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The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)

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31 views12 pages

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)

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lockairtimeservices
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© © All Rights Reserved
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The Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)/Citric

acid cycle/Krebs cycle


• Requires oxygen -aerobic respiration in cells
• Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)

• Pyruvate (end product of glycolysis) converted to acetyl co A


The cycle
both catabolic and anabolic

The cycle is involved in the aerobic catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids


and amino acids

Oxidize Acetyl-CoA to two molecules of carbon dioxide to produce


• Energy-ATP

• Coenzymes 3 NADH and FADH2 produced


• Enters the electron chain transport to produce ATP
Precursors for biosynthesis of carbohydrates, lipids,
amino acids, nucleotides and porphyrins
• Intermediates of the cycle are starting points for many biosynthetic
reactions

• Cycle intermediates can be shared with other pathways,


• may lead to a re-supply or
• net decrease in cycle intermediates

• Reactions feeding into the cycle replenish the pool of cycle


intermediates
Differences between Glycolysis and TCA Cycle
• Glycolysis is a linear pathway; TCA cycle is cyclic

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and TCA is in the mitochondrial matrix

• Glycolysis does not require oxygen; TCA requires oxygen (aerobic)

Substrate-level phosphorylation---is a direct phosphorylation of


ADP + a phosphate group = ATP
by using the energy obtained from a coupled reaction
Citric acid cycle
• One pyruvate leads to
• 4 NADH (one from pyruvate dehydrogenase complex + 3 TCA)
• 1 ATP or GTP1
• FADH2

Pyruvate+4NAD+FAD+GDP+2H20→3CO2+4NADH+4H+Pi+GTP+FADH2
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
• Occurs in the Inner mitochondrial membrane
• ETC is the process by which NADH and FADH2 are oxidized and a
proton gradient is formed.
• Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of making ATP by using the
proton gradient generated by the ETC.
• Uses oxygen
ETC
• Respiratory electron-transport chain(ETC) Series of enzyme complexes
embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which oxidize
NADH and FADH2.
• Oxidation energy is used to transport protons creating a proton
gradient–protons pumped from matrix to intermembrane space
• ATP synthase uses the proton gradient energy to produce ATP;
• It is the release of the energy in the gradient back through the membrane
through the protein ATP Synthase that helps ATP synthesis
ETC
• Series of sequential oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions
Role of oxygen
• Passes electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 producing H2O through a
series of protein complexes (I-IV)
NAD+ and FAD are recycled.

• Flow of electron through Complexes I, III and IV release energy which is


used to pump protons across the membrane to a proton gradient
• proton gradient has lots of potential energy
• When the energy is released (protons flow back into matrix through ATP
synthase), the energy drives ATP synthesis
ATP synthase
• As protons move back into the matrix through ATP Synthase, the
energy stored in the s protons move back into the matrix hrough ATP
Synthase, the energy stored in the electrochemical proton gradient is
used to make ATP electrochemical proton gradient is used to make
ATP

• Oxidation of each NADH yields 2.5 ATP


• Oxidation of each FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP

• Complete oxidation of 1 acetyl CoA = 10 ATP


• Complete oxidation of 1 GLUCOSE= ? ATP

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