12 +
a32, (c) 2a12 + a22 + a32, (d) a12 + 2a22 + a32, 60.
Two forces are equal to 2 OA and 3 BO, their,
resultant being λ OG, where G is the point on AB, 2,
BG, such that, = − . What is the value of λ?, (NDA 2008
II), 3, AG, (a) 1, (b) –1, (c) 2, (d) None of these, 61. If the
work done by a force i + j + 8 k along a given, vector in
the xy-plane is 8 units and the magnitude of, the given
vector is 4 3, then the given vector is, represented as,
(a) ( 4 + 2 2) i + ( 4 − 2 2 ) j, (b) ( 4i + 4 2 j), (c) ( 4 2 i + 4 j),
(d) ( 4 + 2 2 ) ( i + j), 62. The, coordinates, of, A,, B,, C,, D,
are, ( 3, 5, − 3), ( 2, 3, − 1), (1, 2, 3) and ( 3, 5, 7),
respectively., Then,, (a) AB is perpendicular to CD., (b)
AB is parallel to CD., (c) the angle between AB and CD
is π/ 3., (d) the angle between AB and CD is 2π/ 3., 63.
OP and OQ are two lines in the xy-plane each of,
length l and making angles of 30° and 60° with the, x-
axis, mk is a vector. The cross product of vectors mk,
and ( OP + OQ ) is equal to, 1, 1, (a) − ml ( 3 + 1) ( i − j)
(b) ml ( 3 + 1) ( i − j), 2, 2, 1, 1, (d) − ml ( 3 − 1) ( i − j), (c)
ml ( 3 − 1) ( i + j), 2, 2, 64. Consider the following, If a
and b are the vectors forming consecutive sides of, a
regular hexagon ABCDEF, then, (NDA 2008 I), I. CE =
b − 2a, II. AE = 2b − a, III. FA = a − b, , Which of the
above are correct?, (a) I and II, (b) II and III, (c) I and III,
(d) I, II and III, 65. For what value of k, the points with
position vector, 60 i + 3 j, 40 i − 8 j and k i − 52 j are
collinear?, (a) k = 40, (b) k = − 40, (c) k = − 30, (d) k = 20,
66. If a, b and c are three vectors of which every pair
is, non-collinear. If the vectors a + b and b + c are,
collinear with the vectors c and a respectively, then,
which one of the following is correct?, (a) a + b + c is a
null vector., (b) a + b + c is a unit vector., (c) a + b + c is a
vector of magnitude of 2 units., (d) a + b + c is a vector
of magnitude of 3 units., 67. If a, b and c are unit
vectors such that a is, perpendicular to the plane of b ,
c and the angle, π, between b and c is, . What is the
value of, 3, (NDA 2008 I), |a + b + c|?, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3,
(d) 4, 68. If a = i + j, b = 2 j − k and r × a = b × a, r × b = a
× b,, r, then what is the value of ?, | r|, ( i + 3 j − k), ( i − 3
j + k), (b), (a), 11, 11, (i + 3 j + k ), ( i − 3 j − k), (c), (d), 11,
11, 69. Which one of the following vectors represents
the, unit vector parallel to the yz-plane and
perpendicular, to the vector 3i + 4 j − 2k?, ( −2i + j − k),
( j + 2k), (a), (b), 6, 5, ( i + j), ( 2i + 3 j + 9k), (c), (d), 2, 94,
70. What is the number of, perpendicular to the, b = (
0, 1, 1)?, (a) 1, (c) 3, , vectors of length 1 unit, vectors a
= (1, 1, 0) and, (NDA 2008 I), , (b) 2, (d) 4, , 71. A vector
v of magnitude 4 units is equally inclined to, the
vectors i + j, k + j, k + i. Which one of the, following is
correct ?, 4, 4, (a) v =, (b) v =, ( i + j − k), (i − j − k), 3, 3, 4,
(d) v = 4( i + j + k), (c) v =, ( i + j + k), 3, 72. If a = (1, 2, −
3) and b = ( 3, − 1, 2), then which one of the, following
vectors is perpendicular to a + b?, (a) 2a − b, (b) 2a + b
(c) a + 2 b, (d) a − b, 73. How many unit vectors are
there perpendicular to, both the vectors 2i + 3 j + 4k
and i − 2 j + 3k?, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) zero, (d) ∞

Page 711 :
584, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 74. If a , b and c are
non-zero vectors and, |(a × b ) ⋅ c| =|a || b||c|, which
one of the following is, correct?, (NDA 2007 II), (a) a ⋅
b = b ⋅ c = c ⋅ a ≠ 0, (b) a ⋅ b = 0, (c) b ⋅ c = 0, (d) a ⋅ b = b
⋅ c = c ⋅ a = 0, 75. OA is a diagonal of a cube. The
vector sum of the, three vectors determined by the
diagonals of three, adjacent faces of the cube passing
through the same, corner O has magnitude λ., Which
one of the following is correct?, (a) λ = OA, (b) λ < OA,
(c) λ = 3 ⋅ OA, (d) λ = 2 ⋅ OA, 76. A, B, C and D are four
points, and E and F are the, middle points of AC and
BD, respectively. What is, the value of the vector sum
AB + CB + CD + AD ?, (a) 2 EF, (b) 3 EF, (c) 4 EF, (d)
None of these, 77. The vectors AB = c, BC = a and CA
= b are the sides, of a ∆ABC. Which of the following
vectors, represent(s) the median AD?, 1, 1, 1, 1, III. a +
b, II. − b + c, I. a + c, 2, 2, 2, 2, Select the correct answer
using the codes given below, (a) I and II, (b) I and III, (c)
I only, (d) II only, 78. A force 5i at the point O, P is a
point such that OP is of, length l and is inclined to the
direction of the force at, an angle of 30°. The moment
of the force about the, point P is 10 units. What is the
value of l ?, 5 3, units, (b) 4 units, (a), 4, 3, unit, (d) 3
units, (c), 4, 79. In a ∆PQR, the position vectors of the
points Q and R, are 2 i + 3 j + 5k and i + j + k,
respectively. S and T, are the middle points of PQ and
PR, respectively., What is the length of ST ?, 51, (a) 51
units, (b), units, 2, 21, (c), units, (d) 21 units, 2, 80. If |a
× b| 2 = k|a ⋅ b|2 +|a|2| b|2 , then what is the, value of
k?, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 0, (d) –1, 81. Two coterminus vectors
a and b include an angle of, 60°. If |a|=|b|= c, then what
is the length of the, diagonal (of the parallelogram
formed by a and b), that does not include the
coterminus point?, (c) 3 c, (d) 2 c, (a) c, (b) 2 c, , 82. For
any two vectors a and b, consider the following,
statements, (NDA 2007 I), I. |a + b| =|a − b| a and b
are orthogonal., II. |a + b| =|a| +| b| a and b are
orthogonal., III.|a + b|2 =|a|2 +| b|2 a and b are
orthogonal., Which of the above statements are
correct?, (a) I and II, (b) I and III, (c) II and III, (d) I, II and
III, 83. The direction ratios of a vector PQ are 4, 1, x,,
respectively and the magnitude of the vector PQ is,
42. What are the direction cosines of the vector PQ?,
(a) 4, 1, 5, (b) 4/ 42 , 1/ 42, 5/ 42, (c) 2/21, 1/42, – 5/42,
(d) 2/21, 1/42, 5/42, 84. The position vectors of the
points A, B, C, D are, i + j + mk, 2i + 3 j, 3i + 5 j − 2k, − j
+ k, respectively, and AB and CD are parallel. What is
the value of m?, (a) – 1, (b) 1, (c) – 3, (d) 3, 85. Consider
the following statements, If u = a − b + c, v = 2 va − 3 b
and w = a + 3 c, then, I. u, v, w are coplanar, if [a, b, c] ≠
0, II. u, v, w are not coplanar, if [a, b, c] ≠ 0, III. u, v, w
are coplanar, if there exist scalars,, α , β , γ not all zero
such that α u, β v , γ w = 0., Which of the above is/are
correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only, (c) III only, (d) I and III, 86.
Two vectors 2i + mj − 3nk and 5i + 3mj + nk are such,
that their magnitudes are, respectively 14 and 35,,
where m and n are integers. Which one of the,
following is correct?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) m takes 1 value
and n takes 1 value, (b) m takes 1 value and n takes 2
values, (c) m takes 2 values and n takes 1 value, (d) m
takes 2 values and n takes 2 values, 87. Which one of
the following is correct?, If a and b are unit vectors,
then, (a) it is not possible that both a + b and a − b are,
unit vectors., (b) both a + b and a − b are unit vectors.,
(c) a + b is a unit vector but a − b is zero vector, if a,
and b are parallel., (d) both a + b and a − b are unit
vectors only when a, and b are perpendicular to each
other., 88. Consider the following statements, Vectors
which make an angle of π /4 with the vector, i + j + 2 k
are given by, I. i + j, II. i + 2 k, III. 2 k

Page 712 :
585, , Vector Algebra, Which of the statements given
above are correct?, (a) All I, II and III, (b) I and II, (c) II
and III, (d) I and III, 89. If a and b are unit vectors
inclined at an angle of 30°, to each other, which one of
the following is correct?, (NDA 2007 I), , (a) |a + b|> 1,
(c) |a + b| = 2, , (b) 1 <|a + b|< 2, (d) |a + b|> 2, , 90. Let a,
b, c be non-coplanar vectors and, p=, , b×c, c× a, a ×b,
,q =, ,r =, ., [a b c], [a b c], [a b c], , (b) −3, , (c) 3, , (d) −9, ,
91. If p ≠ 0 and the conditions p ⋅ q = p ⋅ r and p × q = p
× r, hold simultaneously, then which one of the
following, is correct?, (a) q ≠ r, (b) q = − r, (c) q ⋅ r = 0 (d)
q = r, 92. Let ABCD be a parallelogram whose
diagonals, intersect at P and let O be the origin, then
what is, OA + OB + OC + OD equal to?, (a) OP, (b) 2OP,
(c) 3OP, (d) 4OP, 93. If the vectors i − 2xj − 3 yk and i +
3xj + 2 yk are, orthogonal to each other, then what is
the locus of the, point ( x , y )?, (a) A circle, (b) An
ellipse, (c) A parabola, (d) A hyperbola, 94. Consider
the following statements, I. If a × b = c × d and a × c = b
× d, then a − d is, parallel to b − c., II. For, any, three,
vectors, (a − b ) ⋅ ( b + c) × ( c − a) = 0., III. Let ABCD be
a quadrilateral, then, AB + DC = DB + AC, Which of
the statements given above are correct?, , (a) I and II,
(c) III and I, , (b) II and III, (d) All I, II and III, , 95.
Consider the following statements, I. If a and b are
two unit vectors inclined at an, angle π / 3, then|a +
b|> 1., II. The vector a × ( b × c) is coplanar with a and
b., Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d)
Neither I nor II, , Directions (Q. Nos. 96-101), , 96.
Assertion (A) If a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, and p
⋅ a = p ⋅ b = p ⋅ c = 0, then p is a zero vector., Reason
(R) Since, p is perpendicular to both a and, b it is
normal to the plane of a and b. Then, since, p ⋅ c = 0, c
must lie in the plane of a and b. But this, contrary to
the data. Hence, p must be zero., 97. Assertion (A) The
work done when the force and, displacement are
perpendicular to each other is zero., , What is the
value of, (a – b – c) ⋅ p + (b – c – a ) ⋅ q + (c – a – b) ⋅ r?, ,
(a) 0, , (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is,
not the correct explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is
false., (d) A is false but R is true., , Each of these,
questions contain two statements, one is Assertion
(A), and other is Reason (R). Each of these questions
also has, four alternative choices, only one of which is
the correct, answer. You have to select one of the
codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d) given below., Codes, (a) Both
A and R are individually true and R is, the correct
explanation of A., , Reason (R) The dot product A ⋅ B
vanishes, is the, vectors A and B are perpendicular.,
(NDA 2009 I), 98. Assertion (A) If a = i + j + k, b = 4i + 3
j + 4 k and, c = i + α j + β k are linearly dependent
vectors and, ( c) = 3, then β = 1., Reason (R) If a, b and c
are linearly dependent, vectors, then [a b c] = 0., 99.
Assertion (A) The volume of the parallelopiped, whose
coterminus edges are represented by, a = 2i − 3 j + k b
= i − j + 2k and c = 2i + j − k is, 14 cu units., Reason (R)
The volume of the parallelopiped whose, coterminus
edges are a, b , c is [a b c]., 100. Assertion (A) Three
points with position vectors a,, b and c are collinear
provided there exist three, scalars x , y , z not all zero,
such that x a + y b + z c = 0,, where x + y + z = 0.,
Reason (R) This is a necessary condition for the, three
points to be collinear., 101. Assertion (A) The work
done when force and, displacement are perpendicular
to each other, is zero, Reason (R) The dot product A ⋅
B vasnishes, if the, vector A and B are perpendicular.,
102. If a = i + j + k , b = i − j + k, c = i + j − k and d = i − j −
k, then match the List I with List II, List I, (i), (ii), (iii),
(iv), , a⋅b, b⋅ c, [a b c], b×c, , Codes, (i) (ii) (iii) (iv), (a) A B
C, D, (b) B A D, C, (c) A B D, C, (d) B A C, D, , List II, A. a ⋅
d, B. b ⋅ d, C. 2 j − 2 k, D. 4

Page 713 :
586, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Directions (Q. Nos.
103-105) Let us defined two, , vectors a and b whose
position vectors are 3i − j + 5k, and 2i + 3 j + k, 103.
Find the angle between a and b ., 8, 8, (a), (b), 7, 10, 8,
(c), (d) None of these, 7 10, 104. The value of a ⋅ b is,
(a) 8, (b) 7, , three vectors., a = i + j + k, b = i − j + k and c
= i + 2 j − k, On the basis of this solve the following
question., 106. Find the value of [a b c]., (a) 4, (b) 3, (c)
2, (d) 1, , (d) − 8, , (c) 6, , Directions (Q. Nos. 106-108)
Suppose there are, , 105. If a and b are adjacent sides
of a parallelogram, then, area is equal to, (a) 436, (b)
426, (d) None of these, (c) 425, , 107. Find the value of
a ×( b × c), (a) i + 4 j + 2k, (b) i − 4 j + 2k, (c) i + 2 j + 3k,
(d) None of the above, 108. The value of [a + b b + c c +
a] is, (a) 3, (b) 8, (c) 2, (d) 1, , Answers, Level I, 1., 11.,
21., 31., 41., 51., 61., , (a), (b), (a), (b), (a), (c), (b), , 2., 12.,
22., 32., 42., 52., 62., , (a), (d), (d), (b), (b), (b), (b), , 3., 13.,
23., 33., 43., 53., 63., , (d), (c), (c), (a), (b), (b), (d), , 4., 14.,
24., 34., 44., 54., 64., , (c), (a), (a), (c), (c), (c), (c), , 5., 15.,
25., 35., 45., 55., 65., , (a), (c), (b), (a), (b), (a), (d), , 6., 16.,
26., 36., 46., 56., 66., , (a), (a), (c), (c), (d), (a), (d), , 7., 17.,
27., 37., 47., 57., 67., , (c), (a), (d), (a), (a), (b), (c), , 8., 18.,
28., 38., 48., 58., 68., , (b), (c), (d), (d), (d), (c), (b), , 9., 19.,
29., 39., 49., 59., 69., , (c), (c), (b), (d), (c), (b), (b), , 10.,
20., 30., 40., 50., 60., 70., , (a), (c), (d), (c), (d), (b), (c), , 2.,
12., 22., 32., 42., 52., 62., 72., 82., 92., 102., , (c), (a), (a),
(a), (a), (a), (a), (d), (b), (d), (b), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., 53.,
63., 73., 83., 93., 103., , (b), (a), (b), (c), (d), (d), (a), (b),
(b), (a), (c), , 4., 14., 24., 34., 44., 54., 64., 74., 84., 94.,
104., , (d), (b), (a), (d), (a), (c), (c), (d), (b), (d), (a), , 5., 15.,
25., 35., 45., 55., 65., 75., 85., 95., 105., , (b), (b), (d), (a),
(b), (c), (b), (d), (c), (c), (b), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., 56., 66.,
76., 86., 96., 106., , (d), (a), (a), (d), (b), (b), (a), (c), (d), (a),
(a), , 7., 17., 27., 37., 47., 57., 67., 77., 87., 97., 107., , (b),
(a), (a), (a), (d), (a), (b), (c), (a), (a), (b), , 8., 18., 28., 38.,
48., 58., 68., 78., 88., 98., 108., , (c), (a), (b), (c), (a), (b),
(a), (b), (d), (a), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., 59., 69., 79., 89.,
99., , (b), (c), (c), (c), (b), (d), (b), (c), (b), (a), , 10., 20., 30.,
40., 50., 60., 70., 80., 90., 100., , (d), (c), (d), (b), (a), (a),
(b), (d), (c), (a), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., 61.,
71., 81., 91., 101., , (c), (b), (b), (a), (a), (c), (a), (c), (a), (d),
(a)

Page 714 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. If three vectors a, b and c
are coplanar, then, x a + y b + z c = 0 holds for non-
zero value of scalars x, y, and z. So, they are linearly
dependent., 2. Let a = 2i + j + k, b = i − j + k, a⋅b,
Projection of a along b =, |b|, (2i + j + k) ⋅ (i − j + k), =, 3,
2 −1 + 1 2, =, =, 3, 3, , (a × b), |a × b|, (a × b), –, |a × b|, , C,
, a, , 10. x is perpendicular to a, b and c it means a, b
and c are, coplanar, so [a b c] = 0., , B, , i, , j k, , =|AB ×
AD|= 1, −1, , 1 1, 1 0, , 11. Points (2, 2), (λ, 8), 2 2 1, λ 8
1 =0, , =|i (−1) − j(1) + k(2)|, = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6 sq units, , 5.
a ⋅ b = (− i − 2 j + k) ⋅ (x i + j + (x + 1) k) (obtuse angle), ,
= − x − 2 + x + 1 = − 1< 0, 6. Option (a) is meaningless.,
7. |a|2 = a ⋅ a = a 2 but|z|2 ≠ z 2, (As one side is real but
other side is imaginary)., 8. Let c be the position
vector of C., AB = OB − OA = b − a, and, AC = 2 AB = 2
b − 2 a, , (given), , B, , C, , b, a, , c, , O, , Now, in ∆ AOC ,,
, , , and, , (8, 32), , are, , collinear,, , so, , 8 32 1, , 4. If
a ⋅ b = 0 a ⊥ b, and, a × b = 0 a || b, But both
conditions can’t exist simultaneously. The, one
possible way for both conditions to exist,
simultaneously is that either of a and b is a null,
vector., , A, , b, , a× b, in the vertical upper direction
and, | a× b |, the other perpendicular unit vector c on
both vectors a, and b is, (a × b), ,, c=−, | a× b |, which is
vertically below direction., , b, , A, , a, , O, , Then, c =, , 3.
Area of parallelogram, D, , 9. If c is perpendicular to
both vectors a and b, then, c= a× b, But c is the unit
vector., , AC = OC − OA, 2 b −2 a = c − a, c =2 b −2 a + a
=2 b − a, , , , , , 2 (8 − 32) − 2 ( λ − 8) + 1(32λ − 64)
= 0, −48 − 2λ + 16 + 32λ − 64 = 0, 16, 30λ = 96 λ =,
5, , 12. ( a + b + c)2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 + 2 (a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c +
c ⋅ a ), 0 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 (a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ), 3, , a ⋅
b + b⋅ c + c⋅ a = −, 2, 13. Let AO = 10i + 3 j, OB = 12i −
5 j, and, OC = mi + 11 j, Since, A, B and C are collinear.,
We have,, AB = λBC, , (OB − OA ) = λ (OC − OB), ,
(2i − 8 j) = λ {(m − 12)i + 16 j}, On comparing the
coefficients of i, j and k, we get, …(i), λ (m − 12) = 2,
and, 16λ = − 8, 1, , λ=−, 2, From Eq. (i), we get, 1, − (m
− 12) = 2, 2, , m − 12 = − 4, , m =8, Alternate
Method If the given position vectors are, collinear,
then the area of triangle should be zero.

Page 715 :
588, , NDA/NA Mathematics, 10, 12, m, 10, , 3, −5, 11,
3, , 1, 1 =0, 1, 1, , , , 2, m − 10, , −8, 8, , 0 =0, 0, , , , ,
16 + 8(m − 10) = 0, 8m = 64 m = 8, , R2 R2 − R1
, , , R3 R3 − R1 , , 15. If OA = a , OB = b, , OM =,
, and, , So, magnitude of a + b = 2|OM|= 2 cos, , (as|OB|
= 1), θ, 2, , 16. Let r = xi + yj (vector in xy-plane), , x2
+ y2 = 1, (xi + yj) ⋅ (i + j), ∴, cos 45° =, x2 + y2 12 + 12,
, (x i + y j) ⋅ (i + j) = 2 cos 45°, , x + y =1, From Eqs. (i)
and (ii), we get, (1 − y) 2+ y2 = 1 1 + y2 − 2 y + y2 =
1, , y = 0, 1, If y = 0, x = 1 and when y = 1, then x = 0.,
∴, r = i or r = j, , …(i), , …(ii), , 17. We have, GB + GC = (1
+ 1) GD = 2 GD, where D is the, mid-point of BC., ∴,
GA + GB + GC = GA + 2 GD = GA − GA = 0, (G divides
AD in the ratio 2 : 1, ∴ 2 GD = − GA), 18. We have, (a ×
b)2 + (a ⋅ b) 2 = 144, |a|2|b|2 sin 2 θ + |a|2|b|2 cos 2
θ = 144, |a|2|b|2 = 144, , |b| = 3, 19., , = 16 + 9 + 100,
=5 5, 22. Given that a and b are two unit vectors and ‘
θ ’ is the, angle between them, Then,, |a + b|2 =| a |2 + |
b|2 + 2| a || b|cos θ, [ Q|a|=|b|= 1], = (1 + 1 + 2 × 1 ×
cos θ ), = 2 (1 + cos θ ), 1, 2θ, = | a + b|2, cos, , 2 4, θ
1, , cos = | a + b|, 2 2, , 14. Let A = 3 (a × b), B = b − (a ⋅
b) a, ∴ A ⋅ B = 3 (a × b) ⋅ (b − ( a ⋅ b)a ), = 3 ([a b b ] − [a b
a ] (a ⋅ b)) = 0, π, ∴ A ⊥ B i.e., θ =, 2, a+b, 2, θ, |OM| =
cos, 2, , AB = OB − OA, = (6 − 2)i + (1 − 4) j + (12 − 2)k,
= 4i − 3 j + 10k, And its magnitude = 42 + (−3)2 + 102, ,
23., , Q xi + yj + zk is a unit vector., ∴, x2 + y2 + z 2 = 1,
and, x: y: z = 3 :2 :3, , x = 3k, y = 2k and z = 3k, ∴ (
3k)2 + (2k)2 + (3k)2 = 1, 1, 1, k=, 3k2 + 4k2 + 9k2
= 1 k2 =, 16, 4, 1 3, Hence,, z = 3k = 3 × =, 4 4, ,
(given), , 24. We know that, if position vector of a
point P is r from, origin of coordinate axes and a force
F passes through, the point P, then moment of the
force about the origin is, r× F, 25. We have, a = i − 2 j +
k and b = 4i − 4 j + 7k, ∴ Projection of a on b is given by,
a ⋅ b (i − 2 j + k) ⋅ (4i − 4 j + 7k), =, =, | b|, 16 + 16 + 49,
19 19, =, =, 81 9, 26. Since, the vectors i − xj − yk and (i
+ x j + y k) are, orthogonal, to, each, other,, then, (i − xj
− yk) ⋅ (i + xj + yk) = 0, , [Q |a|= 4], , p = Magnitude of 3i
+ 2 j = 9 + 4 = 13, q = Magnitude of 2i + 2 j + k = 4 + 4 +
1 = 3, r = Magnitude of 4i − j + k = 16 + 1 + 1 = 18 = 3 2,
and s = Magnitude of 2i + 2 j + 3k = 4 + 4 + 9 = 17, ∴, r
>s> p>q, , 20. Since, points are collinear, Q, AB = λ AC,
, −2 j = λ [(l − 1 ) i + (m − 1) j + nk], On comparing
both sides, we get, λ (l − 1) = 0, λ (m − 1) = − 2, λn = 0,
, l = 1, n = 0, m ∈ R, 21. Let the position vector be OA
= (2, 4, 2) and, OB = (6, 1, 12)., ∴ The displacement
vector is given by, , 1 − x2 − y2 = 0 x2 + y2 = 1,
which represent a circle with centre at ogigin and,
having radius is 1., 27. Q, a = i − k, b = xi + j + (1 − x) k,
and, c = yi + xj + (1 + x − y) k, 1 0 −1, ∴, a ⋅ (b × c) = x 1 1
− x, y x 1+ x− y, Expanding along R1, = 1 (1 + x − y − x +
x2) − 1 (x2 − y), = 1 − y + x2 − x 2 + y = 1, which shows
that a ⋅ (b × c) does not depend on x and y., 28. We
have, a = 2i + 3 j − 5k and b = i + j − k, ∴ The area of
parallelogram is given by, A = | a × b|

Page 716 :
589, , Vector Algebra, i j k, a × b = 2 3 −5, , Now,, , 1 1
−1, , , , , a × b = 2i − 3 j − k, | a × b| = 4 + 9 + 1, A =
14 sq units, , 29. We have,| a + b| = | a − b|, , | a |2 + |
b|2 + 2|a || b|cos θ, | a |2 + | b|2 − 2|a || b|cos θ, , 4| a
|| b|cos θ = 0, , cos θ = 0 θ = 90°, 30. In ∆ ACD,, D, ,
C, , B, , A, , |a |= 4, 12, ∴, | b| =, =3, 4, 34. Q, a ⋅ b =| a ||
b|cos α, …(i), , cos α = a ⋅ b, (Q | a | = | b| = 1, a and b
are unit vectors), [Q (a + b) is unit vector], Now,, | a +
b| = 1, | a |2 + | b|2 + 2a ⋅ b = 1, [from Eq. (i)], , 1 +
1 + 2 cos α = 1, , 2 cos α = −1, 1, 2π, cos α = − = cos,
, 2, 3, 2π, α=, , 3, Since,, , …(i), CD + DA = CA, Now
in ∆ ABC,, …(ii), CA + AB = CB, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get, (CD + DA ) + AB = CB, CB + CD + DA + AB = 2
CB, A⋅B , 31. Projection of A on B is given by , ×B,
2 , |B | , 1 × 4 + (−2) × (−4) + 1 × 7, × (4i − 4 j + 7k), =,
42 + (−4)2 + (7)2, 4+8+ 7, =, (4i − 4 j + 7k), (16 + 16 +
49), 19, =, (4i − 4 j + 7k), 81, , 35. Since, C is mid-point
of AB, ∴, AC = CB, Now, in ∆ APC,, PA + AC = PC, and
in ∆ BPC,, PC + CB = PB, , PC = PB − CB, On adding
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, 2PC = PA + PB + AC − CB, , 2
PC = PA + PB, , …(i), , …(ii), , 36. We have, OA = a, OB =
b, OC = 2a + 3b ,, OD = a − 2 b, ∴, AC = OC − OA, =2 a
+ 3 b − a, = a + 3b, , 19 , ∴ Magnitude = (16 + 16 +
49), 81 , , 37. By taking option (a), condition of
perpendicularity a ⋅ b = 0, (3i + 4 j), 1, ±, ⋅ (4i − 3 j + k)
= (12 − 12), 5, 5, =0, , = 2 .11, Magnitude of the
projection of A and B lies between, 2 and 3., , 38.
Since, P is a point on circumference of a semi-circle of,
radius a, which is bounded by the diameter BC., In
∆PBC,, , 2, , P, , 32. Here, we have,, F = 2i + j + 4k, and
the points are A (3, −1, 3) and B (5, 1, 4), ∴, AB = (5i + j
+ 4k) − (3i − j + 3k), = 2i + 2 j + k, Now, moment of F
about A is given by AB × F, = (2i + 2 j + k) × (2i + j + 4k),
i j k, = 2 2 1, 2 1 4, = i (2 × 4 − 1 × 1) − j(2 × 4 − 2 × 1) + k
(2 × 1 − 2 × 2), = 7 i − 6 j − 2k, 33. We have,| a × b|2 + |
a ⋅ b|2 = 144, , |a|2|b|2 sin 2 θ + |a|2|b|2 cos 2 θ =
144, , | a |2| b|2 = 144, , | a || b|= 12, , BP, a, B, , BC, ,
PC, C, , BP ⋅ PC = |BP| ⋅ |PC| cos 90°, BP ⋅ PC = 0, 39.
Let r1 = bi − aj, Condition of perpendicularity a ⋅ b = 0,
Now,, r1 ⋅ r = (bi − aj) ⋅ (ai + bj), = ab − ab = 0, 40. Given
that,, The diagonals of a parallelogram are, a = 3 i + j −
2k and b = i − 3 j + 4 k, k , i j, 3, 1, 2 , ∴ a ×b = , −, , ,
1 −3 4 , , (by option ‘d’)

Page 718 :
591, , Vector Algebra, 51. We know that, if three
vectors a, b, c are coplanar, then, [a b c] = 0, Let a = 2i −
j + k, b = i + 2 j − 3k and c = 3i + m j + 5k, 2 −1 1, Then,,
[a b c] = 1 2 −3 = 0, 3, , m, , 5, , , , 2 (10 + 3m) + 1 (5 +
9) + 1 (m − 6) = 0, , , , 20 + 6m + 14 + m − 6 = 0, , , ,
7m + 28 = 0, , , , 57. | a + b| = | a + b|2, = | a |2 + | b|2 +
2| a || b|cos 60°, , m = −4, , 52. Given that, the vertices
of ∆ABC are i, j and i + j + λk., Then,, AB = 2 , BC = 1 +
λ2, and, , C is mid-point of AB, 1, AC = AB, 2, 1, = (b
− a ), 2, , ∴, , ∴, , (Q θ = 60° ), [Q a and b are unit vectors
| a | = | b| = 1], 1, = (1)2 + (1)2 + 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ = 3, 2, | a +
b| > 1, , 58. In ∆ AOB,, , AB = OB − OA, =b− a, CD = −
AB = a − b, , CA = 1 + λ2, ∴, In ∆ ODC,, , A (1, 0, 0), , B,
(0, 1, 0), , OD = OC + CD, = c+ a− b, , 59. Given that, a =
i − 3 j and OA = − i + 5 j, Let the coordinates of B are (x,
y), then OB = xi + yj, ∴, AB = a = OB − OA, (x + 1) i + (
y − 5) j = i − 3 j, (after comparing), x + 1 = 1 and y − 5
= − 3, , x = 0 and y = 2, ∴ Coordinates of B are (0, 2)., ,
C, (1, 1, λ), , Q ∆ABC is right angled triangle., ∴, AB2 =
BC 2 + CA 2, , 2 = 1 + λ2 + 1 + λ2, , λ =0, 53.
Volume of rectangular parallelopiped having sides as, i
, 2 j, 3k, 0 , 0, 1, 0 , 2, 0, = , , , 3 , 0, 0, , 0 , 2, =
6 cu units, = , 3 , 0, , 60. It is clear that CA has
greatest magnitude, since side, opposite to greatest
angle is longest and ∠B is greatest, angle in ∆ ABC.
Thus, CA has greatest magnitude., A, , E, , F, , 54. Since,
B is the mid-point of AC, then, O, D, , B, , b, , a, , A, , ,
, , B, , 61. Q a and b are position vectors of A and B,
respectively, and position vector of C is 3a − 2b., From
above, it is clear that A is in between C and B., C, , OA
+ OC, OB =, 2, a + OC, b=, 2, OC = 2b − a, , 55. (A × B).C
represents the volume of a parallelopiped., 56. In ∆
OAB,, OA + AB = OB, , AB = OB − OA, =b− a, Q, AB =
2BC, , C, , (0, 1), B, , (1, 0), λ, , A, , (3, –2), 1, , C, , By
section formula,, 3λ + 0 −2λ + 1 , OA = , ,, = (1, 0),
λ+1 , λ+1, On comparing,, 3λ + 0 = 1 + λ, 1, λ=, , 2,
Q So, point A divides BC internally.

Page 719 :
592, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 62. Q p and q are unit
vectors, which makes an angle, , π, 3, , 67. Given
condition is,, PO + OQ = QO + OR, , with each other.,
∴, Now,, , ∴, 63., , π 1, =, 3 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, p − q = |p|2 + |q|2
− p ⋅ q, 2, 4, 2, 1 1, =1 + −, 4 2, 5 1 5 −2, = − =, 4 2, 4, 3,
=, 4, 1, 3, p− q =, 2, 2, p ⋅ q = |p||q|cos, , 66., , Q c is
normal to the vectors a and b, then, c ⋅ a = 0 and c ⋅ b =
0, Now,, c ⋅ (a + b) = c ⋅ a + c ⋅ b, =0 + 0 =0, and, c ⋅ (a −
b) = c ⋅ a − c ⋅ b, =0 −0 =0, ∴ c is normal to (a + b) and (a
− b), , OQ + OQ = OP + OR, , , , 2 OQ = OP + OR, OP
+ OR, OQ =, 2, , Which represent Q is the mid-point of
P and Q i.e., P, Q, and R are collinear., , 64. Two vectors
(x2 − 1) i + (x + 2) j + x2k and, 2i − xj + 3k are
orthogonal, if, 2 (x2 − 1) − x (x + 2) + 3x2 = 0, , 2 x2 −
2 − x2 − 2 x + 3x2 = 0, , 4 x2 − 2 x − 2 = 0, , (2 x2 − x
− 1) = 0, , (2 x + 1) (x − 1) = 0, 1, and, x=−, x=1, , 2, Q
Semi-diagonal is r = ai + bj, ∴ Sides of rectangle are 2a
and 2b., Hence, area of rectangle = 2a × 2b = 4ab, , −
OP + OQ = − OQ + OR, , , , , Q (i − xj − 2k) and (2i +
j + yk) are orthogonal., ∴ (i − xj − 2k) ⋅ (2i + j + yk) = 0,
, 2 − x − 2y = 0, , x + 2y = 2, Which is an equation of
straight line., Thus, the locus of the point (x, y) is a
straight line., , 65., , , , 68. Q, a = i + 2 j − 3k and b = 3i
− j + λk, ∴ a + b = i + 2 j − 3 k + 3 i − j + λk, = 4i + j + (λ −
3) k, and a − b = i + 2 j − 3k − 3i + j − λk, = − 2i + 3 j − (3
+ λ ) k, Q (a + b) is perpendicular to (a − b)., ∴, (a + b) ⋅
(a − b) = 0, {4i + j + (λ − 3) k} { −2i + 3 j − (3 + λ ) k} =
0, , −8 + 3 + (32 − λ2) = 0, , 4 − λ2 = 0, , λ=±2, 69.,
, (given), , Since, p and q are collinear, then p = λq, , (x
− 2) a + b = λ (x + 1) a − λ b, On equating the
coefficients,, x − 2 = λ (x + 1) and − λ = 1, , x − 2 = − (x
+ 1), 1, , 2x = 1 x =, 2, , 70. Here, F = 3 i + 2 j − k,
and, r1 − r2 = i − j + k − 2i + 3 j + k, = − i + 2 j+ 2 k,
Moment of couple = (r1 − r2) × F, = (− i + 2 j + 2 k) × (3 i
+ 2 j − k), i, j, k, 2, = −1 2, 3, , 2, , −1, , = (−2 − 4)i − (1 − 6)
j + k(−2 − 6), = − 6i + 5 j − 8k, Magnitude of the
moment = | − 6i + 5 j − 8k|, = 36 + 25 + 64 = 5 5, , Level
II, 1. i × (a × i ) + j × (a × j) + k × (a × k), = (i ⋅ i ) a − (i ⋅ a )i
+ ( j ⋅ j) a − ( j ⋅ a ) j + (k ⋅ k)a − (k ⋅ a ) k, = 3a − {(i ⋅ a ) i +
( j ⋅ a ) j + (k ⋅ a ) k}, = 3a − a = 2a, 2. [ a × b b × c c × a ], =
( a × b) ⋅ {(b × c) × (c × a )}, = (a × b) ⋅ {(b × c ⋅a ) c − (b × c
⋅ c) a }, , θ, , c, , = (a × b ⋅c) (b × c ⋅ a ), = [a b c]2, , b, , a

Page 720 :
593, , Vector Algebra, 3. [a × b b × c c × a ] = [a b c]2 ≠
0, (As a, b and c are non-coplanar), So, a × b, b × c and c
× a are non-coplanar vectors or, they are linearly
independent., 4. Let, a = − i − 2xj − 3 yk, and, b = i − 3 xj
− 2 yk, If both the vectors are orthogonal to each
other, then, a⋅b = 0, (− i − 2xj − 3 yk) ⋅ (i − 3xj − 2 yk)
= 0, , − 1 + 6 x2 + 6 y2 = 0, , 6 x2 + 6 y2 = 1, 1, , x2
+ y 2 =, 6, which is the equation of a circle., 5. Since, a ,
b and c are mutually perpendicular vectors., Let, a =
10i , b = 10 j, c = k, ∴, |2a + 2b + 40c| = |20i + 20 j +
40k|, =|20(i + j + 2k)| = 20 6, 6. If the vectors AB, AC
and AD are coplanar, then the, points A , B, C and D
are coplanar., Now, AB = i + 2 j + 0k, AC = 0i + 1 j + 4k,
and, AD = (λ − 1)i + 2 j + 3k, 1, 2 0, ∴, 0 1 4 =0, λ −1 2,
, , , , , 7., , Since, u 4 = 2u 2 (4, 6, 2) = 2(2, 3,
1), ∴ u 2 is parallel to u 4., , 8. Given that,|a| = |b|, If (a +
b) is parallel to (a − b)., Then, (a + b) × (a − b) should be
equal to zero., ∴, , a12, , + b12 + c12 a 22 + b22 + c22, ,
∴ Angle between the vectors i + 2 j + 3k and, − i + 2 j +
3k is given by, cos θ =, =, Now,, , 1 × (−1) + 2 × 2 + 3 × 3,
1+4+9 1+4+9, −1 + 4 + 9 12 6, =, =, 14, 14 7, , 36, 49,
49 − 36, 13, 13, =, =, =, 49, 49, 7, , sin θ = 1 − cos 2 θ =
1 −, , 12. a = 2i − j + 2k, b = i + j + 4k, i, , j, , ∴ a × b = 2 −1,
1 1, , k, 2, 4, , = i (−4 − 2) − j (8 − 2) + k (2 + 1), = − 6i − 6 j
+ 3k, −6 i − 6 j + 3 k, Unit vector in this direction = ±,
36 + 36 + 9, =±, , 3, , 1(3 − 8) − 2 { −4 (λ − 1)} = 0, −5 − 2
{ − 4 λ + 4 } = 0, −5 + 8 λ − 8 = 0, 8λ = 13, 13, λ=, 8, , , ,
a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1c2, , cos θ =, , (a + b) × (a − b) = a × a +
b × a − a × b − b × b, , =0 − a × b − a × b −0, = −2 a × b
≠0, (a + b) ⋅ (a − b) = a ⋅ a + b ⋅ a − a ⋅ b − b ⋅ b, =1 + a⋅b
− a⋅b −1, =0 ≠1, i.e., (a + b) is perpendicular (a − b), 9. (a
+ b) ⋅ (b + c) × (c + a ), = (a + b) ⋅ [b × c + b × a + c × a], =
a ⋅ b × c +0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + b ⋅ c × a ], = 2 [a b c], 10. Since,
a × r = j a and r are perpendicular to j i.e.,, parallel to
xz-plane but they can be of any magnitude, and at any
angle, so a ⋅ r cannot be determined., 11. We know
that, the angle between the vectors, a1i + b1 j + c1k
and a 2i + b2j + c2k is given by, , −6 i − 6 j + 3 k, 9, , 13.
Angle between the faces OAB and ABC is same as
angle, between normals of the faces OAB and ABC.
Vector, along the normal of OAB, i, j k, (say), = 1 2, 1 =
5i − j − 3k = a, 2, , 1, , 3, , Vector along the normal of
ABC., i, j k, = 1 −1 2 = i − 5 j − 3 k = b, −2 −1 1, a ⋅b,
5+5+9, =, ∴ cos θ =, |a||b| 35 35, 19 , , θ = cos −1
, 35 , , (say), , 14. Given that,|a| = 10,|b| = 2, and, , a
⋅ b = 12, , , , |a||b|cos θ = 12, , , , 10 ⋅ 2 ⋅ cos θ = 12,
, , , cos θ = 3 / 5, , ... (i), , sin θ = 1 − cos θ, 2, , = 1 − 9 /5
= 4 /5, Now,, , $, |a × b| = |a||b||sin θn|, $|, =|a||b||sin θ|
n, = 10 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅|sin θ|, = 10 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅|4 / 5|, 4, = 20 × = 4
× 4 = 16, 5

Page 721 :
594, 15., , NDA/NA Mathematics, (given), Q OP = i + 3
j − 2k and OQ = 3i + j − 2k, By option, let i + j − k be
required position vector of the, bisector of the ∠ POQ.
Then, it will make equal angles, with OP and OQ., ∴
Angle between i + 3 j − 2k and i + j − k,, , , 1+3+2, 6
, = cos −1 , θ = cos −1 , , 14 3 , 1 + 9 + 4 1 + 1
+ 1 , and angle between 3i + j − 2k and i + j − k, , , ,
1+3+2, 6 , = cos −1 , φ = cos −1 , , 14 3 , 9 +
1 + 4 1 + 1 + 1 , , Q(q), , S, , OS = 3p − 2q, OR ⋅ OS = 0,
9 p2 = 4 q 2, , 23. Since, vectors ai + aj + ck, i + k and ci
+ cj + bk lie on a, plane i.e., are coplanar., a a c, ∴, 1 0 1
=0, c, ., , 18. Since,, AB = 5i − j + 8k and CD = 2i + 3 j −
6k, Projection of vector AB along CD, AB ⋅ CD, =,
|CD|, (5i − j + 8k) ⋅ (2i + 3 j − 6k), =, 4 + 9 + 36, 10 − 3 −
48, 41, =, =−, 7, 7, 19. Since, vectors make an acute
angle with each other, so, their dot product must be
positive., i.e.,, ax2 − 10ax + 6 > 0 ,, ∀ x ∈R, , − ax2 +
10ax − 6 < 0 ,, ∀ x ∈R, 6, 2, , − a < 0 and 100a < 24a
0 < a <, 25, 1, 20. a × (b × c) + b × (c × a ) = a, 2, 1, (a ⋅
c) b − (a ⋅ b) c + (b ⋅ a ) c − (b ⋅ c) a = a, 2, 1 , , (a ⋅ b) b −
b ⋅ c + a = 0, , , 2 , 1, , a⋅ c = 0 , b⋅ c = −, 2, π, ∴
Angle between a and c is ., 2, , = QR = RP, ∴ P , Q and R
are the vertices of an equilateral triangle., , R, , O, , 17.
a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a, 1, = − (|a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 ) < 0, 2, So,,
m <0, , 21. Let the points are P (α i + β j + γ k), Q (βi + γ
j + α k), and, R(γ i + α j + β k)., Here, PQ = (α − β )2 + (β
− γ )2 + (γ − α )2, , 2q + 3p, 5, P(p), , and, Now,, , ,
Hence, θ = φ, 16. |a + b| = 13, , |a|2 + |b|2 + 2a ⋅b =
169, , 25 + 144 + 2a ⋅ b = 169, , a ⋅ b=0, Now,, |a −
b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 − 2a ⋅ b, = 25 + 144 = 169, , |a − b| =
13, a+ b+ c =0, , (a + b + c) ⋅(a + b + c) = 0, |a|2 +
|b|2 + |c|2+2 (a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + a ⋅ c) = 0, , 22. OR =, , c, , b, ,
Expanding along R2, , −1 (ab − c2) − 1 (ac − ac) = 0
ab − c2 = 0, c is the geometric mean of a and b., 24.
a + b + c = αd , b + c + d = βa, , (a + b + c + d ) = (α +
1)d, and, also, a + b + c + d = (β + 1) a, 25. Let B = x i + y
j + z k, Now,, A× B= C, i j k, 1 1 1 =j−k, , x, , y, , …(i), , z, ,
and, x+ y+ z=3, (Q A ⋅ B = 3) …(ii), From, Eq. (i), we get,
i (z − y) − j (z − x) + k ( y − x) = j − k, , y = z , x − z = 1, y
− x = − 1, From Eq. (ii), we get, x + 2z = 3, , 3z = 2, 2,
y=z=, , 3, 5, and, x=, 3, 26. Q PQ = 3i + 2 j − mk and
PS = i + 3 j + k, i j k, ∴ Area of parallelogram = 3 2 − m =
| PQ × PS|, 1 3 1, = | i (2 + 3m) − j (3 + m) + k (9 − 2)|, =
(2 + 3m)2 + (3 + m)2 + 72, 90 = 4 + 9m2 + 12m + 9 +
m2 + 6m + 49, , 10 m2 + 18 m − 28 = 0, , 5m2 + 9m
− 14 = 0, 2, , 5m + 14 m − 5m − 14 = 0, m ( 5m + 14
) − 1 ( 5m + 14 ) = 0, , ( 5m + 14 ) (m − 1 ) = 0, 14, ,m
= 1 or −, 5, , (given)

Page 722 :
595, , Vector Algebra, , 27. Centroid G is given by, , a +
b +c, . The line joining the, 3, A (a), , H, , 2, , 1, O, G, , B
(b), , 33. Given that, a is a non-zero vector of modulus
a and m is, a non-zero scalar., (given), ∴, | a|= a, Let, a =
ma, $ |= 1], , 1 =|m|| a |, [Q |b, 1, ∴, a=, |m|, a = i + a j +
a2 k, b = i + b j + b2 k, and, c = i + c j + c2 k, are three
non-coplanar vectors,, i.e.,, [a b c] ≠ 0 [by properties of
vectors], 1 a a2, ∴, 1 b b2 ≠ 0, , 34. We have,, C(c), ,
orthocentre and the circumcentre is divided by
centroid, in 2 : 1 ratio internally. Therefore, H will be
given by, a + b + c., , , 28. Determinant
corresponding to α , β and γ is, 1 2 0, 2 a 10 = a 2 − 24a
+ 240, which is never zero as its, 12 2a a, discriminant
< 0. Hence, vectors are always linearly, independent
for all, values of a., , 1, Now,, , 29. Given, a = (2, 1, − 1),
b = (1, − 1, 0) and c = (5 − 1, 1), Now, a + b − c = (2 + 1 −
5, 1 − 1 + 1, − 1 + 0 − 1), = (− 2, 1, − 2) = d, d, (− 2, 1, −
2), $, ∴ Unit vector (d ) =, =, |d|, (− 2)2 + (1)2 + (− 2)2, ,
(say), , (− 2, 1, − 2) 1, = (− 2, 1, − 2), =, 4+1+4 3, But in
opposite direction d = − d$, =, , 1, 2i − j + 2 k, (2, − 1, 2)
=, 3, 3, , 30. Let A = i + j + k, B = 2i + 4 j − 5k, and, C = bi
+ 2 j + 3 k, ∴, B + C = 2 i + 4 j − 5 k + bi + 2 j + 3 k, = (2 +
b) i + 6 j − 2k, Unit vector parallel to B + C, (2 + b) i + 6 j
− 2k, $ =, n, (2 + b)2 + 62 + (− 2)2, (2 + b) i + 6 j − 2k, $
=, n, b2 + 4 b + 44, $ =1, Now, (i + j + k) ⋅ n, (according
to question), , , , , , , 2 + b + 6 − 2 = b2 + 4 b +
44, (b + 6)2 = b2 + 4b + 44, b + 36 + 12b = b2 + 4b +
44, 8b = 8, b =1, 2, , 31. Obviously, D is the centroid of
∆ ABC. But ABC is an, equilateral triangle, so D is
orthocentre, circumcentre, and incentre also., 4 + 6 +
6 16, 32. cos θ =, =, 17 17 17, ∴, , 33, 33, sin θ =, , tan θ
=, 17, 16, , , , c, , c2, , a, , a 2 1 + a3, , b, c, , b2 1 + b3 =
0, c2 1 + c3, , a a 2 a3, 1 a a2, 1 b b2 + b b2 b3 = 0, c c2
c3, 1 c c2, 1 a, , 1 b, 1 c, , a2, , 1 a, , b2 + abc 1 b, c2, 1
c, , a2, b2 = 0, c2, , , , 1 a a2, 1 b b2 (1 + abc) = 0, 1 c
c2, , Q, , 1 a a2, 1 b b2 ≠ 0, 1 c c2, , ∴, , , (1 + abc) = 0,
abc = − 1., , 35. a {(b + c) × (a + b + c)} = 0, = a ⋅ { b × a +
b × b + b × c + c × a + c × b + c × c}, = 0 + 0 + a ⋅ (b × c) +
0 + a ⋅ (c × b) + 0, , Q a ⋅ (b × a ) = 0, , , a ⋅ (b × b) =
0, , , a ⋅ (c × a ) = 0, = a ⋅ (b × c) − a ⋅ (b × c) = 0, , , ,
, a ⋅ (c × c) = 0, , , and c × b = − b × c , and for
any three coplanar vectors d, e and f,, (d × e) ⋅ f = 0, 36.
Given that,, | a | = 4,| b| = 4,| c| = 5, Then, a ⊥ (b + c), b
⊥ (c + a ) and c ⊥ (a + b), i.e.,, a ⋅ (b + c) = 0 a ⋅ b + a ⋅
c = 0, and, b ⋅ (c + a ) = 0, , b⋅ c + b⋅ a = 0, , …(i), …(ii)

Page 723 :
596, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Similarly, c ⋅ (a + b) = 0,
…(iii), , c⋅ a + c⋅ b = 0, ∴ On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and
(iii), we get, 2 (a ⋅ b) + 2 (b ⋅ c) + 2 (c ⋅ a ) = 0, ∴| a + b +
c|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + | c|2 + 2 (a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ), = 16 +
16 + 25 + 0 = 57, | a + b + c| = 57, , 37. Given that,
the position vectors of A and B are, OA = i − 2 j + 4k ,,
OB = 5i + 2 j + 3k, and, OP = − 2i + 3 j + 5k, ∴ Force =
OB − OA, , F = 4i + 4 j − k = AB, Now, moment about
any point ‘P’ is given by, PA = OA − OP = 3i − 5 j − k,
Moment of the force = r × F, = PA × AB, [Q torque = r ×
F], = (3i − 5 j − k) × (4i + 4 j + k), i j, k, = 3 −5 −1, 4 4 −1,
= 9i − j + 32k, 38. If a and b are the adjacent sides of
any parallelogram,, then its area = | a × b|, ∴ Area of
ABCE = | a × b|, Now,, AC = a + b, Then,, CS = a − b, So,
area of ACSR = |(a + b) × (a − b)|, = 2| a × b|, (given), Q
(a + b) × (a − b) = 2(a × b), So, statement I is true., a +
b , Now, side, AD = , , 2 , a − b , Then,, AQ = ,
, 2 , R, , Q, (a – b), 2, A, , P, (a + b), 2, , a, (a, , S, (a – b),
, B, , b, , C, , a + b a − b , area of AQPD = , , × ,
2 2 , 1, = | (a + b) × (a − b)|, 4, 1, = × 2| a × b|, 4, 1,
= | a × b|, 2, So, statement II is also true., So,, , ∴, , b = c
× b and r ⋅ a = 0, a = 2i + 3 j − k, b = 3i − j + k, c = i + j+
3k, r = xi + y j + zk, i j k, r× b= x y z, , …(i), , 3 −1 1, = ( y +
z )i − (x − 3z ) j + (− x − 3 y)k, i j k, and, , c× b = 1, , 1, , 3 =
4i + 8 j − 4k, , 3 −1 1, Now,, r× b= c× b, ( y + z ) i − (x −
3z ) j + (− x − 3 y)k = 4i + 8 j − 4k, Equating the
coefficient of i, j and k, we get, …(i), y+ z =4, …(ii), −x +
3z = 8, and, …(iii), −x − 3 y = − 4, Since,, r⋅a = 0, …(iv),
, 2x + 3 y − z = 0, On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we
get, …(v), −2 x − 2 y + 4 z = 8, Again, adding Eqs. (iv)
and (v), we get, …(vi), y + 3z = 8, Now, from Eq (vi), put
3z = 8 − y in Eq (ii), we get, −x + 8 − y = 8, , x=− y, Put
x = − y in Eq. (iii), we get y = 2 and similarly from, (vi), z
= 2, ∴, r = xi + y j + zk, , r = 2 (− i + j + k), 40. Let the
position vectors of A and B be a and b with, respect to
C as origin., B( b ), ∴, AB = b − a, and, a⋅b = 0, Similarly,,
AC = − a, b, BC = b, BA = a − b, CB = b, and, ∴, , E, , ), +b,
, 39. We have, r ×, Where,, and, Let, , C (c), A(a), a, CA =
a, AB ⋅ AC + BC ⋅ BA + CB ⋅ CA, = (b − a ) ⋅ (− a ) + (− b)
⋅ (a − b) + b ⋅ a, = − a ⋅ b + a 2 − a ⋅ b + b2 + b ⋅ a,
(because a ⋅ b = 0), = a 2 + b2, = CA 2 + CB2, [Q AB = p
(given)], = AB2 = p2, , 41. We have, p = a − b, q = a + b,
and, | a | = |b| = 2, ∴, p ⋅ q = (a − b) ⋅ (a + b), = a − b ⋅ a +
a ⋅ b − b2, = a 2 − b2, =0, [Q |a|=|b|= 2], Angle between
p and q is 90°., ∴, | p × q|=| p|| q|sin θ, =| p|q|sin 90°
=|p|| q|, , | p × q|=| a − b|| a + b|

Page 724 :
597, , Vector Algebra, , , , | p × q | = (a 2 + b2 )2 −
(2a ⋅ b)2, |p × q| = (4 + 4) − 4 (a ⋅ b), 2, , , , | p × q | = 64
− 4 (a ⋅ b)2, , , , | p × q | = 2 16 − (a ⋅ b)2, , 2, , 42.
Given that, a and b are two unit vectors inclined at an,
π, angle ., 3, π, i.e.,, | a | = | b| = 1 and θ =, 3, π, 2, 2, ∴ | a
+ b| = | a | + |b| + 2| a || b|cos, 3, 1, = 1 + 1 + 2 ×1 ×1 ×,
2, = 3, | a + b| = 3 > 1, ∴, | a + b|>1, 43. Unit vector in
the direction of 5i + 3 j + 4k, 5i + 3 j + k, a× b , , $, =,
Q n =| a × b | , 25 + 9 + 16, Which has forces of
magnitude 3, 3 × (5i + 3 j + 4k), i.e.,, F1 =, 5 2, 2 × (3i +
4 j − 5k), Similarly,, F2 =, 5 2, Total force, F = F1 + F2, 1,
=, (21i + 17 j + 2k), 5 2, and displacement is given by, d
= r2 − r1 = (3i + 3 j + k) − (i + j − k), = 2 (i + j + k), Total
work done = force × displacement, = F ⋅d, 1, (21i + 17 j
+ 2k) ⋅ 2 (i + j + k), =, 5 2, 1 ×2, =, × 40 = 8 2 units, 5 2,
44. Let vector b = xi + yj + zk, and, a =2i + j − k, Given
that,, …(i), a⋅b = 3, , (xi + yj + zk) ⋅ (2i + j − k) = 3, ,
2x + y − z = 3, Q Vectors a and b are collinear, i.e.,
Angle between, both the vectors should be 0°., Then, a
⋅ b =| a || b|cos 0, , a ⋅ b = 4 + 1 + 1 x2 + y 2 + z 2 × 1,
, , a⋅b = 6, , x2 + y2 + z 2, , …(ii), , From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we get, , , 3 = 6 x2 + y 2 + z 2, 3, x2 + y2 + z 2 =, , 2,
1 , 1, Here, b = 1, , − will satisfy Eq. (iii)., 2, 2 , ,
…(iii), , 45. We have, magnitude of vector a = 50.,
Which is collinear with vector, 15, b = 6i − 8 j −, k, 2,
Let, a =xi + y j + zk, , | a | = | x i + y j + z k|, , 50 = x2
+ y2 + z 2, a and b are collinear, a = λb, 15 , , xi + yj
+ zk = λ 6i − 8 j −, k , , 2 , 625 , 2500 = λ2 , , ,
4 , , Q, ∴, , , λ2 = 16, , λ=±4, Since, a makes an
acute angle with the positive, direction of z-axis, this
is possible, when λ = − 4, 15 , , (Q z-axis +ve), a = − 4
6i − 8 j −, k , ∴, , 2 , = − 24i + 32 j + 30k, 46. When a
particle moves along a circular path of radius r, in xy-
plane, the position vector R of this particle is, (xi + yj)
and particle moves in circular path, so equation, of
circle is, x2 + y2 = r 2, , x = r 2 − y2, ∴ Coordinate is r
2 − y2i + yj., 47. We have, a + 2b + 3c = 0, and (a × b) +
(b × c) + (c × a ) = λ (b × c), From Eq. (i),, a × b = − 3 (c ×
b), , a × b = 3 (b × c), and, a × c = − 2 (b × c), , c × a =
2 (b × c), C, , …(i), …(ii), , D, , ( i + 2 j + 3 k), , A, , B, (2i+ 4j
+ 5k ), , ∴ a× b+ b× c+ c× a, = 3 (b × c) + (b × c) + 2 (b ×
c), From Eq. (ii), = 6 (b × c), 6 (b × c) = λ (b × c), , λ =6,
48. From option (a),, Let d = 5i − j − 5k |d | = 51, (i − 2
j + 2k), ⋅ (5i − j − 5k), a ⋅d, 3, Then, cos θ1 =, =, 3, | a| |
d|, 1 ⋅ 51, |5 /3 + 2 /3 − 10 /3|, 1, =, =, 51, 51

Page 725 :
598, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , b⋅d, Similarly, cos θ 2 =,
=, | b| | d|, , (−4i − 3k), ⋅ (5i − j − 5k), 5, 1 ⋅ 51, , −4 + 3, =,
51, c ⋅d, cos θ3 =, =, | c| | d|, 1, = −, =, 51, , 1, 51, j ⋅ (5i −
j − 5k), And, 1 ⋅ 51, 1, 51, 1 , Here,, θ1 = θ 2 = θ3 =
cos −1 , , 51 , So, the vector 5i − j − 5k makes and
equal angles with, three vectors a, b and c., =, , 49.
Given that,|a|= 6,|b|= 8 and|c|= 10, Also,, a + b + c =0,
, (a + b + c)2 = 0, , | a |2 + | b|2 + | c|2 + 2 (a ⋅ b + b ⋅
c + c ⋅ a) = 0, 36 + 64 + 100 + 2 (a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) =
0, 200 , , a ⋅ b + b⋅ c + c⋅ a = − , = − 100, 2 ,
50. Here, given that sides of a parallelogram are, 2i + 4
j − 5k, and, i + 2 j + 3k, Let AB and AD be the two
adjacent sides of the, parallelogram ABCD., [Q BC =
AD], ∴, AC = AB + BC = AB + AD, , AC = 2i + 4 j − 5k
+ i + 2 j + 3k, , AC = 3i + 6 j − 2k, and unit vector
parallel to AC, 3i + 6 j − 2k 3i + 6 j − 2k, =, =, 9 + 36 + 4,
49, 1, = (3i + 6 j − 2k), 7, 51. From the adjoining figure,
A, , B, , C, , AB represents,, EJ = i + j, BC represents,, IH
= 2i + j + 3k, and, AC represents JI., By triangle law of
vector addition, AC = AB + BC, = (i + j) + (2i + j + 3k),
Thus,, JI = 3i + 2 j + 3k, 52. Position vectors of a points
are, OP = i + j + k, OQ = 2i + 5 j, OR = 3i + 2 j − 3k and
OS = i − 6 j − k, ∴, PQ = OQ − OP = i + 4 j − k, and, RS =
OS − OR = − 2i − 8 j + 2k, , PQ ⋅ RS, |PQ||RS|, −2 − 32 −
2 −36, =, =, = −1, 36, 18 72, , cos θ = cos π, , θ=π,
Hence, PQ and RS form a parallel pair., , ∴, , cos θ =, ,
53. Let a = 4i − 3 j + k, P = 2i + 3 j − k, and Q = − 2i − 4 j
+ 3k, PQ = − 4i − 7 j + 4k, ∴ Projection of the vector a
on PQ is given by, a ⋅ PQ, =, |PQ|, (4i − 3 j + k) ⋅ (−4i − 7
j + 4k), =, (−4)2 + (−7)2 + 42, −16 + 21 + 4, 16 + 49 +
16, , =, =, , 9, =1, 9, , 54. Let the position vectors of B, C
and R are b, c and r,, respectively., A, a, O, p, q, , (b) B, ,
∴ In ∆AOB,, , , a+ b, 2, b = 2p − a, , p=, , r, P, , R, , Q, , C
(c), , (by section formula), , …(i), b+ c, Now, in ∆BOC ,,
(by section formula), q=, 2, , c = 2q − b, [from Eq. (i)],
, c = 2q − (2p − a ), …(ii), c = 2q − 2p + a, a+ c, and in
∆AOC , r =, (by section formula), 2, (2q − 2p + a ) + a,
[from Eq. (ii)], =, 2, = q − p + a = a − (p − q ), 2 1 2, 55.
Given DC’s of F are , , ., 3 3 3, Then, the direction ratios
of F = 2i + j + 2k, 3 (2i + j + 2k), If the forces is of 3N,
then F =, 4+1+4, = 2i + j + 2k, Let points P = (1, 3, 5)
and Q = (7, 9, 2), Position vector of, P, OP = i + 3 j + 5k,
Position vector of, Q, OQ = 7i + 9 j + 2k

Page 726 :
599, , Vector Algebra, Displacement from P to Q, PQ =
(7i + 9 j + 2k) − (i + 3 j + 5k), = 6i + 6 j − 3k, Work done,,
W = F ⋅ PQ, = (2i + j + 2k) ⋅ (6i + 6 j − 3k), = 12 + 6 − 6,
, W = 12 Nm, 56. Given, conditions are, …(i), A ⋅ B =
A ⋅ C but A ≠ 0, …(ii), A × B = A × C but A ≠ 0, From Eq.
(i), we get, A ⋅ B = A ⋅ C A ⋅ (B − C) = 0, Either A = 0
or B = C or A ⊥ (B − C), , From Eq. (ii), we get, A× B=
A× C, , A × (B − C) = 0, Either A = 0 or B = C or
A||B − C, But it is given for both Eq. (i) and (ii) that A ≠
0, then, clearly, B=C, , ∴ | a × i |2 + | a × k|2 = a 22 + a32
+ a12 + a 22, = a12 + 2a 22 + a32., BG, 2, 60. Given,,
=−, AG, 3, A, , –3, λ, , O, , G, , In ∆AOG,, , 2 × BG − (−3) ×
AG, (by section formula), AG − BG, BG, +3, 2×, 2 (−2
/3) + 3, AG, [from Eq. (i)], =, =, BG, 1 − (− 2 /3), 1−, AG,
4, 5, − +3, 3, =, = 3 =1, 2, 5, 1+, 3, 3, 1 ⋅ OG = λOG λ
= 1, OG =, , Q, , 61. Let r be the vector in xy-plane,
then, r = xi + y j, , A2, A3, Q, , P, , B, , 2, , 57. According
to question, we see that, Resultant of PA1 + A1Q =
PQ, A1, , …(i), , , , x2 + y 2 = 4 3, , (given), , x + y = 48,
Work done = F ⋅ r = 8, 2, , 2, , (given), P, , An, , Resultant
of PA 2 + A 2Q = PQ, Resultant of PA3 + A3 Q = PQ,
Similarly,, Resultant of PA n + A nQ = PQ, ∴, PA1 +
A1Q + K+ PA n + A nQ, = PQ + PQ + . . . + PQ = n PQ, ∴
The resultant of 2n forces = nPQ., 58. We have, A = i +
2 j + 3k, B = − i + 2 j + k, and, C = 3i + j, Now, A + t B = i
+ 2 j + 3k + t (− i + 2 j + k), = (1 − t )i + (2 + 2 t ) j + (3 + t
)k, Since, A + t B is perpendicular to C, then, 3 (1 − t ) +
1 (2 + 2 t ) + (3 + t )0 = 0, , 3 −3t+2 + 2t =0, , − t =
−5, , t =5, 59. Here, we have,, a = a1i + a 2j + a3 k,
Now,, a × i = (a1 i + a 2j + a3 k) × i, = − a 2k + a3 j, and, a
× k = (a1i + a 2j + a3 k) × k, = − a1 j + a 2i, , A, , C, , B, , ,
(i + j + 8 k) ⋅ (xi + yj) = 8, , x+ y=8, , (x + y)2 = 64, ,
x2 + y2 + 2xy = 64, , 48 + 2xy = 64, , xy = 8, Now,,
(x − y)2 = x2 + y2 − 2xy, , (x − y)2 = 48 − 16, x− y=± 4
2, , On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x = 4 + 2 2 and
y = 4 − 2 2, ∴, ∴ Required vector,, r = (4 + 2 2 )i + (4 − 2
2) j, , …(i), , …(ii), , 62. Given, points are A (3, 5, − 3), B (2,
3, − 1), C (1, 2, 3) and, D (3, 5, 7)., ∴, AB = − i − 2 j + 2k,
CD = 2i + 3 j + 4k, Now, AB ⋅ CD = (−1) × 2 + (−2) × 3 +
2 × 4, = −2 −6 + 8= −8 + 8 =0, ∴, AB ⊥ CD

Page 727 :
600, , NDA/NA Mathematics, Since, AB and BC are
collinear., k − 40, = − 20, 4, , k = − 80 + 40, k = − 40, ,
63. According to question, we have, y, , , Q, l, , l, , P, , °,
60, 30°, , x, , O, , 3, 1 , OP = l , i + j , 2 , 2, 1, 3 ,
OQ = l i +, j , 2 , 2, l, Now,, OP + OQ = [( 3 + 1) i + (
3 + 1) j], 2, , i, j, k , , , 0, 0, m , ∴ mk × (OP + OQ) = ,
l, l, ( 3 + 1) ( 3 + 1) 0 , , 2, 2, ml, , ml, , =i −, ( 3 +
1) + j, ( 3 + 1), 2, , 2, , 1, = − ml ( 3 + 1) (i − j),
2, 64., E, , D, , F, , C, b, A, , In ∆ABC ,, , and, ∴, In
∆ACD,, , In ∆CDE ,, , In ∆AEF,, , , a, , B, , AB + BC =
AC, …(i), AC = a + b, (by property), AD = 2BC, AD = 2b,
AC + CD = AD, CD = 2b − (a + b) = b − a, CE = CD + DE
= b − a − a, = b − 2a, FA − CD = − (b − a ) = a − b, AE = EF
+ FA = − BC + FA, AE = − b − (b − a ), = a − 2b, , 65. Let
the position vectors be OA = 60i + 3 j, OB = 40i − 8 j
and OC = ki − 52j, Now,, AB = (40 − 60) i + (− 8 − 3) j =
− 20i − 11 j, and, BC = (k − 40) i + (− 52 + 8) j, = (k − 40)
i − 44 j, k − 40 , , = 4 , i − 11 j , , , 4, , , , 66.
Since, a + b is collinear with c, , a + b = xc, x ∈ R, , a
+ b + c = (x + 1) c, and b + c is collinear with a, , b + c
= ya , y ∈ R, , , a + b + c = ( y + 1) a, , , , (x + 1) c = ( y +
1) a, , , , x + 1 = 0 and y + 1 = 0, , , , x = − 1 and y = −
1, , ∴, , ...(i), , [from Eq. (i)], , a+ b+ c= 0, , Hence, a + b + c
is a null vector., 67. Since, a is perpendicular to b and c,
∴, a ⋅ b = | a || b|cos 90°, =0, and, a ⋅ c = | a || c|cos 90° =
0, π, and angle between b and c =, 3, π, ∴, b ⋅ c =| b||
c|cos, 3, 1, (Q b and c are unit vectors), =, 2, (| b| = | c| =
1), Now, | a + b + c|2 = | a |2 + | b|2 + | c|2, + 2 (a ⋅ b + b
⋅ c + c ⋅ a ), 1, , , = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 ⋅ 0 + + 0 , , , 2, [Q
a, b and c are unit vectors | a | = | b| = | c| = 1], =1 + 1
+ 1 + 1 =4, , | a + b + c| = 2, 68. We have,, r × a = b × a
(r − b) × a = 0, , (r − b )|| a r − b = λa, ...(i), , r = b
+ λa, Similarly, the equation of the line r × b = a × b can
be, rewritten as, ...(ii), r= a + µ b, From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we get, r = i + 3j – k, |r| = 1 + 9 + 1 = 11, , ∴, , r, i + 3j –
k, =, |r|, 11, , 69. Let a vector parallel to yz-plane, , a
= yj + z k, and, b = 3i + 4 j − 2k, Since, a is perpendicular
to b., ∴, a ⋅ b = ( yj + zk) ⋅ (3i + 4 j − 2k) = 0, , ...(i)

Page 728 :
601, , Vector Algebra, , 4 y − 2z = 0, , z = 2y, On
Putting the value of z in Eq. (i), we get, a = yj + 2 y k = y
( j + 2k), a, y ( j + 2k) j + 2k, =, =, ∴ Unit vector =, |a|, 5,
y2 + 4 y2, 70., , Q, , 74. Since,|(a × b) ⋅ c |is the volume
(V ) of the parallelopiped, whose adjacent edges are a,
b and c., i.e.,, V = | a × b|OL, , V =| a || b|(sin θ ) (cos φ
)| c|, ^, n, , 1, 1, , E, , b, a, , = i− j+ k, , 72. We have, a = (1,
2, − 3) and b = (3, − 1, 2), ∴, (a + b) ⋅ (a + λb) = 0, , (4i +
j – k)⋅[ i + 2j – 3k + λ (3i – j + 2k)] = 0, , 4 (1 + 3λ ) + 1
(2 − λ ) − 1 (− 3 + 2λ ) = 0, , 4 + 12λ + 2 − λ + 3 − 2λ =
0, , 9λ = − 9 λ = − 1, ∴ Required vector is (a + (− 1)
b) i. e. , (a − b)., a = 2i + 3 j + 4 k, b = i – 2j + 3k, j, k , i, 2,
3, 4 , ∴, a × b = , , , 1, 2, 3 , −, , = i [9 + 8] − j [6 − 4 ]
+ k [ − 4 − 3 ], = 17i – 2 j – 7k, This is perpendicular to
both a and b., 17i – 2 j – 7k, ∴ Unit vector = ±, 172 + 22
+ 72, 17i – 2 j – k, =±, 342, ∴ Number of unit vectors
are 2., , 73. Let, and, , G, , φ, , 0, 1, , and, | a × b| = 1 + 1 +
1 = 3, Unit vector perpendicular to a and b, (a × b), =±,
| a × b|, i− j+ k, =±, 3, Thus, the number of vectors of
length 1 unit, perpendicular to the vectors a and b is
2., i + j j + k k + i , 71. Let v = λ , +, +, , 2, 2, 2 , λ,
...(i), v=, [2i + 2 j + 2k], , 2, λ2, , |v|2 =, (4 + 4 + 4), 2,
16 × 2 16 8, 2 2, , =, = , = λ [Q |v|= 4], λ2 =, 12, 6 3,
3, 2 2, in Eq. (i), we get, Put, λ=, 3, 2 2, (2i + 2 j + 2k), v=,
3 2, 4, (i + j + k), v=, , 3, , F, , c, , a = i + j and b = j + k, i j
k, a×b= 1, 0, , C, , B, , O, , A, , D, , Where, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π is the
angle between a and b., Now,, | (a × b) ⋅ c|=| a| | b| | c|,
, |sin θ cos φ | = 1 sin θ = 1, cos φ = 1, π, θ = , φ = 0
a ⋅ b = b⋅ c = c⋅ a = 0, , 2, ∴There are two unit
vectors perpendicular to both, vectors., 75. Let a be
the sides of the cube, then the coordinates of, A , D , B
and C are, z, k, B, A, , C, , i, O, , y, , x, , D, , j, , (a , a , a ), (a ,
a , 0), (a , 0, a ) and (0, a , a ), respectively., Now, OD = ai
+ aj,OB = ai + ak, OC = aj + ak and OA = ai + aj + ak,
Given that,, OD + OB + OC = λ, ∴ ai+ a j+ ai+ ak+ a j+
ak=λ, , , , 2ai + 2aj + 2 ak = λ, 2 (ai + aj + ak) = λ, , ,
, 2 OA = λ, , 76. Given that, F is mid-point of BD., ∴ In ∆
ABD,, C, , D, , E, , F, A, , B, , 1 ⋅ AB + 1 ⋅ AD, AF =, 1+1,
, , AB + AD = 2AF, , ...(i)

Page 729 :
602, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , CF =, , In ∆BCD,, , 1 ⋅
CB + 1 ⋅ CD, 1+1, , P, , ...(ii), , CB + CD = 2 CF, On
adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, AB + AD + CB + CD =
2AF + 2 CF, = − 2 (FA + FC), = − 2 (2 FE), (Q E is the
mid-point of the AC), = − 4 FE, = 5 EF, 77. In ∆ABD,, A, ,
b, , c, , B, , D, , C, , a, , In ∆ABD,, , AB = AD + DB, 1, c =
AD − a, 2, (Q D is the mid-point of BC), 1, AD = a + c, 2,
Also, in ∆ACD,, AD + DC = CA, 1, AD + a = b, , 2, 1,
, AD = b − a, 2, Hence, only statement I represents
median AD., , 78. Moment = r × F, , 10 =|r||F|sin θ, ,
10 = 5 l sin 30°, 10, 10, , l=, =, =4, 5 sin 30° 5 × 1, 2, P,
, ∴, , 30°, , x, F, , l = 4 units, , 79. Position vector of Q,
OQ = 2i + 3 j + 5k., and position vector of R, OR = i + j
+ k, QS and T are the mid-points of PQ and PR,,
respectively., 1, ST = QR, ∴, 2, Now,, QR = OR − OQ, =
(i + j + k) − (2i + 3 j + 5k), = − i − 2 j − 4k, , Q, , , , ...(i), ,
T, , R, , |QR| = (−1)2 + (−2)2 + (−4)2, , = 1 + 4 + 16 = 21,
1, [from Eq. (i)], ∴, ST = QR, 2, 1, 21, ST =, 21 =, units, 2,
2, $ sin θ, 80. Q a × b = | a | | b | n, 2, 2, ...(i), , |a × b| =
|a| |b|2 sin 2 θ, Now,, a ⋅ b =|a||b|cos θ, ...(ii), , |a ⋅ b|2
= |a|2|b|2 cos 2 θ, On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, |a
× b|2 + |a ⋅ b|2 = |a|2|b|2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ), , |a × b|2
= − | a ⋅ b|2 + | a |2|b|2, But, (given), |a × b|2 = k|a ⋅ b|2
+ |a|2|b|2, , k = −1, 81. Let AC = k, and, ∴, , , , |AC|
= k, AB = AC + CB, AC = AB − CB k = a − b, |k|2 =
|a|2 + |b|2 − 2|a||b|cos 60°, (Q angle between a and b
is 60°), 1, = c2 + c2 − 2c2 ⋅ = c2, 2, [Q|a| = |b| = c given],
, k=c, ∴ Length of required diagonal is c., , 82., , l, , O, ,
S, , I. | a + b| = | a − b|, On squaring both sides, we get, |
a + b|2 = | a − b|2, 2, , | a | + | b|2 + 2 a ⋅ b = | a |2 + |
b|2 − 2 a ⋅ b, , 4a ⋅ b = 0 a ⋅ b = 0, a and b are
orthogonal to each other., II. | a + b| = | a | + | b|, On
squaring both sides, we get, | a + b|2 = (| a | + | b|)2, 2,
2, , | a | + | b| + 2a ⋅ b = | a |2 + | b|2 + 2| a || b|, , 2|a
|| b|cos θ = 2| a || b|, , cos θ = 1 = cos 0 θ = 0, a
and b are parallel to each other., III. | a + b|2 = | a |2 + |
b|2, | a | 2 + | b|2 + 2 a ⋅ b = | a |2 + | b|2, , a⋅b = 0,
a and b are orthogonal.

Page 730 :
603, , Vector Algebra, , , 8n 2 = 8m2, …(v), , n=±m,
∴ m takes 2 values and n takes 2 values from Eqs. (iii),
and (iv)., , 83. Given that, direction ratios of a vector
PQ are 4, 1, x and, magnitude is 42., ∴, 16 + 1 + x2 =
42, , x2 = 25 x = ± 5, ∴Direction cosines of vectors
PQ are, 4, 1, 5, ,, ,, 42, 42, 42, 84. The position vector of
points A , B, C and D are, i + j + mk, 2i + 3 j, 3i + 5 j − 2k
and − j + k, respectively., Now,, AB = OB − OA, = 2i + 3
j – i – j − mk = i + 2 j − mk, and, CD = OD − OC, = j − k −
3i − 5j + 2k, = − 3i − 6 j + 3k, Since, AB and CD are
parallel, j, k , i, m , ∴, AB × (1) , 1, 2, −, = 0, , −, 3,
−, 6, 3, , , , , , , i (6 − 6m) − j (3 − 3m) + k (− 6 + 6)
= 0, 6 − 6m = 0, m =1, , 85. We have,, u = a − b + c, v =
2a − 3b and, w = a + 3c, I. Now, u ⋅ (v × w), = (a − b + c) ⋅
((2a − 3b) × (a + 3b)), = (a − b + c) ⋅ [2(0) + 6(a × c), − 3(b
× a ) − 9 (b × c)], = 6 [a a c] − 3 [a ba ] − 9 [ a b c], − 6 [b a
c] + 3 [b b a ] + 9 [b b c], + 6 [c a c] − 3 [c b a ] − 9 [c b c],
= − 9 [a b c] − 6 [b a c] − 3 [c b a ], = − 9 [a b c] + 6 [a b c]
+ 3 [a b c], =0, II. If u, v, w are coplanar, then it is not
necessary that, [a b c] ≠ 0., III. It is true that, if u, v, w
are coplanar, then there, exist three scalars α , β , γ
not all zero such that, αu + βv + γw = 0., ∴ Only
statement III is correct., 86. QGiven, |2 i + m j − 3 nk| +
14, and, |5i + 3mj + nk| = 35, From Eq. (i), we get, |2i +
mj − 3nk|2 = 14, , 4 + m2 + 9n 2 = 14, , m2 + 9n 2 =
10, and from Eq. (ii), we get, 25 + 9m2 + n 2 = 35, ,
9m2 + n 2 = 10, From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get, m2 + 9n
2 = 9m2 + n 2, , …(i), …(ii), , 87. If a and b are unit
vectors, then it is not possible that, both a + b and a −
b are unit vectors., π, 88. Let a = i + j + 2k and θ = ; |a| =
1 + 1 + 2 = 2, 4, I. Let b = i + j |b| = 2, a⋅b, cos θ =, |a|
|b|, (i + j + 2k) ⋅ (i + j) 1 + 1, , cos θ =, =, 2 2, 2 2, π, ,
θ=, 4, ∴ It is correct statement., II. Let b = i + 2k |b| =
1 + 2 = 3, a⋅b, ∴, cos θ =, |a||b|, (i + j + 2k)⋅ (i + 2k) 1 + 2,
=, =, 2 3, 2 3, 3, 3, =, =, 2, 2 3, π, θ=, , 6, ∴ It is not
correct statement., III. Let, b = 2k, |b| = 2, , a⋅ b, (i +
j+ 2 k) ⋅ 2k, ∴, cos θ =, =, |a| |b|, 2 2, 2, 1, =, =, 2 2, 2, π,
θ=, , 4, ∴ It is correct statement., ∴ Statements I and
III are correct., 89., , We know that,, | a + b|2 = | a |2 + |
b|2 + 2 a ⋅ b, (Q a ⋅ b = | a|| b|cos θ ), 2, , | a + b| = 1 +
1 + 2| a || b|cos 30°, (Q a and b are unit vectors | a | =
| b| = 1), 3, =1 + 1 + 2 ×, 2, , | a + b|2 = 2 + 3, , , , …
(iii), , …(iv), , 90. Q, , | a + b| = 2 + 3 = 1.93, 1 < | a + b| <
2, b× c, c× a, p=, , q=, [abc], [abc], , and, , r=, , a× b, [abc],
, ∴ (a − b − c) ⋅ p + (b − c − a ) ⋅ q + (c − a − b) ⋅ r, a ⋅ (b ×
c) b ⋅ (c × a ) c ⋅ (a × b), =, +, +, [a b c], [a b c], [a b c], [a b
c] [a b c] [a b c], =, +, +, =3, [a b c] [a b c] [a b c]

Page 731 :
604, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 91. Q, p⋅ q = p⋅ r, , p ⋅
(q − r ) = 0, p is perpendicular to q − r, and, p× q= p×
r, , p × (q − r ) = 0, , p is parallel to q − r., Which is
not possible simultaneously. Thus, the given,
conditions hold simultaneously, if q = r., 92. Since, the
diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each, other, p is
the mid-point of AC and BD both,, ∴, OA + OC = 2OP
and OB + OD = 2 OP, OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 OP,
93. Vectors, are i − 2xj − 3 yk and i + 3xj + 2 yk, Since,
they are orthogonal., Dot product of vector = 0, ,
(i − 2xj − 3 yk) ⋅ (i + 3xj + 2 yk) = 0, , 1 − 6 x 2 − 6 y2 =
0, 1, x2 + y2 =, , 6, Which is equation of circle,
Hence, locus of point (x, y) is a circle., 94. I. Given, a × b
= c × d and a × c = b × d, Now,, (a − d ) × (b − c) = a × b −
a × c − d × b + d × c, = c × d −b × d + b × d − c × d, =0, ∴ a
− d is parallel to b − c., Hence, statement I is correct.,
II. (a − b) ⋅ (b + c) × (c + a ) = (a − b) ., (b × c + b × a + c × c
+ c × a ), = (a − b) ⋅(b × c + b × a + c × a ) [Q c × c = 0 ], =
a . ( b × c) + a ⋅ ( b × a ) + a ⋅ (c × a ) − b ⋅ ( b × a ), − b ⋅ (b
× a ) − b ⋅ (c × a ), = [a b c] − [a b c], [∴ [a a b] = 0], =0, D,
III., C, A, B, , We know, AB + BC = AC, and, DC + CB =
DB, On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, AB + BC + DC +
CB = AC + DB, or, AB + BC + DC − BC = AC + DB, ∴,
AB + DC = AC + DB, Hence, all statements are
correct., 95. I. Now,| a + b|2 = | a |2 + | b|2 + 2| a ||
b|cos, , …(i), ...(ii), , π, 3, , 1, = 3 | a + b|= 3 > 1, 2, II. We
have, a × (b × c) = (a ⋅ c) b − (a ⋅ b)c, = xb + y c,, where, x
= a ⋅ c, y = − a ⋅ b, Therefore, a × (b × c) is coplanar
with b and c., = 1 + 1 + 2 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅, , 96. p ⋅ a = 0 and p ⋅ i
= 0, , p ⊥ a and p ⊥ b, p is perpendicular to the
plane of a and b, Also,, p⋅ c = 0 p ⊥ c, c lies in the
plane of a and b., But, a, b and c are non-coplanar., c
must not lie in the plane of a and b, , p =0, Hince, A
and R are true and R is the correct explantion, of A.,
97. (A) We know that,, Work done = F ⋅ d =| F| ⋅ | d|cos
θ, Since,, θ = 90°, = F ⋅d =| F| ⋅ | d|cos 90° = 0, (R) A ⋅ B
= 0, A and B are perpendicular., Both A and R are
true and R is the correct, explanation of A., 98. Since,
a, b and c are linearly dependent vectors, then, [a b c]
= 0, 1 1 1, , 4 3 4 =0, 1, , , 1 α β, 0, 0, , 0 =0, −1, 1 α
−1 β −1, 4, , , , , −β + 1 =0, β =1, , 99. Volume of
parallelopiped = [a b c], 2 −3 1, , , 1 −1, 2, , 1, , 2 = 2 (1
− 2) + 3 (−1 − 4) + 1 (1 + 2), −1, = − 14, = 14 cu units, ,
100. (A) It is true that, if a , b, c are collinear and three,
scalars x, y, z not all zero, then x a + y b + z c = 0, where
x + y + z = 0, (R) It is the necessary condition., ∴Both A
and R are individually true and R is the, correct
explanation of A., 101. (A) Force and displacement
both are vector quantities., The work done = (Force) ⋅
(Displacement), = F ⋅d, Now, F ⋅ d = | F | | d | cos θ,
where θ is the angle between F and d when F and d,
are perpendicular to each other, , θ = 90°, , cos θ =
cos 90° = 0, , F ⋅d = 0, The work done is zero., (R)
It is true that, if A and B are perpendicular then, A ⋅ B
= 0., ∴ Both A and R are true and R is the correct,
explanation of A.

Page 732 :
605, , Vector Algebra, a ⋅ b = (i + j + k) ⋅ (i − j + k) = 1 −
1 + 1 = 1, b ⋅ d = (i − j + k) ⋅ (i − j − k) = 1 + 1 − 1 = 1, ∴
a⋅b= b ⋅d, (ii), b ⋅ c = (i − j + k) ⋅ (i + j − k), =1 −1 −1 = −1,
a ⋅ d = (i + j + k) ⋅ (i − j − k) = 1 − 1 − 1 = − 1, ∴ b⋅ c = a⋅d,
1 1, 1, (iii) [a b c ]= 1 −1 1, , 102. (i), , 1, , −1, , 1, , = 1(1 −
1) − 1 (−1 − 1) + 1 (1 + 1), =0 + 2 + 2 =4, i, , j, , k, , (iv) b ×
c = 1 −1 1 = 2 j + 2 k, 1 1 −1, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 103-
105), 103. Given, a = 3i − j + 5k and b = 2i + 3 j + k, a1a
2 + b1b2 + c1c2, ∴ cos θ =, a12 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b22
+ c22, =, =, , 3 ×2 −1 ×3 + 5 ×1, 6 −3 + 5, =, 9 + 1 + 25 4
+ 9 + 1, 35 14, 8, 7 10, , 104. Q a ⋅ b = (3i − j + 5k) ⋅ (2i
+ 3 j + k), =6 −3 + 5 =8, i j k, 105. Now, a × b = 3 −1 5, 2,
, 3, , 1, , = i (− 1 − 15) − j(3 − 10) + k(9 + 2), = − 16i + 7 j +
11k, ∴ Area of parallelogram = |a × b|, =|− 16 i + 7 j +
11k|, = 256 + 49 + 121 = 426, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 106-
108), 1 1, 1, 106. ∴ [a b c] = 1 −1 1 = 1(1 − 2) − 1(−1 −
1) + 1(2 + 1), 1 2 −1, = −1 + 2 + 3 =4, 107. a × [b × c] =
(a ⋅ c)b − (a ⋅ b)c, = [(i + j + k) ⋅ (i + 2j − k)] (i − j + k), − [(i
+ j + k) ⋅ (i − j + k)](i +2j − k), = (1 + 2 − 1)(i − j + k) − (1 −
1 + 1)(i + 2 j − k), = (2i − 2 j + k) − (i + 2 j − k), = i − 4 j +
2k, 108. [a + b b + c c + a ], = 2 [a b c], = 2(4) = 8

Page 733 :
29, Three Dimensional, Geometry, PQ = ( x2 − x1 )2 + (
y2 − y1 )2 + ( z 2 − z1 )2, , Coordinates of a Point in a,
Space, , y, P(x1, y1, z1), , Three mutually perpendicular
lines in space divide the, space in 8 octants. Let the
lines be XOX ′ , YOY ′ and ZOZ ′, intersecting at O. If P
( x , y , z ) is a point in space., Y, , O, Z, , z, , P (x, y, z), X´, ,
%, , X, , O, , Y´, , | x|= distance from Y Z–plane,, | y| =
distance from Z X–plane,, and, | z| = distance from X
Y–plane., The following table show the signs of
coordinates of, points in various octants, Here,, ,
OXYZ, OX ′ YZ, OXY ′ Z, OXYZ ′, OX ′ Y ′ Z, OX ′ YZ ′,
OXY ′ Z ′, OX ′ Y ′ Z ′, , y, , x, , +, −, +, +, −, −, +, −, , +, +, −,
+, −, +, −, −, , two, , y2 + z 2, , points, , Solution (a) Since,
coordinates of P(1, 2, 3) and Q(7, 5, 8), then, PQ = (7 −
1) 2 + (5 − 2) 2 + (8 − 3) 2, = (6 2 + 3 2 + 5 2), = (36 + 9 +
25) = 70 units, , z, , Section Formula, , +, +, +, –, +, −, −,
−, , Let P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) be two
points. Let R be, a point on the line segment joining P
and Q internally in, the ratio m : n. Then, the
coordinates of R are, mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 mz 2 +
nz1 , ,, ,, , , m+n, m+n, m+n , , Distance Formula,
Distance between, Q ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) is, , Distance of a
point from x-axis =, , Example 1. Find the distance
between P(1, 2, 3) and, Q( 7, 5, 8)., (b) 55 units, (a) 70
units, (c) 60 units, (d) 72 units, , Z´, , Octant,
Coordinate, , Q(x2, y2, z2), x, , P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ), , and, ,
And if P and Q are such that R divides the join of P
and, Q externally in the ratio m : n. Then, the
coordinates of R, are, mx2 − nx1 my2 − ny1 mz 2 −
nz1 , ,, ,, , , m−n, m−n, m−n

Page 734 :
607, , Three Dimensional Geometry, , Example 2. Find
the coordinates of a point, which divides, , the joining
of P(1, 2, 3) and Q(5, − 2, 3) internally in the ratio, 1 :
2., 1 2 1 , 7 2 , (a) , , , (b) , , 3 , 3 3 3 , 3 3 ,
7 −2 , (c) − ,, (d) None of these, , 3 , 3 3 , ,
Solution (b) Let R( x, y , z) be the point, which divides
the, joining of P(1, 2, 3) and Q(5, − 2, 3) internally in
the ratio 1 : 2., 1× 5 + 2 ×1 7, ∴, x=, =, 1+ 2, 3, , and, , y=,
, 1 × ( −2) + 2 × 2 2, =, 1+ 2, 3, , z=, , 1× 3 + 2 × 3 9, = =3,
1+ 2, 3, , Let G( x, y , z) be the centroid of a triangle,
then, 1+ 2 + 3, x=, =2, 3, 1+ 2 + 3, 1+ 2 + 3, y=, = 2 and
z =, =2, 3, 3, ∴ Coordinates of the centroid of a triangle
are (2, 2, 2)., , Example 4. The area of ∆ABC, if the
coordinates of vertices, A, B and C are (1, 1, 1,, ) (1, −
1, 2) and (1, 3, 4) respectively is, (a) 5 sq units, (b) 3 sq
units, (c) 4 sq units, (d) None of these, , Solution (c)
Since, the coordinates of vertices of a ∆ ABC are, A(1,
1, 1), B(1, − 1, 2) and C(1, 3, 4), respectively., i j k, 1,
Area of ∆ABC =, 0 −2 1, 2, 0 2 3, 1, = | i ( −6 − 2) − j(0) +
k(0)|, 2, 1 2 1, =, 8 = × 8 = 4 sq units, 2, 2, , 7 2 , ∴
Coordinates of R are , , 3 ., 3 3 , , Triangle, ,
Tetrahedron, , Let A( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) and
C( x3 , y3 , z3 ) be the, vertices of a ∆ABC., , and, Let, C(
x3 , y3 , z3 ), A( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B( x2 , y2 , z 2 ),, D( x4 , y4 ,
z 4 ) be the vertices of tetrahedron., (i) Centroid of
tetrahedron is given by, x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 y1 + y2 +
y3 + y4 z1 + z 2 + z3 + z 4 , ,, ,, G= , , , , 4, 4, 4, (ii)
Volume of tetrahedron is given by, x1 y1 z1 1, 1 x 2 y2
z 2 1, V =, 6 x3 y3 z3 1, x 4 y4 z 4 1, , Centroid of
Triangle, The intersection point of all three medians of
a triangle, is called centroid of triangle, whose
coordinate is, x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z 2 + z3 ,
G= 1, ,, ,, ., , , 3, 3, 3, y, A(x1, y1, z1), C(x3, y3, z3),
B(x2, y2, z2), x, , Example 5. If A(1, − 2, 3), B(3, 1, 2),
C(1, 5, 7) and D(1, − 1, 1) are, the vertices of a
tetrahedron, then find the centroid and, volume of
tetrahedron., 3 3 13 , 3 −3 13 , (a) , , , 6, (b) ,, ,
, 6, 2 4 4 , 2 4 4 , 1 2 13 , (d) None of these, (c)
, , ,6, 2 3 4 , , z, , Area of Triangle, 1, Area of
triangle = ||AB × AC||, 2, 1, =, 2, , Solution (a) Centroid
of tetrahedron, , i, , j, , k, , x2 − x1, x3 − x1, , y2 − y1, y3
− y1, , z 2 − z1, z3 − z1, , Example 3. The coordinates of
centroid of a ∆ABC, whose, vertices are A(1, 1, 1), B(2,
2, 2) and C(3, 3, 3) is, (a) (2, 2, 2), (b) (1, 2, 2), (c) (0, 2, 1),
(d) None of these, , Solution (a) Since, the vertices of a
triangle are A(1, 1, 1,) B(2, 2, 2), and C(3, 3, 3)., , 1 + 3
+ 1 + 1 −2 + 1 + 5 − 1 3 + 2 + 7 + 1 3 3 13 , G= , ,, ,,
= , , , , 2 4 4 , 4, 4, 4, , 1 −2, 1 3 1, Volume of
tetrahedron =, 6 1 5, 1 −1, =, , 3 1, 2 1, 7 1, 1 1, , 3 2 1, 3
1 1, 3 1 2 , 1 2 1, 1 , 5 7 1 + 2 1 7 1 + 3 1 5 1 −1 1 5 7
, , 6 , 1 1 1, 1 −1 1, 1 −1 1 , −1 1 1

Page 735 :
608, , NDA/NA Mathematics, P ≡ ( x1 , y1, z1 ) andQ ≡
( x2 , y2, z 2 ) and ABbe a given line with, DC’s as l, m,
n. If the line segment PQ makes angle θ with, the line
AB, then, , 1, [6 + 2(12) + 3(12) − 30 ], 6, 1, = [6 + 24 +
36 − 30 ] = 6 cu units, 6, =, , Q, Z, , Direction Ratios and
Direction, Cosines, Direction cosines of AB are cos α ,
cos β and cos γ, where, α , β and γ angles made by X-
axis, Y-axis and Z-axis,, respectively, where the point
A is ( a1 , a2 , a3 ) and the point, B is ( b1 , b2 , b3 )., b −
a1, b − a2, b − a3, cos α = 1, , cos β = 2, , cos γ = 3, r, r, r,
where, r =|AB|., Normally, direction cosines are
denoted by l, m and n, and always l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1., If
direction cosines of AB are l , m and n,then direction,
cosines of line AB are l , m , n and also − l , − m and – n.,
Direction cosines of X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are,,
respectively (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1)., If a , b, c are
numbers proportional to l , m , n (direction, cosines of
line), then a , b, c are called direction ratios or,
direction numbers., a, b, where,, l=, ,m =, 2, 2, 2, 2, a +b
+c, a + b2 + c2, and, , %, %, , n=, , c, a + b2 + c2, 2, , 1 1 1,
Example 6. If the direction cosines of a line are , ,
,, c c c , , (a) 0 < c<1 (b) c > 2, , (c) c = ± 2, , (d) c = ± 3, ,
Solution (d) Since, DC’s of a line are , , ., , , 1 1
1, c c c, , Q, , l 2 + m2 + n 2 = 1, 2, 2, 1 , 1 , 1 ,
+ + =1, c , c , c , 3, =1, c2, c2 = 3, 2, , ∴, ,
, , , c=± 3, , Projection, Projection of a line joining
the points P (x1, y1, z1 ), and Q (x2 , y2 , z2 ) on
another line, whose direction, cosines are l, m and n
Let PQ be a line segment, where, , P, , M, , N', , θ, , Q, , P,
, N, K', , O M, , X, , A, , P', , Q', , B, , Y, , Projection of PQ is
P ′ Q ′ = PQ cosθ, = ( x2 − x1 ) cos α + ( y2 − y1 ) cos β +
( z 2 − z1 ) cos γ, = ( x2 − x1 )l + ( y2 − y1 )m + ( z 2 − z1
)n, For X-axis, l = 1, m = 0, n = 0., Hence, projection of
PQ on X-axis = x2 − x1, Similarly, projection of PQ on
Y-axis = y2 − y1, and projection of PQ on Z-axis = z 2 −
z1, , Angle between Two Lines, If direction cosines of
two lines are ( l1 , m1 , n1 ) and, ( l2 , m2 , n 2 ), then
angle θ between them is given by, cos θ =| l1l2 +
m1m2 + n1n 2|., If direction ratios are given ( a1 , b1 ,
c1 ) and ( a2 , b2 , c2 ), respectively, then, cosθ =, , The
direction ratios of a line joining the points A(x1 , y1 ,
z1 ) and, B(x 2 , y2 , z 2 ) be x 2 − x1 , y2 − y1 and z 2 −
z1 ., Projection of a line obtained by joining two given
points to, another line whose D C’s are given, is given
by, (x 2 − x1 )l + ( y2 − y1 )m + (z 2 − z1 ) n., , then, , K, ,
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2, a12, , + b12 + c12, , a22 + b22 +
c22, , ., , Now, if l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n 2 = 0, lines are
perpendicular, and if l1 = l2 , m1 = m2 and n1 = n 2
lines are parallel., Similarly, if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0,
then lines are, perpendicular and if, a1 b1 c1, , then
lines are parallel., =, =, a2 b2 c2, , Example 7. If
direction cosines of two lines are (1, 0, 1) and, ( −1, 0,
1), then the angle between these two lines is, (a) 45°,
(b) 90°, (c) 60°, (d) 30°, Solution (b) Since, direction
cosines of two lines are (1, 0 , 1) and, ( −1, 0 , 1)., Let θ
be the angle between them, ∴, cos θ = |1 × ( −1) + 0 +
(1 × 1)|, = | − 1 + 1| = 0, , θ = 90 °, , Straight Line,
Every equation of the first degree represents a,
plane.Two equations of the first degree are satisfied
by the, coordinates of every point on the line of
intersection of the, planes represented by them.

Page 736 :
609, , Three Dimensional Geometry, and will be
perpendicular, if, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0., , Therefore,
the two equations of that line, ax + by + cz + d = 0, and
a ′ x + b′ y + c′ z + d ′ = 0 together represent a, straight
line., , (i) Equation of a Line Passing Through a Given
Point, Cartesian equation of a straight line passing
through, a fixed point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and having
direction ratios a,, b, c is, x − x1 y − y1 z − z1, =, =, a, b,
c, (symmetrical form of a straight line), , (ii) Equation
of a Line Passing Through Two Given, points, If A( x1 ,
y1 , z1 ), B( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) be two given points, then,
equations to the line AB are, x − x1, y − y1, z − z1, =, =,
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z 2 − z1, %, , %, , %, , Equation of x-axis,
x −0, y−0 z −0, or y = 0 and z = 0, =, =, 1, 0, 0, Equation
of y-axis, x −0, y−0 z −0, or x = 0 and z = 0, =, =, 0, 1, 0,
Equation of z-axis, x −0, y−0 z −0, or x = 0 and y = 0, =,
=, 0, 0, 1, , Example 8. The equation of a straight line
passing through, A(1, 2, 3) and B(3, 5, − 1) is, x −1 y − 2
z − 3, (a), =, =, 2, 3, −4, x −1 y − 2 z − 3, (c), =, =, 4, −3,
−2, , (b), , x +1 y − 2 z − 3, =, =, 2, 4, −3, , (d) None of
these, , Solution (a) The equation of a straight line
passing through, A(1, 2, 3) and B(3, 5, − 1) is given by, x
−1 y − 2 z − 3, =, =, 3 − 1 5 − 2 −1 − 3, x −1 y − 2 z − 3, =,
=, , 2, 3, −4, , Angle between Two Lines, , %, , (x 2 , y2 ,
z 2 ) is, [(x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 + (z 2 − z1 ) 2, − { l (x
2 − x1 ) + m ( y2 − y1 ) + n (z 2 − z1 )}]1 / 2, or, , Then,, ,
y2 − y1, , l, , m, , 2, , +, , y2 − y1, , z 2 − z1, , m, , n, , 2, , z 2
− z1, , x 2 − x1, , n, , l, , 2, , Example 9. The lines x = ay +
b, z = cy + d and, x = a ′ y + b ′, z = c ′ y + d ′ are
perpendicular, if aa ′ + cc ′ + 1is, equal to, (a) 0, (b) 3,
(c) 2, (d) 5, Solution (a) We can write the equations of
straight line as, x−b, z −d, = y, y =, a, c, x− b y −0 z −d, =,
=, , a, 1, c, x − b′, z − d′, and, = y, y =, a′, c′, x − b′ y − 0
z − d ′, =, =, , a′, c′, 1, x − x1 y − y1 z − z1, We know,,
=, =, a1, b1, c1, x − x2 y − y 2 z − z 2, and, =, =, a2, b2,
c2, , are perpendicular, if, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0, ,
aa′ + 1 + cc′ = 0, , Skew-Lines, Two non-parallel, non-
intersecting straight lines are, Skew-lines., Let, the,
straight, lines, are, x − x1 y − y1 z − z1, x − x2 y − y2 z −
z 2, and, and d, =, =, =, =, a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2, is the
shortest distance between them., L, , x − x1 y − y1 z −
z1, =, =, a1, b1, c1, x − x2 y − y2 z − z 2, ., =, =, a2, b2, c2,
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2, cos θ =, 2, a1 + b12 + c12 a22 +
b22 + c22, , Two lines will be parallel, if, a1 b1 c1, =, =,
a2 b2 c2, , x 2 − x1, , +, , Let θ be the angle between,
and, , x − x1 y − y1, z − z1, and point, =, =, l, m, n, ,
Distance between a line, , B, , A, , C, , ∴ d=, , M, , D, , x2
− x1, , y2 − y1, , z 2 − z1, , l1, , m1, , n1, , l2, , m2, , n2, , (
l1m2 − l2m1 ) + ( m1n 2 − m2n1 )2 + ( l1n 2 − l2n1 )2, 2

Page 737 :
610, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Example 10. Find the
shortest distance between the lines, , x−1 y− 2 z− 3,
x− 2 y− 4 z −5, and, ., =, =, =, =, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, (b) 3 / 6,
(a) 1 / 6, (d) None of these, (c) 2 / 6, , Solution (a) Given,
lines are, , x −1 y − 2 z − 3, …(i), =, =, 2, 3, 4, x−2 y − 4 z
−5, …(ii), and, =, =, 3, 4, 5, Here, x1 = 1, y1 = 2, z1 = 3,
x2 = 2, y 2 = 4, z 2 = 5,, l1 = 2, m1 = 3, n1 = 4, l2 = 3, m2
= 4, n2 = 5, Shortest distance between the lines (i) and
(ii) are modulus of, x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1, l1, m1, n1,
l2, , m2, , n2, , (l1m2 − l2m1) 2 + (m1n2 − m2n1) 2 +
(l1n2 − l2n1) 2, x2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1, Now,, , l1, l2, ,
m1, m2, , n1, n2, , …(iii), , −1 −2 −2, = 2 3, 4, 3 4 5, ,
Equation of the planes bisecting the angles between,
two, planes, and, a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0, a2x + b2 y
+ c2 z + d2 = 0 is, a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1, a x + b2 y + c2z
+ d2, =± 2, 2, 2, 2, a1 + b1 + c1, a22 + b22 + c22, ,
Condition, (i) If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 is negative, then
origin lies in, the acute angle between., (ii) If a1a2 +
b1b2 + c1c2 is positive, then origin lies in, the obtuse
angle between the given planes., , Example 11. Find
the equation of the bisector planes of the, , Solution
(a) The two given planes are, 2x − y + 2z + 3 = 0 and 3x
− 2y + 6z + 8 = 0, , Plane, A plane is a surface such that,
if any two points are, taken on it, the line segment
joining them lies completely, on the surface., , Normal
to Plane, A line perpendicular to a plane is called
normal to the, plane. It is clear that every line lie in a
plane perpendicular, to the normal to the plane., ,
Equation of a plane through a point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) is, A (
x − x1 ) + B ( y − y1 ) + C ( z − z1 ) = 0., Here, A, B, C are
direction ratios of a line normal to, plane., , Equation
of the Planes Bisecting, the Angles between Two
Planes, , (a) (14x − 7y + 14z + 21) = ± (9x − 6y + 18z +
24), (b) (14x + 7y + 14z + 21) = ± (9x − 6y + 18z + 24),
(c) (14x − 7y + 14z + 21) = ± (9x + 6y + 18z + 24), (d)
None of the above, , , , Plane Through a Point ( x 1, y
1, z 1 ), , From Eq. (iii), shortest distance between lines
(i) and (ii), 1 1, = −, =, 6 , 6, , 2x − y + 2z + 3 = 0, , ,
, 2x − y + 2z + 3, 3x − 2y + 6z + 8, =±, 4 + 1+ 4, 9 + 4 +
36, 2x − y + 2z + 3, 3x − 2y + 6z + 8, =±, 3, 7, (14x − 7y
+ 14z + 21) = ± (9x − 6y + 18z + 24), , General equation
of a plane is, Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 (Linear equation in x
, y and z ), , = (8 − 9) 2 + (15 − 16) 2 + (10 − 12) 2 = 6, ,
planes, , i.e.,, , General Equation of a Plane, , = − 1 (15 −
16) + 2 (10 − 12) − 2 (8 − 9) = − 1, Also, (l1m2 − l2m1)
2 + (m1n2 − m2n1) 2 + (n1l2 − n21, l )2, , angles
between the, 3x − 2y + 6 z + 8 = 0., , where, d1, d 2 > 0,
a1x + b1y + c1z + d1, a x + b2y + c2z + d 2, =± 2, ∴, 2, 2,
2, a1 + b1 + c1, a22 + b22 + c22, , and, , Example 12.
Let P( −7, 1, − 5) be a point on a plane and let O, be the
origin. If OP is normal to the plane, then the equation,
of the plane is, (a) 7x − y + 5 z + 75 = 0, (b) 7x + y − 5 z
+ 73 = 0, (c) 7x + y + 5 z + 73 = 0, (d) None of these,
Solution (a) Equation of any plane passing through (
−7,1, − 5) is, a( x + 7) + b(y − 1) + c( z + 5) = 0, The DR’s
of normal to the above plane are, a = −7, b = 1, c = −5,
∴From Eq.(i), we get, −7( x + 7) + 1(y − 1) − 5( z + 5) = 0,
, 7x − y + 5z + 75 = 0, , ...(i), , Example 13. A plane
meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C, such that the
centroid of the ∆ ABC is the point ( p, q, r), then, the
equation of the plane is, x y z, x y z, (b) + + = 3, (a) + + =
2, p q r, p q r, x y z, (c) + + = 4, (d) None of these, p q r, ,
Solution (b) Let the required equation of plane be, x y
z, + + =1, a b c, , …(i)

Page 739 :
612, , NDA/NA Mathematics, ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d, ,
Example 15. The normals to the planes x − y + z = 1,,
3x + 2y − z + 2 = 0 are inclined at an angle of, (a) 0°, (b)
30°, (c) 45°, , a 2 + b2 + c2, (d) 90°, , Solution (d)The
direction cosines of the normal to the plane, , , x − y
+ z = 1are proportional to (1, − 1, 1), 1, 1 , 1, DC’s of
normal to the plane are , ,−, ,, ., 3, 3, 3 , , Similarly,
DC’s of normal to 3x + 2y − z + 2 = 0 are, 2, 1 , 3, ,, ,
−, ., , 14 14, 14 , ∴ If θ be an angle between the
normals of the plane, 1 , 1 3 1 2 1 ,
cos θ = , + −, , + −, , 3 14 , 3
14 3 14 , 3 − 2 −1, =, = 0 θ = 90 °, 42, Thus,
the normals are inclined to each other at 90°., ,
Equation of Plane Parallel to Coordinate, Planes or
Perpendicular to Coordinate Axes, (i) Equation of
plane parallel to YOZ-plane, (or perpendicular to x-
axis) and at a distance ‘a’ from, it is x = a., (ii) Equation
of plane parallel to ZOX-plane, (or perpendicular to y-
axis) and at a distance ‘b’ from, it is y = b., (iii) Equation
of plane parallel to XOY-plane, (or perpendicular to z-
axis) and at a distance ‘c’ from, it is z = c., , Equation of
Plane Perpendicular to Coordinate, Planes or Parallel
to Coordinate Axes, (i) Equation of plane
perpendicular to YOZ-plane or, parallel to x-axis is By
+ Cz + D = 0., (ii) Equation of plane perpendicular to
ZOX-plane or, parallel to y-axis is Ax + Cz + D = 0., (iii)
Equation of plane perpendicular to XOY-plane or,
parallel to z- axis is Ax + By + D = 0., (iv) Equation of
plane parallel to a given plane, ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax
+ by + cz + d ′ = 0 i.e., only, constant term is changed., ,
Foot of Perpendicular from a Point A (α , β, γ ) to, a
Given Plane ax + by + cz + d = 0, If AP be the
perpendicular from A to the given plane,, then it is
parallel to the normal, so that its equation is, x−α y−β
z − γ, =, =, = r (say), a, b, c, Any point P on it is ( ar + α ,
br + β , cr + γ ) , It lies on the, given plane and we find
the value ofr and hence, the point P., , Perpendicular
Distance, The length of the perpendicular from the
point, P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0
is, , ., , Distance, between, two, parallel, planes, Ax + By
+ Cz + D1 = 0 and Ax + By + Cz + D2 = 0 is, D2 ~ D1,
A2 + B2 + C 2, , Position of Two Points wrt a Plane,
Two points P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) lie on
the same, or opposite sides of a plane ax + by + cz + d
= 0according to, ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d and ax2 + by2 +
cz 2 + d are of same or, opposite signs. The plane
divides the line joining the, points P and Q externally
or internally according to P and, Q are lying on same
or opposite sides of the plane., , Example 16. Find the
distance of the point (2, 1, 0) from, the plane 2 x + y +
2 z + 5 = 0., (a) 10/3, (b) 5/3, (c) 7/3, (d) None of these,
Solution (a) Required distance, =, , 2 × 2 + 1× 1+ 2 × 0
+ 5, 2 +1 + 2, 2, , 2, , 2, , =, , 10, 3, , Example 17. Find the
distance between the parallel planes, 2 x − y + 2 z + 3
= 0 and 4x − 2y + 4z + 5 = 0., (a) 1/6, (b) 5/6, (c) 4/6, (d)
None of these, Solution (a) Let P( x1, y1, z1) be any
point on 2x − y + 2z + 3 = 0., Then,, 2x1 − y1 + 2z1 + 3
= 0, The length of perpendicular from P( x1, y1, z1) to,
4x − 2y + 4z + 5 = 0, 4x1 − 2y1 + 4z1 + 5, =, 4 2 + ( −2)
2 + 4 2, 2(2x1 − y1 + 2z1) + 5, 2( −3) + 5, 1, =, =, =, 6, 6,
36, , …(i), , Family of Planes, 1. Let P1 ≡ a1x + b1 y +
c1z + d1 = 0 and P2 ≡ a2x + b2 y, + c2z + d2 = 0 be two
planes, then P1 + λP2 = 0 (where,, λ is a parameter)
represents family of planes passing, through line of
intersection of the planes P1 = 0 and, P2 = 0., 2. ax +
by + cz = k represents family of planes parallel, to the
plane ax + by + cz + d = 0. (where, k is a, parameter)., ,
Example 18. Find the equation of plane containing the
line, , of intersection of the planes x + y + z − 6 = 0, 2 x
+ 3y + 4z + 5 = 0 and passing through (1, 1, 1., ), (a) 20
x + 23y + 26 z + 69 = 0, (b) 20 x + 23y + 26 z − 69 = 0,
(c) 20 x + 23y − 26 z − 69 = 0, (d) None of the above, ,
and

Page 740 :
613, , Three Dimensional Geometry, , Solution (b) The
Equation of the plane through the line of, intersection
of the given planes is,, ( x + y + z − 6) + λ (2x + 3y + 4z +
5) = 0, If it passes through (1, 1, 1), , (1 + 1 + 1 − 6) +
λ (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 0, 3, λ=, , 14, 3, Putting λ =, in Eq.
(i), we get, 14, 3, ( x + y + z − 6) +, (2x + 3y + 4z + 5) = 0,
14, , 20 x + 23y + 26z − 69 = 0, , The fixed point is
called the centre and the constant, distance is called
the radius of the sphere., P (r), , …(i), , Angle between
Line and Plane, x−α y−β z − γ, and, =, =, l, m, n, the
plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by, al + bm + cn, sin θ
=, 2, 2, ( a + b + c2 ) ( l 2 + m 2 + n 2 ), The angle θ
between the line, , (i) The line is perpendicular to the
plane if and only if, a, b, c, =, = ., l m n, (ii) The line is
parallel to the plane if and only if, al + bm + cn = 0., (iii)
The line lies in the plane if and only if, al + bm + cn = 0
and aα + bβ + cγ + d = 0., , Example 19. The angle
between the line, 3x − 1 y + 3 5 − 2 z, and the plane 3x
− 3y − 6 z = 0, =, =, 3, −1, 4, is equal to, π, π, π, π, (a), (b),
(c), (d), 6, 4, 3, 2, , Solution (d) Given, line and plane can
be written as, 1, 5, z−, 3 = y+3 =, 2, 1, −1, −2, and, x − y
− 2z = 0, Here, a1 = 1, b1 = −1, c1 = −2 and a2 = 1, b2 =
− 1, c2 = −2, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2, Sin θ =, ∴, a12 + b12
+ c12 a22 + b22 + c22, 1 × 1 + ( −1) × ( −1) + ( −2)( −2),
=, 1+ 1+ 4 1+ 1+ 4, 6, π, =, = 1 θ =, 2, 6 6, x−, , Sphere,
A sphere is the locus of a point, which moves in space
in, such a way that its distance from a fixed point
always, remains constant., , C (a ), , General Equation
of Sphere, The, general, equation, of, a, sphere, is,
with, centre, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0, (
− u , − v , − w) i.e., ( −1 / 2) coefficient of x, − (1 / 2)
coefficient, 1, of y, − coefficient of z) and radius = u 2 +
v 2 + w2 − d ., 2, , Equation of Sphere in Various Forms,
(i) Equation of sphere with given centre and, radius
The equation of a sphere with centre ( a , b, c) and,
radius R is, ( x − a )2 + ( y − b)2 + ( z − c)2 = R 2, , …(i), , If
the centre is at the origin, then Eq.(i) takes the form, x
2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2, which is known as the standard
form of, the equation of the sphere., (ii) Diameter form
of the equation of a, sphere If ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 ,
y2 , z 2 ) are the coordinates of, the extremities of a
diameter of a sphere, then its equation, is ( x − x1 )( x −
x2 ) + ( y − y1 )( y − y2 ) + ( z − z1 )( z − z 2 ) = 0., ,
Example 20. Find the equation of sphere, if (1, 2, 3)
and, (1, − 1, 0) are the vertices of diameter., (a) x 2 + y
2 + z 2 − 2 x − y − 3z − 1 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x + y
− 3z − 1 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 x + y − 3z − 1 = 0, (d)
None of the above, Solution (a) If (1, 2, 3) and (1, −1, 0)
are the vertices of diameter,, then equation of sphere
is, ( x − 1) ( x − 1) + (y − 2) (y + 1) + ( z − 3) ( z − 0) = 0, ,
x2 − 2x + 1 + y 2 − y − 2 + z 2 − 3z = 0, , , x2 + y 2 + z 2
− 2x − y − 3z − 1 = 0, , Example 21. Find the equation
of sphere, whose centre is, C (5, −2, 3) and which
passes through the point P (8, − 6, 3)., (a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2
− 10 x + 4y + 6 z + 13 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 10 x + 4y
− 6 z + 13 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 10 x + 4y − 6 z + 13 =
0, (d) None of the above, Solution (b) We have, radius,
= (8 − 5) 2 + ( −6 + 2) 2 + (3 − 3) 2 = 9 + 16 + 0 = 5,
Equation of required sphere is, ( x − 5) 2 + (y + 2) 2 + (
z − 3) 2 = 5 2, , , x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 10 x + 4y − 6z + 13 =
0

Page 741 :
614, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Section of a Sphere by
a Plane, Consider a sphere intersected by a plane. The
set of, points common to both sphere and plane is
called a plane, section of a sphere. The plane section
of a sphere is always, a circle. The equations of the
sphere and the plane taken, together represent the
plane section., , Example 22. The radius of the circle in
which the sphere, , x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 x − 2y − 4z − 19 =
0 is cut by the plane, x + 2y + 2 z + 7 = 0 is, (a) 1, (b) 2,
(c) 3, (d) 4, , Solution (c) The centre and radius of given
sphere are C( −1,1, 2), and R = ( −1) 2 + (1) 2 + (2) 2 +
19 = 5, Length of perpendicular from centre C on the
plane,, −1 × 1 + 1 × 2 + 2 × 2 + 7, d=, =4, 12 + 2 2 + 2 2, ,
C, , P, , M, , ∴ Radius of circle = R 2 − d 2 = 25 − 16 = 3, ,
Q, , Let C be the centre of the sphere and M be the
foot of, the perpendicular from C on the plane. Then,
M is the, centre of the circle and radius of the circle is
given by, PM = CP 2 − CM 2 ., The centre M of the
circle is the point of intersection of, the plane and line
CM which passes through C and is, perpendicular to
the given plane., Centre The foot of the perpendicular
from the centre, of the sphere to the plane is the
centre of the circle., (Radius of circle)2 = (Radius of
sphere)2− (Perpendicular, from centre of spheres on
the plane)2, , Condition of Tangency of a Plane to a
Sphere, Plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 touches a sphere, x 2
+ y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + k = 0,, If distance of
plane from centre of sphere is equal to, radius of
sphere., − au − bv − cw + d, i.e.,, = u 2 + v 2 + w2 − k., 2,
2, 2, a +b +c, %, , The conditions of orthogonal
intersection of two sphere is, 2 u1 u 2 + 2v1v2 + 2w1
w2 = d1 + d 2, , Comprehensive Approach, n, n, n, , n, ,
n, , n, , n, , Any plane parallel to x-axis is of the form by
+ cz = d ., Intersection point of planes x = a, y = b and z
= c is ( a, b , c)., Image ( x, y , z) (or reflection) of a point (
x1 , y1 , z1) in a plane, ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by, x
− x1 y − y1 z − z1, =, =, a, b, c, −2 ( ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d ),
=, a2 + b 2 + c 2, Foot ( x, y , z) of a point ( x1 , y1 , z1) in
a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0, is given by, x − x1 y − y1 z −
z1, =, =, a, b, c, ( ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d ), =−, a2 + b 2 + c 2,
Any plane parallel to X-Y plane is z = constant,
similarly plane, parallel to Y-Z plane is x = constant
and plane parallel to Z - X, plane is y = constant. x = 0,
y = 0 and z = 0 are, respectively Y-Z,, Z-X and X-Y
planes., Points P ( x1 , y1 , z1) and Q ( x2 , y 2 , z 2) are
on same side of plane, if, and, ax + by + cz + d = 0,, ax1
+ by1 + cz1 + d, ax2 + by 2 + cz 2 + d are of same sign.
If they are of opposite sign,, then the points are on the
opposite sides., Equation of plane parallel to planes ax
+ by + cz + d1 = 0 and, ax + by + cz + d 2 = 0 and
equidistance from them is, d + d2 , ax + by + cz + 1,
=0, 2 , , n, , The, equation, of, x − x1 y − y1 z − z1, =,
=, a1, b1, c1, x − x2 y − y 2 z − z 2, is, =, =, a2, b2, c2, , n, ,
n, , n, , n, , n, , n, , plane, and, , containing, parallel, to, ,
the, the, , line, line, , x − x1 y − y1 z − z1, , a1, b1, c1 = 0,
a2, b2, c2, x − x1 y − y1 z − z1, lies in the plane, The
line, =, =, a1, b1, c1, a2x + b2y + c2z + d 2 = 0, then
a2x1 + b2y1 + c2z1 + d 2 = 0, and, a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
= 0, There are four lines, which are equally inclined to
the coordinate, axes., 1, The angle between any two
diagonals of a cube is cos−1 ., 3 , The angle
between a diagonal of a cube and the diagonal of a,
2 , faces of the cube is cos−1 , ., 3 , When two
spheres touch each other the common tangent plane
is, S1 − S2 = 0 and when they cut in a circle, the plane
of the circle is, S1 − S2 = 0 ; coefficient of x2 ,y 2 , z 2
being unity in both the cases., (i) The plane cuts the
sphere in a circle, iff p < r and in this case,, the radius
of circle is r 2 − p 2 ., (ii) The plane touches the sphere;
iff p = r., (iii) The plane does not meet the sphere, iff p
> r., Equation of concentric sphere Any sphere
concentric with, the, sphere, is, x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux +
2vy + 2wz + d = 0, x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + λ
= 0 where λ is some real,, which makes it a sphere.

Page 742 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. The coordinates of the point in
which the line joining, the points ( 3, 5, − 7) and ( −2, 1,
8) is intersected by the, plane yz are given by, 13, 2 , ,
− 13, , (b) 0, −, (a) 0,, , − 2 , ,− , , , , 5, 5, 5 ,
13 2 , 13 , (c) 0,, (d) 0,, , , , 2 , 5 5 , 5 , 2.
The projection of any line on coordinate to be,,
respectively 3, 4, 5, then its length is, (a) 50, (b) 12, (d)
None of these, (c) 5 2, 3. The direction cosines of the
normal to the plane, x + 2 y − 3z + 4 = 0 are, 1, 2, 3, 1,
2, 3, ,, ,, (a) −, ,−, (b), ,−, 14 14 14, 14, 14, 14, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1,
3, ,, (d), ,−, (c) −, ,, ,, 14 14, 14 14, 14, 14, 4. The angle
between the straight lines, x+1 y− 2 z + 3, x−1 y+ 2 z −
3, and, is, =, =, =, =, 2, 5, 4, 1, 2, −3, (a) 45°, (b) 30°, (c)
60°, (d) 90°, 5. The length of the perpendicular from
the origin to the, plane 3x + 4 y + 12z = 52 is, (a) 3, (b)
– 4, (c) 5, (d) None of these, 6. What is the locus of
points of intersection of a sphere, and a plane?, (NDA
2011 II), (a) Circle, (b) Ellipse, (c) Parabola, (d)
Hyperbola, 7. The intercepts of the plane 5x − 3 y + 6z
= 60 on the, coordinate axes are, (a) (10, 20, − 10), (b)
(10, − 20, 12), (c) (12, − 20, 10), (d) (12, 20, − 10), 8.
The direction cosines of the line joining the points, ( 4,
3, − 5) and ( −2, 1, − 8) are, 6 2 3 , 2 3 6 , (b) , , ,
(a) , , , 7 7 7 , 7 7 7 , 6 3 2 , (c) , , , (d) None
of these, 7 7 7 , 9. If a line lies in the octant OXYZ
and it makes equal, angles with the axes, then, 1, 1, (a)
l = m = n =, (b) l = m = n = ±, 3, 3, 1, 1, (d) l = m = n = ±,
(c) l = m = n = −, 3, 2, , 10. What is the acute angle, x + y
+ 2z = 3 and −2x + y − z, π, π, (a), (b), (c), 5, 4, , between
the planes, (NDA 2011 I), = 11 ?, π, π, (d), 6, 3, , 11. If α ,
β , γ be the angles, which a line makes with the,
coordinate axes, then, (a) sin2 α + cos2 β + sin2 γ = 1,
(b) cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1, (c) sin2 α + sin2 β +
sin2 γ = 1, (d) cos2 α + cos2 β + sin2 γ = 1, 12. If a line
makes the angles α , β and γ with the axes,, then what
is the value of 1 + cos 2α + cos 2β + cos 2γ ?, (NDA
2012 I), , (a) –1, , (b) 0, , (c) 1, , (d) 2, , 13. Equation of x-
axis is, x y z, x y z, x y z, x y z, (a) = = (b) = = (c) = = (d) =
=, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 1 0 0, 0 0 1, 14. The, two, planes, and, ax
+ by + cz + d = 0, ax + by + cz + d1 = 0, where d ≠ d1 ,
have (NDA 2010 II), (a) one point only in common, (b)
three points in common, (c) infinite points in common,
(d) no points in common, 15. If direction cosines of
two lines are proportional to, ( 2, 3, − 6) and ( 3, − 4, 5),
then the acute angle between, them is, 18 2 , 49 ,
(b) cos−1 , (a) cos−1 , , 36 , 35 , (c) 96°, , 18
, (d) cos−1 , 35 , , 16. The value of aa ′ + bb ′ + cc
′ being negative. The, origin will lie in the acute angle
between the planes, ax + by + cz + d = 0 and a ′ x + b ′ y
+ c ′ z + d ′ = 0, if, (a) a = a ′ = 0, (b) d and d′ are of same
sign, (c) d and d′ are of opposite sign, (d) None of the
above, 17. The equation to the straight line passing
through the, points ( 4, − 5, − 2) and ( −1, 5, 3) is, x−4
y+5 z+2, x+1 y− 5 z − 3, (b), (a), =, =, =, =, 1, −1, −2, 1, 2,
−1, x, y z, x, y, z, (c), (d) =, = =, =, −1 5 3, 4 −5 −2, 18. Let
O ( 0, 0, 0), P ( 3, 4, 5), Q ( m , n , r ) and R (1, 1, 1) be, the
vertices of a parallelogram taken in order. What, is the
value of m + n + r ?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) 6, (b) 12, (c) 15,
(d) More than 15

Page 743 :
616, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 19. If a line makes an
angles α , β , γ , δ with four diagonals, of, a, cube,, then,
the, value, of, sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ + sin2 δ is, (a)
4/3, (b) 8/3, (c) 7/3, (d) 1, 20. The xy-plane divides the
line joining the points, ( −1, 3, 4) and ( 2, − 5, 6), (a)
internally in the ratio 2 : 3, (b) internally in the ratio 3 :
2, (c) externally in the ratio 2 : 3, (d) externally in the
ratio 3 : 2, 21. The projection of the line joining the
points (3, 4, 5), and (4, 6, 3) on the line joining the
points ( −1, 2, 4), and (1, 0, 5) is, (a) 4/3, (b) 2/3, (c) –
4/3, (d) 1/2, 22. What is the equation of the plane
through z-axis and, x−1 y+ 2 z − 3, parallel to the line,
?, =, =, cos θ sin θ, 0, (NDA 2010 I), (a) x cot θ + y = 0,
(c) x + y cot θ = 0, , (b) x tan θ − y = 0, (d) x − y tan θ = 0,
, 23. In the space the equation by + cz + d = 0
represents a, plane perpendicular to the plane, (a)
YOZ, (b) Z = k, (c) ZOX, (d) XOY, 24. The points A( 4, 5,
1), B( 0, − 1, − 1), C( 3, 9, 4), D( −4, 4, 4) are, (a)
collinear, (b) coplanar, (c) non-coplanar, (d) non-
collinear and non-coplanar, , and, , 25. The direction
cosines of a line are proportional to, ( 2, 1, 2) and the
line intersects a plane, perpendicularly at the point (1,
− 2, 4). What is the, distance of the plane from the
point (3, 2, 3)?, (NDA 2009 II), , (a), , 3, , (b) 2, , (c) 2 2, ,
(d) 4, , 26. What are the direction ratios of normal to
the plane, (NDA 2012 I), 2 − y + 2z + l = 0 ?, 1, (a) < 2, 1,
2 >, (b) < 1 , − , 1 >, 2, (c) < 1, − 2, 1 >, (d) None of these,
27. The point of intersection of the line joining the
points, ( −3, 4 , − 8) and ( 5, − 6, 4) with the xy-plane is,
(a) (7/3, – 8/3, 0), (b) (– 7/3, – 8/3, 0), (c) (– 7/3, 8/3, 0),
(d) (7/3, 8/3, 0), 28. If the angle between the lines,
whose direction ratios, π, are ( 2, − 1, 2) and ( x , 3, 5) is
, then the smallest value, 4, of x is, (a) 52, (b) 4, (c) 2, (d)
1, 29. The foot of the perpendicular drawn from the
origin, to a plane is the point (1, − 3, 1). What is the
intercept, cut on the x-axis by the plane?, (NDA 2009
II), (d) 11, (a) 1, (b) 3, (c) 11, 30. The equation of the
sphere, whose centre is (1, 1, 1), and which passes
through (3, 3, 2), is, , (a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 2 y + 2z =
6, (b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 2 y − 2z = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2
− 2x − 2 y − 2z = 6, (d) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 2 y + 2z =
38, 31. A straight line with direction cosines (0, 1, 0) is,
(a) parallel to the x-axis., (b) parallel to the y-axis., (c)
parallel to the z-axis., (d) equally inclined to all the
axes., 32. What is the diameter of the sphere, x 2 + y 2
+ z 2 − 4x + 6 y − 8z − 7 = 0 ? (NDA 2012 I), (a) 4 units
(b) 5 units (c) 6 units (d) 12 units, 33. Under what
condition does the equation, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2ux +
2vy + 2wz + d = 0 represent a, real sphere?, (NDA
2009 I), 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, (b) u + v + w2 > d, (a) u + v + w =
d, 2, 2, 2, (d) u 2 + v 2 + w2 < d 2, (c) u + v + w < d, 34. If
a line makes angles of 60° and 45° with the positive,
direction of the axes of x and y respectively, then the,
angle made by the line with positive direction of the,
z-axis is equal to, (a) 60°, (b) 120°, (c) Either 60° or
120°, (d) Neither 60° nor 120°, 35. ABC is a triangle
and AD is the median. If the, coordinates of A are (4, 7,
–8) and the coordinates of, centroid of the ∆ABC are
(1, 1, 1). What are the, coordinates of D?, 11 , , 1,
1, (b) − , − 2 , , (a) − , 2 , 11 , , 2, 2, 2 , (c) ( −1, 2
, 11), (d) ( −5 , − 11, 19), 36. If the points (5, –1, 1), (–1,
–3, 4) and (1, – 6, 10) are, the three vertices of a
rhombus taken in order, then, which one of the
following is the fourth vertex?, 7 11 , , (a) ( 7, − 4, 11),
(b) 3, − , , , 2 2 , (c) ( 7, − 4, 7), (d) ( 7, 4, 11), 37.
What is the equation of a plane through the x-axis,
and passing through the point (1, 2, 3)? (NDA 2009 I),
(a) x + y + z = 6, (b) x = 1, (c) y + z = 5, (d) z + y = 1, 38.
The planes bx − ay = n , cy − bz = l and az − cx = m,
intersect in a line. Which one of the following is,
correct?, (a) a + b + c = 0, (b) al + bm + cn = 0, (c) a/ l +
b/ m + c/ n = 0, (d) l + m + n = 0, 39. What, is, the,
condition, for, the, plane, ax + by + cz + d = 0 to be
perpendicular to xy-plane?, (a) a = 0, (b) b = 0, (c) c = 0,
(d) a + b + c = 0, 40. The equation by + cz + d = 0
represents a plane, parallel to which one of the
following? (NDA 2008 II), (a) x-axis, (b) y-axis, (c) z-
axis, (d) None of these

Page 744 :
617, , Three Dimensional Geometry, , 41. For what
value of k are the lines, , z −1, x, and, = 2− y =, 2, k, ,
x+1 y−1, =, = z + 2 perpendicular to each other?, 3, k,
(a) –2, (b) –1, (c) 1, (d) 2, , 42. If, the, radius, of, the,
sphere, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6x − 8 y + 10z + λ = 0 is unity,
what is, the value of λ ?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) 49, (b) 7, (c)
–49, (d) –7, 43. Under which one of the following
conditions will the, two planes x + y + z = 7 and αx +
βy + γz = 3, be, parallel (but not coincident)?, (NDA
2008 I), 3, (a) α = β = γ = 1 only, (b) α = β = γ = only, 7,
(c) α = β = γ, (d) None of these, 44. How many
arbitrary constants are there in the, equation of a
plane?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 4, (d) Any finite
number, x−3 y−4 z−5, is parallel to, 45. The straight
line, =, =, 2, 3, 4, which one of the following?, (NDA
2008 I), (a) 4x + 3 y − 5z = 0, (b) 4x + 5 y − 4z = 0, (c) 4x
+ 4 y − 5z = 0, (d) 5x + 4 y − 5z = 0, 46. If θ is the acute
angle between the diagonals of a cube,, then which
one of the following is correct?, (a) θ < 30°, (b) θ = 60°,
(NDA 2008 I), (c) 30° < θ < 60°, (d) θ > 60°, 47. What is
the equation of the plane passing through, ( x1 , y1 , z1
) and normal to the line with < a , b, c > as, direction
ratios?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a), (b), (c), (d), , ax + by + cz =
ax1 + by1 + cz1, a( x + x1 ) + b( y + y1 ) + c( z + z1 ) = 0,
ax + by + cz = 0, ax + by + cz = x1 + y1 + z1 = 0, , 48. If
the sum of the squares of the distances of the point, (
x , y , z ) from the points ( a , 0, 0) and ( −a , 0, 0) is 2c2 ,,
then which one of the following is correct? (NDA
2007 I), (a) x 2 + a 2 = 2c2 − y 2 − z 2 (b) x 2 + a 2 = c2 −
y 2 − z 2, (c) x 2 − a 2 = c2 − y 2 − z 2 (d) x 2 + a 2 = c2 +
y 2 + z 2, 49. What is the angle between the two lines,
whose, direction ratios are, ( 3 − 1, − 3 − 1, 4) and (− 3
− 1, 3 − 1, 4)?, π, π, π, π, (a), (b), (c), (d), 6, 4, 3, 2, 50. If α
, β , γ be angles, which the vector r = λi + 2 j − k, makes
with the coordinate axes, then what is the, value of
sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ ?, (a) 2, (b) 1, (c) λ 2 + 1, (d) 1 − λ
2, 51. Which one of the following is correct?, The,
three, planes, 2x + 3 y − z − 2 = 0,, 3x + 3 y + z − 4 = 0, x
− y + 2z − 5 = 0 intersect, (NDA 2007 I), , (a) at a point,
(c) at three points, , (b) at two points, (d) in a line, , 52.
What, is, the, centre, of, the, sphere, ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2
− 6x = 0, if the radius is 1 unit?, (a), (b), (c), (d), , (NDA
2007 I), ( 0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), ( 3, 0, 0), Cannot be
determined as values of a, b, c are, unknown, , Level II,
1. The equation of the plane in which the lines, x−5
y−7 z+3, x−8 y−4 z−5, and, lie, is, =, =, =, =, 4, 4, −5, 7,
1, 3, (a) 17x − 47 y − 24z + 172 = 0, (b) 17x + 47 y −
24z + 172 = 0, (c) 17x + 47 y + 24z + 172 = 0, (d) 17x −
47 y + 24z + 172 = 0, , 4. What is the equation of the
plane passing through, the point (1, − 1, − 1) and
perpendicular to each of the, planes x − 2 y − 8z = 0
and 2x + 5 y − z = 0 ?, , 2. What is the sum of the
squares of direction cosines of, the line joining the
points (1, 2, –3) and (–2, 3, 1) ?, , 5. The equation of the
plane passing through the line, x−1 y+ 2 z − 3, and the
point (4, 3, 7) is, =, =, 5, 6, 4, (a) 4x + 8 y + 7z = 41, (b)
4x − 8 y + 7z = 41, (c) 4x − 8 y − 7z = 41, (d) 4x − 8 y +
7z = 39, , (NDA 2012 I), , (a) 0, , (b) 1, , (c) 3, , (d), , 2, 26, ,
x y z, + + = 1 cut the axes in A, B, C, then, 2 3 4, the
area of the ∆ ABC is, (b) 41 sq units, (a) 29 sq units, (c)
61 sq units, (d) None of these, , 3. The plane, , (NDA
2011 II), , (a) 7x − 3 y + 2z = 14, (c) x − 7 y + 3z = 4, , (b)
2x + 5 y − 3z = 12, (d) 14x − 5 y + 3z = 16, , 6. The
centre of sphere passes through four points, (0, 0, 0),
(0, 2, 0), (1, 0, 0) and (0, 0, 4) is, , 1, , 1, (b) − , 1,
2 , (a) , 1, 2 , , 2, , 2, , 1, 1 , (c) , 1, − 2 , (d)
1, , 2 , 2 , , 2

Page 745 :
618, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 7. The shortest
distance between the lines, x−3 y−8 z−3, x+3 y+7 z−6,
and, is, =, =, =, =, 3, 1, 2, 4, −1, −3, (d) 3 30, (b) 2 30, (c) 5
30, (a) 30, 8. The equation to sphere passing through
origin and, the points ( −1, 0, 0), ( 0, − 2, 0) and ( 0, 0, −
3) is, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + f ( x , y , z ) = 0.What is f ( x , y , z
)equal to?, (NDA 2011 II), , (a) − x − 2 y − 3z, (c) x + 2 y
+ 3z − 1, , (b) x + 2 y + 3z, (d) x + 2 y + 3z + 1, x y z, 9.
The angle between the line = = and the plane, 2 3 4, 3x
+ 2 y − 3z = 4 is, (a) 45°, (b) 0°, 24 , −1 , (d) 90°, (c) cos
, , 29 22 , 10. The equation of a line of
intersection of planes, 4x + 4 y − 5z = 12 and 8x + 12 y
− 13z = 32 can be, written as, x−1 y+ 2 z, x−1 y− 2 z,
(b), (a), =, =, =, =, 2, 4, −3, 2, 3, 4, x y+1 z − 2, x y z−2, (c)
=, (d) = =, =, 2, 3, 4, 2 3, 4, 11. Consider the following
relations among the angles, α , β and γ made by a
vector with the coordinate axes, (NDA 2011 I), , I. cos
2α + cos 2β + cos 2γ = − 1, II. sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ =
1, Which of the above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b)
Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 12. The
equation of the plane, which makes with, coordinate
axes a triangle with its centroid (α , β , γ ), is, (a) αx +
βy + γz = 3, (b) αx + βy + γz = 1, x y z, x y z, (d) + + = 1,
(c) + + = 3, α β γ, α β γ, 13. A variable plane moves, so
that the sum of the, reciprocals of its intercepts on the
coordinates axes is, 1/2 . Then, the plane passes
through, 1 1 1 , (a) , ,− , (b) ( −1, 1, 1), 2 2 2 , (c) (
2, 2, 2), (d) ( 0, 0, 0), 14. The direction cosines l , m , n of
two lines are, connected by the relations l + m + n = 0,
lm = 0, then, the angle between them is, (a) π/ 3, (b) π/
4, (c) π / 2, (d) 0, 15. Equation of the plane passing
through the line of, intersection of the planes P ≡ ax +
by + cz + d = 0,, P ′ ≡ a ′ x + b ′ y + c ′ z + d ′ = 0 and
parallel to x-axis is, (a) Pa − P ′ a ′ = 0, (b) P / a + P ′/ a ′
= 0, (c) Pa + P ′ a ′ = 0, (d) P / a = P ′/ a ′, , 16. Under
what condition do the planes bx − ay = n ,, cy − bz = l ,
az − cx = m intersect in a line?, (NDA 2010 I), , (a) a + b
+ c = 0, (c) al + bm + cn = 0, , (b) a = b = c, (d) l + m + n =
0, , 17. What is the cosine of angle between the
planes, x + y + z + 1 = 0 and 2x − 2 y + 2z + 1 = 0? (NDA
2012 I), 1, 1, (a), (b), 2, 3, 2, (d) None of these, (c), 3, 18.
The equation of the plane passing through (2, 3, 4),
and parallel to the plane 5x − 6 y + 7z = 3 is, (a) 5x − 6
y + 7z + 20 = 0 (b) 5x − 6 y + 7z − 20 = 0, (c) −5x + 6 y −
7z + 3 = 0 (d) 5x + 6 y + 7z + 3 = 0, 19. If the plane x + 2
y + 2z − 15 = 0 cuts the circle, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 y − 4z
− 11 = 0, then radius of circle is, (b) 5, (c) 7, (d) 3, (a) 3,
20. What is the area of the triangle with vertices ( 0, 2,
2),, (NDA 2010 I), ( 2, 0, − 1) and ( 3, 4, 0)?, 15, (a), sq
units, (b) 15 sq units, 2, 7, (c) sq units, (d) 7 sq units, 2,
21. The points A( 5, − 1, 1), B( 7, − 4, 7), C(1, − 6, 10)
and, D( −1, − 3, 4) are vertices of a, (a) square, (b)
rhombus, (c) rectangle, (d) None of these, 22. If P = ( 0,
1, 0), Q = ( 0, 0, 1), then projection of PQ on, the plane
x + y + z = 3 is, (a) 3, (b) 3, (d) 2, (c) 2, 23. Coordinate of
a point equidistant from the points, (0, 0, 0), ( a , 0, 0), (
0, b, 0), ( 0, 0, c) is, a b c , a b c , (a) , , , (b) , , ,
4 4 4 , 2 4 4 , a, b, c, , , (c) , , , (d) ( a , b, c), 2 2
2 , 24. What is the equation of the sphere, which has
its, centre at ( 6, − 1, 2) and touches the plane, (NDA
2009 II), 2x − y + 2z − 2 = 0 ?, 2, 2, 2, (a) x + y + z + 12x
− 2 y + 4z + 16 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 12x − 2 y + 4z −
16 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 12x + 2 y − 4z + 16 = 0, (d) x
2 + y 2 + z 2 − 12x + 2 y − 4z + 25 = 0, 25. The equation
of the sphere touching the three, coordinates planes
is, (a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2a( x + y + z ) + 2a 2 = 0, (b) x 2 +
y 2 + z 2 − 2a( x + y + z ) + 2a 2 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ±
2a( x + y + z ) + 2a 2 = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ± 2ax ± 2ay ±
2az + 2a 2 = 0

Page 746 :
619, , Three Dimensional Geometry, 26. The plane 2x
− (1 + λ ) y + 3λz = 0 passes through the, intersection
of the planes as 2x − y = 0 andy + zy = 0 is, (a) 2x − y =
0 and y + 3z = 0, (b) 2x − y = 0 and y − 3z = 0, (c) 2x + 3z
= 0 and y = 0, (d) None of the above, , 33. The points A(
5, 9, 9), B ( 0, − 1, − 6) and C( 5, − 11, − 1), are the
vertices of, (a) an acute angled triangle, (b) a right
angled triangle with unequal sides, (c) an isosceles
right angled triangle, (d) an obtuse angled triangle, ,
27. The radius of the circle in which the sphere, x 2 + y
2 + z 2 + 2x − 2 y − 4z − 19 = 0 is cut by the plane, x + 2
y + 2z + 7 = 0, is, (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, x−2 y−3 z−4,
and, 28. The, line, =, =, 1, 1, −k, x−1 y− 4 z − 5, are
coplanar, if, =, =, k, 2, 1, (a) k = 0 or −1, (b) k = 0 or 1, (c)
k = 0 or −3, (d) k = 3 or −3, , 34. The line passing
through the points (1, 2, − 1) and, ( 3, − 1, 2) meets the
yz-plane at the points is, 7 5 , , 7 5 , (b) 0, , , (a)
0, − , , , 2 2 , , 2 2, 7, 5, 5 , , , 7, (d) 0, , − , (c)
0, − , − , , 2, 2, 2 , 2 , , 29. What are the direction
ratios of the line determined, by the planes x − y + 2z
= 1 and x + y − z = 3?, (a) ( −1, 3, 2), (b) ( −1, − 3 2) (NDA
2009 II), (c) ( 2, 1, 3), (d) ( 2, 3, 2), 30. Consider the
following statements, I. If two spheres touch each
other externally, then, the distance between their
centres is r1 + r2., II. Any plane parallel to x-axis is of
the form, bx + cz = d., x − x1 y − y1 z − z1, lies in the
plane, III. The line, =, =, a1, b1, c1, a2x + b2 y + c2z +
d2 = 0, if a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = d2., Which of the
statements given above are correct?, (a) I and II, (b) II
and III, (c) I and III, (d) All I, II and III, 31. Consider the
following statements, I. Foot ( x , y , z ) of a point ( x1 ,
y1 , z1 ) in a plane, ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by, x −
x1 y − y1 z − z1, =, =, a, b, c, ( ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d ), =−, a
2 + b2 + c2, II. Image ( x , y , z ) of a point ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
in a plane, ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by, x − x1 y − y1
z − z1 −( ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d ), =, =, =, a, b, c, a 2 + b2 +
c2, Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d)
Neither I nor II, 32. The point of intersection of the
lines, x+1, y+3 z+5, x−2 y−4 z−6, and, is, =, =, =, =, 3, 5,
7, 1, 3, 5, (a) (1/2, 1/2, –3/2), (b) (– 1/2, – 1/2, 3/2), (c)
(1/2, – 1/2, – 3/2), (d) (– 1/2, 1/2, 3/2), , 35. Find the
coordinate of the point, which is equidistant, from the
points ( 0, 0, 0), ( 2, 0, 0), ( 0, 4, 0), ( 0, 0, 6).,
respectively., (NDA 2008 II), (a) (1, 2, 3), (b) ( 2, 3, 1), (c)
( 3, 1, 2), (d) (1, 3, 2), 36. In three dimensional space,
the path of a point,, whose distance from the x-axis is
3 times its distance, from the yz-plane is, (a) y 2 + z 2 =
9x 2, (b) x 2 + y 2 = 3z 2, 2, 2, 2, (c) x + z = 3 y, (d) y 2 − z
2 = 9x 2, 37. The equation of the sphere through x 2 +
y 2 + z 2 = 4,, 2x + 3 y + 4z = 7 and (1, 2, 0) is given by,
(a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 3 y + 4 = 0, (b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 −
2x − 3 y − 4z + 3 = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 3 y − 6z +
3 = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 3 y − 8z + 5 = 0, 38. The
equation of sphere, which passes through the, origin
and makes intercepts 3, 4 and 5 on the, coordinate
axes, is given by, (a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x − 4 y + 5z = 0,
(b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x − 4 y − 5z = 0, (c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 −
4x − 5 y − 3z = 0, (d) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3x + 4 y − 5z = 0,
39. The line passing through (1, 2, 3) and having,
direction ratios given by < 1, 2, 3 > cuts the x-axis at a,
distance k from origin. What is the value of k?, (NDA
2008 II), , (a) 0, , (b) 1, , (c) 2, , (d) 3, , 40. The equation
of the plane containing the points, (1, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0)
and (0, 0, 3) is given by, (a) x + 2 y + 3z = 1, (b) 3x + 2 y
+ z = 2, (c) 6x + 3 y + 2z = 6, (d) 6x + 3 y + 2z = 8, 41.
The direction cosines of the line perpendicular to the,
line with direction ratios (1, –2, –2) and (0, 2, 1) are, 1
2 , 2 1 2 , 2, (b) − , , , (a) , − , , 3 3 3 , 3, 3 3 ,
1, 2 , 2 , 2 1, 2, (c) , , − , (d) − , − , − , 3 3, 3,
3, 3 , 3

Page 747 :
620, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 42. Match List I
(Equations of spheres) with List II, (Their centres) and
select the correct answer using, the codes given
below the lists., List I, (Equations of spheres), A., B., C.,
D., , List II, (Their centres), , x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 3 x, −3 y +
3z − 49 = 0, x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x, −6 y − 2 z + 9 = 0, , 1., ,
(2, 3, 1), , 2., , 2 x2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z 2, −x − y − z = 0, x2 + y 2
+ z 2 − 2 x, −2 y − 2 z = 0, , 3., , 3 , 3 3, − , , − , 2 2,
2 , (1, 1, 1), , Codes, A B, (a) 2 4, (c) 2 1, , C, 1, 4, , D, 3,
3, , 1 1 1 , , , , 4 4 4 , , 4., , A, (b) 3, (d) 3, , B, 1, 4, ,
C, 4, 1, , D, 2, 2, m, 43. Under what condition are the
two lines y =, x + α,, l, n, m′, n′, and, x + α′ ,, x + β′, z =
x+β, y=, z=, l, l′, l′, orthogonal?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) αα ′ +
ββ ′ + 1 = 0, (b) (α + α ′ )(β + β ′ ) = 0, (c) ll ′ + mm ′ + nn
′ = 1, (d) ll ′ + mm ′ + nn ′ = 0, 44. The condition for the
lines x = az + b, y = cz + d and, x = a1z + b1 , y = c1z +
d1 to be perpendicular is, (a) ac1 + a1c + 1 = 0, (b) aa1
+ cc1 + 1 = 0, (c) ac1 + a1c − 1 = 0, (d) aa1 + cc1 − 1 = 0,
45. The lines 2x = 3 y = − z and 6x = − y = − 4z, (a) are
parallel, (b) are perpendicular, (c) intersect at an angle
of 45°, (d) intersect at an angle of 60°, 46. The distance
between the parallel planes, 4x − 2 y + 4z + 9 = 0 and
8x − 4 y + 8z + 21 = 0 is, 1, 1, (b), (a), 4, 2, 3, 7, (c), (d), 2,
4, 47. The locus of a point such that the sum of the
squares, of its distances from the planes x + y + z = 0, x
− z = 0, and x − 2 y + z = 0 is 9, is, (b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6,
(a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3, 2, 2, 2, (d) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 12, (c) x
+ y + z = 9, 48. Which of the following conditions such
that the line, x− p y− q z −r, lies, on, the, plane, =, =, l, m,
n, Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 is/are correct?, I. lp + mq + nr +
D = 0, , II. Ap + Bq + Cr + D = 0, III. Al + Bm + Cn = 0,
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below, (a) Only I, (b) I and II, (c) I and III, (d) II and III,
49. The equation of a sphere is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 10z =
0. If, one end point of a diameter of the sphere is, ( −3,
− 4, 5), what is the other end point? (NDA 2007 II), (a) (
−3, − 4, − 5), (b) ( 3, 4, 5), (c) ( 3, 4, − 5), (d) ( −3, 4, − 5),
50. The plane x − 1 = 0 intersects the sphere, x 2 + y 2
+ z 2 = 4 in a circle, whose centre and radius r, are
given by, (a) ( 0, 0, 1), r = 3, (b) ( 0, 1, 0), r = 1, (d) (1, 0,
0), r = 1, (c) (1, 0, 0), r = 3, 51. The ratio in which the
joining of ( 2, 1, 5) and ( 3, 4, 3), 1, divided by the plane
x + y − z = , is, 2, (a) 3 : 5, (b) 5 : 7, (c) 1 : 3, (d) 4 : 5, 52.
The direction ratios of the line OP are equal and the,
length OP = 3. Then, the coordinates of the point P,
are, (a) ( −1, − 1, − 1), (b) ( 3 , 3 , 3 ), (d) ( 2, 2, 2), (c) ( 2 , 2
, 2 ), 53. What is the area of the triangle, whose
vertices are, (0, 0, 0), (3, 4, 0) and (3, 4, 6)?, (a) 12 sq
units, (b) 15 sq units, (c) 30 sq units, (d) 36 sq units, 54.
The planes x = 2 y − 3 and z = 2 y − 1 intersect along a,
line. What are the direction ratios of the line?, (a) ( 3,
2, 0) (b) ( 2, 3, 0) (c) ( 2, 1, 2) (d) (1, 2, 2), 55. Given, the
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4x + 6 y − 8z − 71 = 0, and the
two points A (1, − 1, 2) and B ( 2, − 3, 4). Which, one of
the following is correct?, (a) A, B are inside the
sphere., (b) A, B are outside the sphere., (c) A is inside
the sphere and B is outside the sphere., (d) A is
outside the sphere and B is inside the sphere., 56.
What is the angle between the line 6x = 4 y = 3z and,
the plane 3x + 2 y − 3z = 4?, (a) 0°, (b) π/ 6, (c) π/ 3, (d) π
/ 2, 57. What is the locus of a point, which is
equidistant, from the points (1, 2, 3) and ( 3, 2, − 1)?,
(a) x + z = 0, (b) x − 3z = 0, (c) x − z = 0, (d) x − 2z = 0, 58.
What is the locus of a point, which moves such that,
the difference of the squares of its distances from
two, given points in space is constant?, (a) A straight
line, (b) A plane, (c) A sphere, (d) Any surface other
than a plane or a sphere

Page 748 :
621, , Three Dimensional Geometry, 59. P ( a , b, c), Q (
a + 2, b + 2, c − 2), and R ( a + 6, b + 6, c − 6) are
collinear, Consider the following statements, I. R
divides PQ internally in the ratio 3 : 2., II. R divides PQ
externally in the ratio 3 : 2., III. Q divides PR internally
in the ratio 1 : 2., Which of the statements given above
is/are correct?, (a) I only, (b) II only, (c) I and III, (d) II
and III, 60. Consider the points ( a − 1, a , a + 1), ( a , a +
1, a − 1), and ( a + 1, a − 1, a )., I. These points always
form the vertices of an, equilateral triangle for any
real value of a., II. The area of the triangle formed by
these points is, independent of a., Which of the
statement(s) given above is/are correct ?, (a) Only I, (b)
Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 61.
Consider the following statements, I. Equations ax +
by + cz + d = 0,, a ′ x + b′ y + c′ z + d ′ = 0, represent a
straight line., II. Equation of the form, x−α y−β z − γ, =,
=, l, m, n, represent a straight line passing through the
point, (α , β , γ ) and having direction ratios
proportional to, l , m , n., Which of the statements
given above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c)
Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, 62. If the direction
ratios of the normal to a plane are, < l , m , n > and the
length of the normal is p, then, what is the sum of
intercepts cut-off by the plane, from the coordinate
axes?, 1 , 1 1, (a) p +, + , l m n , (b) p ( l 2 + m 2 + n
2 ), 1 , 1 1, (c) p ( l 2 + m 2 + n 2 ) +, + , l m n , p,
1 , 1 1, (d), + , +, 2, 2, 2 l, m n , (l + m + n ), 63. If O
, P are the points (0, 0, 0,), (2, 3, –1) respectively,, then
what is the equation to the plane through P at, right
angles to OP ?, (a) 2x + 3 y + z = 16, (b) 2x + 3 y − z =
14, (c) 2x + 3 y + z = 14, (d) 2x + 3 y − z = 0, , Directions
(Q. Nos. 64-66) Each of these, questions contain two
statements, one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has, four alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct, answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d)
given below., Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually
true and R is the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A
and R are individually true but R is not, the correct
explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is
false but R is true., 64. Assertion (A) The image of the
point P(1, 3, 4) in, the plane 2x − y + z + 3 = 0 is ( −3, 5,
2)., Reason (R) The image ( x , y , z ) of a point ( x1 , y1 ,
z1 ), in a plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given by, x − x1 y −
y1 z − z1, 2 ( ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d ), ., =, =, =−, a, b, c, a 2
+ b2 + c2, 65. Assertion (A) Two spheres x 2 + y 2 + z 2
+ 2x + 2 y, + 2z + 5 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 3x + 3 y + 7z
+ 6 = 0, touch each other, then the equation of
common, tangent is x + y + 5z + 1 = 0., Reason (R) If
two spheres S1 and S 2 touch each, other, then S1 − S
2 = 0 is common tangent plane., 66. Assertion (A) If < l
, m , n > are direction cosines of, a line, there can be a
line, whose direction cosines are, l2 + m2 m2 + n 2 n 2
+ l2, ,, ,, ., 2, 2, 2, , (NDA 2007 I), , Reason (R) The sum
of direction cosines of a line is, unity., , Directions (Q.
Nos. 67-69), , Let us consider two, straight lines, x+4
y−3 z+2, x y −1 z, and L2 = =, L1 =, =, =, =, 3 −2 1, 1, 2,
3, , 67. The DC’s of L1 is, 1, 2, 3, (a) <, ,, ,, >, 14 14 14, 1,
2, 1, (c) <, ,, ,, >, 14 14 14, , (b) <, , −1, 14, , ,, , −2, 14, , ,, ,
3, 14, , >, , (d) None of these, , 68. The angle between
L1 and L2 is, 1 , (a) cos− 1 , (b) cos− 1 ( 7), 7 ,
2 , (d) None of these, (c) cos− 1 , 7 , 69. Find the
equation of plane, which line L1 lies in the, end whose
normal to the plane is (1, 3, 2)., (a) x + 3 y + 2z + 1 = 0,
(b) x + 3 y + 2z − 1 = 0, (c) x − 3 y + 2z − 1 = 0, (d) None
of these

Page 749 :
Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., 51., , (d), (b), (c),
(b), (b), (d), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., 52., , (c), (b), (b), (d), (a),
(b), , 3., 13., 23., 33., 43., , (d), (c), (a), (b), (c), , 4., 14., 24.,
34., 44., , (d), (d), (b), (a), (c), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (d),
(b), (b), (b), (c), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (a), (b), (b), (c), (d), ,
7., 17., 27., 37., 47., , (c), (a), (a), (b), (a), , 8., 18., 28., 38.,
48., , (a), (c), (b), (b), (b), , 9., 19., 29., 39., 49., , (a), (b), (d),
(c), (c), , 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., , (d), (c), (d), (a), (a), , 2., 12.,
22., 32., 42., 52., 62., , (b), (c), (c), (c), (c), (a), (c), , 3., 13.,
23., 33., 43., 53., 63., , (c), (c), (c), (b), (d), (b), (b), , 4., 14.,
24., 34., 44., 54., 64., , (d), (a), (c), (d), (b), (c), (a), , 5., 15.,
25., 35., 45., 55., 65., , (b), (d), (b), (a), (b), (a), (a), , 6., 16.,
26., 36., 46., 56., 66., , (a), (c), (b), (a), (a), (a), (c), , 7., 17.,
27., 37., 47., 57., 67., , (d), (b), (c), (b), (c), (d), (a), , 8., 18.,
28., 38., 48., 58., 68., , (b), (b), (c), (b), (d), (b), (a), , 9., 19.,
29., 39., 49., 59., 69., , (b), (c), (a), (a), (b), (d), (b), , 10.,
20., 30., 40., 50., 60., , (b), (a), (a), (c), (c), (c), , Level II, 1.,
11., 21., 31., 41., 51., 61., , (a), (a), (b), (a), (a), (b), (c), ,
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. Let the joining the points
(3, 5, − 7) and (−2, 1, 8), which, divide the plane in k :1.,
Coordinate of that point is, −2 k + 3 k + 5 8 k − 7 , ,,
,, ., , k+1 k+1 k+1 , Since, these are the
coordinates of yz-plane, −2 k + 3, ∴, =0, k+1, 3, k=, ,
2, 3, , 3, + 5 8 × − 7 , , 2, 2, ,, ∴ Point is 0,, , 3 +1
3 +1 , , 2, 2, 13 10 , 13 , or, , or 0,, , 2 , 0,,
5 5 , 5 , 2. It is clear from the figure, that the
coordinate of P is, (3, 4, 5)., y, P, , R, 4, O, 5, S, z, , 3, , Q, ,
x, , OP = (3 − 0)2 + (4 − 0)2 + (5 + 0)2, = 9 + 16 + 25 = 5
2, 3. Equation of plane is x + 2 y − 3z + 4 = 0. Its
direction, ratios are (1, 2, −3)., ∴Direction cosines are,
, , 1, 2, 3, , , −, ,, ,, 2, , 1 + 22 + (−3)2 12 + 22 +
(−3)2, 12 + 22 + (−3)2 , ∴, , 2, 3 , 1, or , ,, ,−, , 14
14, 14 , 4. The direction ratio of the lines are, a1 = 2,
b1 = 5, c1 = 4, and, a 2 = 1, b2 = 2, c2 = − 3, a1a 2 +
b1b2 + c1c2, ∴, cos θ =, a12 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b22 +
c22, 2 ⋅ 1 + 5 ⋅ 2 + 4(−3), =, 22 + 52 + 42 12 + 22 +
(−3)2, (2 + 10 − 12), , θ = cos −1, 4 + 25 + 16 1 + 4 +
9, = cos −1 (0), , θ = 90°, 5. The length of the
perpendicular from origin to the plane, is, 0 + 0 + 0 −
52 , , p = , 9 + 16 + 144 , −52 , =4, = , 13

Page 750 :
623, , Three Dimensional Geometry, 6. If a sphere is
intersected by a plane, then the locus of set, of points
common to both sphere and plane is always a, circle.,
Sphere, , C, Circle, A, , B, Plane, , 7. The given equation
can be rewritten as, 5x 3 y 6z, x, y, z, −, +, =1 , −, +, =1,
60 60 60, 12 20 10, Hence, the intercepts are (12, −
20, 10)., 8. Let the points be P = (4, 3, − 5) and Q = (−2,
1, − 8), Now, | PQ| = (−2 − 4)2 + (1 − 3)2 + (−8 + 5)2, ,
, 2 cos 2 α + 2 cos 2 β + 2 cos 2 γ = 2, (1 + cos 2α )
+ (1 + cos 2β ) + (1 + cos 2γ ) = 2, 1 + cos 2α + cos 2β +
cos 2γ = 2 − 2 = 0, 13. The DC’s of x-axis is (1, 0, 0).,
The equation of x-axis is, x−0 y−0 z−0, =, =, 1, 0, 0, x y
z, , = =, 1 0 0, 14. Two planes ax + by + cz + d = 0 and
ax + by + cz + d1 = 0, are parallel to each other., (Q d ≠
d1 ), ∴ There have no common point., |a1a 2 + b1b2 +
c1c2|, 15. We know, cos θ =, 2, a1 + b12 + c12 a 22 +
b22 + c22, cos θ =, , = 36 + 4 + 9 = 7, DC’s of line PQ is,
x − x1, y − y1, z − z1, ,m = 2, ,n= 2, l= 2, | PQ |, | PQ |, |
PQ |, 6, 2, 3, ∴, l= ,m = , n =, 7, 7, 7, 9. Since, it is given
that line makes equal angle with the, coordinate axes,
∴, l=m = n, We know,, l2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1, 1, , 3 l2 = 1
l2 =, 3, 1, (neglect negative sign), , l=, 3, 1, l=m = n
=, ∴, 3, 10. The equation of planes are x + y + 2z = 0
and, −2x + y − z = 11., We know that, the angle
between the planes, a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a 2x
+ b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is, given by, cos θ =, , a1a 2 + b1b2
+ c1c2, a12, , + b12 + c12 a 22 + b22 + c22, , Here, a1
= 1, b1 = 1, c1 = 2, a 2 = − 2, b2 = 1, c2 = − 1, 1 × (−2) +
1 × 1 + 2 × (−1), cos θ =, ∴, 1+1+4 4+1+1, −2 + 1 − 2, 3
1, π, =, = = = cos, 6 2, 3, 6 6, π, θ=, , 3, 11. We know, if
l, m, n are DC’s of a line, then, l2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1, , cos
2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1, where, l = cos α, m = cos β ,
n = cos γ, 12. Given that α, β and γ are angles, which
makes a line, with the axes, then, cos 2 α + cos 2 β +
cos 2 γ = 1, , =, cos θ =, , |(2)(3) + (3)(−4) + (−6)(5)|, 2 +
32 + (−6)2 32 + (−4)2 + (5)2, 2, , |6 − 12 − 30|, 4 + 9 +
36 9 + 16 + 25, 36, 18 2, =, 35, 7⋅ 5 2, , 18 2 , θ = cos
−1 , , 35 , , , , 16. The d and d′ are of same sign.,
17. We know, if the line passing through (x1 , y1 , z1 )
and, (x2, y2, z2), then equation of line is, x − x1, y − y1,
z − z1, =, =, x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1, Since, the line
passing through (4, − 5, − 2) and (−1, 5, 3)., , ∴ The
equation of straight line is, , x−4 y+ 5 z + 2, =, =, −2, 1,
−1, Which is the required equation of straight line.,
18. We know that, in a parallelogram, diagonals bisect
each, other. Mid-point of OQ = Mid-point of PR, 0 +
m0+n0+r 1 + 3 1 + 4 1 + 5 , ,, ,, ,, ,, ∴ , , ≡ ,
2, 2, 2 2, 2, 2 , , m = 4, n = 5, r = 6, Hence, m + n +
r = 4 + 5 + 6 = 15, 19. We know,, cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos
2 γ + cos 2 δ =, , 4, 3, , … (i), , where, α , β , γ and δ are
the angles with diagonals of, cube, then from Eq. (i),
we get, 4, 3, 8, , sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ + sin 2 δ =,
3, 20. Let xy-plane divides the line joining the points
(−1, 3, 4), and (2, − 5, 6) in λ : 1., 6λ + 4, The z-
coordinate is, λ+1, 1 − sin 2 α + 1 − sin 2 β + 1 − sin 2 γ
+ 1 − sin 2 δ =

Page 751 :
624, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , For xy-plane, z-
coordinate = 0, 6λ + 4, 2, , 0=, λ = −, 3, λ+1,
Required ratio = − 2 : 3, Its externally in the ratio 2 : 3.,
(Q ‘–’ sign show that the point divide the line.), 21. Let
A ≡ (3, 4, 5), B ≡ (4, 6, 3), C ≡ (−1, 2, 4), D ≡ (1, 0, 5), For
AB, x2 − x1 = 4 − 3 = 1, y2 − y1 = 6 − 4 = 2 ,, z2 − z1 = 3
− 5 = − 2, 2 −2 1, Let DC’s l, m, n for CD are ,, ,, 3 3 3, ∴
Projection of AB on CD = Σl (x2 − x1 ), 4, 1 , 2 ,
2 ,= 1+ − 2+ (−2) = −, 3 , 3 , 3 , 3, 22.
Equation of plane through z-axis is, …(i), ax + by = 0,
This plane is parallel to the line, x−1 y+ 2 z −3, =, =, cos
θ sin θ, 0, , a cos θ + b sin θ = 0, , a = − b tan θ, ∴, −
b tan θx + by = 0, , x tan θ − y = 0, Which is the
required equation of plane., 23. Given equation is by +
cz + d = 0,, which is in yz-plane, i. e. , x = 0, or, x + 0⋅ y +
0⋅ z = 0, Clearly, given plane is perpendicular to yz-
plane., 24. Direction ratios of AB = (−4, − 6, − 2), AC =
(−1, 4, 3),, AD = (−8, − 1, 3), Points A, B, C, D are
coplanar, if, −4 −6 −2, [ AB BC CD ] = −1, , 4, , −8 −1, , 3,
3, , = − 4 (12 + 3) + 6 (−3 + 24) − 2 (1 + 32), = − 4 (15) +
6 (21) − 2 (33), = − 60 + 126 − 66 = 0, 25. Equation of
plane passing through (1, − 2, 4) and the, direction
cosines of whose normal (2, 1, 2), is, 2(x − 1) + 1( y + 2)
+ 2(z − 4) = 0, , 2x + y + 2z − 8 = 0, ∴ Required
distance, 2(3) + 1(2) + 2(3) − 8 , ax + by + c , =, Q
Distance =, , 4+1+4, a 2 + b2 , , 6, = =2, 3, 26.
Equation of plane,, 2x − y + 2z + 1 = 0, 1, 1, , x− y+ z +
=0, 2, 2, Here, direction ratios of normal to the plane,
1, = < 1, − ,1 >, 2, 27. Given, points are (−3, 4, − 8) and
(5, − 6, 4)., ∴ The equation of the line joining giving
points is, , x+3, y −4, z+8, =, =, = λ (say), −6 − 4 4 + 8,
5+3, x+ 3 y−4 z + 8, =, =, =λ, , −10, 8, 12, Since, it cuts
xy-plane, i.e., z = 0, z+8, Now,, =λ, 12, 0+8, 2, , =λ
λ=, 12, 3, ∴, x + 3 = 8λ and y − 4 = − 10λ, 7, 8, and y = −,
x=, , 3, 3, 7 8 , ∴ Point of intersection = , − , 0 , 3
3 , 28. Given that, the direction ratio of the lines are
(2, –1, 2), π, and (x, 3, 5), and angle between them is .,
4, We know that,, a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1c2, cos θ =, 2, a1 +
b12 + c12 a 22 + b22 + c22, π, 2 ⋅ x − 1 ⋅3 + 2 ⋅5, cos =,
, 4, 4 + 1 + 4 x2 + 9 + 25, , , 1, 2x + 7, =, 2 3 x2 + 34,
, On squaring both sides, we get, 1 4x2 + 49 + 28x, =,
2, 9 (x2 + 34), 1 4x2 + 49 + 28x, =, , 2, 9 (x2 + 34), 2,
, 9x + 306 = 8x2 + 98 + 56x, , x2 − 56x + 208 = 0,
, (x − 52) (x − 4) = 0, , x = 4, 52, ∴ The smallest
value of x = 4., 29. Equation of plane passing through
(1, − 3, 1) and the, direction cosines of whose normal
(1, − 3, 1) is, 1(x − 1) − 3( y + 3) + 1(z − 1) = 0, , x − 3 y
+ z − 11 = 0, x, y, z, −, +, = 0 (intercept form), , 11 11
/3 11, The above plane intercept the x-axis at a
distance of 11., 30. Let the equation of the required
sphere be, …(i), x2 + y2 + z 2 + 2 ux + 2vy + 2wz + d =
0, The centre is given to be (1, 1, 1), ∴ From Eq. (i), we
get, …(ii), x2 + y2 + z 2 + 2x + 2 y + 2z + d = 0, Since, Eq.
(ii) passes through (3, 3, 2), ∴, 9 + 9 + 4 + 6 + 6 + 4 + d
=0, , d = − 38, ∴ From Eq. (i), the equation of sphere
is, x2 + y2 + z 2 + 2x + 2 y + 2z − 38 = 0, , x2 + y2 + z
2 + 2x + 2 y + 2z = 38, 31. As we know, direction
cosines of y-axis are (0, 1, 0). If the, line is parallel to y-
axis, then the direction cosines of the, line are (0, 1, 0).

Page 752 :
625, , Three Dimensional Geometry, 32. The equation
of sphere is, x2 + y2 + z 2 − 4x + 6 y − 8z − 7 = 0,
Compare with,, ax2 + by2 + cz 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d
= 0, Here, u = − 2, v = 3, w = − 4 and d = − 7, ∴Radius of
sphere = u 2 + v2 + w2 − d, = (− 2)2 + (3)2 + (−4)2 + 7,
= 4 + 9 + 16 + 7 = 36 = 6, ∴Diameter = 2 × Radius, = 2
× 6 = 12 units, 33. The given equation represents a
real sphere, if, (by definition), u 2 + v2 + w2 > d, 34. Let
α = 60° , β = 45°, We know that,, cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos
2 γ = 1, ∴, cos 2 60° + cos 2 45° + cos 2 γ = 1, 2, 2, 1 ,
1 , 2, , + + cos γ = 1, 2 , 2 , 1 1, , + +
cos 2 γ = 1, 4 2, 1, cos 2 γ =, , 4, 1, , cos γ = ±, 2, ,
γ = 60° , 120°, ∴, γ = 60°, (Q positive direction only),
35. Let the coordinates of D are (x, y, z)., A(4, 7, –8), , 2,
G (1,1,1), 1, B, , D ( x , y, z), , For x-coordinate,, , C, , 2 ×
x+ 1 ×4, 1+2, 1, x=−, 2, , 1=, , , , For y-coordinate,, ,
2× y+1×7, y= −2, 1+2, and for z-coordinate,, 2 × z +
1 × (−8), 11, 1=, z=, 1+2, 2, 11 , 1, ∴ Coordinates
of D are − , − 2, ., 2, 2 , 1=, , 36. Given that, the
points of rhombus are A (5, − 1, 1),, B (−1, − 3, 4), and C
(1, − 6, 10)., Let coordinates of fourth vertex D be (x, y,
z )., Coordinates of the mid-point of AC = Coordinates
of the, mid-point of BD, 5 + 1 −1 − 6 1 + 10 −1 + x
−3 + y 4 + z , , ,, ,, ,, ,, , , = , 2, 2, 2 2, 2, 2 , ,
x − 1 y − 3 z + 4 , −7 11 , , = , ,, ,, , 3,, 2, 2
2 , 2, 2 , x−1, y−3, 7, , = 3,, =− ,, 2, 2, 2, z + 4 11, =, 2,
2, , x = 7, y = − 4, z = 7, Let coordinates of fourth
vertex are, (x, y, z ) = (7, − 4, 7)., 37. The equation of the
plane passing through x-axis is, x = a., This also passes
through (1, 2, 3), ∴, x=1, (Q a = 1), Which is the
required equation of plane., 38. The planes bx − ay = n
, cy − bz = l and az − cx = m, intersect in a line. This
planes satisfies the option (b), ∴, al + bm + cn, = a (cy −
bz ) + b (az − cx) + c (bx − ay), = acy − abz + abz − bcx +
bcx − acy = 0, , , , , al + bm + cn = 0, , 39. The
condition for the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 to be,
perpendicular to xy-plane, if the coefficient of z is
equal, to zero., i.e.,, c=0, 40. The equation of plane,
which is parallel to x-axis is, by + cz = d , where x = 0., x
2 − y z −1, 41. Given, lines are =, =, k, 1, 2, x+ 1 y−1 z +
2, and, =, =, 3, k, 1, The direction ratios of these lines
are (k, 1, 2) and, (3, k, 1). These lines will be
perpendicular, if, l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0, , 3k − k +
2 = 0, , 2k + 2 = 0, , k = −1, 42. Radius of sphere, 2, ,
2, , 2, , 10 , 8 , 6 , = − + − + − λ, 2 ,
2 , 2 , (given), 1 = 9 + 16 + 25 − λ, , λ = 49, 43. The
given equation of planes are, …(i), x+ y+ z=7, and, …(ii),
αx + βy + γz = 3, These planes will be parallel, if the
coefficients of x, y, and z are the same, i.e., α = β = γ,
44. General equation of a plane is ax + by + cz + d = 0,
This equation consists 4 arbitrary constants., x−3 y−4
z −5, 45. Straight line, is parallel to the plane, =, =, 2, 3,
4, but perpendicular to its normal., ∴ From option (c),,
Plane, 4x + 4 y − 5z = 0, Now, by condition of
perpendicularity,, a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0, So,, (2)(4) +
(3)(4) + (4)(−5) = 0, 0 =0

Page 753 :
626, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 46. We know that, the
angle between the diagonals of cube, is, 1 , θ = cos
−1 ., 3 , If θ is an acute angle, then θ > 60° ., 47.
The equation of the plane passing through (x1 , y1 , z1
) and, normal to the line with < a , b, c > as direction
ratios, is, a (x − x1 ) + b ( y − y1 ) + c (z − z1 ) = 0, , ax −
ax1 + by − by1 + cz − cz1 = 0, , ax + by + cz = ax1 +
by1 + cz1, Which is required equation of plane., 48.
Since, the sum of squares of the distances of the point,
P (x, y, z ) from the points A (a , 0, 0) and B(− a , 0, 0) is
2c2., ∴, PA 2 + PB2 = 2c2, , (x − a )2 + y2 + z 2 + (x + a
)2 + y2 + z 2 = 2c2, x2 + a 2 − 2xa + 2 y2 + 2z 2 + x2
+ a 2 + 2xa = 2c2, , , , x2 + a 2 + y2 + z 2 = c2, x + a
= c − y2 − z 2, 2, , 2, , 2, , 49. Direction ratios of two
lines are, ( 3 − 1, − 3 − 1, 4) and (− 3 − 1, 3 − 1, 4), Now,
angle between two lines is, ( 3 − 1) (− 3 − 1) + (− 3 − 1) (
3 − 1) + 4 × 4, cos θ =, ( 3 − 1)2 + (− 3 − 1)2 + 42 (− 3 −
1)2 + ( 3 − 1)2 + 42, =, , − (3 − 1) − (3 − 1) + 16, 4 − 2 3 +
4 + 2 3 + 16 4 + 2 3 + 4 − 2 3 + 16, , 12, 24 24, 12 1, ,
cos θ =, =, 24 2, π, ∴, θ=, 3, 50. We know,, cos 2 α + cos
2 β + cos 2 γ = 1, , 1 − sin 2 α + 1 − sin 2 β + 1 − sin 2
γ = 1, =, , , , sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ = 2, , 51. We
know that, planes never intersect at points, they,
intersect in a line., 52. For the sphere,, Coefficient of x
= Coefficient of y = Coefficient of z, , a=b=c, So,, ax2
+ by2 + cz 2 − 6x = 0, 6x, , x2 + y 2 + z 2 −, =0, a, , 3,
Centre = , 0, 0 , ∴, , a, radius = 1, , Given that,, 2, ,
3 , + 0 + 0 =1, a , 3, =1, a, a =3, ∴ Centre = (1, 0,
0), , Level II, 1. The equation of plane, in which the line,
x−5 y− 7 z + 3, =, =, 4, 4, −5, lies, is A (x − 5) + B( y − 7) +
C (z + 3) = 0, , …(i), , where, A, B and C are the direction
ratios of the, plane. Since, the first line lies on the
plane., ∴ Direction ratios of normal to the plane is,
perpendicular to the direction ratios of line, i. e. ,, 4 A
+ 4B − 5 C = 0, , …(ii), , x−8 y−4 z−5, Also, since line,
lies in this, =, =, 7, 1, 3, plane. The direction ratios is
also perpendicular to, this line, ∴, , 7 A + B + 3C = 0, , …
(iii), , From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get, A, B, C, =, =, 17 −47
−24, , ∴ The required equation of plane is, , 17 (x − 5) −
47( y − 7) + (−24)(z + 3) = 0, , 17x − 47 y − 24z + 172
= 0, 2. The equation of line passing through (x1 , y1 ,
z1 ) and, (x2, y2, z2) is, x − x1, y − y1, z − z1, …(i), =, =,
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1, , Here, (x2 − x1 ), ( y2 − y1 )
and (z2 − z1 ) are direction ratios, of that line., Then,
its direction cosines are, (x2 − x1 ), ( y2 − y1 ), (z2 − z1
), and n =, l=, ,m =, 2, 2, Σ (x2 − x1 ), Σ (x2 − x1 ), Σ (x2 −
x1 )2, Given, (x1 , y1 , z1 ) = (1, 2, 3), and, (x2, y2, z2) =
(− 2, 3, 1), (− 2 − 1), l=, ∴, (− 3)2 + (1)2 + (4)2, (3 − 2),
m=, 2, (− 3) + (1)2 + (4)2, (1 + 3), and, n=, (− 3)2 + (1)2 +
(4)2, −3, 1, 4, , l=, ,m =, ,n =, 26, 26, 26, 2, 2, 2, −3 ,
1 , 4 , 2, 2, 2, l +m +n = , ∴, + , + , , 26 ,
26 , 26 , 9, 1, 16 26, =, +, +, =, =1, 26 26 26 26, x y z,
3. The given equation of plane is + + = 1., 2 3 4, x y z,
On comparing with + + = 1, a b c

Page 754 :
627, , Three Dimensional Geometry, α − α ′ β − β′, l, m,
, , , a = 2, b = 3, c = 4, 1, Area of ∆ ABC =, a 2b2 +
b2c2 + c2a 2, 2, 1, ∆=, 4 × 9 + 9 × 16 + 16 × 4, 2, 1, =,
36 + 144 + 64, 2, 1, =, 244 = 61 sq units, 2, 4. Let the
equation of the plane which passes through the, point
(1, − 1, − 1) be, a (x − 1) + b ( y + 1) + c (z + 1) = 0, … (i), ,
where, a, b, c are the direction ratios of the normal of,
the plane (i)., Now, plane (i) is perpendicular to the
planes, x − 2 y − 8z = 0 and 2x + 5 y − z = 0, then, , ...(ii),
a − 2b − 8c = 0, and, ...(iii), 2a + 5b − c = 0, Now, solving
Eqs. (ii) and (iiii) by cross multiplication, method., a, b,
c, =, =, (2 + 40) (− 16 + 1) (5 + 4), a, b, c, , =, =, 42 − 15
9, Now, from Eq. (i), we get, 42 (x − 1) − 15 ( y + 1) + 9
(z + 1) = 0, , 42x − 15 y + 9z = 42 + 15 − 9, , 42x −
15 y + 9z = 48, , 14x − 5 y + 3z = 16, 5. Any plane
through given line is, A (x − 1) + B( y + 2) + C (z − 3) = 0,
… (i), , Where, A, B and C are the DR’s of the normal to
the, plane. Since, the straight line lies on the plane., ∴
DR’s of plane is perpendicular to the line, i.e.,, , 5 A +
6B + 4C = 0, … (ii), Since, it passes through (4, 3, 7), we
get, 3 A + 5B + 4C = 0, …(iii), On solving Eqs. (ii) and
(iii), we get, A B C, = =, −4 8 −7, ∴ Equation of required
plane is, 4x − 8 y + 7z = 41., 6. Let the equation of
sphere passing through origin is, x2 + y2 + z 2 + 2 ux +
2vy + 2wz = 0, It passes through (0, 2, 0), ∴, 4 + 4v = 0
v = − 1, Also, it passes through (1, 0, 0), 1, ∴, 1 + 2u
=0 u = −, 2, and it passes through (0, 0, 4), ∴, 16 +
8w , w = −2, 1, , ∴ Centre of sphere is (− u , − v, −
w) = , 1, 2 ., 2, , 7. The shortest distance between
the lines, x−3 y−8 z −3, x+ 3 y+ 7 z −6, and, is, =, =, =, =,
−1, −3, 3, 1, 2, 4, , SD =, , =, , l′, , γ − γ′, n, , m′, , n′, , (Σ
mn′ + nm′ )2, 6 15 − 3, 3 −1 1, −3, , 2, , 4, , (− 4 − 2) +
(12 + 3)2 + (6 − 3)2, 270, =, = 270 = 3 30, 270, 2, , 8.
The general equation of sphere is, x2 + y2 + z 2 + 2ux
+ 2vy + 2wz + d = 0, , …(i), , Which passes through the
origin and the points, ( −1, 0, 0), ( 0, − 2, 0) and ( 0, 0, −
3), then, , 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + d =0, d =0, 1 + 0 + 0 −
2u + 0 + 0 + d = 0, 2u = d + 1, 1, , 2u = 0 + 1 u =, 2,
and, 0 + 4 + 0 + 0 − 4v + 0 + d = 0, , 4v = 4 + d, , 4v =
4 + 0 v = 1, and, 0 + 0 + 9 + 0 + 0 − 6w + d = 0, , 6w
= 9 + d, 3, , 6w = 9 + 0 w =, 2, On putting these
values in Eq. (i), we get, 1 , 3 , x2 + y2 + z 2 + 2
x + 2 (1) y + 2 z + 0 = 0, 2 , 2 , 2, 2, 2, , x + y +
z + x + 2 y + 3z = 0, Comparing it with,, x2 + y2 + z 2 + f
(x, y, z ) = 0, , f (x, y, z ) = x + 2 y + 3z, 9. Angle
between the plane and line is, aa ′ + bb ′ + cc ′, sin θ =,
a 2 + b2 + c2 a ′ 2 + b ′ 2 + c ′ 2, 3, 2, 3, 2 × + 3 × −4 ×, 4,
4, 4, ∴, sin θ =, , and, , , 2, , 2, , 2, , 3 , 2 , 3 ,
+ + − , 4 , 4 , 4 , 6 6 12, + −, 4 4 4, =, =0,
9, 4, 9, 4 + 9 + 16, +, +, 16 16 16, , sin θ = sin 0, , θ =
0°, 10. Given that, equation of planes are, 4x + 4 y − 5z
= 12, … (i), and, 8x + 12 y − 13z = 32, … (ii), Let (l, m, n )
be the direction ratios of the line., ∴ Eqs. (i) and (ii)
becomes, 4l + 4m − 5n = 0, … (iii), and, 8l + 12m − 13n
= 0, …(iv), 22 + 32 + 42

Page 755 :
628, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , l m, n, l m n, =, =, =, =,
8 12 16 2 3 4, Now, we take intersection point with z =
0 is given by, 4x + 4 y = 12, …(v), and, 8x + 12 y = 32, …
(vi), On solving Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get (1, 2, 0), x−1
y−2 z, =, = ., ∴ Required line is, 2, 3, 4, 11. Q, cos 2 α +
cos 2 β + cos 2 γ = 1, , 2 cos 2 α + 2 cos 2 β + 2 cos 2
γ = 2, 2, 2 cos α − 1 + 2 cos 2 β − 1 + 2 cos 2 γ − 1 = 2
− 3, , cos 2α + cos 2β + cos 2γ = − 1, and now,, 1 − sin
2 α + 1 − sin 2 β + 1 − sin 2 γ = 1, , sin 2 α + sin 2 β +
sin 2 γ = 2, Hence, only statement I is correct., 12. Let
the vertices of a triangle are, A (a , 0, 0), B(0, b, 0) and
C (0, 0, c), and the equation of plane is, x y z, + + =1, …
(A), a b c, Q Centroid of ∆ ABC is (α , β , γ ), a+0+0, ∴, =
α a = 3α, …(i), 3, 0+ b+0, Similarly,, = β b = 3β, …
(ii), 3, 0+0+ c, and, =γ , c = 3γ, …(iii), 3, , , Putting
the values of α , β , γ from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), x, y, z, in
Eq. (A), we get, +, +, =1, 3 α 3β 3γ, , , x y z, + + =3, α β
γ, , Which is the equation of required plane., 1 1 1 1,
13. Given that + + =, a b c 2, and equation of plane is, x
y z, + + =1, a b c, , 15. Given that, equation of planes
are, P ≡ ax + by + cz + d = 0, … (i), and, P ′ ≡ a ′ x + b ′ y +
c′ z + d ′ = 0, … (ii), Condition for any plane parallel to
x-axis is, P + λP ′ = 0, … (iii), , ax + by + cz + d + λ (a ′ x
+ b ′ y + c ′ z + d ) = 0, For parallel to x-axis, coefficient
of x = 0, a, , a + λa ′ = 0 λ = −, a′, ∴ From Eq. (iii), we
get, a, P P′, P−, P′ =0 =, a′, a a′, 16. The given
equation of planes are, bx − ay = n, cy − bz = l, az − cx =
m, Let z = 0 and solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, , x=, , n
al, and, +, b cb, , y=, , …(i), …(ii), …(iii), , l, c, , If all three
planes intersect in a line, then the point, n al l , , , 0
satisfying the Eq. (iii),, +, b cb c , n al , a ×0 − c
+, , =m, b cb , , − nc − al = bm, , al + bm + cn =
0, , The planes bx − ay = n , cy − bz = l and az − cx = m,
intersect in a line, if al + bm + cn = 0., …(i), …(ii), , From
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x = 2, y = 2, z = 2, ∴, (x, y, z ) ≡ (2,
2, 2), 14. Given that, l + m + n = 0, and, lm =0, From Eq.
(i),, l = − (m + n ), and from Eq. (ii), − (m + n ) ⋅ m = 0, ,
− (m2 + mn ) = 0, , m2 + mn = 0, , m + n = 0, m = 0, If
m = 0,, l+ m + n =0, l1 m1 n1, Then,, =, =, −1, 0, 1, and if
m + n = 0, l + m + n = 0, l2 m2 n2, Then,, =, =, 0 −1, 1, ∴,
(l1 , m1, n1 ) = (−1, 0, 1), , (l2, m2, n2) = (0, − 1, 1), , and, ,
∴ Angle between them, 0+0+1, 1 π, = =, cos θ =,
1+0+1 0+1+1 2 3, , …(i), …(ii), , [from Eq. (i)], , 17. Given
equation of two planes,, x+ y+ z + 1 =0, and, 2x − 2 y +
2z + 1 = 0, Here,, a1 = 1, b1 = 1 and c1 = 1, a 2 = 2, b2 =
− 2 and c2 = 2, Let θ be the angle between them.,
|a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1c2|, Then, cos θ =, a12 + b12 + c12 a
22 + b22 + c22, , , cos θ =, , , , cos θ =, , |(1) (2) + (1)
(−2) + (1)(2)|, (1) + (1)2 + (1)2 + (2)2 + (–2)2 + (2)2, 2, ,
|2 − 2 + 2|, ||, 1, 2, =, cos θ =, 3, 3 12, 3 (2 3 ), , 18.
Equation of any plane passing through (2, 3, 4) is, A (x
− 2) + B( y − 3) + C (z − 4) = 0, … (i), Plane (i) is parallel
to 5x − 6 y + 7z = 3, ∴ DR's of this plane is same as the
Eq. (i), i. e. ,, A = 5, B = − 6, C = 7, ∴, 5(x − 2) − 6( y − 3) +
7(z − 4) = 0, , 5x − 6 y + 7z − 20 = 0 is the required
plane., 19. Since, the centre of sphere x2 + y2 + z 2 − 2
y − 4z − 11 = 0, is (0, 1, 2) and radius is 4., , Distance of
a plane x + 2 y + 2z − 15 = 0 from point, (0,1,2)

Page 756 :
629, , Three Dimensional Geometry, , =, , |0 + 2 + 4 −
15| 9, = =3, 3, 1+4+4, , | NQ | =, , |0 + 0 + 1 − 3|, 1 +1
+1, 2, , 2, , 2, , =, , 2, 3, , | PQ | = (0 − 0)2 + (0 − 1)2 + (1 −
0)2 = 2, | RP | = | MP | − | MR| = | MP | − | NQ | = 0, , O, ,
∴, N, , P, , Now, NP = OP 2 − ON 2 = 42 − 32 = 16 − 9 =
7, , ∴, , Radius of circle = 7, , 20. Let A = (0, 2, 2), B = (2,
0, − 1) and C = (3, 4, 0), Now, AB = (2, − 2, − 3) and AC
= (3, 2, − 2), 1, ∴ Area of triangle = ||AB × AC||, 2, i, j, k,
1, =, 2 −2 −3, 2, 3, 2, −2, , 1, = | [i ( 4 + 6) + j ( −4 + 9) + k (
4 + 6)]|, 2, 1, = |10i + 5 j + 10k|, 2, 1, 1, =, (10)2 + (5)2 +
(10)2 =, 225, 2, 2, 15, sq units, =, 2, 21. Given, points
are A (5, − 1, 1), B(7, − 4, 7) , C (1, − 6, 10), and D(−1, −
3, 4) ., Now,, AB = (7 − 5)2 + (−4 + 1)2 + (7 − 1)2, = 4 + 9
+ 36 = 7, BC = (1 − 7)2 + (−6 + 4)2 + (10 − 7)2, = 36 + 4
+ 9 = 7, CD = (−1 − 1)2 + (−3 + 6)2 + (4 − 10)2, = 4 + 9 +
36 = 7, DA = (−1 − 5)2 + (−3 + 1)2 + (4 − 1)2, = 36 + 4 +
9 = 7, ∴, AB = BC = CD = DA = 7, Also, ( it is not
perpendicular), AB ⋅ AC ≠ 0, ABCD is not square., ∴
It is a rhombus., 22. Given, plane is x + y + z − 3 = 0.
From point P and Q, draw PM and QN perpendicular
on the given plane and, QR ⊥ MP., P, , Q, , | MP | =, , 1
+1, 2, , 2, , +1, , 2, , Q Radius = Perpendicular distance
to the plane from, the centre, ∴, , Radius =, , 2(6) −
1(−1) + 2(2) − 2, 15, =, =5, 3, 4+1+4, , ∴ Equation of
sphere is, (x − 6)2 + ( y + 1)2 + (z − 2)2 = 52, 2, , x +
y2 + z 2 − 12x + 2 y − 4z + 16 = 0, 25. Since, the given
sphere touching the three coordinates, planes. So, it is
clear that, if radius is a, then centre is, (a , a , a )., , ∴ The
equation of sphere at the centre ( a , a , a ) and, radius
a is, (x − a )2 + ( y − a )2 + (z − a )2 = a 2, x2 + y2 + z 2 −
2ax − 2ay − 2az + 3a 2 = a 2, ∴, x2 + y2 + z 2 − 2a (x + y
+ z ) + 2a 2 = 0, is the required equation of sphere., 26.
We know that, the equation of a plane passing
through, the intersection of the planes, a1x + b1 y +
c1z + d1 = 0 and a 2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is, (a1x + b1
y + c1z + d1 ) + λ (a 2x + b2y + c2z + d2) = 0, where, λ
is constant., Thus, the equation of plane, 2x − (1 + λ ) y
+ 3λz = 0 can be rewritten as, (2x − y) + λ (− y + 3z ) =
0, , So, it is clear that the equation of plane passes,
through the intersection of planes, 2x − y = 0, , x 2 + y
2 + z 2 + 2x − 2 y − 4z − 19 = 0, and equation of plane
is, , M, , |0 + 1 + 0 − 3|, , 23. The required point is the
centre of the sphere through, the given points., Let
the equation of sphere passing through (0,0, 0) is, x2 +
y2 + 2 ux + 2vy + 2wz = 0, …(i), Sphere (i) is passing
through (a , 0, 0), (0, b, 0), and (0, 0, c), a 2 + 2 ua = 0
u = − a /2, b2 + 2 v b = 0 v = − b /2, c2 + 2 w c = 0
w = − c/2, a b c , Therefore, centre of sphere is , ,
., 2 2 2 , Which is the required point., 24. Given, the
centre of sphere to be (6, − 1, 2)., , and, y − 3z = 0, 27.
Given, equation of sphere is, , R, , N, , | NM | = |QR| =
PQ 2 − RP 2 = ( 2 )2 − 0 = 2, , =, , 2, 3, , x + 2 y + 2z + 7 =
0, , The centre of sphere is C (−1, 1, 2), and radius = 12
+ 12 + 22 + 19 = 25 = 5

Page 757 :
630, , NDA/NA Mathematics, The perpendicular
distance from centre of sphere to, the plane x + 2 y +
2z + 7 = 0, BC =, , −1 + 2 + 4 + 7 12, =, =4, 3, 1+4+4, ,
Let r be the radius of the circle., (–1, 1, 2), Now, in
∆ABC,, C, r 2 = BA 2 = AC 2 − BC 2, r 2 = 52 − 42 = 25
− 16, , r2 = 9, A, B, , r =3, 28. We know, if two lines
are coplanar, then, x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1, l1, l2, , ,
m1, n1, =0, m2, n2, 1 − 2 4 −3 5 −4, 1, k, , 3λ − 3 5λ − 7,
=, 1, 3, , , , 9λ − 9 = 5λ − 7 λ =, , 7, 5, , 3, ∴ The
point of intersection is − 1, − 3, − 5 or, , 2, 2, 2, 1,
1, 3, , , ,− ,− ., 2 2, 2 , 33. Given that, the
coordinates of points A, B, and C are, (5, 9, 9), (0, − 1, −
6) and (5, − 11, − 1), respectively., Now,, AB = (0 − 5)2
+ (−1 − 9)2 + (−6 − 9)2, = 350, , −1 1, , 1, , BC = (5 − 0)2
+ (−11 + 1)2 + (−1 + 6)2, , 1 −k = 0, 2 1, , = 25 + 100 +
25 = 150, and, , 0, , , 0, , 1, , Since, the line formed
intersected by planes and the, normal of the plane are
perpendicular, then, by taking option (a), −1 (1 + λ ) +
3(λ − 1) + 2(2 − λ ) = 0, , − 1 − λ + 3λ − 3 + 4 − 2λ = 0,
0 =0, 30. I. When two spheres touch externally, the
distance, between their centres is equal to the sum of
their, radii. i.e., r1 + r2., , II. Any plane parallel to x is of
the form by + cz = d., III. Line lies in a plane, if dot
product of DR’s of a line, and DR’s of normal to the
plane is zero., , i.e.,, a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0, Hence,
statements I and II are correct., 31. Only statement I
is correct., 32. Given, lines are, x+1 y+3 z+5, =, =, = λ
(say ), 3, 5, 7, x−2 y−4 z −6, and, =, =, 1, 3, 5, , …(i), …(ii), ,
Any point on line (i) is ( 3λ − 1, 5λ − 3, 7λ − 5). Let, this
point be the point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and, (ii),
then it will also satisfy Eq. (ii), 3λ − 1 − 2 5λ − 3 − 4 7λ
− 5 − 6, =, =, 1, 3, 5, , AC = (5 − 5)2 + (−11 − 9)2 + (−1 −
9)2, = 400 + 100 = 500, , 2, 1 + k −k = 0, k+2, 1, 1, , c1
c1 + c2, c2 c2 − c3, , k2 + 3k = 0, , k(k + 3) = 0,
, k = 0 or −3, 29. The intersection of the given plane
is, x − y + 2z − 1 + λ (x + y − z − 3) = 0, x(1 + λ ) + y(λ
− 1) + z (2 − λ ) − 3λ − 1 = 0, Direction ratios of normal
to the above plane is, (1 + λ , λ − 1, 2 − λ ), , ∴, , 1, 2, , =
25 + 100 + 225 = 350, , −k = 0 1, 1, k, , 1, 2, , , , ∴
From above, we see that, AB2 + BC 2 = AC 2, and, AB
≠ BC ≠ AC, ∴ ∆ ABC is right angled triangle with
unequal sides., 34. The equation of line passing
through the points (1, 2, –1), and (3, –1, 2) is, x−1, y−2,
z+1, =, =, 3 − 1 −1 − 2 2 + 1, x−1 y−2 z + 1, or, …(i), =, =,
−3, 2, 3, Since, the line meets the yz-plane, therefore x
= 0, 0 −1 y−2 z + 1, =, =, , 2, −3, 3, y−2, z+1, 1, 1, and,
=−, =−, , −3, 3, 2, 2, 7, 5, and z = −, , y=, 2, 2, 7 5 ,
∴ Required point is 0, , − ., 2 2 , 35. Let the
equation of sphere, which passes through the, given
four points be, x2 + y2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0,
∴, 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + d =0, …(i), , d =0, So, (2)2 + 0
+ 0 + 4u + 0 + 0 + d = 0, 4u + d = − 4, …(ii), , 4u + 0 = −
4 u = − 1, Therefore,, 0 + (4)2 + 0 + 0 + 8v + 0 + d =
0, , 16 + 8v + d = 0, …(iii), , 8v + 0 = − 16 v = − 2,
Now,, 0 + 0 + (6)2 + 0 + 0 + 12w + d = 0, , 36 + 12w +
d = 0, …(iv), , 12w + 0 = − 36 w = − 3, , ∴ Centre of
sphere = (1, 2, 3), , So, the required point is the centre
of sphere, which is, equidistant from given four points.

Page 758 :
631, , Three Dimensional Geometry, 36. Let P (x1 , y1 ,
z1 ) be the point., Then, distance of P from x-axis =, ,
y12, , +, , 1 0 1, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 1 0 0, x 2 0 1 − y 0 0 1 + z
0 2 1 −1 0 2 0 = 0, 0 0 1, 0 3 1, 0 3 1, 0 0 3, , z12, , In yz-
plane, x = 0, , Given that distance of P ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
from x = 0 is, , x1, , ., 1, Distance of P from x-axis = 3 ×
distance of P from, yz-plane., y12 + z12 = 3x1, On
squaring both sides, we get, y12 + z12 = 9x12, Thus,
path of P (x1 , y1 , z1 ) is, y2 + z 2 = 9x2., 37. The
equation of required sphere is given by, (x2 + y2 + z 2
− 4) + k (2x + 3 y + 4z − 7) = 0, Since, it passes through
(1, 2, 0), ∴, (1 + 4 − 4) + k (2 + 6 − 7) = 0, , 1 + k =0, ,
k = −1, ∴ Equation of sphere from Eq. (i) is, x2 + y2 + z
2 − 4 − 2x − 3 y − 4z + 7 = 0, , x2 + y2 + z 2 − 2x − 3 y
− 4z + 3 = 0, , …(i), , 38. Let the equation of sphere be,
…(i), x2 + y2 + z 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0, Since, it
passes through (0, 0, 0), ∴, d =0, It meets x-axis at (3, 0,
0), 3, ∴, 9 + 6u =0, u=−, 2, It meets y-axis at (0, 4, 0),
∴, 16 + 8v = 0, v= −2, It meets z-axis at (0, 0, 5), ∴, 25
+ 10w = 0, 5, w=−, , 2, ∴ Equation of sphere from Eq.
(i) is, x2 + y2 + z 2 − 3x − 4 y − 5z = 0, 39. The equation
of line, which passes through (1, 2, 3) and, is having
direction ratios (1, 2, 3), is, x−1 y−2 z −3, (say), =, =, =a,
1, 2, 3, ∴, x−1 = a, y − 2 = 2a, and, z − 3 = 3a, , x = a +
1,, y = 2a + 2 and z = 3a + 3, At, x-axis, y = 0 and z = 0,
, 2a + 2 = 0 and 3a + 3 = 0, , a = − 1 and a = − 1, ∴, x
= (−1) + 1 = 0, 40. We know that, the equation of plane
containing three, points, is given by, x y z 1, x y z 1, x1
y1 z1 1, 1 0 0 1, =0 , =0, x2 y2 z2 1, 0 2 0 1, 0 0 3 1,
x3 y3 z3 1, , , , x [1 (6 − 0)] − y [1 (0 − 3)] + z [1 (2 −
0)], − 1 [1(6 − 0)] = 0, , 6x + 3 y + 2z − 6 = 0, , 6x + 3
y + 2z = 6, 41. Let a , b, c are direction ratios of line. If
this line is, perpendicular to the line, whose direction
ratios are, (1, − 2, − 2) and (0, 2, 1)., Then,, 1⋅ a − 2⋅ b −
2⋅ c = 0, …(i), , a − 2b − 2c = 0, and, 0⋅ a + 2⋅ b + 1⋅ c
= 0, …(ii), , 0 + 2b + c = 0, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii),
we get, a, b, c, =, =, −2 + 4 0 − 1 2 + 0, a, b, c, =, =, , 2
(−1) 2, ∴ Direction cosines of the required line are, 2,
1, 2, ,−, ,, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 + (−1) + 2, 2 + (−1) + 2, 2 +
(−1)2 + 22, 1 2 , 2, or, , − , ., 3, 3 3 , 42. A. Centre
of sphere, x2 + y2 + z 2 + 3x − 3 y + 3z − 49 = 0 is, 3 3
3 , − , ,− ., 2 2 2 , B. Centre of sphere, x2 + y2 + z 2
− 4x − 6 y − 2z + 9 = 0 is (2, 3, 1)., C. Centre of sphere,
2 x2 + 2 y2 + 2 z 2 − x − y − z = 0, x y z, or, x2 + y2 + z 2
− − − = 0 is, 2 2 2, 1 1 1 , , , ., 4 4 4 , D. Centre of
sphere, x2 + y2 + z 2 − 2x − 2 y − 2z = 0 is, (1, 1, 1)., ∴
The correct option is (c)., m, n, m′, 43. The two lines y
= x + α , z = x + β and y =, x + α′ ,, l, l, l′, n′, z=, x + β′ can
be written as,, l′, α, β, z−, y−, x−0, l, l, =, =, n, m, 1, l, l, α′,
β′, y−, z−, x−0, l′, l′, and, =, =, m, n, ′, ′, 1, l′, l′, Both lines
are perpendicular, if, m m′ n n′ , (1)(1) +
+ = 0, l l′ l l′ , , , ll′ + mm′ +
nn′ = 0

Page 759 :
632, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 44. Given, lines are x =
az + b, y = cz + d, and, x = a1z + b1 , y = c1z + d1, or it
can be rewritten as, x − b y−d, =, =z, a, c, x − b1 y − d1,
and, =, =z, a1, c1, , , , …(i), … (ii), , Let us consider l1 ,
m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n 2 are DC ′ s of, Eqs. (i) and (ii),
then, From Eq. (i), we get, l1 m1 n1, =, =, 1, a, c,
Similarly,, l2 m2 n2, =, =, a1, c1, 1, If two lines are
perpendicular, then, l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0, From
Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get, , aa1 + cc1 + 1 = 0, 45.
Given, two lines are, 2x = 3 y = − z, x, y, z, =, =, , 1 / 2
1 / 3 1 / (−1), and, , , Since,, , …(iii), , …(iv), , 6x = − y =
− 4z, x, y, z, =, =, 1, 1, 1, 6 (−1), (−4), , …(ii), , x2 + y2 + z 2
= 9, , 48. We have, equation of line is, x− p y−q z−r, =, =,
l, m, n, Ax + By + Cz + D = 0, , …(ii), , Since, the line lies
in the plane, therefore its point, ( p, q , r) lies in the
plane., ∴, , Ap + Bq + Cr + D = 0, , And the normal to
the plane is perpendicular to the, line (i), ∴, Al + Bm +
Cn = 0, ∴ Statements II and III are correct., 49. The
equation of sphere is, x2 + y2 + z 2 − 10z = 0, ∴ The
centre of sphere is C (0, 0, 5)., , C, , A, , B, , (0,0,5), ,
Coordinates of one end point of a diameter of the,
sphere is A( −3, − 4, 5)., Let coordinates of another
end point of this diameter, is B ( x1 , y1 , z1 )., , 1 1, 1 1,
1, 1, 1 1 1, ⋅ +, ⋅ +, ⋅, =, − + =0, 6 2 (−1) 3 (−4) (−1) 12 3
4, , 46. Here, two parallel planes are, 4x − 2 y + 4z + 9
= 0, , …(i), , 8x − 4 y + 8z + 21 = 0, , …(ii), , Distance of
plane (i) from origin, 4 ×0 −2 ×0 + 4 ×0 +9 9 3, = =, =, 6
2, 16 + 4 + 16, , −3 + x1, = 0 x1 = 3, 2, −4 + y1, = 0
y1 = 4, 2, 5 + z1, and, = 5 z1 = 5, 2, ∴ Required
coordinates are (3, 4, 5)., 50. Let C be the centre of
this sphere and let M be the foot of, perpendicular
from C on plane., Let P be any point on the circle., ∴, ,
Distance of plane (ii) from origin, 8 × 0 − 4 × 0 + 8 × 0 +
21 21 7, =, =, =, 12 4, 64 + 16 + 64, ∴ Distance
between the given two planes, 7 3 1, = − =, 4 2 4, 47.
Let the locus of a point be (x, y, z ). From the given,
condition,, 2, 2, 2, x − 2 y + z , x − z , x + y + z ,
=9, + , + , , , , 2 , , 3 , 6, , , …(i), , and
equation of plane is, , …(i), , ∴ Angle between both
lines is 90°. Thus, both lines, are perpendicular to each
other., , and, , 6x2 + 6 y2 + 6z 2 = 54, , 2 (x + y + z )2 + 3
(x − z )2 + (x − 2 y + z )2 = 54, , 2 (x2 + y2 + z 2 + 2xy
+ 2 yz + 2zx) + 3 (x2 + z 2 − 2xz ), + (x2 + 4 y2 + z 2 −
4xy − 4 yz + 2xz ) = 54, , C, , P, , M, , Q, , Then, CP =
Radius of sphere., The coordinates of centre of sphere
x2 + y2 + z 2 = 4 are, (0, 0, 0) and radius = 4 = 2 ., Now,
equation of line CM normal to given plane, x − 1 = 0
through centre C (0, 0, 0) of sphere is, x−0 y−0 z −0, =,
=, = λ (say), 1, 0, 0, , …(i)

Page 760 :
633, , Three Dimensional Geometry, , , x=λ, , Any
point on Eq. (i) is ( λ , 0, 0). If this point lies on, given
plane, then we have,, λ −1 =0, λ =1, ∴ Centre of circle
= (1, 0, 0), , Now, CM = length of perpendicular from C
( 0, 0, 0) on, plane x − 1 = 0, | x ⋅ 0 − 1| 1, =, = =1, 1, 12, ,
Radius of circle, PM = PC 2 − MC 2, , , x2 = 1, ,
x=±1, , x = − 1, y = − 1, z = − 1, ∴ Coordinates of P =
(−1, − 1, − 1)., 53. Let A (0, 0, 0), B (3, 4, 0) and C (3, 4,
6) be the vertices of a, ∆ABC., ∴, ∆ = (∆2x + ∆2y + ∆2z
), Now,, , 0 0 1, y1 z1 1, 1, 1, 1, y2 z2 1 = 4 0 1 = [1 (24)]
= 12, ∆x =, 2, 2, 2, 4 6 1, y3 z3 1, , Similarly,, 0, 1, 0, 2, 6,
0, 1, ∆z = 3, 2, 3, , = 4 −1 = 3, , ∆y =, , ∴ Radius of circle
is 3 and centre is (1, 0, 0)., 1, 51. Let plane x + y − z =
divides the line joining the points, 2, A (2, 1, 5) and B
(3, 4, 3) at a point C in the ratio λ : 1 ., Then,
coordinates of C are, 3λ + 2 4λ + 1 3λ + 5 , ,, ,, , .,
λ + 1 λ + 1 λ +1 , Since, point C lies on the plane., ,
Therefore, coordinates of C must satisfy the equation,
of plane., 3λ + 2 4λ + 1 3λ + 5 1, , + , − ,
=, λ +1 λ +1 λ +1 2, 1, , 3λ + 2 + 4λ + 1 − 3λ
− 5 = (λ + 1), 2, 1, 4λ − 2 = (λ + 1), , 2, , 8λ − 4 = λ +
1, , 7λ = 5, 5, , λ=, 7, ∴ Required ratio is λ : 1 = 5 : 7.,
52. If O be origin, then let coordinates of P are (x, y, z
)., ∴, , and, , 4 1, , 1, [12 − 12] = 0, 2, , = 10 units, CA = (1
− 2)2 + (−1 + 3)2 + (2 − 4)2, = (−1)2 + (−2)2 + (−2)2, = 1
+ 4 + 4 = 9 =3, CB = (2 − 2)2 + (−3 + 3)2 + (4 − 4)2, = 0
+ 0 + 0 =0, , x, , This shows that points A and B are
inside the sphere., , Let a , b, c are direction ratios of
OP., Then, a = 0 − x, b = 0 − y, c = 0 − z, , x = − a , y = −
b, z = − c, But a, b, c are equal ., ∴, − x, − y, − z are also
equal., We have, distance of OP = 3, , (0 − x)2 + (0 −
y)2 + (0 − z )2 = 3, 3 x2 = 3, 3 x2 = 3, , 4 1 =, , x2 + y2 + z
2 − 4x + 6 y − 8z − 71 = 0, whose centre is, C (2, − 3, 4)
and, radius = 22 + (−3)2 + 42 + 71 = 100, , and, , , , ,
3 1, 0 1, , 1, [1 (−18) ] = − 9, 2, , 55. Equation of given
sphere is, , P (x, y, z), , z, O (0, 0, 0), , 3 1 =, , Area of ∆ =
122 + (−9)2 + (0)2 = 144 + 81, ∴, = 225, = 15 sq units,
54. The planes x = 2 y − 3 and z = 2 y − 1 intersect
along a, line. Equation of planes can be rewritten as,
x+ 3 y−0, …(i), =, 2, 1, z + 1 y −0, and, …(ii), =, 2, 1, From
Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, x+ 3 y−0 z + 1, =, =, 2, 1, 2, ∴
Direction ratios of the line are (2, 1, 2)., , Now,, , y, , 0 1,
, (as x, y, z are equal), , 56. The equation of the given
lines is, 6x = 4 y = 3z, x−0 y−0 z −0, =, =, , 1 /6, 1 /4, 1
/3, and equation of the plane is, 3x + 2 y − 3z − 4 = 0,
Let θ be the angle between line and plane, then, sin θ
=, , a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1c2, a12, , + b12 + c12 a 22 + b22
+ c22

Page 761 :
634, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 1, 1, 1, × 3 + × 2 + (−3)
×, 6, 4, 3, =, 1, 1, 1, 9+4+9, +, +, 36 16 9, , , , , 1 −1,
= , = 0°, 1, 1, 1, , +, +, 22 , 36 16 9, , ∴, θ = 0°, 57.
Let (h , k, l) be the point, which is equidistant from the,
points (1, 2, 3) and (3, 2, –1), (h − 1)2 + (k − 2)2 + (l −
3)2, = (h − 3)2 + (k − 2)2 + (l + 1)2, , (h − 1) + (l − 3)2 =
(h − 3)2 + (l + 1)2, 2, h + 1 − 2 h + l2 − 6 l + 9 = h 2 − 6
h + 9 + l2 + 2 l + 1, , − 2h − 6l = − 6h + 2l, , 6h − 2h −
6l − 2l = 0, , 4h − 8l = 0, , h − 2l = 0, ∴ Locus of point
(h , k, l) is, x−2 z =0, 58. Let the two points A (a , b, c)
and B(a1 , b1 , c1 )., Let the locus of a point be P (x, y, z
)., According to the given condition, (where, d is
constant), PA 2 − PB2 = d, , (x − a )2 + ( y − b)2 + (z −
c)2 − [(x − a1 )2, + ( y − b1 )2 + (z − c1 )2] = d, 2, 2, , x
+ a − 2ax + y2 + b2 − 2by + z 2 + c2 − 2cz, 2, − (x + a12
− 2a1x + y2 + b12 − 2b1 y + z 2 + c12 − 2c1z ) = d, , a
2 − a12 + b2 − b12 + c2 − c12 + 2x (a1 − a ), + 2 y (b1 −
b) + 2z (c1 − c) = d, This represents an equation of
plane., 59. We, have,, and, P (a , b, c); Q (a + 2, b + 2, c −
2), R(a + 6, b + 6, c − 6) are collinear., I. If R divides PQ
internally in the ratio 3 : 2, then, coordinates of, 3a +
6 + 2a 3b + 6 + 2b 3c − 6 + 2c , R= , ,, ,, , , , 5, 5, 5,
5a + 6 5b + 6 5c − 6 , ,, ,, = , , 5, 5, 5 , 2, , ∴ It is not
true., II. If R divides PQ externally in the ratio 3 : 2,
then, coordinates of, 3a + 6 − 2a 3b + 6 − 2b 3c − 6 −
2c , R= , ,, ,, , , , 1, 1, 1, = (a + 6, b + 6, c − 6), ∴ It is
true statement., III. If Q divides PR internally in the
ratio 1 : 2, then, coordinates of, a + 6 + 2a b + 6 + 2b c
− 6 + 2c , ,, ,, Q= , , , , 3, 3, 3, = (a + 2, b + 2, c − 2), ∴
It is true., ∴ Statements II and III are true., , 60. Let A (a
− 1, a , a + 1), B (a , a + 1, a − 1) and, C (a + 1, a − 1, a )
are the vertices of a ∆ABC., ∴, , AB = (a − a + 1)2 + (a +
1 − a )2 + (a − 1 − a − 1)2, = 1+1+4= 6, BC = (a + 1 + a )2
+ (a − 1 − a − 1)2 + (a − a + 1)2, = 1+4+1= 6, , and CA =
(a − 1 − a − 1)2 + (a − a + 1)2 + (a + 1 − a )2, = 4+1+1=
6, ∴, , AB = BC = CA, , ∴ ∆ ABC is an equilateral triangle
and these given, points are vertices of an equitaeral
triangle for any, real value of a., Now, area of a ∆ABC, i
j k, 1, 1, = |AB × AC| = 1 1 −2, 2, 2, 2 −1 −1, 1, = |−3i − 3
j − 3 k|, 2, 1, =, 9+ 9 + 9, 2, 27, sq units, =, 2, Thus, the
area of triangle formed by these points is,
independent of a., 61. Clearly, both the statements
are correct., 62. DR’s of normal to the plane is l, m, n
,i.e., normal vector, = li + mj + nk, li + mj + nk, $ =,
Normal unit vector n, l2 + m 2 + n 2, Distance from
origin (d ) = p, $ =d, Equation of a plane is r ⋅ n, (li +
mj + nk ), , (x i + yj + 2k ), =p, l2 + m 2 + n 2, , , lx +
my + nz = p l2 + m2 + n 2, , Intercepts on x, y and z-
axes are, p 2, x=, l + m2 + n 2, l, p 2, y=, l + m2 + n 2, m,
p 2, z=, l + m2 + n 2, n, , 1 1 1 , ∴Sum of intercepts = p
l2 + m2 + n 2 + + , l m n , 63. DR’s of OP = (2 − 0, 3
− 0, − 1 − 0), , = ( 2, 3, − 1), , Equation of a plane passing
through a point, ( 2, 3, − 1) and normal to a vector OP
is, 2 ( x − 2) + 3 ( y − 3) − 1 ( z + 1) = 0, , , 2x + 3 y − z −
4 − 9 − 1 = 0, 2x + 3 y − z = 14

Page 762 :
635, , Three Dimensional Geometry, 64. The image of
the point P(1, 3, 4) in the plane, 2x − y + z + 3 = 0 is
given by, x−1 y−3 z −4, 2 (2 − 3 + 4 + 3), =, =, =−, −1, 2,
1, 4+1+1, x−1 y−3 z −4, =, =, = −2, , −1, 2, 1, x−1 y−3
z −4, , =, =, = −2, −1, 2, 1, , x = − 3, y = 5, z = 2, , ∴
Coordinates of image of the point P (1, 3, 4) is, ( −3, 5,
2)., 65. Equation of the spheres are, …(i), x2 + y2 + z 2
+ 2x + 2 y + 2z + 5 = 0, and, …(ii), x2 + y2 + z 2 + 3x + 3
y + 7z + 6 = 0, Thus, equation of common tangent is,
(x2 + y2 + z 2 + 2x + 2 y + 2z + 5), − (x2 + y2 + z 2 + 3x
+ 3 y + 7z + 6) = 0, , −x − y − 5z − 1 = 0, , x + y + 5z +
1 = 0, 66. If the direction cosines of any line is < l, m, n
> , then, l2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1, So, for the direction
cosines,, , 2, , 2, , =, , l +m, m +n, n +l, +, +, 2, 2, 2, 2, , 2, ,
2, , 2, , 2, , 2, , 68. Angle between two lines is, a1a 2 +
b1b2 + c1c2, cos θ =, 2, a1 + b12 + c12 a 22 + b22 +
c22, Here, DR’s of L1 (a1 , b1 , c1 ) = (1, 2, 3), DR’s of L
2, (a 2, b2, c2) = (3, − 2, 1), ∴, , , , l2 + m 2 m 2 + n 2 n 2
+ l2, ,, ,, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 , 2, 2 , l2 + m 2 , , , + m +n
+ n +l , = , , , , , , 2 , 2, 2 , , , , , , 1, (2l2 +
2m2 + 2n 2), 2, = l2 + m2 + n 2 = 1,, while l + m + n ≠ 1,
67. DR’s of line L1 is (1, 2, 3)., ∴DR’s of, 1, 2, 3, ,, ,, >, L1
= <, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1 +2 +3, 1 +2 +3, 1 + 22 + 32, 1, 2,
3, ,, ,, =<, >, 14 14 14, =, , 2, , cos θ =, , 1 × 3 + 2 × (−2) +
3 × 1, , 12 + 22 + 32 32 + (−2)2 + 12, 2, 2, 1, =, =, =, 14
14 14 7, 1 , θ = cos −1 , 7 , , 69. Equation of any
plane through L1 is, a (x + 4) + b( y − 3) + c(z + 2) = 0, ,
Also, normal of a plane is (a , b, c) = (1, 3, 2), ∴, , , 1(x
+ 4) + 3( y − 3) + 2(z + 2) = 0, x + 3 y + 2z − 1 = 0

Page 763 :
30, , Statistics, , (ii) Continuous Frequency
Distribution, , Statistics, Statistics is the branch of
science, which deals with the, collection, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data., , Some Important
Terms, , Classification of Data, Classification of data is
the first step in statistics, towards achieving the goal
on conclusion. There are, different sources of
collection of data., Sources of data, , Internal, ,
External, , Primary, , A frequency distribution in which
data are arranged in, classes or groups which are not
exactly measurable., , Secondary, , The two main type
of data on the basis of collection are, (i) Primary data
It is the data collected actually in, the process of
investigation by the investigator. It is, original and is
first hand information., (ii) Secondary data Data which
is already collected, by other persons is called as
secondary data., , Presentation of data, Raw ou
Ungrouped data When the data are, presented in
random and is not prepared according to some, order.
It does not give us a clear picture of the class.,
Grouped data When the data is arranged in any,
manner like ascending or descending etc. It can also
be, presented in the form of a table called frequency,
distribution table., , Types of Frequency, Distribution,
Frequency distribution are of two types, , (i) Discrete
Frequency Distribution, A frequency distribution is
called discrete frequency, distribution if data are
presented in a way that exact, measurements of the
units are clearly shown., , Frequency Number of
observations falling in a, particular class is called
frequency of that class., Class marks It is the mid-
point of the class interval., Lower limit of class +
Upper limit of class, Class mark =, 2, Cumulative,
frequency The, cumulative, frequency of a class
interval is the sum of frequencies, of all classes upto
that class. (including the frequency, of that particular
class)., Example 1 Consider the following statements,
The appropriate number of classes while constructing
a, frequency distribution should be chosen such that,
I. The class frequency first increases to peak and then,
declines., II. The class frequency should cluster
around the class, mid-point., Which of the statements
given above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c)
Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor II, , Solution (b) The
appropriate number of classes while, constructing a
frequency distribution should be chosen such that,
the class frequency should cluster around the class
mid-point., , Graphical Representation of, Frequency
Distribution, Bar Diagrams, In bar diagrams, only the
length of the bars are taken, into consideration. The
width of each bar can be any, but, widths of all the
bars is same and space between these bars, should be
same. The width of the bar has no special, meaning.,
e.g., The bar diagram of the following data is

Page 764 :
637, , Statistics, , Registration of, vehicles in 2011, No.
of vehicles, , Car, , Bus, , Scooters, , Bikes, , 40, , 20, , 25,
, 35, , 40, , Frequency Polygon, , 30, , To draw the
frequency polygon of an ungrouped, frequency
distribution, we plot the points with abscissa as, the
variate values and the ordinate as the corresponding,
frequencies. These plotted points are joined by
straight, lines to obtain the frequency polygon., ,
Bikes, , Cars, , 10, , Scooters, , 20, Bus, , Frequency, , y, ,
x-axis on a suitable scale. On each class interval erect,
rectangles with heights proportional to the frequency
of, the corresponding class interval, so that the area of
the, rectangle is proportional to the frequency of the
class., , x, , 0, , Cumulative Frequency Curve, (Ogive), ,
Registered Vehicles, , Pie Diagrams, Pie diagram is
used to represent a relative frequency, distribution. A
pie diagram consists of a circle divided into, as many
sectors or there are classes in a frequency,
distribution. Sum of all the angles of sectors is 360°, ,
When we plot the upper class limit along x-axis and,
cumulative frequencies along y-axis. And on joining,
then, we get a curve called an ogive., y, , Temperature, ,
85, Cars, 120º, 60º, , 70, 65, , Scooters, , frequency ×
360° , Central angle = , , total frequency , e.g.,
The pie diagram of the above data is, 40, Central angle
for cars =, × 360° = 120°, 120, 20 × 360°, Central angle
for bus =, = 60°, 120, 25 × 360°, Central angle for
scooters =, = 75°, 120, 35 × 360°, Central angle for
bikes =, = 105°, 120, , 15:00, , 14:00, , 13:00, , 12:00, ,
x, , 11:00, , 0, , 10:00, , Bikes, , 75º, , 75, , 9:00, , 105º, ,
Bus, , 80, , Time, , Measures of Central Tendency, ,
Histogram, To draw a histogram of a given continuous
frequency, distribution, we first mark off all the class
intervals along, , Generally average value of a
distribution in the middle, part of the distribution
such type of values are known as, measures of central
tendency., An average of a distribution is the value of
the variable, which is representative of the entire
distribution., The following are the five measures of
central, tendency., 1. Arithmetic Mean, 2. Geometric
Mean, 3. Harmonic Mean, 4. Median, 5. Mode, , y, , 1.
Arithmetic Mean, , Frequency, , 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0, ,
10 20, , 30 40 50 60, Class interval, , x, , Let x1 , x2 , x3
, K , xn are n individual data, then, x + x 2 + K + xn, 1 n,
x= 1, =, Σ xi, n, n i =1, 1 n, or, x = A+, Σ di, n i =1, where,
A = assumed mean and di = xi − A

Page 765 :
638, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , For Frequency
Distribution, , Example 3. Arithmetic mean of 9
observations is 100 and, , Let x1 , x2 , K , xn are n
observations,, corresponding frequencies are f1 , f2 ,
K , fn , then, , where, , n, , x=, , x1 f1 + x2 f2 + K + xn fn,
=, f1 + f2 + K + fn, , Σ fi xi, , i =1, n, , Σ fi, , i =1, n, , x = A+,
, or, , arithmetic mean of 6 observations is 80, then the
arithmetic, mean of 5 observations is, (a) 90, (b) 91, (c)
92, (d) 93, , ∴, , Σ fi di, , i =1, n, , where, A = assumed
mean and di = xi − A, (c) 24.56, , Class Interval, ,
Frequency, , 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50, , 22,
38, 46, 35, 20, , 9 × 100 + 6 × 80, 9+6, , 900 + 480, 15,
1380, =, = 92, 15, , (d) 25.56, , 2. Geometric Mean
(GM), (i) If x1 , x2 , K , xn are n non-zero observations,
then, GM = ( x1 , x2 , K , xn )1/ n, 1 n, , Σ log xi , =
antilog , n i =1, , , Solution (c), Class interval, , xi, , fi,
, f i xi, , 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50, , 5, 15, 25,
35, 45, , 22, 38, 46, 35, 20, Σfi = 161, , 110, 570, 1150,
1225, 900, Σfi xi = 3955, , Mean =, , n1x1 + n2x2, n1 +
n2, , =, , Example 2. The mean for following
distribution is, (b) 23.24, , x12 =, =, , Σ fi, , i =1, , (a)
22.33, , n1 = 9, x1 = 100 , n2 = 6 and x2 = 80, , Solution
(c) Given,, , Σfi xi 3955, =, Σfi, 161, , = 24.56 (approx), ,
(ii) For frequency distribution, 1 n, , GM = antilog ,
Σ ( fi log xi ) , i =1, Σ, f, i, , , Example 4. The
geometric mean of 1, 2, 2 2, …, 2 n is, (a) 2 n/ 2, (c) 2 n, ,
(b) 2( n+1)/ 2, (d) 2 n+1, 1, , Solution (a) Geometric
mean = (1⋅ 2 ⋅ 22 K 2n) n + 1, 1, , Weighted Arithmetic
Mean, , = (2(1 + 2 + 3 + K + n)) n + 1, , If w1 , w2 , w3 , K
, wn are corresponding weight to the, observations x1
, x2 , x3 , K , xn , then, w x + w2x2 + K + wn xn,
Weighted arithmetic mean = 1 1, w1 + w2 + K + wn, , =
(2, , Combined Mean, If two sets of observations are
given, then combined, mean for the two sets can be
calculated with the help of, following formula, n x + n
2x2, x12 = 1 1, n1 + n 2, where, x12 = combined mean
of two sets of observations, x1 = mean of first set of
observations, n1 = number of observations in first set,
x2 = mean of second set of observations, n 2 =
number of observations in second set, , n ( n + 1) 1, 2
)n+1, , n, , = 22, , 3. Harmonic Mean (HM), (i) If x1 , x2 ,
K , xn are n observations, then, 1, HM =, n, 1 , 1, Σ
, n i = 1 xi , (ii) For frequency distribution, 1, HM =,
n, f , 1, Σ i , Σfi i = 1 xi , Relation Among AM,
GM and HM, AM ≥ GM ≥ HM

Page 766 :
639, , Statistics, , 1 1 1, 2 3 4, 2, (b), 19, 19, (d), 16, ,
Example 5. The harmonic mean of , , , K,, 19, 2, 2, (c),
16, , (a), , 1, is, 17, , 1, 1 n 1 , Σ , n i = 1 xi , 2, 1, =,
=, 1, (2 + 3 + K + 17) 19, 16, , Solution (b) Harmonic
mean =, , Example 6. The median for the following
distribution is, , (a) 20, , (a) If n is an odd number, then
Median = Value of, n + 1 , , th term, 2 , (b) If n is
an even number, then, Median, n, n, , Value of th
term + Value of + 1 th term, 2, , 2, =, 2, (ii) Median
of a discrete series First, arrange the, value of given
observations (or variables) in ascending, order, then
find the cumulative frequency., (a) If n is an odd
number, then Median = value of, n + 1 , , th term,
2 , (b) If n is an even number, then, Median, n , n,
, value of th term + value of + 1 th term, 2 ,
2, , =, 2, (iii) Median of a continuous series First find
the, cumulative frequency table of given
observations, then, n, find the group (median group)
of th observation. Then,, 2, n, , − c , 2, , Median
= l +, ∴, ×h, f, , Frequency, , 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–
40, 40–50, , 22, 38, 46, 35, 20, , (b) 22.46, , (c) 24.46, ,
(d) 25, , Solution (c) Cumulative frequency table, Class
Interval, , f, , cf, , 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50, ,
22, 38, 46, 35, 20, , 22, 60, 106, 141, 161, , 4. Median,
(i) Median of an individual series Let the number, of
observations is n. First arrange the value of the,
observation in ascending or descending order., , Class
Interval, , n 161, =, = 80.5, 2, 2, Hence, median group is
20 − 30, , n, − c , 80.5 − 60 , 2, Median, =l + , ∴,
× 10, × h = 20 + , , , f, 46, , , , , Here,, , = 20 +
4.46 = 24.46, , 5. Mode, (i) Mode of an individual series
The mode of an, individual series is that value of
variable, which is, repeated more than the other
variables of the series., (ii) Mode of a discrete series
The mode of a discrete, series is that value of variable
for which the frequency is, maximum., (iii) Mode of a
continuous series First find the, modal group, which
has maximum frequency, then, f1 − f0, Mode = l +, ×h,
2 f1 − f0 − f2, where, l = lower limit of modal group, h
= size of modal group, f1 = frequency of modal group,
f0 = frequency of a group before to modal group, f2 =
frequency of a group next to modal group, Relation
among Mean, Median and Mode, Mode = 3 (Median) −
2 (Mean), , Example 7. The mode of the following
distribution is, , where, l = lower limit of median group,
f = frequency of median group, h = size of median
group, c = cumulative frequency of a group before to,
median group, (a) 40, , Class Interval, , Frequency, , 0–
20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, 80–100, , 17, 28, 32, 24, 19,
, (b) 42.67, , (c) 46.67, , (d) 7

Page 767 :
640, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Solution (c) From the
given table, it is clear that modal group is, 40–60.,
Here,, , l = 40 , f0 = 28, f1 = 32, f2 = 24, f1 − f0, Mode =
l +, ×h, 2f1 − f0 − f2, 32 − 28, = 40 +, × 20, 64 − 28 −
24, 4 × 20, = 40 +, 12, = 40 + 6.67, = 46. 67, , ∴, ,
Solution (a), x, , f, , cf, , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, , 3, 4, 8, 4, 1, , 3, 7, 15,
19, 20, , N = ∑ fi = 20, , Here,, , N 20, 3N, =, =5 ,, = 15, 4
4, 4, , Measures of Dispersion, , Q cf just greater than
5 is 7., , The measure of the scatteredness of the mass
of figures, in a series about an average is called the
measure of, variation or dispersion., The measures of
dispersion commonly used are, 1. Range, 2. Quartile
deviation, 3. Mean deviation, 4. Standard deviation, ,
and cf just greater than 15 is 19., Q3 = 5, Q − Q1 5 − 3,
∴Quartile deviation = 3, =, =1, 2, 2, Hence,, , 3. Mean
Deviation, For frequency distribution mean deviation
from the, average A (usually mean, median or modes)
is given by, n, , 1. Range, , MD =, , The range is the
difference of maximum and minimum, observation of
observations of a distribution. If L and S are, maximum
and minimum observation of distribution then,,
Coefficient of range =, , L−S, L+S, , 2. Quartile
Deviation, Quartile deviation or semi-interquartile
range Q is, given by, 1, Q = (Q3 − Q1 ), ∴, 2, Q − Q1,
and coefficient of, Q= 3, Q3 + Q1, where, Q1 and Q3
are the first and third quartiles of the, distribution,
respectively., , Example 8. The quartile deviation for
the following data is, , (a) 1, , x, , f, , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, , 3, 4, 8,
4, 1, , (b) 2, , (c) 3, , Σ fi|xi − A|, , i =1, , n, , Σ fi, , i =1, ,
where, A = mean or median or mode, Coefficient of
mean deviation, Mean deviation, =, Average from
which it is calculated, , Range = L − S, and, , Q1 = 3, ,
Hence,, , 4. Standard Deviation, Usually denoted by
Greek letter small sigma (σ)., , (i) Standard Deviation
for Ungrouped Data, n, , i =1, , SD (σ ) =, , n, , 1 n 2 1
n, Σ xi − Σ xi , i, =, 1, =, 1, i, n, n, , , σ=, , or, , 2, , (ii)
Standard Deviation for Grouped Data, n, , σ=, or, (d) 4,
, Σ ( xi − x )2, , where,, , σ=, , Σ fi ( xi − x )2, , i =1, , N, 1
n, , 1, Σ fi xi2 − , Σ fi xi , i, =, 1, =, 1, i, N, N, , n, , N =
Σfi, , 2

Page 768 :
641, , Statistics, Variance = σ 2, , Greater is the value
of coefficient of variation of a, distribution, there is
more variability in that distribution., , σ, and
Coefficient of dispersion = ., x, , Example 11. The
following is the record of goals scored by, team A in a
football session., , Example 9. The mean deviation of 3,
4, 5, 6, 7 is, (a) 1, , (b) 1.2, , Solution (b) Mean, x =, Mean
deviation =, , (c) 0, , (d) 2, , 3+ 4+5+6+7, =5, 5, , 1 n, Σ |
xi − x|, n i=1, , 1, (| 3 − 5 | + | 4 − 5 | + |5 − 5 | + | 6 − 5 | +
| 7 − 5 |), 5, 1, 6, = (2 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 2) = = 1.2, 5, 5, =, ,
Example 10. The variance of the following
distribution is, 2, 1/3, , xi, fi, , (a) 10, , 3, 1/2, , (b) 16, ,
11, 1/6, , (c) 22, , (d) 32, , fi, , fi x i, , fi x i2, , 2, 3, 11, , 1/3,
1/2, 1/6, Σfi = 1, , 2/3, 3/2, 11/6, Σfi xi = 4, , 4/3, 9/2,
121/6, , 2, , Variance ( σ 2) =, , 1, 9, , 2, 7, , 3, 5, , 4, 3, ,
For the team B, mean number of goals scored per
match was, 2 with standard deviation 1.25 goals.
Which team may be, considered more consistent., (a)
Team A, (b) Team B, (c) both teams have same
coefficient of variation, (d) None of the above, ,
Solution (a) For team A,, Number of goals x i, Number
of matches, fi, , 0, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , Total, , 1, , 9, , 7, , 5, , 3, ,
25, , x 2i, , 0, , 1, , 4, , 9, , 16, , fi x i, , 0, , 9, , 14, , 15, , 12, ,
50, , fi x 2 i, , 0, , 9, , 28, , 45, , 48, , 130, , Solution (a), xi, ,
0, 1, , Number of goals scored, Number of matches, , ∑
f x 50, x= i i =, =2, ∑ fi, 25, Standard deviation,, 1, 5, σ=,
25 × 130 − (50) 2 =, 130 − 100 = 1.095, 25, 25, 1095,
σ, ., = 100 = 54.75, ∴Coefficient of variation = × 100 =,
x, 2, , Σfi xi2 = 26, 2, , Σfi xi2 Σfi xi , 26 4 , − , −
= 26 − 16 = 10, =, 1 1 , Σfi, Σfi , , For Team B,,
Mean,, , Comparison of Variability of, Distribution, ,
x=2, , σ =1. 25, σ, Coefficient of variation = × 100, x, 1.
25, =, × 100 = 62 . 5, 2, Coefficient of variation of goals
of team A is less than that of B., Therefore, team A is
more consistent than B, SD,, , To compare the
variability of two or more, distributions, we calculate
the coefficient of variation of, each distribution i.e.,,
Deviation, σ, Coefficient of variation =, × 100 = × 100,
x, Mean, , Comprehensive Approach, n, , σ1 and σ 2
are standard deviation respectively, then, Combined
standard deviation, n σ 2 + n2σ 22 + n1d12 + n2d 22,
σ12 = 1 1, n1 + n2, , In statistical observations, the
sum of deviations of individual, values from arithmetic
mean is zero, i.e.,, n, , Σ fi ( xi − x) = 0, , i =1, n, , n, , n, , n,
n, , In statistical observations, the sum of squares of
deviations of, individual values from arithmetic mean
is least., If each of n given observations is doubled,
then the mean is also, become twice., 1/ 2, 1, Standard
deviation of n natural numbers = (n2 − 1) , 12,
, Combined Standard Deviation, If A1 and A2 are two
series in which number of observations are n1, and
n2, respectively. Let x1 and x2 are their arithmetic
mean and σ1, , d1 = ( x1 − x12), d 2 = ( x2 − x12), n1x1
+ n2x2, n1 + n2, σ, Coefficient of variation = × 100, x,
where,, , and, n, , n, , x12 =, , If each item of a data is
increased or decreased by the same, constant. The
standard devition of the data remains unchanged.

Page 769 :
Exercise, Level I, (a) 17, , (b) 18, , (c) 19, , (d) 20, , 1.
Which one of the following is a source of data for,
primary investigations?, (a) News papers, (b)
Magazines, (c) Questionnaires, (d) All of these, , 10.
What is the geometric mean of 10, 40 and 60?, , 2.
What is the cumulative frequency curve of statistical,
data commonly called?, (NDA 2011 I), (a) Cartogram,
(b) Histogram, (c) Pictogram, (d) Ogive, , 11. What is
the median of the distribution 3, 7, 6, 9, 5, 4, and 2?,
(NDA 2011 II), (a) 5, (b) 6, (c) 7, (d) 8, , 3. What is the
mode for the data 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21,, 21, 21, 22,
22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 24,, 24, 25?,
(NDA 2012 I), (a) 7, (b) 21, (c) 22, (d) 25, 4. In statistics,
a suitable graph for representing the, partitioning of
total into subparts is, (a) an ogive, (b) a pictograph, (c)
a histogram, (d) a pie chart, 5. Which one of the
following represents statistical data?, (a) The name of
all owners of shops located in a, shopping complex., (b)
A list giving the names of all states of India., (c) A list
of all European countries and their, respective capital
cities., (d) The volume of a rainfall in certain
geographical, area, recorded every month for 24
consecutive, months., 6. The frequency distribution of
some given numbers is, Value, , Frequency, , 1, 2, 3, 4, ,
(NDA 2011 II), , (a) 10 3 3, , (b) 20 3 3, , (c) 40 3 3, , (d)
70 3 3, , 12. The mean of 30 given numbers, when it is
given that, the mean of 10 of them is 12 and the mean
of the, remaining 20 is 9, is equal to, (a) 11, (b) 10, (c) 9,
(d) 5, 13. Mean of 100 observations is 45. It was later
found, that two observations 19 and 31 were
incorrectly, recorded as 91 and 13. The correct mean
is, (a) 44, (b) 45, (c) 44.46, (d) 45.54, 14. If n = 20, x =
50 and Σx 2 = 84000, then the variance is, equal to, (a)
1500, (b) 1700, (c) 1750, (d) 1800, 15. In a class of 100
students, the average amount of, pocket money is ` 35
per student. If the average is, ` 25 for girls and ` 50 for
boys, then the number of, girls in the class is, (a) 20, (b)
40, (c) 60, (d) 80, 16. The standard deviation of the
observations 22, 26,, 28, 20, 24, 30 is, (a) 2, (b) 2.4, (c)
3, (d) 3.42, 17. The SD of 15 items is 6 and if each item
is decreased, by 1, then standard deviation will be, 91,
(a) 5, (b) 7, (c), (d) 6, 15, , 5, 4, 6, f, , If the mean is known
to be 3, then the value of f is, (a) 3, (b) 7, (c) 10, (d) 14,
7. The average of the squares of the numbers 0, 1, 2,
3,, 4,..., n is, 1, 1, (a) n ( n + 1), (b) n ( 2n + 1), 2, 6, 1, 1, (d)
n ( n + 1), (c) ( n + 1)( 2n + 1), 6, 6, 8. A variate X takes
values 2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1., What is the mode?,
(NDA 2011 II), (a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 4, (d) 5, 9. Which one of
the following is the mean of the data, given below?,
(NDA 2011 II), xi, , 6, , 10, , 14, , 18, , 24, , 28, , 30, , fi, ,
2, , 4, , 7, , 12, , 8, , 4, , 3, , 18. A variate X takes values 2,
9, 3, 7, 5, 4, 3, 2, 10. What, is the median?, (NDA 2012
II), (a) 2, (b) 4, (c) 7, (d) 9, 19. What is the geometric
mean of the data 2, 4, 8, 16 and, 32?, (NDA 2011 II), (a)
2, (b) 4, (c) 8, (d) 16, 20. What is the mean deviation of
the data 2, 9, 9, 3, 6, 9, and 4?, (NDA 2011 II), (a) 2.23,
(b) 2.57, (c) 3.23, (d) 3.57, 21. A set of n values x1 , x2
,..... , xn has standard, deviation σ. What is the
standard deviation of n, (NDA 2011 I), values x1 + k,
x2 + k,........ , xn + k?, (a) σ, (b) σ + k, (c) σ − k, (d) kσ, 22.
The observations 29, 32, 48, 50, x, x + 2, 72, 78, 84,
95, are arranged in ascending order. What is the value
of, x, if the median of the data is 63?, (a) 61, (b) 62, (c)
62.5, (d) 63

Page 770 :
643, , Statistics, 23. The median of 19 observations is
30. Two more, observations are made and the values
of these are 8, and 32. The median of the 21
observations taken, together is equal to, (a) 28, (b) 30,
(c) 32, (d) 34, , respectively. The arithmetic mean of
the marks, secured by students of section C, who
appeared for a, test in the same subject, which carried
75 marks is, 51. What is the average percentage of
marks secured, by all the 100 students of the three
sections?, , 24. The adjoining diagram gives a pie chart
representing, the units of electricity sold to different
classes in a, month. The angle of the sector
corresponding to, supply for industries is, , (NDA
2009 II), , 13%, Street, light, , 16%, Others, 25%, For,
Industries, , (b) 46°, , (c) 60°, , (d) 90°, , 26. What is the
arithmetic mean of first 16 natural, numbers with
weights begin the number itself?, (NDA 2012 I), , (b)
33/2, , (c) 11, , (c) 65, , (d) 67.5, , 31. What is the least
value of the standard deviation of, 5 integers, no two
of which are equal? (NDA 2009 II), (a) 5, (b) 2, (c) 2, (d)
No such least value can be computed., , Month 1
Month 2 Month 3 Month 4, , 25. Which one of the
following is not correct in respect of, mean?, (a) The
sum of the deviations of individual, observations from
the mean is zero., (b) If each observation in the data is
replaced by, mean x, then the sum remains unaltered.,
(c) If x is the mean of x1 ,... , xn , then the mean of, x1 ±
a , x2 ± a ,... , xn ± a is equal to x ± a., (d) If x is the mean
of x1 ,.... , xn , then the mean of, log x1, log x2 ,.... , log xn
is equal to log x., , (a) 17/2, , (b) 70.8, , 32. The average
sales and standard deviation of sales for, four months
for a company are as follows., , 46%, Domestic, supply,
, (a) 25°, , (a) 70, , (d) 187/2, , 27. In a batch of 15
students, IF the marks of 10, students, who passed are
70, 50, 95, 40, 60, 70, 80, 90,, 75, 80, then the nedian
marks of the all 15 students is, (a) 40, (b) 50, (c) 60, (d)
70, 28. The distributions X and Y with total number of,
observations 36, 64 and mean 4, 3, respectively are,
combined. What is the mean of the resulting,
distribution X + Y ?, (NDA 2010 II), (a) 3.26, (b) 3.32,
(c) 3.36, (d) 3.42, 29. The geometric mean of three
numbers was computed, as 6. It was subsequently
found that in this, computation, a number 8 was
wrongly read as 12., What is the correct geometric
mean?, (NDA 2010 I), (a) 4, (b) 3 5, (c) 2 3 18, (d) None
of these, 30. A class consists of 3 sections A, B and C
with 35, 35, and 30 students, respectively. The
arithmetic means, of the marks secured by students of
sections A and B,, who appeared for a test of 100
marks are 74 and 70,, , Average, Sales, , 30, , 57, , 82, ,
28, , Standard, Deviation of, Sales, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 2, ,
During which month are the sales most consistent?,
(NDA 2009 I), , (a) Month 1, (c) Month 3, , (b) Month 2,
(d) Month 4, , 33. The harmonic mean of two numbers
is 21.6. If one of, the numbers is 27, what is the other
number?, (NDA 2009 I), , (a) 16.2, , (b) 17.3, , (c) 18, , (d)
20, , 34. What is the standard deviation of numbers 7,
9, 11,, 13 and 15?, (NDA 2009 I), (a) 2.2, (b) 2.4, (c) 2.6,
(d) 2.8, 35. For a set of discrete numbers, three
measures of, central tendency are given below., I.
Arithmetic mean II. Median III. Geometric mean,
Which of the above measures may not have a,
meaningful definition?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) Only I, (b)
Only II, (c) Only III, (d) All of them are meaningfully
defined., 36. If the three observations are 3, − 6 and −
6, then what, is their harmonic mean?, (NDA 2011 II),
(a) 0, (b) ∞, (c) − 1 / 2, (d) −3, 37. What is the arithmetic
mean of the series, n, C1 , n C2 , n C3 ,... ,n Cn ?, (NDA
2008 II), n, n, ( 2 − 1), 2, (a), (b), n, ( n + 1), ( 2n ), 2( n +
1), (c), (d), n, ( n + 1)

Page 771 :
644, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 38. The average age of
20 students in a class is 15 yr. If, the teacher’s age is
included, the average increases, by one. What is the
teacher’s age?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) 30 yr, (b) 21 yr, (c) 42
yr, (d) 36 yr, , 40. The data below records the itemwise
quarterly, expenditure of a private organization.,
Items of expenditure, , 39. If n1 and n 2 are the sizes,
G1 and G 2 are the geometric, means of two series
respectively, which one of the, following expresses
the geometric mean (G) of the, combined series?,
(NDA 2008 I), n1G1 + n 2 G2, (a) logG =, n1 + n 2, n 2
log G1 + n1 log G2, (b) log G =, n1 + n 2, n1 log G1 + n
2 log G2, (c) G =, n1 + n 2, (d) None of the above, ,
Amount (in ` lakh), , 1., , Salaries, , 6, , 2., , TA & DA, ,
4.9, , 3., , House rent and postage, , 3.6, , 4., , All other
expenses, , 5.5, , Total, , 20, , The data is represented
by a pie diagram. What is the, sectorial angle of the
sector with largest area?, (NDA 2007 II), , (a) 120°, (c)
100°, , (b) 108°, (d) 90°, , Level II, 1. The weighted AM
of first n natural numbers whose, weights are equal to
the corresponding numbers is, equal to, 1, (a) 2n +1,
(b) ( 2n + 1), 2, 1, 2n + 1, (c) ( 2n + 1), (d), 3, 6, 2. The
mean of a set of abservations is x. If each, observation
is divided by α ≠ 0 and then is increased, by 10, then
the mean of the new set is, x, x + 10, (b), (a), α, α, x +
10α, (c), (d) α x + 10, α, 3. Some measures of central
tendency for n discrete, observations are given
below., I. Arithmetic mean, II. Geometric mean, III.
Harmonic mean, IV. Median, A desirable property of a
measure of central tendency, is, if every observation is
multiplied by c, then the, measure of central tendency
is also multiplied by c,, where c > 0. Which of the
above measures satisfy the, property?, (NDA 2011 II),
(a) I, II and III, (b) I, II and IV, (c) III and IV, (d) I, II, III and
IV, n, , n, , i =1, , i =1, , 4. If ∑ ( xi − 2) = 110, ∑ ( xi − 5) =
20,what is the mean?, (a) 11/2, (c) 17/3, , (NDA 2009
I), , (b) 2/11, (d) 17/9, , 5. The arithmetic mean of data
with observations, a, a + d, a + 2d,.....,a + 2md is, (a) a +
md, (b) a + (m − 1)d, 1, 1, (d) a + ( m + 1) d, (c) a + md, 2,
2, , 6. What is the value of n for which the numbers 1,
2,, 3,....,n have variance 2?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) 4, (b) 5,
(c) 6, (d) 8, 7., , X, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , Frequency, , 2, , 3, , f, , 5,
, The frequency distribution of a discrete variable X,
with one missing frequency f is given above. If the, 23,
arithmetic mean of X is, , what is the value of the, 8,
missing frequency?, (NDA 2008 II), (a) 5, (b) 6, (c) 8, (d)
10, 8. Consider the two series of observations A and B
as, follows., Series A, , 1019, , 1008, , 1015, , 1006, ,
1002, , Series B, , 1.9, , 0.8, , 1.5, , 0.6, , 0.2, , If the
standard deviation of the series A is 38, then, what is
the standard deviation of the Series B?, (NDA 2008 I),
, (a) 3.8, , (b) 0.38, , (c) 0.38, , (d) 38, , 9. Consider the
following three methods of collecting, data, I.
Collecting data from government offices., II.
Collecting data from public libraries., III. Collecting
data by telephonic interview., (NDA 2008 II), , Select
the correct answer using the codes given, below., (a)
All the three methods gives secondary data., (b) I and
II give secondary and III gives primary data., (c) I and
III give secondary and II gives primary data., (d) II and
III give secondary and I gives primary, data.

Page 772 :
645, , Statistics, 10. Consider the following
statements, I. A continuous random variable can take
all values, in an interval., II. A random variable which
takes a finite number of, values is necessarily
discrete., III. Construction of a frequency distribution
is based, on data which are discrete., (NDA 2008 II),
Which of the above statements are correct?, (a) Both I
and II, (b) Both II and III, (c) Both I and III, (d) All of
these, 11. The populations of four towns A, B, C and D
as on, 2001 are as follows., (NDA 2008 II), Town, ,
Population, , A, B, C, D, , 6863, 519, 12185, 1755, ,
What is the most appropriate diagram to present the,
above data?, (a) Pie diagram, (b) Bar chart, (c) Cubic
chart, (d) Histogram, 12. Let x be the mean of n
observations x1 , x2 ,.... , xn . . If, ( a − b) is added to
each observation, what is the mean, of new set of
observations?, (NDA 2008 I), (a) 0, (b) x, (d) x + ( a − b),
(c) x − ( a − b), 13. The mean weight of all students in a
class is 60 kg., The mean weight of boys in a class is 70
kg while, mean weight of girls is 55 kg, what is the
ratio of the, number of girls?, (NDA 2007 I), (a) 2:1, (b)
1:2, (c) 1:4, (d) 4:1, 14. Students of two schools
appeared for a common test, carrying 100 marks. The
arithmetic means of their, marks for schools I and II
are 82 and 86, respectively., If the number of students
of school II is 1.5 times the, number of students of
school I, what is the arithmetic, mean of the marks of
all the students of both the, schools?, (NDA 2007 II),
(a) 84, (b) 84.2, (c) 84.4, (d) Cannot be determined, 15.
If the median of x/ 5, x, x/4, x/2 and x/3, where, x > 0,
is, 8, then the value of x is equal to, (a) 26, (b) 24, (c)
20, (d) 32, 16. Each observation of a raw data whose
variance is σ 2,, is multiplied by n. What is the
variance of the new, set?, (a) σ 2, (b) n 2 σ 2, σ2, (c) nσ
2, (d), n, , 17. In the following frequency distribution,
class limits, of some of the class intervals and mid-
value of a class, are missing. However, the mean of the
distribution is, known to be 46.5., Class, Intervals, ,
Mid-values, , Frequency, , x1 − x2, , 15, , 10, , x2 − x3, ,
30, , 40, , x3 − x4, , M, , 30, , x4 − x5, , 75, , 10, , x5 −
100, , 90, , 10, , The values of x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ,
respectively will be, (a) (0, 20, 40, 60, 80), (b) (40, 50,
60, 70, 80), (c) (10, 20, 40, 70, 80), (d) (0, 19.5, 39.5,
69.5, 80), 18. Two variables X and U are related by
the, relationship X = 5 + 2U. The mean and coefficient
of, variation of X are 10 and 2.6, respectively. The,
coefficient of variation of the variable U is, (a) 5.2, (b)
2.6, (c) 1.3, (d) 52, 19. If in a frequency distribution
table with 12 classes,, the width of each class is 2.5
and the lowest class, boundary is 6.1, what is the
upper class boundary of, the highest class?, (NDA
2007 II), (a) 30.1, (b) 27.6, (c) 30.6, (d) 36.1, 20.
Students of three sections of a class, having 30, 30,
and 40 students appeared for a test of 100 marks.,
The arithmetic means of the marks of the three,
sections are 72.2, 69 and 64.1 in that order. What is,
the arithmetic mean of the marks of all the students,
of the three sections?, (NDA 2011 II), (a) 66.6, (b) 67.3,
(c) 68, (d) 70.6, 21. If the variance of the data 2, 4, 5, 6
and 17 is v, then, what is the variance of the data 4, 8,
10, 12 and 34?, (a) v, (b) 4v, (c) v 2, (d) 2v, 22. Consider
the following data, , Mean Wages of workers,
Standard Deviation of Wages, , Factory, A, , Factory, B,
, ` 540, , ` 620, , ` 40.50, , ` 31, , What is the variability in
the wages of the workers in, Factory A?, (NDA 2010
II), (a) 100% more than the variability in the wages of,
the workers in Factory B., (b) 50% more than the
variability in the wages of the, workers in Factory B.,
(c) 50% less than the variability in the wages of the,
workers in Factory B., (d) 150% more than the
variability in the wages of, the workers in Factory B.

Page 773 :
646, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 23. The standard
deviation of some consecutive integers, is found to be
2. Which of the following statements, best describes
the nature of the consecutive integers?, (NDA 2010
II), , (a) The integers are any set of eight consecutive,
integers., (b) The integers are any set of eight
consecutive, positive integers., (c) The integers are
any set of seven consecutive, integers., (d) None of the
above, 24. In a factory, there are 30 men and 20
women, employees. If the average salary of men is `
4050 and, the average salary of all the employees is `
3550,, what is the average salary of women? (NDA
2009 I), (a) ` 3800, (b) ` 3300, (c) ` 3000, (d) ` 2800, 25.
The marks scored by two students A and B in six,
subjects are given below ., (NDA 2009 I), A, , 71, , 56, ,
55, , 75, , 54, , 49, , B, , 55, , 74, , 83, , 54, , 38, , 52, ,
Which one of the following statements is most,
appropriate?, (a) The average scores of A and B are
same but A is, consistent., (b) The average scores of A
and B are not same but A, is consistent., (c) The
average scores of A and B are same but B is,
consistent., (d) The average scores of A and B are not
same but B, is consistent., 26. Following table gives
the mean and variance of, monthly demand for four
products A, B, C and D in a, supermarket, (NDA 2009
II), Product, , A, , B, , C, , D, , Mean demand, , 60, , 90, ,
80, , 120, , Variance, , 12, , 25, , 36, , 16, , For which
product the demand is consistent?, (a) Product A, (b)
Product B, (c) Product C, (d) Product D, 27., , Class,
Interval, , 1-5, , 6-10, , 11-15, , 16-20, , Frequency, , 3, ,
7, , 6, , 5, , Consider the following statements in
respect of the, above frequency distribution., (NDA
2011 I), I. The median is contained in the modal class.,
II. The distribution is bell-shaped., Which of the above
statements is/are correct?, , (a) Only I, (c) Both I and II,
, (b) Only II, (d) Neither I nor II, , 28. The mean of 7
observations is 10 and that of, 3 observations is 5.
What is the mean of all the 10, observations?, (NDA
2011 II), (a) 15, (b) 10, (c) 8.5, (d) 7.5, 29. Following is
the frequency distribution of life lenght, in hours of
100 electric bulbs., Life length of bulbs, (in hours), ,
8.5–3.5, 13.5–18.5, , 18.5–23.5, 23.5–28.5, 28.5–33.5,
33.5–38.5, , No. of bulbs, , 7, x, 40, y, 10, 2, , If the
median of life length is 20 h, then what are the,
missing frequencies (xy)?, (a) (28, 13), (b) (23, 18), (c)
(31, 10), (d) (25, 16), 30. Consider the following
statements, I. The data, which are collected from the
unit or, individual respondents directly for the
purpose of, certain study or information are known as,
primary data., II. The data obtained in a census study
are primary, data., Which of the above statements
is/are correct?, (NDA 2009 II), , (a) Only I, (c) Both I
and II, , (b) only II, (d) Neither I nor II, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 31-32) Each of these questions, contain two
statements, one is Assertion (A) and other is, Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has four, alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct, answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d)
given below., Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually
true and R is the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A
and R are individually true but R is not, the correct
explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is
false but R is true., 31. Assertion (A) Data collected in
decennial censuses, are not statistical data., Reason
(R) Since, no probability is involved in this, data
collection, it amounts of 100% collection of, existing
data., (NDA 2008 II)

Page 774 :
647, , Statistics, 32. Assertion (A) For the sets of
numbers 12, 6, 7, 3, 15,, 20, 18, 5 and 9, 3, 8, 8, 9, 8, 9,
18 the range is equal to, 15 for both. Hence,
dispersion is also same for the two, sets of numbers.,
Reason (R) In general, when extreme values are,
present, the range is poor measure of dispersion., ,
Directions (Q. Nos. 33-34), , The following table, gives
the continuous frequency distribution of a,
continuous variable X., (NDA 2011 I), Class, Interval, ,
0-10, , 10-20, , 20-30, , 30-40, , 40-50, , Frequency, , 5, ,
10, , 20, , 5, , 10, , 33. What is the median of the above
frequency, distribution?, (a) 23, (b) 24, (c) 25, (d) 26,
34. What is the, distribution?, (a) 25, (c) 27, , mean, , of,
, the, , above, , frequency, , (b) 26, (d) 28, , Directions
(Q. Nos. 35-39) Some data is kept on a, computer disk
but unfortunately some of it is lost, because of a virus.
Only the following could be recovered., Performance,
Average, , Male, Female, Total, , Good, , Excellent Total,
, 10, 32, 30, , Directions (Q. Nos. 40-42), , The
frequency, distribution of life of 90 TV tubes whose
median life is, 17 months is as follow., (NDA 2010 II),
Life of TV tubes, , 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, 20–25,
25-30, , 3, 12, x, 35, y, 4, , 40. What is the lower limit of
the median class?, (a) 10, (b) 15, (c) 20, (d) 25, 41.
What is the missing frequency Y?, (a) 20, (b) 16, (c) 15,
, 35. How many male students are average?, (a) 10, (b)
16, (c) 30, (d) 32, 36. How many students is are both
female and excellent?, (a) 0, (b) 8, (c) 16, (d) 32, 37.
What proportion of good students are male?, (a) 0, (b)
0.73, (c) 0.4, (d) 1.0, 38. What proportion of female
students are good?, (a) 0, (b) 0.25, (c) 0.5, (d) 1.0, 39.
How many students are both male and good?, (a) 10,
(b) 16, (c) 22, (d) 48, , (d) 12, , 42. What is the
cumulative frequency of the modal class?, (a) 31, (b)
35, (c) 66, (d) Cannot be determined, , Directions (Q.
Nos. 43-46) Study the pie chart, given below and
answer the questions that follow., The following pie
chart gives the distribution of funds in, a five year plan
under the major heads of development, expenditures.,
Agriculture (A), Industry (I), Education (E),,
Employment (Em) and Miscellaneous (M)., The total
allocation is 72000 (in crore of rupees)., M, , An expert
committee was formed, which decided that, the
following facts were self evident., Half the students
were either excellent or good., 40% of the students
were females., One-third of the male students were
average., , Number of TV, Tubes, , (In Months), , 70º, A
90º, , 50º I, 110º 40º, E, Em, , 43. Which head is
allocated the maximum funds?, (a) Agriculture, (b)
Employment, (c) Industry, (d) Miscellaneous, 44. How
much money (in crore) is allocated to, Education?, (a)
6000, (b) 8000, (c) 10000, (d) 10800, 45. How much
money (in crore) is allocated to both, Agriculture and
Employment?, (a) 40000, (b) 36000, (c) 42000, (d)
44000, 46. How much excess money (in crore) is
allocated to, Miscellaneous over Education?, (a) 8000,
(b) 7500, (c) 6000, (d) 6500

Page 775 :
Answers, Level I, 1., 11., 21., 31., , (c), (a), (a), (c), , 2.,
12., 22., 32., , (d), (b), (b), (c), , 3., 13., 23., 33., , (c), (c),
(b), (c), , 4., 14., 24., 34., , (d), (b), (d), (d), , 5., 15., 25., 35.,
, (d), (c), (d), (d), , 6., 16., 26., 36., , (d), (d), (c), (b), , 7., 17.,
27., 37., , (b), (d), (c), (a), , 8., 18., 28., 38., , (a), (b), (c), (d),
, 9., 19., 29., 39., , (c), (c), (c), (b), , 10., 20., 30., 40., , (b),
(b), (b), (b), , 2., 12., 22., 32., 42., , (c), (d), ( b), (b), (c), , 3.,
13., 23., 33., 43., , (d), (b), (c), (c), (b), , 4., 14., 24., 34.,
44., , (c), (c), (d), (b), (b), , 5., 15., 25., 35., 45., , (a), (b), (b),
(b), (a), , 6., 16., 26., 36., 46., , (b), (b), (d), (a), (c), , 7., 17.,
27., 37., , (b), (c), (d), (b), , 8., 18., 28., 38., , (b), (c), (c), (b),
, 9., 19., 29., 39., , (b), (d), (c), (c), , 10., 20., 30., 40., , (a),
(c), (c), (b), , Level II, 1., 11., 21., 31., 41., , (c), (b), (b), (a),
(a), , Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. Primary investigation
is done by questionnaires., 2. The cumulative
frequency curve of statistical data is, called ogive., , 9.,
, 3. The given observation, 3 times, , 5 times, , 20, 20,
20, , 21, 21, 21, 21, 21,, 5 times, , 7 times, 22, 22, 22,
22, 22, 22, 22,, 2 times, , 1 time, , 24, 24,, , 25, , 23, 23,
23, 23, 23, , Mode = Higher frequency of observation
= 22 (7 times), 4. In statistics, a suitable graph for
representing the, partitioning of total into subparts is
a pie chart., 5. The volume of rainfall in certain
geographical area, recorded every month for 24
consecutives months., 6., f x, f, x, 1, 2, 3, 4, , ∴, , 5, 8, 18,
4f, , Σf = 15 + f, , Σfx = 31 + 4 f, , Σfx 31 + 4 f, =, Σf, 15 + f,
31 + 4 f, 3=, 15 + f, , Mean =, , , , , , 5, 4, 6, f, , 45 −
31 = f, f = 14, 12 + 22 + 32 + K + n 2, (n + 1), n (n + 1)
(2n + 1) 1, =, = n (2n + 1), 6(n + 1), 6, , 7. Mean =, , 8.
The value 2 is repeated more than the other values of,
variate X . Hence, mode = 2, , ∴, , xi, , 6, , 10, , 14, , 18, ,
24, , 28, , 30, , fi, , 2, , 4, , 7, , 12, , 8, , 4, , 3, , Σ fi xi, Σ fi,
(12 + 40 + 98 + 216 + 192 + 112 + 90), =, ( 2 + 4 + 7 +
12 + 8 + 4 + 3), 760, =, = 19, 40, , Mean =, , 10. The
geometric mean of the given observation, , = (10 ⋅ 40 ⋅
60)1/ 3, = ( 24 × 1000)1/ 3, = ( 3)1/ 3 ( 8 × 1000)1/ 3, =
( 3)1/ 3 ( 2 × 10), = 20, , 3, , 3, , 11. Firstly, arrange the
given observation in ascending, order 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
and 9., , Total terms, n = 7 (odd), ( 7 + 1), n + 1 , th
term, So, Median = , th term =, 2 , 2, = 4 th term =
5, 12. Given, n1 = 10, x1 = 12, n2 = 20, x2 = 9, n x +
n2x2 10 × 12 + 20 × 9, =, x= 1 1, ∴, n1 + n2, 10 + 20,
120 + 180 300, =, =, = 10, 30, 30, 13. Total of
corrected observations, = 4500 − (91 + 13) + (19 +
31), = 4446, 4446, Mean =, ∴, = 44.46, 100

Page 776 :
649, , Statistics, 14. Given, n = 20, x = 50, Σ x2 =
84000, 1 2, 84000, ∴, Σ x − ( x )2 =, σ=, − (50)2 = 1700,
n, 20, , , , 22. The observations are 29, 32, 48, 50, x, x
+ 2, 72, 78, 84, 95., Number of observations = 10, ∴
Median, 10, , 10, Value of, th term + Value of , + 1
th term, , 2, 2, =, 2, Value of 5th term + Value of 6th
term, =, 2, x + x + 2 2(x + 1), =, =, =x+1, 2, 2, But,
Median = 63, (given), ∴, x = 62, , Variance = σ 2 = 1700,
, 15. Let the number of girls in the class = y, ∴ Number
of boys in the class = 100 − y, Now,, x = 25, n1 = y, x2 =
50, n2 = 100 − y, and, x = 35, n1 + n2 = 100, 25 × y + 50
× (100 − y), 35 =, ∴, 100, , 3500 = 25 y + 5000 − 50 y,
, 25 y = 1500, , y = 60, , 23. The two more
observations added are 8 and 32., ∴ One observation,
i.e., 8 is less than given median 30, and second
observation, i.e., 32 is more than given, median 30.,
So, the median remain same, i.e., 30., , ∴ Number of
girls in the class = 60, , 16. x =, , 22 + 26 + 28 + 20 + 24
+ 30 150, =, = 25, 6, 6, xi, , 22, , 26, , 28, , 20, , 24, , 30, ,
xi − x, , –3, , 1, , 3, , –5, , –1, , 5, , ( xi − x)2, , 9, , 1, , 9, , 25,
, 1, , 25, , n, , SD =, , ∑, , i =1, , ( xi − x )2, , n, = 11 .67, , =, ,
70, 6, , = 3.42 (approx), 17. If each item of a data is
increased or decreased by the, same constant, the
standard deviation of the data, remains unchanged.
i.e., SD is 6., 18. The given observations are arranged
in ascending order, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10., Here, total
term = 9 (ood), 9 + 1 , 10 , ∴ Median = , th term
= th term, 2 , 2 , = 5th term = 4, 19. Required
geometric mean = (2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 32)1/5, = (21 + 2+ 3
+ 4 + 5 )1/5, = (215 )1/5, = 23 = 8, 2+9+9+3+6+9+4,
20. Mean =, 7, 42, =, =6 = X, 7, Σ [ X − X], ∴ Mean
deviation =, n, |2 − 6|+ 3|9 − 6|+ |3 − 6|+ |6 − 6|+ |4 −
6|, =, 7, 4 + 9 + 3 + 0 + 2 18, =, =, = 2 . 57, 7, 7, 21. We
know that, if a number is added in values, then the,
standard deviation remains unaltered., ∴ SD of new
values = σ, , 24. From the pie chart,, 25 1, =, 100 4, Let
θ be the angle corresponding to industries., 1, Then, θ
= × 360° = 90°, 4, , The share of industries = 25% =, ,
25. If x is the mean of x1 , x2, K , xn , then the mean of,
log x1 , log x2, K , log xn is not equal to log x ,
therefore,, option (d) is not correct., 26. We know
that, the arithmetic mean of n natural, number with
weights being the number itself, n (n + 1) (2n + 1), Σn
2, 6, =, n (n + 1), Σn, 2, n (n + 1) (2n + 1), 2, (2n + 1), =, ×,
=, 6, n (n + 1), 3, For 16 natural numbers, put n = 16, 2
× 16 + 1, 33, =, =, = 11, 3, 3, 27. Given, the marks of 10
students out of 15 in the, ascending order are 40, 50,
60, 70, 70, 75, 80, 80, 90, 95, n + 1 , Median = value
of , ∴, th term, 2 , 15 + 1 , = value of , th
term, 2 , = value of 8 term = 60, , (Qfirst five
students are failed ), 36 × 4 + 64 × 3, 28. Required
mean =, 36 + 64, 144 + 192 336, =, =, = 3.36, 100, 100,
29. When, we take 12 wrongly in place of 8, then
geometric, mean = 6, , (x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ 12)1/3 = 6, ...(i), ,
x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ 12 = 216 x1 ⋅ x2 = 18, Now, we take the
right observation 8 in place of 12, then, the geometric
mean = (x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ 8)1/3 = (18 ⋅ 8)1/3 = 2 3 18

Page 777 :
650, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 30. Since, section C
carried 51 average marks of 75., 51, ∴ Section C
carried =, × 100 = 68 average marks out, 75, of 100.,
Average percentage marks, 35 × 74 + 35 × 70 + 30 ×
68, =, 100, 2590 + 2450 + 2040, =, = 70.80, 100, 31.
Let us consider any five integers be 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.,
25, Its mean =, =5, 5, (5 − 3)2 + (5 − 4)2 + (5 − 5)2 + (5
− 6)2 + (5 − 7)2, SD =, 5, 4+1+0+1+4, =, = 2, 5, σ, 2, 32.
Month 1,, CV = × 100 =, × 100 = 6.67, X, 30, 3, Month
2,, CV =, × 100 = 5.26, 57, 4, Month 3,, CV =, × 100 =
4.88, 82, 2, Month 4,, CV =, × 100 = 7.14, 28, Hence, in
month 3 the sales are most consistent., 33. Given, HM
= 21.6 and a = 27, We know that,, 2ab, 2 × 27 × b, HM
=, 21 .6 =, a+b, 27 + b, , , , 583.2 = 54b − 21.6b,
583.2, b=, = 18, 32 .4, , 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 55, =, = 11,
5, 5, Now, SD, , 34. X =, , ( 7 − 11)2 + ( 9 − 11)2 + (11 −
11)2 + (13 − 11)2, + (15 − 11)2, , =, =, , 5, 16 + 4 + 0 + 4
+ 16, = 8 = 2 .8, 5, , (approx), , 35. For the set of
discrete numbers, the arithmetic mean,, median,
geometric means all of them are meaningfully,
defined., 1, 1, 1, 36. Harmonic mean =, = =∞, =, 1 1, 1,
1 1 1 1 0, +, − , , +, 3 3 (−6) (−6) 3 3 3 ,
37. Arithmetic mean of the series, n, C + nC 2 + nC3 +
...+ nC n 2n − 1, = 1, =, n, n, (Q2n = nC 0 + nC1 + ...+ nC
n 2n − 1 = nC1 + nC 2 + ...+ nC n ), 38. Let the
teacher’s age is x yr., 20 × 15 + x, 15 + 1 =, 21, , , 16 ×
21 = 300 + x, , , , x = 336 − 300 = 36 yr, , 39. Required
expression is, , log G =, , n 2 log G1 + n1 log G2, n1 + n
2, , 40. The largest amount occupies the largest area.
Thus, the, salaries occupied the largest area, 6, × 360°
= 108°, ∴ Sectorial angle =, 20, , Level II, 1. The
required weighted mean is, , n (n + 1)(2n + 1), 1 ⋅1 + 2
⋅2 + 3 ⋅3 + K + n ⋅ n, 6, x=, =, n (n + 1), 1+2+3+K+ n, 2, ,
=, , 2n + 1, 3, , 2. Let x1 , x2, x3 , …, xn be n
observations. Then,, 1 n, Σ xi, x=, n i =1, 1 n xi, 1 1
n 1, ∴New mean, x =, Σ + 10 = Σ xi + ⋅ (10n ),
α n i =1 n, n i =1 α, , =, , x + 10 α, 1, x + 10 =, α, α, ,
3. Let a and b be two observations, then, a + b , I.
Arithmetic mean, AM = , , 2 , Now, we multiply by
c in every observation, then, , ac + bc, a + b , = c⋅ , ,
2 , 2, II. Geometric mean, GM = ab, Now, we taken
ac and bc, then, Then,, GM = ac. bc = c . ab, 2ab, III.
Harmonic mean, HM =, a+b, AM =, , Now, we take, ac
and bc, then, 2(ac) . (bc), 2c2 ab, HM =, =, ac + bc, c (b +
a ), 2ab , HM = c . , , a + b , IV. Median, (i) Let a ,
b, d, f and h be five observations, then, total terms = 4
+ 1 = 5 = n, 5 + 1 , n + 1 , Median = , th term = d,
term = , 2 , 2

Page 778 :
651, , Statistics, 1, n (n + 1)2, 2n = n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
+, 6, 4, , Now, we take, ac, bc, dc, fc and hc, then, 5 +
1 , Median = , th term = 3rd term, 2 , = c. d, (ii)
Let a, b, d and f be four observations, then total,
number of terms = 4 = n, , n, n , Median = th
term + + 1 th term, , 2, 2 , = 2nd term + 3 rd
term = (b + d), Now, we take, ac, bc, dc, and fc, then, ,
n, n , Median = th term + + 1 th term, , 2,
2 , = 2nd term + 3rd term, = bc + dc = c . (b + d ),
Hence, all four satisfy the property., , , , , n, , 4. Q
Given, ∑ (xi − 2) = 110, i =1, , ∴, , , x1 + x2 + ... + xn −
2n = 110, x1 + x2 + ... + xn = 2n + 110, , ...(i), , n, , and, ,
∑, , (xi − 5) = 20, , i =1, , , x1 + x2 + ... + xn − 5n = 20,
, x1 + x2 + ... + xn = 5n + 20, From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get, 5n + 20 = 2n + 110, 3n = 90, , n = 30, , x1 + x2
+ ... + xn, Now, Mean =, n, 5 × 30 + 20 170 17, =, =, =,
30, 30, 3, , (given), , 30 + 23f = 224 + 24f, f=6, , 8.
Standard deviation of the series B, 1, =, (1 .92 + 0 .82 +
1 .52 + 0 .62 + 0 .22), 5, 2, 1 .9 + 0 .8 + 1 .5 + 0 .6 +
0.2 , − , , , , 5, 6.9, − 1 = 1 .38 − 1, 5, = 0 .38, , ...(ii), ,
9. Collection data from government offices and public,
libraries is secondary and from telephonic interview
is, primary., 10. Here, statement III is wrong because
construction of a, frequency distribution is based on
data which are both, discrete as well as continuous.,
[from Eq. (ii)], , = ( a + md ), n (n + 1), 2, 6. Mean of the
numbers =, n, n+1, x =, , 2, 2, , n (n + 1) , , , 2, , ,
, =, , 5. S = a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + K + (a + 2md ), 2m + 1,
=, [2a + 2md ], 2, = (2m + 1)(a + md ), (2m + 1)(a + md ),
∴ Required arithmetic mean =, (2m + 1), , 2, , n + 1 ,
−2 , , 2 , 2n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 , 2n = n (n + 1) , +,
−, 4, 2 , 6, 4n + 2 − 3n − 3 , 2 = (n + 1) , , ,
12, , 24 = (n + 1) (n – 1), n 2 − 1 = 24 , n 2 = 25,
n = ±5, , 2 ×1 + 3 ×2 + 3f + 4 ×5, 7. Arithmetic mean
=, 2+3+ f +5, 23 28 + 3 f, =, , 8, 10 + f, , 2, , n + 1 , n +
1 , n + 1 , , , , 1 −, + 2 −, + 3 −, + ..., , , , 2
, 2 , 2 , Variance =, n, 2=, 2, n + 1 , n + 1 , (12 +
22 + 32 + .. ) + n , [1 + 2 + 3 ... ], −2 , 2 , 2 , n, ,
11. Required diagram is a bar chart., 12. Since, x is the
mean of n observations x1 , x2,... , xn, x = x1 + x2 + x3
+ ... + xn, ∴, n, Now, (a − b) is added to each term., x + (a
− b) + x2 + (a − b) + ... + xn + (a − b), ∴New mean = 1, n,
x1 + x2 + ...+ xn n (a − b), =, +, = x + (a − b), n, n, 13. Let
the number of boys in class (n1) = x, and let the
number of girls in class (n2) = y, The mean weight of all
students (w12) = 60 kg, Mean weight of boys (w1 ) =
70 kg, Mean weight of girls (w2) = 55 kg, w n1 + w2
n2, w12 = 1, n1 + n2, 70x + 55 y, 60 =, , x+ y, , ,
, , 60 x + 60 y = 70 x + 55y, 10 x = 5 y, x 1, = x : y = 1
: 2, y 2, , (given), (given), (given)

Page 779 :
652, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 14. Let the number of
students of school I = x, ∴ Number of students of
school II = 1.5x, Mean of marks of school I = 82, and
Mean of marks of school II = 86, x × 82 + 1.5x × 86,
Combined mean =, ∴, x + 1.5x, x(82 + 129) 211, =, =, =
84.4, 2 .5x, 2 .5, , 17. Here, given x = 46.5, , Total, , 15,
30, M, 75, 90, , fx, 150, 1200, 30 M, 750, 900, , 100
3000 + 30 M, , Σfx, Mean, x =, Σf, 3000 + 30M, , 46.5
=, 100, , 4650 = 3000 + 30M, 4650 − 3000, M=, ,
30, 1650, , M=, 30, , M = 55, Then, the value of x5
+ 100 = 90 × 2, , x5 = 180 − 100 = 80, Similarly, x1 ,
x2, x3 , x4 are 10, 20, 40, 70, 80., , X = 5 + 2U, X −5, 2, X
= 10, σ X2 = 2 .6, , U =, , Now, coefficient of variation of
X − 5 = Coefficient of, variation of X., , , , 16.
Suppose, we have a raw data, i.e.,, x1 , x2, K , xk, 1 k,
Then,, Σ (xi − x )2, σ2 =, k i =1, If each value is
multiplied by n, then the values are, nx1 , nx2, …, nxk,
The AM of the new values is, nx1 + nx2 + K + nxk, = nx,
k, Therefore, the variance of the new set of values is, 1
k, , 1 k, Σ (nxi − nx )2 = n 2 Σ (xi − x )2 , 1, i, =, k i =1,
k, , , = n 2σ 2, , x1 − x2, x2 − x3, x3 − x4, x4 − x5, x5 −
100, , Mean, , , , Now, arranging the terms in the
increasing order, i.e.,, x, x x x x, , , , , x, the third term =,
3, 5 4 3 2, Given,, median = 8, x, =8, 3, x = 24, , f, 10, 40,
30, 10, 10, , , , ∴, , 15. Here, number of terms = 5
(which is odd), 5 + 1 , ∴ Median = value of , th
term, 2 , = value of 3rd term, , Class Interval Mid-
values ( x), , 18. Given,, , [Q variance does not depend
on change of origin], σ 2X − 5 = σ 2X = 2 .6, σ 2X − 5 1
2 1, = σ X = × 2 .6, 2, 2, 2, 2 .6, 2, σU =, = 1.3, 2, , 19.
Upper class boundary of the highest class, = 6.1 + (2.5
× 12), = 6.1 + 30, = 36.1, 20. Let A, B and C be the
sections of a class having 30, 30, and 40 students,
respectively., Now, the total marks secured by the
students of, section A = 30 × 72 . 2 = 2166, The total
marks secured by the students of section, B = 30 × 69
= 2070, and the total marks secured by the students
of section, C = 40 × 64.1 = 2564, So, the arithmetic
mean of marks of all the students of, three sections,
(2166 + 2070 + 2564), =, 100, 6800, =, = 68, 100, 21.
We know that, var (λx) = λ2 var (x), Given data is, x =
2, 4, 5, 6, 17 and its variance,., var (x) = v, Now,
multiply by 2 in above data numbers,, x = 4, 8, 10, 12,
34, Its variance, var (2x) = (2)2 var (x) = 4 v, , ...(i), , 22.
The variability in the wages of the workers in factory
A, is 50% more than the variability in the wages of the,
workers in Factory B., SD, × 100, ∴ Coefficient of
variation =, Mean, 40.50, For, factory A,, × 100 = 7.5,
540, 31, and for factory B,, × 100 = 5, 620, 23. Since,
the standard deviation of some consecutive, integers
is 2, then these integers are any set of seven,
consecutive integers., 24. n = 50, x = 3550, n1 = 30, x1
= 4050 and n2 = 20, We know that, nx = n1x1 + n2x2,
, 50 × 3550 = 30 × 4050 + 20x2, , 177500 −
121500 = 20x2, , x2 = 2800, Hence, average salary
of women = ` 2800

Page 780 :
653, , Statistics, 25. Average of marks of A, 71 + 56 +
55 + 75 + 54 + 49 360, =, =, = 60, 6, 6, 121 + 16 + 25 +
225 + 36 + 121, 544, and SD =, =, = 9.52, 6, 6, Also,
average of marks of B, 55 + 74 + 83 + 54 + 38 + 52
356, =, =, = 59.33 ≅ 59, 6, 6, 16 + 225 + 576 + 25 +
441 + 49, and, SD =, 6, 1332, =, = 222 = 15, 6, 9.52,
Now, CV A =, × 100 = 15.87, 60, 15, and,, CVB =, × 100
= 25.42, 59, , and the mean of 3 observations = 5, 3, ,
25 5, =, = 0.055, 90 90, , 7, , ∑, , i =1, , 16, 4, =, = 0.033,
120 120, , Class Interval, , f, , cf, , 0.5–5.5, 5.5–10.5,
10.5–15.5, 15.5–20.5, , 3, 7, 6, 5, , 3, 10, 16, 21, , 21, ,
50, , 3, , 10, , xi + ∑ xi = 70 + 15 ∑ xi = 85, i =1, , i =1, ,
∴Mean of 10 observations =, , ∑, , xi, , i =1, , =, , 10, , 85,
= 8 .5, 10, , 29. Let x = 31 and y = 10, then, CI, , x, , f, , cf,
, 8.5–13.5, , 11, , 7, , 7, , 13.5–18.5, , 16, , 31, , 38, ,
18.5–23.5, , 21, , 40, , 78, , 23.5–28.5, , 26, , 10, , 88, ,
28.5–33.5, , 31, , 10, , 98, , 33.5–38.5, , 36, , 2, , 100, , N,
= 50, 2, , N = 100, ∴, , Median group is 18.5–23.5, ∴, ,
Hence, we see that minimum coefficient of variance
is, D, hence product is consistent., 27., , ....(ii), , i =1, ,
10, , Q, , 36 6, Coefficient of variance C =, =, = 0.075,
80 80, Coefficient of variance D =, , 3, , 3, , = 5 ∑ xi =
15, , On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, , 12 3.46, =, =
0.057, 60, 60, , Coefficient of variance B =, , xi, , i =1, ,
, , Thus, the average scores of A and B are not same
but A, is consistent., SD, 26. Since, coefficient of
variance =, Mean, Coefficient of variance A =, , ∑, , L1
= 18.5 , L 2 = 23.5 , C = 38, h = 5 , f = 40, 50 − 38,
Median = 18.5 +, ×5, 40, 12 × 5, = 18.5 +, = 18.5 + 1 .5
= 20, 40, , Thus, our assumption is correct. Therefore,
missing, numbers are 31 and 10, respectively., 30.
Both statements are true., 31. A and R are correct, R is
the correct explanation of A., 32. Dispersion is the
limit of the deviation of the terms, about their mean.,
Dispersions which are mostly used are range, quartile,
deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation., , N =
21, N 21, =, = 10.5, 2, 2, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 33-34), , Q
Median class is 10.5 – 15.5, 10.5 − 10, Median = 10.5
+, ×5, 6, = 10.5 + 0.417 = 10.917, Thus, median is not
contained in the modal class and, the distribution is
not bell-shaped., Mean ≠ Median ≠ Mode, ∴, 28. Given,
mean of 7 observations = 10, , Class, Interval, , f, , cf, , x,
, fx, , 0-10, , 5, , 5, , 5, , 25, , 10-20, , 10, , 15, , 15, , 150, ,
20-30, , 20, , 35, , 25, , 500, , 30-40, , 5, , 40, , 35, , 175, ,
40-50, , 10, , 50, , 45, , 450, , 50, , 145, , 125, , 1300, , 7, ,
, , ∑ xi, , i =1, , 7, , = 10 , , 7, , ∑, , i =1, , xi = 70, , ...(i), ,
N 50, =, = 25, 2, 2

Page 781 :
654, , NDA/NA Mathematics, N = 90, N, = 45, 2, , 33.
Median group is 20-30., 25 − 15, Median = 20 +, , ×
10 = 20 + 5 = 25, 20, Σfx 1300, 34. Mean =, =, = 26, Σf,
50, , 40. Lower limit of median class is 15., 41. Given
that, median = 17, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 35-39),
Average, , Good, , Excellent, , Total, , Male, Female, , 16,
24, , 22, 8, , 10, —, , 48, 32, , Total, , 40, , 30, , 10, , 80, ,
35. ∴, , 40% = 32, 32 × 100, Q 100% =, = 80, 40,
∴Number of boys = 80 − 32 = 48, 1, ∴Average male
students = × 48 = 16, 3, , , , , ∴, , , , N, −C ,
2, ×h, , M = l+, f, {45 − (15 + x)}, 17 = 15 +, ×5, 35, (30
− x), 17 = 15 +, 7, 119 = 105 + 30 − x, x = 16, x + y = 36,
y = 36 − 16 = 20, , Unknown frequency = 20, , 36. 50%
of the total student, i.e., 40 student were either,
excellent or girl., ∴ No girl was excellent., 37. Number
of males who are good = 48 − 16 − 10 = 22, 22, = 0.73,
∴ Required proportion =, 30, 38. Proportion of female
students who are good, 8, =, = 0.25, 32, 39. Number of
students who are both male and good, = 48 − 16 − 10
= 22, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 40-42), Class Interval, ,
Frequency, , cf, , 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, 20–25, 25–
30, , 3, 12, x, 35, y, 4, , 3, 15, 15 + x, 50 + x, 50 + x + y,
54 + x + y, , 42. Cumulative frequency of modal class, =
50 + x = 50 + 16 = 66, , Solutions (Q. Nos. 43-46), 43.
Employment is allocated maximum funds., 44. Money
allocated to education, 40°, =, × 72000, 360°, = 8000,
45. Money allocated to both Agriculture and
Employment., 90° + 110°, =, × 72000, 360°, 200°, =, ×
72000 = 40000, 360°, 70° − 40°, 46. Required value of
money =, × 72000, 360°, 30°, =, × 72000, 360°, = 6000

Page 782 :
31, , Correlation, and Regression, Bivariate
Frequency, Distribution, In a bivariate frequency
distribution, we have two, variables of observation on
which values are recorded for, each unit of
observation. The distributions having more, than two
variables of observation are called multivariate,
distributions., Here, we confine ourselves to the study
of bivariate, distribution in which two variables may
be inter, dependent., , Correlation, The tendency of
simultaneous variation between two, variables is
called correlation. It denotes the degree of inter,
dependence between variables., , Covariance, , Σ ( xi −
x ) ( yi − y ), Σ ( xi − x )2 ⋅ Σ ( yi − y )2, , Modified
Formula,, r=, where,, , n Σdxdy − Σdx Σdy, nΣdx − ( Σdx
)2, 2, , nΣdy 2 − ( Σdy )2, , dx = x − x ,, dy = y − y, ,
Characteristics of Correlation, Coefficient, 1. − 1 ≤ r ≤
1., 2. If r = 1, the correlation is perfect and positive., 3.
If r = − 1, the correlation is perfect and negative., 4.
The coefficient of correlation is a pure number, it is,
independent of the unit of measurement., , The
covariance between two variables x and y with n,
pairs of observations ( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y2 ), .... , ( xn , yn )
is defined, as, Σ ( xi − x ) ( yi − y ), cov( x , y ) = σ xy =, n,
, Σx y, = i i − xy , , n, where,, , =, , x=, , Σx i, Σy,
and y = i, n, n, , Karl Pearson’s Correlation, Coefficient,
The correlation coefficient r( x , y ), between two,
variables x and y is given by, cov ( x , y ), r=, var ( x ) ⋅
var ( y ), , 5. The coefficient of correlation is
independent of the, change of origin and scale., 6. If 0
< r < 1,there is a positive correlation between x, and y.,
7. If − 1 < r < 0, there is a negative correlation,
between x and y., 8. If r = 0, then x and y are said to be
uncorrelated., , Example 1. Karl Pearson’s coefficient
of correlation, between x and y for the data, x, , 65, ,
66, , 67, , 67, , 68, , 72, , y, , 67, , 68, , 65, , 68, , 72, , 71, ,
is, , (a) 0.62, (c) 1, , (b) 0.82, (d) None of these

Page 783 :
656, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , Solution (a) Change the
variables as ui = xi − 67 and vi = yi − 68,, we get, ui, , vi,
, u i2, , v i2, , u iv i, , −2, , −1, , 4, , 1, , 2, , −1, , 0, , 1, , 0, , 0, ,
−3, , 0, , 9, , 0, , 0, , 0, , 0, , 0, , 0, , 1, , 4, , 1, , 16, , 4, , 5, , 3, ,
25, , 9, , 15, , Σui2 = 31, , Σvi2 = 35, , Σuv, i i = 21, , Σvi =
3, , The term regression means “stepping back
towards, the average”., , Lines of Regression, , n Σ uv, i i
− ( Σui ) ( Σvi ), , r=, , [n Σ ui2 − ( Σui ) 2] [n Σvi2 − ( Σvi )
2], 6 (21) − (3) (3), 117, =, =, = 0.62, 2, 2, × 201, 177, [6
(31) − (3) ] [6 (35) − (3) ], , The line of regression is the
line which gives the best, estimate to the value of one
variable for any specific value, of the other variable., ,
Equations of Regression Lines, The line of regression
of y on x is, σy, (x − x ), y− y =r, σx, , Coefficient of Rank,
Correlation, This formula is applied to the problems in
which data, can not be measured quantitatively but
qualitative, assessment is possible. In this case, the
best individual is, given rank number 1, next rank 2,
and so on. The, coefficient of rank correlation is given
by the formula, 6 Σdi2, R=1−, n ( n 2 − 1), where, di is
the difference of corresponding rank, and n is the
number of pairs of observations., , Example 2. Eight
students were ranked according to their, grades in
both the practicals and theory examination of a,
Physics course as given below, Practicals, , 4, , 6, , 3, , 5,
, 7, , 2, , 8, , 1, , Theory, , 5, , 4, , 6, , 2, , 8, , 1, , 7, , 3, ,
Then, coefficient of rank correlation is, (a) 5 / 14, (b) 7
/ 14, (c) 9 / 14, , 6 × 30, 6 Σdi2, =1−, 8 × 63, n (n 2 − 1),
5, 9, =1−, =, 14 14, , R =1−, , Regression, , 0, , Σui = 3, ,
∴, , The line of regression of x on y is, σ, x − x = r x ( y −
y), σy, , Properties of Regression Lines, 1. The two
lines of regression pass through the point, ( x , y )., 2.
Slope of the line of regression of y on x = byx ., 1, ., 3.
Slope of the line of regression of x on y =, bxy, ,
Regression Coefficient, ‘b’ the slope of the line of
regression of y on x is also, called the coefficient of
regression of y on x., σy, Regression coefficient of y on
x = byx = r, ., σx, Similarly,, , (d) 11/ 14, , Regression
coefficient of x on y = bxy = r, , Solution (c), Practicals, ,
Theory, , di, , d i2, , 4, , 5, , 1, , 6, , 4, , −1, 2, , 3, , 6, , 5, , 2, ,
−3, 3, , 4, 9, 9, , 7, , 8, , −1, , 1, , 2, , 1, , 1, , 8, , 7, , 1, 1, , 1, ,
3, , −2, , 1, 4, Σdi2 = 30, , σx, ., σy, , Properties of
Regression, Coefficient, 1. Both regression
coefficients and r have the same, sign., 2. Coefficient
of correlation is the geometric mean, between the
regression coefficients, r=±, , b yx × bxy, , 3. If one of
the regression coefficients is greater than, unity, the
other must be less than unity.

Page 784 :
657, , Correlation and Regression, 4. The modulus
value of the arithmetic mean of the, regression
coefficients is not less than the, modulus value of the
correlation coefficient r. i.e.,, byx + bxy, 2, , Solution
(b), , >|r|, , 5. Regression coefficients are independent
of the, change of origin but not of scale., , Angle
between Two Lines of, Regression, Ifθ be the angle
between the two regression lines, then, (1 − r 2 ) σ x
σ y , , ⋅ 2, tan θ = ±, σ + σ2 , |r|, x, y , π, , i. e. , if
two variables are, 2, uncorrelated, then the lines of
regression are, perpendicular to each other., If r = ± 1,
then θ = 0 or π, i. e. , in the case of perfect, correlation,
positive or negative the two lines of regression,
coincide., If r = 0, then θ =, , Example 3. The equations
of the lines of regression on the, basis of the following
data, x, , 4, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 2, , y, , 2, , 3, , 2, , 4, , 4, , (a) x + y =
15, y + 4x = 15, (b) x + 4y = 15, 4x + y = 15, (c) x + 4y =
15, x + y = 15, (d) None of the above, , y2, , xy, , 16, , 4, ,
8, , 4, , 9, , 6, , x, , y, , x2, , 4, , 2, , 2, , 3, , 3, , 2, , 9, , 4, , 6, , 4,
, 4, , 16, , 16, , 16, , 2, , 4, , 4, , 16, , 8, , Σx = 15, , Σy = 15, ,
Σx = 49, , Σy = 49, , Σxy = 44, , 2, , n Σxy − ( Σx) ( Σy), n
Σy 2 − ( Σy) 2, (5 × 44) − (15 × 15), =, 5 ( 49) − (15) 2,
220 − 225, 5, 1, =, =−, =−, 245 − 225, 20, 4, n Σxy − (
Σx) ( Σy), and, byx =, n Σx2 − ( Σx) 2, (5 × 44) − (15 ×
15), =, 5 × 49 − (15) 2, 1, =−, 4, 15, Also,, x=, =3, 5, 15,
and, y =, =3, 5, Lines of regression are, 1, y − 3 = − ( x −
3), 4, , x + 4y = 15, 1, and, x − 3 = − (y − 3), 4, , 4x +
y = 15, , ∴, , bxy =, , 2

Page 785 :
Exercise, Level I, 1. When the correlation between
two variables is, perfect, then the value of coefficient
of correlation r is, (a) − 1, (b) + 1, (c) 0, (d) ± 1, , (c)
Correlation coefficient is the harmonic mean of, the
regression coefficient., (d) None of the above, , 2. If for
the variables x and y, the two regression lines, are 3x
+ 2 y − 25 = 0 and 6x + y − 30 = 0, then the, coefficient
of correlation r is equal to, (a) 0.5, (b) − 0.5, (c) 0.6, (d)
− 0.6, , 11. If the correlation coefficient between X and
Y is 0.7,, what is the correlation coefficient between,
3Y − 4, ?, U = 4X + 3 and V =, 2, (a) 0.6, (b) 0.7, (c) 0.8,
(d) 1, , 3. If Σxi = 15, Σyi = 36, Σxi yi = 110 and n = 5,
then cov, ( x , y ) is equal to, (a) 0.8, (b) 0.6, (c) 0.4, (d)
0.2, 4. The point of intersection of the regression
lines, x + 2 y − 5 = 0 and 2x + 3 y − 8 = 0 will always be
at, (a) mean, (b) median, (c) mode, (d) standard
deviation, 5. If the regression equations of the
variables x and y be, then, the, x = 1913, . − 0.83 y and
y = 11.64 − 0.50x,, correlation coefficient between x
and y is, (a) 0.66, (b) − 0.64, (c) 0.001, (d) − 0.001, 6. If
var ( x ) = 8.25, var ( y ) = 33.96 and cov ( x , y ) = 10.2,,
then the correlation coefficient is, (a) 0.89, (b) − 0.98,
(c) 0.61, (d) − 016, ., 7. Consider the following data, x, ,
5, , 7, , 8, , 4, , 6, , y, , 2, , 4, , 3, , 2, , 4, , What is the
regression equation of y on x?, (NDA 2010 II), , (a) y =
0.6 + 0.4x, (c) y = 6 + 5x, , (b) y = 0.7 + 0.3x, (d) y = 4 +
9x, , 8. If the slopes of the line of regression of Y on X
and of, X on Y are 30 and 60 respectively, then r( x , y )
is, (NDA 2007 I), , (a) − 1, , (b) 1, , (c), , 1, 3, , (d) −, , 1, 3, ,
9. If the equation of the lines of regression of y on x
and, that of x on y be y = ax + b and x = cy + d
respectively,, then x and y are equal to, respectively,
ab + c cd + a, bc + d ad + b, (b), (a), ,, ,, 1 − ab 1 − ad, 1 −
ac 1 − ac, ad + c cd + d, (c), (d) None of these, ,, 1 − bc 1
− bc, 10. Which of the following statements is
correct?, (a) Correlation coefficient is the arithmetic
mean of, the regression coefficient., (b) Correlation
coefficient is the geometric mean of, the regression
coefficient., , 12. If x and y are independent variables,
what is the, value of regression coefficient of y on x ?,
(a) 0, (b) 1, (c) − 1, (d) ∞, 13. Two variables x and y are
related by the linear, equation ax + by + c = 0. The
coefficient of correlation, between the two is + 1, if,
(a) a is positive, (b) b is positive, (c) a and b both are
positive, (d) a and b are of opposite sign, 14. For the
given data, the calculation corresponding to, all,
values, of, pairs, is, following, (x, y), Σ ( x − x )2 = 36, Σ (
y − y )2 = 25, Σ ( x − x ) ( y − y ) = 20,, then the Karl
Pearson's correlation coefficient is, (a) 0.2, (b) 0.5, (c)
0.66, (d) 0.33, 15. Two lines of regression are 3x + 4 y
− 7 = 0 and, 4x + y − 5 = 0. Then, correlation
coefficient between x, and y is, 3, 3, 3, 3, (c), (d) −, (b) −,
(a), 4, 4, 16, 16, 16. Let X , Y be two variables with
correlation coefficient, ρ( X , Y ) and variables U , V be
related to X , Y by the, relation U = 2X , V = 3Y , then
ρ(U , V ) is equal to, (a) ρ( X , Y ), (b) 6ρ( X , Y ), 3, (c) 6 ρ(
X , Y ), (d) ρ( X , Y ), 2, 17. If the two lines of regression
are 4x + 3 y + 7 = 0 and, 3x + 4 y + 8 = 0, then the
means of x and y are, 4, 11, 4 11, (b) − ,, (a) − , −, 7, 7, 7
7, 4, 11, (c) , −, (d) 4, 7, 7, 7, 18. The ranks of some 10
students in Mathematics and, Physics are as follows.
Two numbers within brackets, denote the ranks of the
students in Mathematics and, Physics. (1, 1) (2, 10) (3,
3) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 7) (7, 2) (8, 6), (9, 8) (10,11). The rank
correlation coefficient is, (a) 0.40, (b) 0.42, (c) 0.38, (d)
0.48.

Page 786 :
659, , Correlation and Regression, , Level II, 1. If byx
and bxy are both positive ( where byx and bxy are,
regression coefficients), then, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, (a), (b), +,
<, +, >, byx bxy r, byx bxy r, 1, 1, r, (d) None of these, (c),
+, <, byx bxy 2, 2. For, the, following, pairs, of,
observations, (1, 10), ( 2, 9), ( 3, 9), ( 4, 8), ( 5, 6), ( 6,
12), ( 7, 4), ( 8, 3),, ( 9, 13), (10, 1), cov ( x , y ) is equal to,
(a) 1.05, (b) 2.45, (c) − 4.45, (d) − 4.9, 3. In a partially
destroyed laboratory record of an, analysis of
correlation data, the following results are, legible,
Variance of x = 9 and Regression equations are, 8x −
10 y + 66 = 0 and 40x − 18 y = 214, On the basis of
above information, the coefficient of, correlation is, (a)
2/5, (b) 1/2, (c) 3/5, (d) 2/3, 4. In an experiment two
variables X and Y are observed, on same units. It was
recorded that σ X = 2σY . Which, one of the following
statements is correct?, (a) The regression coefficient
of Y on X is four times, the regression coefficient of X
on Y, (b) The regression coefficient of Y on X is equal
to the, regression coefficient of X on Y, (c) The
regression coefficient of X on Y is four times, the
regression coefficient of Y on X, (d) The value of
correlation coefficient exceeds unity, 5. If X and Y are
change into a + hU , b + kV, respectively, which of the
correct relation between, the correlation coefficient
bxy and bUV ? (NDA 2007 1), (b) kbXY = hbUV, (a)
hbXY = kbUV, (d) k2bXY = h 2bUV, (c) bXY = bUV, 6.
Consider the following statements, (NDA 2012 I), I.
Two independent variables are always, uncorrelated.,
II. The coefficient of correlation between two,
varibles X and Y is positive when X decrease,, then Y
decreases., Which of the above statements is/are
correct?, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and II, (d)
Neither I nor II, 7. In a study on the relationship
between investment, ( X ) and profit (Y ), the following
two regression, equations were obtained based on
the data on X and, Y., 3X + Y − 12 = 0, X + 2Y − 14 = 0,
What is the mean X ?, (a) 6, (b) 5, , (NDA 2009 II), , (c) 4,
, (d) 2, , 8. a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0
are the lines of, regression of Y on X and X on Y,
respectively. Which, one of the following is correct?,
(a) a1a2 ≤ b1b2, (b) a1b2 ≤ a2b1, (d) b1b2 ≤ a1a2, (c)
a2b1 ≤ a1b2, 9. If x1 and x2 are regression
coefficients and r is the, coefficient of correlation,
then, (b) x1 + x2 < r, (a) x1 − x2 > r, (d) None of these,
(c) x1 + x2 ≥ 2r, 10. The two lines of regression are 8x
− 10 y = 66 and, 40x − 18 y = 214 and variance of x
series is 9. What is, the standard deviation of y series?,
(NDA 2010 II), (a) 3, (b) 4, (c) 6, (d) 9, 11. Consider the
following statements with regard to, correlation
coefficient r between random variables x, and y., I. r =
+ 1 or − 1 means there is a linear relation, between x
and y., II. − 1 ≤ r ≤ 1 and r 2 is a measure of the linear,
relationship between the variables., Which of the
statements given above is/are correct?, (a) Only I, (b)
Only II, (NDA 2011 I), (c) Both I and II, (d) Neither I nor
II, 12. Which of the following two sets of regression
lines are, the true representative of the information
from the, bivariate population?, I. x + 4 y = 15 and y +
3x = 12, x = 3, y = 3 ., 5, 30, ., II. 3x + 4 y = 9 and 4x + y =
1, x = −, ,y=, 10, 13, (a) Only I, (b) Only II, (c) Both I and
II, (d) None of these, 13. If the two lines of regression
are x + 4 y = 3 and, 3x + y = 15, then the value of x for
y = 3 is, (a) − 4, (b) − 9, (c) 4, (d) 5, , Directions (Q. Nos.
14-16) Each of these, questions contain two
statements, one is Assertion (A), and other is Reason
(R). Each of these questions also has, four alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct, answer. You
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and, (d)
given below., Codes, (a) Both A and R are individually
true and R is the, correct explanation of A., (b) Both A
and R are individually true but R is not, the correct
explanation of A., (c) A is true but R is false., (d) A is
false but R is true., 14. Assertion (A) We cannot find
out the regression, equation of x on y from that of y
on x ., Reason (R) In one equation x is dependent
variable, and y is independent whereas in other
equation y is, dependent variable and x is
independent.

Page 787 :
660, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 15. Assertion (A) If bxy
is negative, then byx and r are, positive., Reason (R)
Both regression coefficients and r have, the same
sign., 16. Assertion (A) If one regression coefficient is
greater, than 1, then the other will be less than one.,
Reason (R) The square root of the product of two,
regression coefficients is the correlation coefficient,
between the variables and the correlation coefficient,
lies between − 1 and+ 1., , Directions (Q. Nos. 17-19), ,
For the following, , data, Mean, Standard deviation,
Correlation coefficient, , x, 65, 5.0, 0.8, , y, 67, 2.5, , 17.
The equation of line of regression of y on x is, 2, (a) y −
67 = ( x − 65), 5, 1, (b) y − 67 = ( x − 65), 5, 2, (c) x − 65 =
( y − 67), 5, 1, (d) x − 65 = ( y − 67), 5, 18. The equation
of line of regression of x on y is, 4, 4, (b) x − 67 = ( y −
65), (a) x − 65 = ( y − 67), 5, 5, 8, 8, (c) x − 65 = ( y − 67),
(d) x − 67 = ( y − 65), 5, 5, 19. Angle between the both
lines of regression is, (b) tan− 1( 0.9), (a) tan− 1(1.8),
−1, (d) tan− 1(1 .6), (c) tan ( 0.8), , Answers, Level I, 1.
(d), 11. (b), , 2. (b), 12. (a), , 3. (c), 13. (d), , 4. (a), 14. (c), ,
5. (b), 15. (b), , 6. (c), 16. (a), , 7. (a), 17. (a), , 8. (c), 18. (b),
, 9. (b), , 10. (b), , 2. (c), 12. (c), , 3. (c), 13. (c), , 4. (c), 14.
(a), , 5. (b), 15. (d), , 6. (a), 16. (a), , 7. (d), 17. (a), , 8. (b),
18. (c), , 9. (c), 19. (a), , 10. (b), , Level II, 1. (b), 11. (c)

Page 788 :
Hints & Solutions, Level I, 1. When correlation is
perfect, then coefficient of, correlation is ± 1., 2.
Given, regression lines are, 3x + 2 y − 25 = 0, and, 6x +
y − 30 = 0, From Eq. (i), we have, 2 y = − 3x + 25, −3x
25, y=, +, 2, 2, −3, ∴, byx =, 2, From Eq. (ii), we have, 6x
= − y + 30, −1, , x=, y+5, 6, 1, bxy = −, ∴, 6, r = − byx ⋅
bxy, ∴, , 7., , y2, , xy, , 25, , 4, , 10, , 49, , 16, , 28, , 3, , 64, ,
9, , 24, , 2, , 16, , 4, , 8, , 6, , 4, , 36, , 16, , 24, , Σx = 30, , Σy
= 15, , Σx2 = 190, , Σy2 = 49, , Σxy = 94, , ...(i), ...(ii), , 3.
We have,, Σxi = 15, Σyi = 36, Σ xi yi = 110 and n = 5,
We know that, (Σxi yi ), cov(x, y) =, −xy, n, x , 1, 15
36 , , , cov(x, y) = (110) − , Qx=n , 5
5 , 5, , cov(x, y) = 22 − 21.6 = 0.4, 4. The point of
intersection of the regression lines passes, through
mean., 5. Let us assume that line of regression of x on
y is, x = − 0.83 y + 19.13 and that of y on x is, y = −
0.50x + 11.64, , bxy = − 0.83 and byx = − 0.50, Since,
both regression coefficients are negative, ∴, , r = − bxy
× byx, , , , r = − 0.83 × 0.50 = − 0.64, , 6. Given, var (x)
= 8 .25, var ( y) = 33.96 and cov(x, y) = 10 .2, cov(x, y),
10.2, =, r=, ∴, var(x) ⋅ var( y), (8.25) ⋅ (33.96), =, , 10.2,
10.2, =, 280.17 16.74, , = 0.61, , y, , x2, , 5, , 2, , 7, , 4, , 8,
4, , 30, =6, 5, 15, y=, =3, 5, nΣxy − (Σx) (Σy), byx =, nΣx2
− (Σx)2, 5 × 94 − 30 × 15, =, 5 × 190 − (30)2, 470 − 450
20 2, =, =, = = 0.4, 950 − 900 50 5, x=, , and, ∴, , [Q bxy ,
byx < 0, so we take r negative], 3 1, =−, ×, 2 6, 1, =−, = −
0.5, 4, , x, , Hence, line of regression is, y − 3 = 0.4 (x −
6), , y = 0.4x + 3 − 2 .4, , y = 0.4x + 0.6, 1, 8. byx =
tan 30° =, 3, 1, and, = tan 60° = 3, bxy, ∴, , , 1, 3, 1, 2, r
=, 3, , bxy ⋅ byx =, , , , r=+, , 1, 3, , As, byx and bxy are
positive., 9. The lines of regression are y = ax + b and x
= cy + d., Since, the lines of regression passes through
(x , y), …(i), y = ax + b, , …(ii), and, x = cy + d, On
solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, bc + d, ad + b, x=, ,y=, 1 −
ac, 1 − ac, 10. Correlation coefficient is the geometric
mean of the, regression coefficient., r = bxy ⋅ byx, 11.
Since, correlation coefficient is independent of
change of, origin and scale., ∴ It is remain same i.e.,
0.7., 12. If x and y are independent variables, then
value of, regression coefficient of y on x is 0.

Page 789 :
662, , NDA/NA Mathematics, , 13. The given relation
is ax + by + c = 0, a, c, , by = − ax − c y = − x −, b, b,
Since, r = 1, if the slope of relation is positive., ∴ a and
b are of opposite sign., , 16. Since, correlation
coefficient is independent of change of, origin., ρ (U , V
) = ρ (X ,Y ), , 14. Given that,, Σ (x − x )2 = 36, Σ ( y − y)2
= 25, Σ (x − x ) ( y − y) = 20, Σ (x − x ) ( y − y), 20, 2, ∴, r=,
=, =, 36 ⋅ 25 3, Σ (x − x )2 Σ ( y − y)2, , , r = 0.66, , 15.
Let us assume that lines of regression of y on x is, 3x +
4 y − 7 = 0 and x on y is 4x + y − 5 = 0., or it can be
rewritten as, 3x 7, y 5, and x = − +, y=−, +, 4 4, 4, 4, 3, 1,
and bxy = −, , byx = −, 4, 4, r = − byx . bxy, ∴, 3 1 ,
= − − − , 4 4 , , , r=−, , 3, 4, , 17. Since, lines
of regression pass through the means (x , y)., Hence,
the equation will be 4 x + 3 y = − 7, and, 3x + 4 y = − 8,
On solving both equations, we get, 4, 11, x=− ,y=−, 7,
7, 18., Rank in, Maths (X), , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 6, , 7, , 8, , 9,
, 10, , Rank in, Physics (Y), , 1, , 10, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 7, , 2, , 6, ,
8, , 11, , d = X −Y, , 0, , –8, , 0, , 0, , 0, , –1, , 5, , 2, , 1, , –1, ,
0, , 64, , 0, , 0, , 0, , 1, , 25, , 4, , 1, , 1, , 2, , d, , Total, , 96, , 6
Σd, n (n 2 − 1), 6 × 96, 6 × 96, =1 −, =1 −, 10 (100 − 1),
10 × 99, 32 23, =1 −, =, = 0.42, 55 55, , Rank
correlation coefficient, R = 1 −, , 2, , Level II, Σ (x − x ) (
y − y), 44.5, =−, n, 10, = − 4.45, , 1. We know that,, AM
≥ GM, , , byx + bxy > 2 byx ⋅ bxy, , , , byx + bxy > 2r,
byx + bxy 2, >, r, r2, byx + bxy 2, >, byx ⋅ bxy, r, , , , ,
2., , cov(x, y) =, , , , 1, 1, 2, +, >, bxy byx r, , x, , y, , x−x, ,
y− y, , ( x − x) ( y − y), , 1, , 10, , –4.5, , 2.5, , –11.25, , 2, ,
9, , –3.5, , 1.5, , –5.25, , 3, , 9, , –2.5, , 1.5, , –3.75, , 4, , 8, ,
–1.5, , 0.5, , –0.75, , 5, , 6, , – 0.5, , –1.5, , 0.75, , 6, , 12, ,
0.5, , 4.5, , 2.25, , 7, , 4, , 1.5, , –3.5, , –5.25, , 8, , 3, , 2.5, ,
–4.5, , –11.25, , 9, , 13, , 3.5, , 5.5, , 19.25, , 10, , 1, , 4.5, ,
–6.5, , –29.25, , 55, , 75, , Here,, and, , –44.5, Σx 55, =, =
5 .5, n 10, Σy 75, y=, =, = 7.5, n 10, , x=, , 3. We have,
variance of x = 9, and regression equations are, 8x −
10 y + 66 = 0, and, 40x − 18 y = 214, 8, 66, 18, 214,
and x =, y=, x+, y+, , 10, 10, 40, 40, ∴ Regression
coefficient of y on x is, 8 4, byx =, =, 10 5, 9, and x on y
is bxy =, 20, 4 9, 9, 3, =, r =, ∴, r 2 = byx ⋅ bxy = ⋅, 5 20
25, 5, , ...(i), ...(ii), , 4. Here, two variables X andY are
observed on same units, and, …(i), σ X = 2σY, σ, [from
Eq. (i)], ∴, bXY = r X = 2r, σY, σY 1, and, bYX = r, = r, σX
2, ∴, 4bYX = bXY, The regression coefficient of X on
Y is four times the, regression coefficient of Y on X., 5.
If X is changed to a + hU and Y to b + kV , then, h, bXY
=, bUV, k, , kbXY = hbUV

Page 790 :
663, , Correlation and Regression, 6. I. If two variables
are independent, then there is, uncorrelation i.e., r = 0,
II. The coefficient of correlation between two
variables, X and Y is positive. When X positive, then Y
positive., 7. Since, lines of regression passes through
(X , Y )., …(i), ∴, 3X + Y − 12 = 0, …(ii), and, X + 2Y − 14 =
0, On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, X = 2 and Y = 6, 8.
Given, a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 is the line of regression of Y
on, X, so the slope, a, coefficient of x, m1 = −, =− 1, b1,
coefficient of y, Similarly, a 2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is the line
of regression of X, on Y, so the slope, b, coefficient of
Y, m2 = −, =− 2, a2, coefficient of X, We know that,
m1m2 ≤ 1, a1 b2 , So,, − × − ≤ 1 a1b2 ≤
b1a 2, b1 a 2 , 9. Given x1 = r, ∴, As,, , ∴, , , σy,
σx, , , x2 = r, , σx, σy, , σy σx , +, x1 + x2 = r , , σ x
σ y , AM ≥ GM, σy σx, σy σx, σy σx, +, ≥2, ⋅, , +, ≥2,
σx σy, σx σy, σx σy, σy σx , r , +, ≥ 2r, σ x σ y ,
x1 + x2 ≥ 2r, , 10. For the line 8x − 10 y = 66, byx =, , 4,
5,, , and for the line 40x − 18 y = 214, bxy =, and, , ,
∴, , 9, ,, 20, , σ 2x = 9 σ x = 3, 36, r2 =, (Q r = byx ⋅ bxy
), 100, r = 0.6, 4, byx × σ x 5 × 3 4, 10, σy =, =, = ×3 ×,
=4, r, 0.6, 5, 6, , 11. Both the statements I and II are
correct, by property of, correlation coefficient., 12.
Statement I Since, mean is satisfied the line of,
regression, Here,, x = 3, y = 3, ∴, 3 + 4 (3) = 15, , 15 =
15, ∴ Statement I is true., Statement II, 5, 30, x=−, ,y=,
∴, 10, 13, , 5, 30, (3) +, (4) = 9, 10, 13, 15 120, −, +, =9,
, 10, 13, , 1005 ≠ 1170, ∴ Statement II is false., In
the second set of regression lines, the values of x, and
y doesn’t satisfy the regression lines., , , −, , 13. The
given equation of lines of regression are, …(i), x + 4y =
3, and, …(ii), 3x + y = 15, Now, we assume that Eq. (i) is
the line of regression of y, on x and Eq. (ii) is the line of
regression of x on y., 1, 1, ∴, byx = − , bxy = −, 4, 3, 1
1 , 1, Now,, byx ⋅ bxy = − − =, 4 3 12, ∴ Our
assumption is true., On putting y = 3 in Eq. (ii), we get,
3x + 3 = 15, , x=4, 14. Both are correct statements
and R is the correct, explanation of A., 15. If bxy is
negative, then byx and r are also negative, since,
regression coefficients and r have the same sign., 16.
A and R are individually true and R is the correct,
explanation of A., x = 65, y = 67, σ x = 5.0, σ y = 2 .5, r =
0.8, The line of regression of y on x is, σy, (x − x ), y−
y=r⋅, σx, 0.8 × 2 .5, y − 67 =, (x − 65), , 5, 2, , y − 67
= (x − 65), 5, , 17. Given,, , 18. The line of regression of
x on y is, σ, x − x = r ⋅ x ( y − y), σy, 0.8 × 5, , x − 65 =, (
y − 67), 2 .5, 8, x − 65 = ( y − 67), , 5, 19. Angle
between two regression lines is given by, 1 − r2 σx σy,
⋅ 2, tan θ =, r, σ x + σ y2, 1 − (0.8)2, 5 × 2 .5, ⋅ 2, 0.8, (5)
+ (2 .5)2, 0.36, 12 .5, =, ⋅, tan θ = 1.8, 0.8 (25 + 6
.25), =, , , , θ = tan − 1 (1.8)

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