Volume 9, Issue 11, November – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Non-Pharmacologic Approaches in Managing

Hypertension among the Elderly of Barangay
Bagong Silang
Jhamaiya D. Sarip; Rubiejoy T. Angeles; Sahanie B. Dimapuno; Sohaila S. Aminola Shella G. Dello;
Donna Belle P. Sumugat; Ian C. Abordo; Ma Almira P. Nebres
Adventist Medical Center College

Abstract:-  Conclusion
The study concludes that non-pharmacologic
 Background and Aim approaches to managing hypertension are underutilized,
This study aims to examine the use and reflecting a need for greater awareness and promotion of
effectiveness of non-pharmacologic approaches to these methods. Integrating lifestyle changes with
manage hypertension by focusing on lifestyle medication could improve hypertension management,
modifications including dietary modifications, physical but requires more education and support from
activity, and alternative therapies used by people with healthcare providers.
hypertension. The justification for this study is based on
the increasing awareness and understanding that while I. INTRODUCTION
medications are important in controlling blood pressure,
non-drug treatments can help to improve treatment The most common disease in the world is
outcomes. However, there is limited knowledge about the hypertension. There are many kinds of hypertension, and it
existence and use of these non-pharmacologic shows complications if it is not treated as early as the
approaches that this study seeks to generate by symptos shows. A study shows that primary, essential, and
examining their prevalence in influencing hypertension idiopathic hypertension is defined as high blood pressure
management. that is not associated with identifiable causes such as
endovascular disease, renal failure, pheochromocytoma, and
 Methods aldosteronism (Elkheshebi et al. 2021). The same study also
The study used a quantitative, descriptive emphasizes the need for patients to treat high blood in its
approach, collecting data via questionnaires from adults initial stages as it may lead to difficult complications such as
with hypertension. The questionnaires assessed the heart disease, and vascular disease, in which, even lack of
frequency and types of non-pharmacologic treatments attention to treatment, may lead to kidney failure.
used. Descriptive statistics, including means and
standard deviations, were employed to analyze the data, Many factors affect hypertension. It is a challenge to
focusing on the prevalence and patterns of these non- reduce blood pressure solely through interventions. Diet
drug approaches in managing hypertension. intake plays a huge part in the healthy lifestyle of patients
experiencing cardiovascular disease (Elkheshebi et al.
 Results 2021). It shows that 46.3% of patients were committed to
The study supports the merit of non- consuming healthy foods which, according to the data
pharmacological measures in hypertension management gathered, decreased to 17 patients experiencing controlled
through dietary modification, regular exercise, and blood pressure.
stress reduction. The strategies have dual advantages in
promoting general health, impacting several lifestyle Thus, the preference for a healthy life and avoiding
factors, and, at the same time, reducing risks associated physical activity negatively affects the patient's condition. It
with medications. This approach teaches long-lasting may influence the control of the patient's blood pressure,
healthy habits and decreases the cost of care, increasing which puts them at risk of raising it over the recommended
the chance of more significant patient engagement and level. The necessity of increasing awareness of non-
better adherence to outcomes. Non-pharmacological pharmacological interventions as a Complementary method
means may prevent hypertension in subjects at risk and to drug therapy among patients is emphasized. It would be
complement drug therapy by enhancing compliance with helpful for general practitioners to ensure patients are
medication and reducing the doses of drugs required. sticking to their non-pharmacological treatment plans and to
These methods are easily individualized according to check in with them regularly. There are differences in the
individual preference and therefore more effective and evidence regarding hypertension incidences, risk factors,
sustainable. and treatment strategies. The effectiveness of standard
treatment, also known as pharmacological treatment, for

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Volume 9, Issue 11, November – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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patients with hypertension, does not include strategies like methods (Wright 2017). The use of a quantitative research
lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes, physical approach is driven by the need to explore the perspective of
activity, or educational initiatives. These are the non- non-pharmacological management and intervention of
pharmacological treatment approaches (Cernota et al. 2022). hypertension.

The management of the Philippine Heart Association D. Research Instruments

agreed to launch the PRESSYON Study Series as effectively The following are the tools that would be used to
deal with the increasing problem of hypertension. The study gather the specific data:
showed that the occurrence of the disease under study is  To assess the prevalence of the use of non-
high among the clients who consulted the physicians for pharmacologic treatment for hypertension, the researcher
treatment. Hypertension was 22 percent in the 1990s while it would use a structured instrument that will involve
was 37 percent in 2021. This indicates that hypertension is a close-ended questionnaires and a Likert scale.
serious health risk that requires effective management. Thus,  To assess the prevalence of the integrated use of
the research gap appears to be the lack of emphasis and pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches in
integration of non-pharmacological interventions in the managing hypertension, the researcher would use a self-
standard treatment strategies for hypertension. made questionnaire, a structured questionnaire that
would involve a Likert scale.
Hence, this study addressed the knowledge gap by  To measure the blood pressure of the client, the
exploring the prevalence and frequency of utilization of researcher would use blood pressure equipment
non-pharmacological treatments among individuals (sphygmomanometer & stethoscope).
managing hypertension, the average blood pressure  To assess the dietary pattern of the client, the researcher
measures of these clients, the prevalence of integrated use of would use a food frequency Questionnaire (FFQ).
pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches, and the
dietary patterns of the patients. E. Data Gathering Procedures
First, the research team obtained informed consent
II. METHODS from potential participants by explaining the study's
purpose, participation details, and participant rights,
A. Research Design including the right to withdraw without penalty.
This study adopted a quantitative research design that
involves the use of structured surveys and researcher made Second, after the recruitment process, the research
questionnaire. The surveys gather numerical data related to team distributed the questionnaires to the selected
concerning non- pharmacological approaches for participants. The questionnaires included a self-made
hypertension management. Research aimed to statistically Questionnaire and the Non- Pharmacological Treatments
analyze these quantitative measures to assess the Assessment Tool by world health organization (WHO), the
effectiveness and impacts of various non-pharmacological Integrated Use of Pharmacologic, and the Dietary Pattern by
interventions. WHO.
The quantitative approach focuses on collecting Thirdly, the participants were given ample time to
numerical data to measure and quantify the outcomes and complete the questionnaires. The research team ensured that
characteristics of non-pharmacological interventions for the participants understood the questions and provided
hypertension. By utilizing statistical analyses and numerical assistance if needed.
assessments, this study aims to provide empirical evidence
and quantifiable insights into the efficacy and implications Fourthly, once the questionnaires were completed, the
of these interventions in managing hypertension (Kodela et research team collected them from the participants. The
al. 2023e). team ensured that all questionnaires were filled out
completely and accurately.
B. Respondents of the Study
The study’s population comprises middle-aged adults Lastly, the collected data were prepared for analysis.
residing in Iligan City, Philippines. The participants in this This involved checking the questionnaires for completeness,
research would consist of adults diagnosed with coding the responses, and entering the data into a statistical
hypertension, purposely selected from the population of software program for analysis.
citizens in Iligan City.
F. Ethical Considerations
Approximately 100 adult individuals meeting the The researcher would adhere to ethical considerations
criteria of hypertension diagnosis would be included as by obtaining informed consent from the leader of the
respondents for this study (Abalos et al. 2024.) selected barangay, formally requesting their cooperation for
the implementation of a study within their community. The
C. Research Approach approach aimed to enlist the support of community leaders
The research approach for this study is grounded in a in persuading residents to participate voluntarily.
quantitative methodology where data is collected in
numerical form and can be analyzed using statistical

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The researcher would assure the community that III. RESULTS

participation is entirely voluntary, emphasizing that no
coercive measures would be employed maintaining the This chapter presents the results, analysis, and
confidentiality of information obtained would be upheld interpretation of data gathered from the answers to the
throughout the study (WHO 2023). questionnaires distributed among adults with a hypertension
diagnosis. The respondents in the study were residents living
G. Data Analysis in Bagong Silang Iligan City, Philippines. The study has a
This study was going to use descriptive statistics: total of 100 respondents. These individuals were chosen
Calculate means, medians, and standard deviations and based on criteria relevant to the study. This selection process
average of blood pressure levels the raw data was collected ensured that respondents’ experiences and perspectives
from the respondents and processed into numerical data would be particularly pertinent to the study’s focus.
using statistical data analysis methods.
A. Prevalence of Utilization of the Listed Non-
H. Statistical Tools Pharmacological Treatments Among Individuals
Data were graphed and analyzed using quantitative Managing Hypertension
research software analysis. Table 1 illustrates the level of prevalence of utilization
of various non-pharmacological treatments among
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and individuals managing hypertension. The overall mean for all
Microsoft Excel were used for software in the analysis of indicators was 2.34 with a standard deviation of 1.04,
the data that are descriptive mainly the tabular presentation indicating that these treatments were rarely utilized. This
with mean and standard deviation and also used for deeper suggested that most people with hypertension do not often
inferential analysis such as Spearman’s Rank Correlation use non-drug treatments. The low overall mean showed that
and Chi-Square Test Correlation to test the significant of non-pharmacological treatments might not have been well-
Non Pharmacologic approaches in Managing Hypertension known or trusted among patients. It might also have meant
among the Elderly of Barangay Bagong Silang that doctors and healthcare workers were not recommending
these treatments enough.

Table 1 Level of Prevalence of Utilization of the Listed Non-Pharmacological Treatments among Individuals Managing
Hypertension
Indicators Mean SD Interpretation

Dietary Changes (Reducing Salt Intake, DASH Diet, Potassium 3.45 1.03 Always
Increase)
Regular And Physical Activity (walking, hiking, jogging, etc.) 3.48 0.97 Always

Ginger Tea 2.61 1.10 Sometimes

Avoiding Alcohol 2.91 1.30 Sometimes
Avoiding Smoking 2.92 1.35 Sometimes
Stress Management (taking a nap, deep breathing exercises,
meditation, creative outlets, etc.) 3.04 1.25 Sometimes
Regular Health Monitoring 2.91 1.26 Sometimes
Malunggay Tea 2.03 0.99 Rarely
Garlic (Bawang) 2.25 1.19 Rarely
Celery Seed 1.31 0.65 Never
Omega-3 Fatty Acids 1.50 0.98 Never

Hibiscus Tea (Gumamela) 1.21 0.54 Never

Olive Leaf Extract 1.44 0.80 Never

Fish Oil 1.69 1.08 Never

Overall 2.34 1.04 Rarely

Legend: 3.26 – 4.00 (Always); 2.51 – 3.25 (Sometimes); 1.76 – 2.50 (Rarely);
1.00 – 1.75 (Never)

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B. Average Blood Pressure However, the data also highlighted the presence of
In Table 2, the distribution of respondents' average hypertension stages among the respondents. Notably, 6% of
blood pressure levels was presented, providing insightful the sample recorded a blood pressure of 120/100, and 3%
data on the cardiovascular health of the population studied. had readings of 130/100, indicating Stage 1 hypertension.
Overall, the data showed a wide range of blood pressure
readings among the respondents, with a significant portion Furthermore, isolated instances of more severe
falling within what was considered the normal range. hypertension, such as 150/90 and 190/90, though less
Specifically, the most common blood pressure level common (each at 1%), were of particular concern and
recorded was 120/80, observed in 37 respondents, suggested the need for targeted interventions to address high
accounting for 37% of the total sample. This indicated a blood pressure within this subgroup.
predominant tendency towards a healthy cardiovascular
state within the group.

Table 2 Distribution of the Respondents on Average Blood Pressure Level

Average Blood Pressure F
(%)
100/70 1 (1.0)
110/70 5 (5.0)
120/70 4 (4.0)
120/75 1 (1.0)
110/80 6 (6.0)
110/90 1 (1.0)
110/100 2 (2.0)
120/80 37 (37.0)
120/90 8 (8.0)
120/100 6 (6.0)
130/100 3 (3.0)
130/90 5 (5.0)
130/80 11 (11.0)
130/70 2 (2.0)
130/60 3 (3.0)
140/80 3 (3.0)
150/90 1 (1.0)
190/90 1 (1.0)
Total 100

C. Prevalence of the Integrated Use of Pharmacologic and Non-Pharmacologic Approaches in Managing Hypertension
Table 3 presented the level of prevalence of the integrated use of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic approaches in
managing hypertension among respondents. The overall mean level of prevalence for these combined approaches was 3.20 (SD =
2.29), indicating that, on average, these practices were rarely utilized by patients. This low average usage suggested that many
patients might have been unaware of the benefits of combining different treatments for hypertension. It also highlighted a
potential area for healthcare providers to educate patients about how using both medication and lifestyle changes could effectively
manage their condition.

This low average usage suggested that many patients might have been unaware of the benefits of combining different
treatments for hypertension. It also highlighted a potential area for healthcare providers to educate patients about how using both
medication and lifestyle changes could effectively manage their condition. By understanding and addressing the reasons behind
the rare utilization of combined approaches, healthcare systems could improve hypertension management and patient outcomes.

In the category where the integrated use of pharmacologic and non- pharmacologic methods was “sometimes practiced”, the
mean scores ranged from 3.51 to 4.23, with standard deviations between 2.34 and 2.48. Notable combinations this group included
Losartan with dietary changes (M = 4.23, SD = 2.34) and Losartan with regular physical activity (M = 4.04, SD = 2.35). These
combinations suggested that patients were somewhat more likely to incorporate lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise
when managing hypertension alongside medication.

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Conversely, some integrated approaches were “infrequently practiced”, with mean scores ranging from 1.97 to 2.15 and
standard deviations between 1.74 and 1.89. Examples included Losartan with olive leaf extract (M = 1.97, SD = 1.74) and losartan
with fish oil (M = 2.15, SD = 1.89). These findings indicated a lower prevalence of using certain alternative or supplementary
therapies with conventional pharmacologic treatments. This low prevalence might have been due to a lack of awareness or
skepticism about the effectiveness of these alternative therapies among patients and healthcare providers.

Table 3 Level of Prevalence of the Integrated Use of Pharmacologic and Non- Pharmacologic Approaches in Managing
Hypertension
Indicators Mean SD Interpretation
Amlodipine+ Regular Physical Activity 3.51 2.48 Sometimes
Losartan + Dietary Changes 4.23 2.34 Sometimes
Losartan + Regular Physical Activity 4.04 2.35 Sometimes

Losartan + Avoiding Alcohol 3.58 2.44 Sometimes

Losartan + Avoiding Smoking 3.74 2.42 Sometimes
Losartan + Stress Management 3.88 2.41 Sometimes
Losartan + Regular Health Monitoring 3.82 2.36 Sometimes

Losartan + Tea 3.12 2.32 Rarely

Losartan + Garlic (Bawang) 3.13 2.21 Rarely
Amlodipine + Tea 3.16 2.39 Rarely
Amlodipine + Dietary Changes 3.12 2.46 Rarely
Amlodipine + Avoiding Alcohol 2.92 2.34 Rarely
Amlodipine + Avoiding Smoking 2.94 2.39 Rarely

Amlodipine + Stress Management 3.03 2.42 Rarely

Amlodipine + Regular Health Monitoring 3.15 2.40 Rarely

Losartan + MX3 2.10 1.86 Infrequently

Losartan + Olive Leaf Extract 1.97 1.74 Infrequently
Losartan + Fish Oil 2.15 1.89 Infrequently
Overall 3.20 2.29 Rarely
Legend: 5.17 – 6.00 (Frequently); 4.33 – 5.16 (Occasionally); 3.49 – 4.32
(Sometimes); 2.67 – 3.50 (Rarely); 1.83 – 2.66(Infrequently); 1.00 1.82 (Never)

 Dietary Pattern of the Patient (Consume the Following Foods in Their Diet)
Table 4 provides an overview of respondents' consumption habits across various food categories. Red meat, including beef,
pork, and lamb, was predominantly consumed weekly by 44% of respondents, indicating its significance as a staple protein source
influenced by availability and cultural preferences. Poultry, such as chicken and turkey, saw daily consumption by 10% of
respondents, suggesting a preference for leaner protein options and potential health benefits. Fish and seafood were consumed
daily by 51% of respondents, pointing towards a strong cultural or dietary inclination towards these sources’ rich in omega-3 fatty
acids and lean protein. Eggs and dairy products were consumed daily by 47% of respondents, highlighting their importance for
nutritional needs due to affordability, versatility, and nutritional value.

Conversely, fruits were consumed daily by 67% of respondents, emphasizing their role in meeting daily nutritional
requirements and promoting overall health. Vegetables were consumed daily by 73% of respondents, indicating a strong emphasis
on vegetable intake for essential nutrients and fiber. Legumes, such as beans and lentils, were consumed daily by 38% of

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respondents, showcasing their significance in providing daily protein and fiber intake in plant-based diets. Grains and cereals,
including rice, bread, and pasta, were consumed daily by 51% of respondents, serving as dietary staples rich in carbohydrates and
fiber. Snack foods, like chips and candies, were consumed weekly by 30% of respondents.

Table 4 Distribution of the Respondents on How Often Do They Consume the Following Foods in Their Diet
Indicators Daily Weekly Monthly Yearly Never Total
Red meat (beef, pork, lamb) (f) 4 44 49 3 0 100
(%) 4.0% 44.0% 49.0% 3.0% - 100.0%

Poultry (chicken, turkey) (f) 10 65 25 0 0 100

(%) 10.0 65.0% 25.0% - - 100.0%

%
Fish and Seafood (f) 51 34 11 4 0 100
(%) 51.0 34.0% 11.0% 4.0% - 100.0%
%
Eggs Dairy products (milk (f) 47 21 18 13 1 100
cheese,yogurt)
(%) 47.0 21.0% 18.0% 13.0% 1.0% 100.0%
%

Fruits(specify types, e.g., (f) 67 27 5 1 0 100

apples, oranges, bananas)
(%) 67.0 27.0% 5.0% 1.0% - 100.0%
%

Vegetables specify types, e.g., (f) 73 18 6 2 1 100

carrots, broccoli,
spinach)
(%) 73.0 18.0% 6.0% 2.0% 1.0% 100.0%
%

Legumes (beans, lentils) (f) 38 20 24 15 3 100

(%) 38.0 20.0% 24.0% 15.0% 3.0% 100.0%
%
Grains and cereals (rice, (f) 51 19 7 16 7 100
bread, pasta)
(%) 51.0 19.0% 7.0% 16.0% 7.0% 100.0%
%

Snack foods (chips, cookies (f) 22 30 15 19 14 100

candies)
(%) 22.0 30.0% 15.0% 19.0% 14.0% 100.0%
%

 Dietary Pattern of the Patient (Often that Drink the Following Beverages)

Table 5 provided an overview of respondents' beverage consumption habits, revealing distinct trends in consumption
frequencies. Water stood out 96% reporting daily intake, showcasing a widespread commitment to hydration for overall health.
Alcoholic drinks were consumed yearly by 38%, indicating a more occasional indulgence, possibly reflecting a balanced approach
to alcohol consumption and awareness of associated health risks.

However, fruit juices were a weekly staple for 63% of respondents, suggesting a preference for vitamin-rich options. Soft
drinks or sodas were consumed weekly by Coffee emerged as a daily ritual.

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Table 5 Frequency and Distribution of the Respondents on How Often Do They Drink the following beverages
Indicators Daily Weekly Monthly Yearly Never Total
Water (f) 96 4 0 0 0 100

(%) 96.0% 4.0% - - - 100.0%

Alcoholic Drinks (f) 3 9 31 38 19 100
(%) 3.0% 9.0% 31.0% 38.0% 19.0% 100.0%
Fruit juices (f) 10 63 15 10 2 100

(%) 10.0% 63.0% 15.0% 10.0% 2.0% 100.0%

Soft drinks or sodas (f) 7 42 21 25 5 100
(regular or diet)
(%) 7.0% 42.0% 21.0% 25.0% 5.0% 100.0%
Coffee (f) 21 43 11 19 6 100
(%) 21.0% 43.0% 11.0% 19.0% 6.0% 100.0%

Indicators Daily Weekly Monthly Yearly Never Total

Water (f) 96 4 0 0 0 100
(%) 96.0% 4.0% - - - 100.0%

IV. DISCUSSION There is a need for increased efforts to raise awareness

and educate patients on the benefits of non-pharmacological
The study found that the non-pharmacological treatments for managing hypertension.
treatment of hypertension was seldom used by participants,
suggesting a lack of knowledge or confidence in such Healthcare providers should have emphasized the
treatments. Low rates of use may also imply that patients are potential advantages of these treatments and offered
not aware of the potential value and benefits of non-drug guidance on incorporating them into daily routines, which
treatments in general, or that healthcare providers do not could have led to improved patient outcomes and a more
regularly share this information or routinely recommend holistic approach to hypertension management. Dietary
such treatment options to their patients. Increased exposure changes and regular physical activity were the most
and education about non-drug strategies for managing frequently utilized non-pharmacological treatments, with
hypertension would likely support consumer decision- high mean scores indicating that these strategies were
making about how to best manage their health and chronic consistently adopted by individuals with hypertension.
conditions, as well as improve overall patient outcomes
when used adjunctively with drug therapies. This finding the effectiveness of lifestyle modifications
in managing hypertension and the willingness of patients to
In addition, we found that the use of pharmacologic make dietary adjustments and engage in regular exercise.
and non-pharmacologic treatment in combination was also Healthcare providers should have continued to promote
low. This suggested that patients were largely unaware of these healthy lifestyle practices, providing support and
the potential benefits associated with the integration of these resources to help patients maintain these habits. The success
approaches, and as a result, there has been very limited of dietary and physical activity interventions underscored
adoption of a truly holistic approach by patients. The the importance of encouraging healthy behaviors as part of a
importance of educating patients about the efficacy and comprehensive hypertension management plan. Conversely,
effectiveness associated with combining medication use the study found very low utilization rates for treatments such
with recommended lifestyle modification is highlighted by as celery seed, omega-3 fatty acids, hibiscus tea, olive leaf
these findings and may be an important contributor to not extract, and fish oil. The finding highlighted the need for
only hypertension control but overall health in this increased education and information dissemination about the
population. potential benefits of these alternative treatments.

V. IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY Healthcare providers should have considered

incorporating discussions about these treatments into their
This study revealed a low overall utilization of non- consultations, addressing misconceptions, and making these
pharmacological treatments among individuals managing options more accessible to patients. By doing so, they could
hypertension. This suggested that non-drug treatments were have offered more comprehensive treatment plans that
not commonly used, possibly due to a lack of awareness or catered to individual patient preferences and needs. The
trust among patients, or insufficient recommendations from study also examined the integrated use of pharmacologic
healthcare providers. and non-pharmacologic approaches, finding that these
combined strategies were rarely utilized by patients. Notable
combinations, such as Losartan with dietary changes and

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Losartan with regular physical activity, showed higher usage It was also recommended that future studies use
rates, indicating that patients might have been more objective measures, such as clinical evaluations and
receptive to lifestyle modifications when recommended biomarker assessments, alongside self-reported data to
alongside medication. Encouraging patients to adopt these improve the reliability and validity of the results. Lastly,
integrated Approaches could have led to better hypertension increasing awareness and education on lesser-known non-
management and potentially reduced reliance on medication pharmacological treatments through healthcare provider
alone, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of training and patient education programs could have been a
life. vital area for intervention and study.

In previous years, the key considerations of the non- Therefore, when looking for other forms of
pharmacologic therapies for hypertension were confined and hypertension non-pharmacological treatment, the following
empowered mainly on eating habits, exercises, and the stress limitations emerge from the research. Some limitations
of lifestyle without being complemented adequately by include the variations in the numbers of subjects in the
pharmacological interferences. However more recent studies, and the subjects’ backgrounds, intervention
research has affirmed that other than using the DASH diet to duration, and measuring instruments. All these have a
reduce high blood pressure, it does so in ways that have not bearing on the challenges regarding the generalization of the
been seen before. Prevention and control of hypertension; findings across the two kinds of research studies in a manner
sparking and aerobic movements, dynamic and static forms that is commensurate. Moreover, some papers are purely
of exercise such as endurance and strength. questionnaire-based, this makes the information received, to
a certain extent, reflect the subjective estimate or recalling
Long-term stress also suppresses the sympathetic of the participants.
nervous system, and some of the measures that can help
with stress include practicing mindfulness meditation or One more significant limitation of the current literature
doing yoga. From these observations, it therefore becomes is that many of the studies with non-pharmacologic
clear and understood that more emphasis is required for the interventions are conducted for a short period, which
incorporation of other non-pharmacological approaches in prevents the researchers from understanding the long-term
the handling of hypertension to improve the results. effectiveness of the interventions. Moreover, regarding the
analyzed sample of non-pharmacological interventions
VI. LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ranging from dietary modification to exercise and stress
reduction approaches and complementary therapies, the
One of the primary limitations of this study was the study is beneficial because sometimes it remains unclear
reliance on self-reported data from respondents, which may which of the approaches may lead to exclusively positive
have introduced bias or inaccuracies in the reported usage of effects. Also, there are deficiencies in knowledge
non-pharmacological treatments and their perceived concerning some demographic variables, which might
effectiveness. Furthermore, the study's sample size of 100 predict the applicability and efficacy of these interventions.
individuals, although purposively selected, may not have
been sufficiently large or diverse to generalize the findings Therefore, there is needed culturally competent and
to the broader population of adults with hypertension. systems-oriented research. Such limitations will be
countered through increased reliance on standard procedures
The exclusion of pharmacological treatments limited and extended monitoring; the advancement of the
the scope of understanding the integrated management of understanding of non-pharmacological approaches to
hypertension, which often includes both pharmacological hypertension will be the outcome.
and non-pharmacological approaches. Another significant
limitation was the geographic focus of the study, which may VII. STRENGTH OF THE STUDY
have limited the generalizability of the findings to other
regions with different healthcare practices, cultural attitudes, This study explored the strengths of studying non-
and dietary habits. pharmacological approaches to hypertension. Holistic
management through strategies such as dietary changes,
Future research should have considered a more exercise, and stress reduction addressed multiple lifestyle
integrative approach that included both pharmacological and factors influencing hypertension, leading to comprehensive
non-pharmacological treatments to provide a holistic health improvements. By focusing on lifestyle modifications
understanding of hypertension management. This could rather than medications, patients experienced fewer adverse
have uncovered potential synergies and provided a more effects, avoiding complications like dizziness or fatigue.
comprehensive treatment guideline for patients. Lifestyle changes promoted lasting habits, helping maintain
Additionally, employing a longitudinal study design could healthy blood pressure levels over time and contributing to
have helped in assessing the long-term efficacy and long-term cardiovascular health.
compliance of non-pharmacological treatments. Expanding
the geographic scope and including diverse demographic Non-pharmacological interventions often involve low-
groups would have enhanced the generalizability of the cost or no-cost options, significantly reducing healthcare
findings. costs related to medications and their associated monitoring.
Engaging patients in their health management fostered a

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