Q.1 What is curriculum? Explain the various type of curriculum?

Ans: Curriculum is a design PLAN for learning that requires the purposeful and proactive organization,
sequencing, and management of the interactions among the teacher, the students, and the content
knowledge we want students to a acquire.

In education, a curriculum is broadly defined as the totality of student experiences that occur in the
educational process. The term often refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a view
of the student's experiences in terms of the educator's or school's instructional goals. In a 2003 study,
Reys, Reys, Lapan, Holliday, and Wasman refer to curriculum as a set of learning goals articulated across
grades that outline the intended mathematics content and process goals at particular points in time
throughout the K–12 school program Curriculum may incorporate the planned interaction of pupils with
instructional content, materials, resources, and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational
objectives .Curriculum is split into several categories: the explicit, the implicit (including the hidden), the
excluded, and the extracurricular.

The word "curriculum" began as a Latin word which means "a race" or "the course of a race" (which in
turn derives from the verb currere meaning "to run/to proceed"). The word is "from a Modern Latin
transferred use of classical Latin curriculum "a running, course, career" (also "a fast chariot, racing car"),
from currere "to run" (from PIE root *kers- "to run")." The first known use in an educational context is in
the Professio Regia, a work by University of Petrus Ramus posthumously in 1576. The term subsequently
appears in University of Leidien records in 1582. The word's origins appear closely linked to
the Calvinist desire to bring greater order to education.

By the seventeenth century, the University of Glasgow also referred to its "course" of study as a
"curriculum", producing the first known use of the term in English in 1633. By the nineteenth century,
European universities routinely referred to their curriculum to describe both the complete course of
study (as for a degree in surgery) and particular courses and their content. By 1824, the word was
defined as"a course, especially a fixed course of study at a college, university, or school.

Types of Curriculum:
The written curriculum, gives the basic lesson plan to be followed, including objectives, sequence and
materials. This provides the basis for accountability.

The operational curriculum is what is taught by the teacher and how it is communicated. This includes
what the teacher teaches in the class and the learning outcomes for the student.The hidden curriculum
includes the norms and values of the surrounding society. These are stronger and more durable that the
first two and may be in confident with them. The NULL curriculum consists of what is not taught.
Consideration must be given to the reason behind why things are not included in the official or
operational curriculum. The extra curriculum is the planed experience outside of the specific educational
season. Formal is the accepted, committee passed, written documents that are supposed to guide
practices. Here at Andrews we might find some of this in the university bulletin. Informally curriculum is
those activates that happen that are not designed, planned, of formally accepted by the school.
Curriculum developers, drawing upon their personal experience, their preferred conception of
curriculum and their understanding of curriculum drawn from the curriculum foundations, have
constructed curricula according to designs, which may be categorized as
 1) Core curriculum
2) Subject centered curriculum
3) Learner centered curriculum
4) Activity based curriculum
5) Integrated curriculum

1. Core Curriculum:

The term core curriculum is sometimes simply called the “core”. The terminology applied to core type
course includes general education, basic education basic studies, social living and unified studies. Which
such divers name, it is expected that there would be vide variation in the programs represented.

2. Subject Centered Curriculum:

Subject centered curriculum is still the most widely used curriculum pattern in our schools. It regards
learning primarily as cognitive development and the acquisition of knowledge and information. With
this approach, the entire subjects for instruction are separated. In general the content areas are taught
in isolation, which no attempt at integration.The subject curriculum places emphasis on oral discourse
and extensive explanation.

3.Learner Centered Curriculum:

Child centered curriculum is to be varied and elastic, meeting in visual differences and adopted to
individual needs and requirements. Satisfaction of the child nature is period of the equipment for future
life.

4. Activity Based Curriculum:

In activity based curriculum, the pupils engage in any activities, which are desirable for their
development.

5. Integrated Curriculum:

Integration is the process of emerging different subjects or pat subjects through coordination so that
individual components lose their subjects identity.

6. Hidden Curriculum:

The hidden curriculum is a term to used to described the unwritten social rules and expectation of
behavior that we all seen to know, but we were taught.

Hidden curriculum refers to message communicated by the organization and operation of schooling
apart from the official or public statements of school mission and subject area curriculum guidelines. In
other words the medium is a key source of message. The message of hidden curriculum usually deals
with attitudes, values, beliefs and behavior. The massage of hidden curriculum may complement or
contradict each other as well as the official curriculum.