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Modern Geometry

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13 views

Modern Geometry

good

Uploaded by

John Lois Van
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CARMELITE COLLEGE OF SIQUIJOR, INC.

TINAGO, SIQUIJOR, SIQUIJOR

FINAL EXAMINATION
MODERN GEOMETRY

Name: Course & Level: Date:


I. Instructions: Read and give the correct answer on the following below. Write your answer on the space provided.
Note: (2 points each correct answer)

1. What is the Greek word for geometry?


2 – 6. What are the five primitive geometric terms according to Euclid?
2. 5.
3. 6.
4.
7. For every point P and for every point Q not equal to P there exists a unique line l that
passes through P and Q.
8. For every segment AB and for every segment CD there exists a unique point E such that
B is between A and E and segment CD is congruent to segment BE.
9. For every point O and every point A not equal to O there exists a circle with center O
and radius OA.
10. All right angles are congruent to each other.
11. It is defined as the space between two rays that emanate from a common point.
12. It is a chain of reasoning that leads from a set of hypotheses (assumptions) to a
conclusion.
13 – 18. What are the six (6) types of justifications allowed for statements in proofs?
13. 16.
14. 17.
15. 18.
19 – 23. Give the five (5) universal quantifiers.
19. 22.
20. 23.
21.
24 – 28. Give the five (5) existential quantifiers.
24. 27.
25. 28.
26.
29. It is a statement that involves the connective “and”.
30. It is a statement that involves the connective “or”.

II. True or False: Which of the following statements are true or false? Write your answer before the number.
1. The Euclidean parallel postulate states for every line l and for every point P not lying on l there exists a
unique line m through P that is parallel to l .
2. By definition, a line m is “parallel” to a line l if for any two points P, Q on m, the perpendicular distance
from P to l is the same as the perpendicular distance from Q to l .
3. It was unnecessary for Euclid to assume the parallel postulate because of the French mathematician
Legendre proved it.
4. A “transversal” to two lines is another line that intersects both of them in distinct points.
5. Euclid provided constructions for bisecting and trisecting any angle.
6. The "hypothesis" of a theorem is an assumption that implies the conclusion.
7. A theorem may be proved by drawing an accurate diagram.
8. To say that a step is "obvious" is an allowable justification in a rigorous proof.
9. There is no way to program a computer to prove or disprove every statement in mathematics.
10. To "disprove" a statement means to prove the negation of that statement.
11. A "model" of an axiom system is the same as an "interpretation" of the system.
12. The Pythagoreans discovered the existence of irrational lengths by an RAA proof.
13. The negation of the statement "If 3 is an odd number, then 9 is even" is the statement "If 3 is an odd
number, then 9 is odd."
14. The negation of a conjunction is a disjunction.
15. The statement "I = 2 and I ≠ 2" is an example of a contradiction.
16. The statement "Base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent" has no hidden quantifiers.
17. The statements "Some triangles are equilateral" and "There exists an equilateral triangle" have the
same meaning.
18. The converse of the statement "If you push me, then I will fall" is the statement "If you push me, then I
won't fall."
19. The following two statements are logically equivalent: If l ∥ m, then l and m have no point in common.
If l and m have a point in common, then l and m are not parallel."
20. Whenever a conditional statement is valid, its converse is also valid.
21. If one statement implies a second statement and the second statement implies a third statement, then
the first statement implies the third statement.
22. The negation of "All triangles are isosceles" is "No triangles are isosceles."
23. The hyperbolic parallel property is defined as "For every line l and every point P not on l there exist at
least two lines through P parallel to l ."
24. The statement "Every point has at least two lines passing through it" is independent of the axioms for
incidence geometry.
25. "If l ∥ m and m ∥ n, then l ∥ n" is independent of the axioms of incidence geometry.

III. Matching Type: Match Column A and Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.

ANSWER COLUMN A COLUMN B


1. No unstated assumption may be used in a proof. a. Logic Rule 0
2. To prove a statement H ⇒ C, assume the negation of the statement (RAA hypothesis) and b. Logic Rule 1
deduce an absurd statement using the hypothesis H if needed in your deduction.
3. There are six types of justifications allowed for statements in proofs. c. Logic Rule 2
4. The statement ~(~S) is the same as S d. Logic Rule 3
5. The statement ~( {S} rsub {1} ∨ {S} rsub {2} ) is the same as e. Logic Rule 4
∼ {S} rsub {1} ∨ {∼S} rsub {2} .
6. The statement ~(H⟹C) is the same as H∧∼C. f. Logic Rule 5
7. The statement ~(∃x S(x)) is the same as ∀x ~S(x) . g. Logic Rule 6
8. The statement ∼(∀x S(x) is the same as ∃x ~S(x). h. Logic Rule 7
9. P⇒Q means that (P⟹Q)∧(Q⇒P). i. Logic Rule 8
10. For every statement P, P∨~P is a valid step in a proof (law excluded middle). j. Logic Rule 9
11. If P ⇒ Q and P are steps in a proof, then Q is a justifiable step. k. Logic Rule 10
12. Suppose the disjunction of statements S1, . . . , Sn is already a valid step in a proof. Suppose l. Logic Rule 11
that proofs of C are carried out from each of the case assumptions S1, . . . , Sn . Then C can be
concluded as a valid step in the proof.
13. For every line l there exist at least two distinct points incident with l. m. Incidence Axiom 1
14. There exist three distinct points A, B, C not simultaneously incident with a common line l. n. Incidence Axiom 2
15. For every pair of points P and Q there exists a unique line l incident with P and Q. o. Incidence Axiom 3
16. If l, m are distinct lines and are not parallel, then l and m meet at a unique point p. Proposition 8.1
17. For every line there is at least one point not lying on it. q. Proposition 8.2
18. There exist three distinct lines not through any common point. r. Proposition 8.3
19. For every point P there exist at least two lines through P. s. Proposition 8.4
20. For every point there is at least one line not passing through it. t. Proposition 8.5

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