L 6 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

1.What is manufacturing?

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable
products is called manufacturing.e.g. paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from
sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore and aluminium from bauxite.

2. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of

manufacturing industries.Explain

a) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture.It also reduce the dependence

of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
b) Industrial development helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty. This was the
main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India.
c) It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal
and backward areas.
d) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed
foreign exchange.
e) It helps to transform raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value.
India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries.

3. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in
hand. Explain.
a) The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its
productivity.
b) Agriculture depend on industries for raw materials and sell their products such as
irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and
tools, etc. to the farmers.
c) Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted
agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very
efficient.
4.In the present day world of globalisation, our industry needs to be more efficient
and competitive than self-sufficient. Comment.
a) In the present day world of globalisation, our industry needs to be more efficient and
competitive. Self sufficiency alone is not enough.
b) Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market.
c) Only then, will we be able to compete in the international market.

5. What are the Factors influencing Industrial locations?

∙ availability of raw material, labour, capital, power and market, etc.
∙ The key to decision of the factory location is the least cost.
∙ Government policies and specialised labour also influence the locationof industry.
Raw Materials Industries using weight-losing raw materials are located in the regions where
raw materials are located. sugar mills in India located in sugarcane growing areas. iron and
steel industries, iron ore and coal both are weight-losing raw materials. Therefore, iron and
steel industries near coalfields or near sources of iron ore
Power provides the motive force for machines, and therefore, its supply has to be ensured
before the location of any industry. certain industries, like aluminium tend to be located near
sources of power because they require huge quantity of electricity.
Markets provide the outlets for manufactured products. Cotton textile industry is generally
located in large urban centre, e.g. Mumbai. Petroleum refineries are also located near the
markets as the transport of crude oil is easier.
Transport- All major industrial plants are located on the main rail and road routes to carry
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raw materials and finished goods. Labour -Industries require skilled labour. In India, labour
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is cheap and easily available in large numbers due to our large population.
6. Classify industries on the basis of source of raw materials used.
• Agro based: Depend on agriculture for their raw materials. E.g. cotton, woollen, jute, silk
textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee,edible oil.
• Mineral based: Depend on minerals for their raw materials. E.g. iron and steel, cement,
aluminium, machine tools,petrochemicals.

7. Classify industries on the basis of source of capital investment.

• small scale industry - the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. Eg electronic
industry
• large scale industry - If investment is more than one crore on any industry then it is known
as a large scale industry.e.g. Iron &steel industry.

8. Classify industries according to their main role.

• Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other
goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
• Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste,
paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

9. Classify industries On the basis of ownership

• Public sector- owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals –
TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.,
• Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of
individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL)
• Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw
materials, workers or both. E.g.the sugar industry in Maharashtra, thecoir industry in Kerala.

10.Classify industries Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished
goods

• Heavy industries- raw material as well as their finished goods are heavy. such as iron and
steel. • Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical
industries.

11. Name some Agro Based Industries.

Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc.

12. Why the textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy?
a) It contributes significantly to industrial production,
b) Helps in employment generation and foreign exchange earnings.
c) It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain
i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

13. Name two types of looms.

Hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques and power-looms.
Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not
compete with the mill-made cloth from England.

14. When was the first successful textile mill established?

Ans. in Mumbai in 1854.

15. Why most of the cotton textile industries are concentrated in Maharashtra and
Gujarat? Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities,
labour, moist climate, etc.
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16. How cotton textile industry has close links with agriculture?

a) Provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning,
weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
b) This industry supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes, mill stores,
packaging materials and engineering works.

17. Why spinning is centralized and weaving is highly decentralized.

a) While spinning continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu because
of humid climate which is needed for spinning yarn.
b) Weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and
designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc.
c) Now Cheap Labour, bank loans, land, electricity are easily available everywhere to set up
weaving industry.

18. Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?
Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than
power loom and handloom?

The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage
industry. It will improve standard of living of weavers by eradicating poverty.

19. Why India has world class production in spinningbut production in weaving
low?
a)Most of the production is in small units, which cater to the local market.
b) machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors.
c) the low output of labour
d) stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
• Many of our spinners export cotton yarn, while apparel/garment manufactures have to
import fabric.

20. When and where was the first Jute mill set up. a) India is the largest producer of
raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.

b) There are about 70 jute mills in India.

c) The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra

21. Why Most of the jute mills are located along the banks of the Hugli river in West
Bengal?

Most of these are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of theHugli river, in a
narrow belt (98 km long and 3 km wide).
a) proximity of the jute producing areas,
b) inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and
waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills,
c) abundant water for processing raw jute,
d) cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
e) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of
jute goods.

22.What is india’s position in sugar production?

India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the
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production of gur and khandsari.

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23. Where should the sugar mills be ideally located?

The raw is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces. Therefore these mills are
located near sugarcane fields.

24. Write about distribution of sugar mills.

a) Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat
along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
b) Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

25. Why sugar mill is ideally suited to the cooperative sector?

a) This industry is seasonal in nature. It means that it employ people for only afew months in
a year. b) The farmers grow sugarcane for the entire year. It is when the crop is harvested
large number of labourers are required.
c) As a result all labour and capital issues are resolved jointly by the farmers.

26. why there is a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern,
western states?
a) The tropical climate of Peninsular India results in higher yield per unit hectare of land
b) The cane produced here has higher sucrose content.
c) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
d) Moreover, the cooperatives are more successful in these states.

Mineral based industries

1. Why iron and steel ind considered as a basic industry?

Ans) iron and steel ind is considered as a basic industry -
i. The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy,
medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.
ii. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material,
defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
iii. Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s
development.

2. Why Iron and steel is also called a heavy industry?

i. Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods
are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.
ii. Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1.
Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel.
iii. The finished products also need an efficient transport network for their distribution to the
markets and consumers.

3. Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel
industries. Give reasons.
• It is the most important centre where coaland Iron ore, is found in abundance.
• Other supplement minerals e.g. manganese, bauxite and limestone are found in this part of
the plateau in abundance.
• Water, which is required, is provided by Damodar river and its tributaries, which is a
perennial source of water.
• Cheap labour from the tribes of Chotanagpur and from neighboring mining areas is
available.
• It has fine network of railways and roadways which help in easy transportation of the raw
materials and finished products.
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• The area is near Kolkata port which helps in import of machinery and export of
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manufactured steel.
• vast growth potential in the home market.

4. What are the properties and uses of Aluminium ?

• It is light,
• resistant to corrosion,
• a good conductor of heat,
• malleable
• becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
Uses-It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires and as a substitute of steel.
It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of
industries.

5. Which is the second most important metallurgical industry in India? Explain its
production and distribution
Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
∙ There are 8 aluminium smelting plants in the country.
∙ Orissa West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

6. Name the two prime factors affecting location of aluminium smelting plants. i.
Regular supply of electricity
ii. an assured source of raw material at minimum cost

7. The chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. Explain

a) The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It comprises both large and
small scale manufacturing units.
b) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
c) Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres,
plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass,
soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.
d) These industries are widely spread over the country.

8.Distinguish between Inorganic and organic chemicals

Inorganic chemicals-
a) Include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics,
adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and
detergents, paper) and caustic soda.
b) These industries are decentralised and widely spread over the country.
Organic chemicals
a) Include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic
rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
b) Organic chemical plants are centralised and located near oil refineries or petrochemical
plants.

9. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. Explain

i. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
ii. Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for
industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.

10. What is the reason for the expansion of fertilizer industry to several parts of the
country?
The green revolution created a great demand for chemical fertilizer. After green revolution the
industry expanded to Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, U P, Punjab and Kerala which contribute towards
half the fertilizer production.
Other significant producers are Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra,
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Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

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11. Name the types of fertilizers manufactured in india.
a) The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly
urea),
b) India also produces phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex
fertilizers.
c) complex fertilizers have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
d) Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially
usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.

12. Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement? State
the factors that determine the location of the cement industry.
The cement industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina
and gypsum, coal, electric power and rail transportation also needed.

13. Why is cement industry important for infrastructure?

Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges,
roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments.

14. Where and when was the first cement industry established?
The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.

15. Where is cement industry strategically located.

The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the
market in the Gulf countries.

16. Bring out the importance of Information technology and electronic industry in
India.

a) Covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular
telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers etc
b) Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
c) Important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai,
Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
d) The major IT industry concentration is at Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad
and Pune.
e) A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation.
f) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT
industry in India.

17.Write a short note on automobile industry. Which are the main centres of
automobile industry in India?
i. Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers.
ii. Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are
manufactured in India at various centres.
iii. After the liberalisation, the coming in of new models increased the demand for vehicles in
the market, which led to the healthy growth of the industry.
iv. Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global
level.
v. The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow,
Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.
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18. How do industries pollute the air?
causes
∙ caused by the presence of high sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
∙ Airborne particulate materials like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
∙ Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants,
and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories
∙ Toxic gas leaks like in Bhopal can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
Affects -human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by
∙ fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and
inertial separators.
(a) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(b) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with
electrostatic precipitators, fitters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(c) Smoke can be reduce by using oil or gas instead of coal.

19.How do industries pollute the Water?

causes
∙ Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.
∙ paper, pulp, chemical, textile,dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating
industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts
∙ heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers synthetic chemicals with carbon,
plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.
∙ Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.
Some suggestions to reduce pollution are-

(i) minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it

(ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground
water resources also needs to be regulated legally.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases
(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation
and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment by biological process
(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling
of wastewater.

20. How do industries cause Thermal pollution?

• Hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling
thus affecting aquatic life.
• Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers,
birth defects and miscarriages.
• Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into the rivers and ponds by
mechanical, biological, and physical, chemical and biological process.

21. How is Soil pollution caused by industries.

∙ Dumping of wastes especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts
and garbage renders the soil useless.
∙ Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water
also gets contaminated.
22. How do industries cause Noise pollution?
(a) Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
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(b) Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws
and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise.
Effect
∙ Irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood
pressure among other physiological effects.
Steps
(a) Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
(b) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
(c) Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and
earphones.
(d) Use of earplugs and earphone for personal use besides using noise absorbing materials.

23. (a) What does NTPC refer? (b) List out any three ways that NTPC has
contributed towards preservation of the natural environment.

NTPC – ( National Thermal Power Corporation ) is a major power providing corporation in

India. It has ISO certification for EMS ( Environment management system ). According to
NTPC, preservation of natural environment is possible through:

(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment.

(b) adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
(c) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
(d) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of
special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
(e) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management.
(f) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power
stations.

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