1. Literature review.

Various optimization methods can be applied to define the desired output variables through
developing mathematical models to specify the relationship between the input parameters and
output variables of welding process. In the last two decades, design of experiment (DoE)
techniques have been used to carry out such optimization. Evolutionary algorithms and
computational network have also grown rapidly and been adapted for many applications in
different areas. In this literature review, the application of optimization techniques and metal
behavior under cryogenic conditions are presented.
1.1. Optimization of the welding process parameters.

This review shows the correlation between the input parameters and the output variables, also
presents the optimization of the different welding processes through the mathematical models.
Optimization of the welding process for obtaining the desired weld attribute and weld quality
involves more than one objective function, and hence the task of finding optimal solutions is
known as multiobjective optimization. Applications of multiobjective optimization in materials
science and engineering has been reviewed by Coello Coello (2009).
P Vasantharaja and M Vasudevan (2018) used Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in the
optimization of Activated TIG (A-TIG) to achieve the parameters of weld bead shape such
as penetration shape, bead width as well as Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). The major issue in the
fabrication of weld joints was the choosing of optimal input variables combinations to achieve
needed welding quality. Tarng and Yang (1998) found out the welding process parameters which
obtained optimal weld quality attribute in gas tungsten arc welding. They employed Taguchi
method to formulate the experimental layout and analyzed the effect of each welding process
parameters on the weld bead geometry as well as predicted an optimal setting for each process
parameter. Naik Korra et al. (2015) analyzed and discussed the impact of welding process
parameters of activated tungsten inert gas on duplex stainless-steel alloy 2205. The design matrix
was developed to conduct the investigation using RSM. The variations were done for some input
process parameters like torch speed, current as well as arc gap that outputs in 21 experimental
trials. The key parameter of welding is the heat input because it determines the peak temperature
at each location within the heat affected region as well as the cooling rate because Residual stress
is caused by misfits due to different degrees of contraction in different region of the weld and is
correlated with the thermal history, Alipooramirabad H, Ghomashchi R, (2016), the filler
chemistry determines the onset of phase transformation and the associated thermal strain offset
by volume increases as detailed in a review studied by Withers P, Bhadeshia H. Residual stress.
(2001). the other important parametric welding setups are the mechanical design of the joint
(geometry) and the applied heat input, these are the key factors for the evolution of
microstructure and residual stress distribution of the weldments as well as the extent of heat
affected zone Javadi Y, Akhlaghi M, Najafabadi MA(2013( . Lin and Chou (2010) applied an
integrated model by Taguchi approach that has used Artificial Neural Network (ANN), along
with GA for optimizing the weld bead geometry. X.-N. Wang, Misra (2017), evaluating the
effect of heat input on geometry, microstructure and mechanical properties, different heat inputs
(3.90, 5.20 and 7.75 kJ/cm) were used by changing the welding speeds, with increased heat
input, the depth/width of penetration was decreased, and the geometry of fusion zone (FZ)
changed to “wine cup-like” shape. Disturbances and changes in the welding working
environment lead to possible variations in the output variables associated with weld quality. In
order to enhance weld quality, it is essential to optimize the welding process by taking the
variance as well as average value of the output variables into consideration. Kim et al. (2002) .
Hsuan-Liang Lin (2013) worked to optimize the weld bead geometry of Inconel 718 alloy
GTA,to get the optimal welding parameters along multiple Quality Characteristics (QCs), they
employed NN. Nabendu Ghosh, Goutam Nandi (2017), focus on analyzed the effects of welding
parameters: welding current, gas flow rate and nozzle to plate distance, on ultimate tensile
strength (UTS) and Yield Strength (YS) in MIG welding of AISI409 ferritic stainless steel to
AISI 316L austenitic Stainless-Steel materials.
Some studies have also focused on the testing of the welded materials at the cryogenic
temperatures. This is because ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) plays a vital role
and can be considered as a measure of behavior of metal under low temperatures which can lead
to sudden brittle fractures. Jeong-Hyeon Kim, Jae-Myung Lee (2015), Studied austenitic
stainless-steel pipe for the transportation of liquefied natural gas (LNG) was gas tungsten arc
welded with a wall thickness of 15.1 mm, Low-temperature Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact tests
were performed to investigate the effect of low temperatures on the fracture toughness of the
welded zone (WZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and base metal (BM) of the LNG pip, for design
and safety reasons, it is necessary to investigate the low-temperature impact properties of weld
metals, because weld metals have higher susceptibility to embrittlement than their counterpart
base metals. Jeong Yeol Park and Myung Hyun Kim (2016) studied fracture toughness with
various welding consumables of 7% nickel alloy steel for ensuring the structural safety of LNG
storage tanks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate fracture toughness of several
different weldments for 7% nickel alloy steels. The weldment of 7% nickel alloy steel was
fabricated by tungsten inert gas (TIG), flux cored arc welding (FCAW), and gas metal arc
welding (GMAW). In order to assess the material performance of the weldments at low
temperature, fracture toughness such as crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and the
absorbed impact energy of weldments were compared with those of 9% nickel steel weldments.
Young-Tai Kho(2001), studied the fatigue crack growth rate and CTOD tests on type 304
stainless steel and weld metal were studied over the temperature range −162°C to room
temperature. The girth weld metal specimens were fabricated using a combination of gas-
tungsten-arc-welding and shielded-metal-arc-welding. The seam weld joint was made by
submerged arc welding. Fracture toughness was evaluated through CTOD tests with three-point
bend specimens. The fatigue crack growth rate tests were conducted using compact tension
specimens in accordance with ASTM E647.
Application of the factorial technique for weld quality prediction for the plasma transferred arc
(PTA) weld cladding process on mild steel was investigated by Harris P, Smith BL (1983) ,The
process variables considered were current, powder feed-rate, torch travel speed, oscillation width
and torch stand-off distance. Four deposit quality features were measured, namely; deposit
height, width, hardness and dilution. It was confirmed that all the process variables were acting
as main process parameters in controlling the deposit quality. Also, it was reported that the PTA
process is an excellent choice for depositing high quality hard-facing deposits at low controlled
dilution. Koganti R, Karas C, Joaquin A , Zaluzec M, Caliskan (2003) have employed a full
factorial design to define the optimum weld MIG process parameters for non-treatable 5754
aluminium alloys. The effects of weld process parameters on the lap joint failure load (tensile
shear strength) and weld penetration were investigated. The process parameters were: power
input (torch speed, voltage, current, wire feed-rate), pulse frequency and gas flow rate. The joint
strengths and weld penetration were measured for various operating ranges of weld factors. It
was indicated that the power input and the gas flow rate were the two significant factors based on
lap shear load to failure and weld penetration data. It was reported also, that the lower the power
input, the lower the shear load to failure and depth of penetration and vice versa. The optimum
factor settings for higher joint strength were high power input and high gas flow rate.
Yamaguchi H, Ogawa K, Sakaguchi K.(1991) have investigated the friction welding process of
5056 aluminium alloy using RSM. Their aim was to find the optimal welding conditions that
would yield maximum tensile strength at the weld. The process input parameters were friction
pressure, up-set pressure, friction time, rotating speed and braking time. It was reported that the
successful welds showed 89.2% joint efficiency in tensile strength. It was also observed that the
friction layer formed at the friction interface disappeared in these successful weld runs.
Koichi O, Hiroshi Y, Seiichi K, Kazuhiko S.(1993) have studied the combination of welding
conditions that produce maximum notched tensile strength of friction welded joints of S4 5C
carbon steel using RSM. They managed to correlate the process parameters (friction pressure,
up-set pressure, friction time, rotation speed and braking time) to the tensile strength of the weld
joint. Successful weld strength was obtained using the optimal welding condition predicted by
the empirical equation. Benyounis KY, Bettamer AH, Olabi AG, Hashmi MSJ.(2004) ,have
proposed models using RSM to investigate the effect of welding parameters in SAW (welding
current, arc voltage and welding speed) on the impact strength at two testing temperatures of 50
C and 27 C. The aim was to predict and optimize the impact strength of the spiral-welded joints
with respect to the process parameters. It was observed that the welding current was the most
significant factor associated with the impact strength, then the welding speed, whereas the
welding voltage has no significant effect within the factors domain investigated. They listed the
optimal welding conditions that would lead to acceptable impact strength with improving the
process productivity.
Allen TT, Richardson RW, Tagliabue DP, Maul GP.(2002) ,have proposed a model based on
central composite design with the alpha parameter set equal to 2, for robotic gas metal arc
welding of sheet metal of 409- gauge, stainless steel. The six factors controlled in this study
were: wire feed speed, weld travel speed, arc voltage, contact-tube-to-work distance, root
opening and offset. The objective was to minimize the weld cycle time by maximizing welding
speed, while maintaining predictable weld quality over a range of worst-case processing
conditions. The optimal welding conditions for this type of material with a lap joint were
reported and confirmed by experimental tests. The effect of the process parameters was
presented graphically. Anawa EM, Olabi AG, H ashmi MSJ (2006) , have applied the Taguchi
approach to optimize the laser welding process of dissimilar materials, namely: plain carbon steel
and AISI316 with the same thickness of 1.5 mm. The process parameters were laser power,
welding speed and focus position against one response NTS. The experimental results indicated
that the process could be optimized using the Taguchi method in order to obtain superior welded
joints. Anawa EM, Olabi AG (2006) , have continued their investigation and studied the effect of
the laser welding parameters mentioned above on the impact strength of the same joint at room
temperature using the same optimizing technique. The results indicated that the laser power has
the most significant effect on the impact strength. Also, it was mentioned that the optimal
settings to obtain excellent impact strength were the highest laser power, a welding speed of 750
mm/min and a focus position of 0.5 mm. Murugananth M, Babu SS, David SA. (2004), have
coupled ANN model with optimization software, which utilize linear and non-linear techniques
to explore possible combination of carbon, manganese and nickel concentrations for a given set
of welding parameters, to predict the weld metal composition that would maximize the toughness
at 60 C. The predicted weld metal composition was Fe–0.034C–0Mn– 7.6Ni–0.65Si–0.038O–
0.018N–0.013P–0.006S (wt.%) and toughness of 87 J ± 20 J at 60 C. Factors that affect weld
mechanical properties (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and iron contents in the weld joint as
well as the cooling rate) of commercially pure titanium have been investigated by Wei Y,
Bhadeshia HKD, Sourmail T, ( 2005) . ANNs techniques were used, to predict the ultimate
tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, Vickers hardness and Rockwell B
hardness. The input data was obtained from mechanical testing of single-pass autogenous welds.
The ANN models were developed. An oxygen equivalent equation (OEE) was also used to
predict the mechanical properties of CP titanium welds; a good agreement was found between
both ANN and OEE. The obtained results indicated that both oxygen and nitrogen have the most
significant effect on the strength while hydrogen has the least effect. Also, it was reported that
cooling rate is more important than the carbon and iron content in the ultimate tensile strength
model, and more important than oxygen and the iron content and equally important as the carbon
content in the yield strength model.
Canyurt OE, (2005) ,has extended the GA approach to the estimation of mechanical properties of
the joints of brass material. He developed non-linear models to specify the effect of GTAW
process parameters (gap between plates, torch angle, quantity of shielding gas, pulse frequencies
and electrode tip angle) on the tensile strength of the welded joint. He examined the effect of the
 five welding parameters on the strength value using the genetic algorithm welding strength
estimation model (GAWSEM). Also, he indicated that the changes in the gap between the joint
parts from 0 to 0.5 mm leads to a 4.4 times decrease in the joint strength and changes in the torch
angle from 60 to 90 leads to a 1.9 times increase in the joint strength. Furthermore, he reported
that the optimum quantity of the shielding gas and the pulse frequencies were 16.5 l/min and 30
Hz.
Literature review summary table:
Author Input Factors Materials Welding Response (output)
& year Type Process
Welding current, Torch To optimize Depth of Penetration
Tungsten
P. D. speed, Gas flow rate (GAR), (DOP), and reduces Bead Width
15CDV6
Inert Gas
Skariya Torch angle (TOG) and Arc (BW) as well as Heat-Affected
steel
(TIG)
(2018) gap (ARG). Zone (HAZ) width.

S.R. Arc voltage, wire feed rate, To optimize Penetration,

Meshram & welding speed, nozzle to (AISI410 MIG reinforcement and bead width.
N.S plate distance and gas flow. ) welding
(2013)
V.Gopinath The process control To optimize the tensile properties.
(2015) parameters chosen for the AISI 202
TIG
study are welding stainless
welding
current, welding speed, filler steel
diameter.
Ajit hooda, Welding current, voltage, gas AISI 1040 To optimize & predict the yield
MIG
(2012) flow rate and wire speed were mild steel strength of welded material.
welding
studied.
N. Determining the optimum 316LN
Chandrasek process parameters for and To optimize Depth of penetration
TIG
har & M. achieving the desired depth 304LN and bead width
welding
Vasudevan of penetration and weld bead stainless
(2010) width during steels
Sanjay The selected input parameters (GTAW)
 Kumar are Current, Voltage, Root AISI 304 To optimize Bending strength and
(2017) Gap and Gas flow rate. micro-hardness values are chosen
Further the mechanical as the response values.
testing was performed.
S.V.Sapakal Welding current, welding To optimize Penetration depth as
MIG
(2012) voltage and welding speed as MS C20 output variable
welding
input variables and
D. Bahar Analyzing welding process SS 304)
(2017) parameters: current, welding and mild To optimize the bending strength
(TIG)
speed and gas flow rate in steel (MS of a butt joint
welding
tungsten inert gas (TIG) 1018
welding
A. Balaram Current, time, speed, SS2205 To optimize the tensile strength,
Naik (2018) variation of oxide fluxes, steels (TIG) hardness and depth of weld
electrode diameter and gas welding
flow rate.
Electrode wire diameter, Medium To optimize Hardness, depth of
Semi-
Subrata welding current, electrode carbon heat affected zone and
Automatic
Saha wire feed rate, arc length steel plate microstructure of weldment were
MIG
(2014) examined.
P The input variables ferritic/ The response variables, to
Vasantharaj considered were welding martensiti Tig optimize depth of penetration,
a (2015) current, torch speed, c (RAFM) welding bead width and HAZ width.
electrode tip angle, and arc steels process
gap
Nanda Naik The input process parameters duplex Tungsten Multi-objective optimization is
Korra (current, torch speed, and arc stainless inert gas performed to obtain the desired
(2015) gap) steel alloy weld bead geometry The
2205 responses (depth of penetration,
area of depth of penetration, bead
width, bead height, heat-affected
 zone width, and aspect ratio) .
Shekhar welding speed, welding IS:2062 optimization to minimize the bead
Srivastava(2 current, shielding gas flow mild steel Gas metal width and bead height and
016) rate, voltage, arc travel speed, plate arc maximize the depth of penetration
contact tip – work distance, welding using response surface
type of shielding gas . methodology.
Hsuan- Arc length (mm), Welding Inconel To obtain the optimal welding
Liang speed (mm/min), Flow rate of 718 alloy parameters with multiple quality
Activated
Lin(2013) argon gas (L/min), Welding characteristics (QCS) such as
GTA
current (A), Angle of penetration and depth-to width
welding
electrode tip (°), Mixed flux ratio (DWR) of weld bead,
type
Arpita N. to study the effects of various SS304L To optimize , hardness and impact
Bhavsar process parameters (welding strength of SS304L welded joint.
GTA
(2016) current, filler materials and
welding
groove design) of tungsten
inert gas welding (TIG)