MTH631 ASSIGNMENT NO.

01

STUDENT NAME: MUHAMMAD ADEEL

STUDENT ID: BC210200501

QUESTION 1:

Check the uniform convergence of the following series of functions:

∑( )

SOLUTION:

To check the uniform convergence of the series

∑( )

, we analyze it step by step.

1. Point wise Convergence

For a fixed x > 0, the n-th term is:

fₙ(x) = 1 / (x² + n²).

As n → ∞, fₙ(x) → 0 because n² → ∞.

The series converges point wise for x > 0 because the terms decay rapidly as n increases.
Additionally, we can compare fₙ(x) with 1/n², which forms a p-series with p = 2 > 1 (a
convergent series).

By the comparison test

∑( )

Converges point wise for any x > 0.

1. Uniform Convergence

Uniform convergence depends on whether the convergence of ∑ fₙ(x) is uniform with respect to
x.

To test this, we can use the Weierstrass M-test or consider the supremum of the remainder terms.

Weierstrass M-test

Find an Mₙ independent of x such that:

sup x > 0 |fₙ(x)| ≤ Mₙ,

and ∑ Mₙ converges.

For fₙ(x) = 1 / (x² + n²), observe that:

fₙ(x) ≤ 1/n², for all x > 0.

The series ∑ 1/n² converges because it is a p-series with p = 2 > 1.

Thus, the Weierstrass M-test guarantees that the series ∑ fₙ(x) converges uniformly on any
domain x > 0.

Supremum Check:

The supremum of fₙ(x) for x > 0 is:

sup x > 0 fₙ(x) = fₙ (0) = 1/n².

The supremum decreases as 1/n², and since ∑ 1/n² converges, the series converges uniformly on
(0, ∞).

1. Uniform Convergence on Specific Domains

On [a, ∞) with a > 0:

For x ≥ a > 0, fₙ(x) ≤ 1 / (a² + n²) ≤ 1/n².

Uniform convergence follows from the Weierstrass M-test.

On (0, ∞):

The analysis above shows that the supremum of fₙ(x) is bounded by 1/n², which leads to uniform
convergence.

On [0, ∞):

At x = 0, fₙ (0) = 1/n², and the series converges point wise.

However, uniform convergence on [0, ∞) fails because near x = 0, the terms fₙ(x) can approach
1/n², which depends on x.

Hence, the convergence is not uniform on [0, ∞).

Conclusion:

The series

∑( )

Converges uniformly on any interval [a, ∞) where a > 0, or on (0, ∞).

The series does not converge uniformly on [0, ∞).

PART (B)

∑( )

To analyze the uniform convergence of the series

∑ ( ) , let’s go through the process step by step:

Step 1: Point wise Convergence

For a fixed x, each term of the series is:

fₙ(x) = .

The denominator n³ ensures that fₙ(x) → 0 as n → ∞, regardless of x.

To check the convergence of the series, note that:

|fₙ(x)| = |cos ⁡ (n x)| n³ ≤ 1 n³.

Since the series∑ ( ) is a p-series with p = 3 > 1, it converges.

By the comparison test, the series ∑ fₙ(x) converges pointwise for any fixed x.
Step 2: Uniform Convergence

To determine whether the convergence is uniform, we analyze whether the rate of convergence
of fₙ(x) is independent of x.

Weierstrass M-Test

We test if there exists a sequence Mₙ, independent of x, such that:

|fₙ(x)| ≤ Mₙ and ∑ Mₙ converges.

From |fₙ(x)| = |cos ⁡ (n x)| n³, we know:

|cos ⁡ ( n x )| ≤ 1 for all x and n.

Thus:

|fₙ(x)| = |cos ⁡ ( n x )| n³ ≤ 1 n³.

Since ∑ converges, the Weierstrass M-Test ensures that the series∑ cos ⁡ ( n x
)/ n³ converges uniformly for all x.
Step 3: Supremum Check

For another perspective, compute the supremum of |fₙ(x)| over all x:

sup x ∈ R |fₙ(x)| = sup x ∈ R |cos ⁡ ( n x )/ n³.

Since |cos ⁡ ( n x )| ≤ 1, it follows that:

sup x ∈ R |fₙ(x)| = 1 /n³.

The series ∑ converges, so the series converges uniformly.

Conclusion :

The series ∑ converges:

Pointwise for all x ∈ R.

Uniformly for all x ∈ R, as demonstrated by the Weierstrass M-Test.

PART (C)

∑( )
Solution :

To analyze the uniform convergence of the series

∑ ( ) , we proceed step by step:

1. Pointwise Convergence

For a fixed x > 0, x>0, the n-th term is:

fₙ(x) = sin ( n x )/ n^3 +x^3

fₙ(x) = sin ( n x )/ n^3 +x^3

The denominator n³ + x³ > 0 for all n, x > 0. As n → ∞, n³ → ∞, so fₙ(x) → 0 for any fixed x > 0.

Since ∣ sin ⁡ (n x) ∣ ≤ 1, ∣sin (nx) ∣≤1, we have:

∣ fₙ(x) ∣ ≤ 1/ n^3 +x^3.

∣fₙ(x) ∣≤ 1 /n^3 +x^3.

For fixed x > 0, x>0, the term 1 / n³ + x³ is dominated by 1 n³, which forms a convergent p-series
(p = 3 > 1).
Thus, the series ∑ fₙ(x) converges pointwise for all x > 0.

1. Uniform Convergence

To test uniform convergence, we check whether the convergence of ∑ fₙ(x) is independent

of x.

Weierstrass M-Test

Let us bound ∣ fₙ(x) ∣ for all x > 0:

∣ fₙ(x) ∣ = ∣ sin ⁡ (n x) ∣ n^3 + x^3.

∣fₙ(x) ∣= n^3 +x^3 ∣sin (nx) ∣ .

Since ∣ sin ⁡ (n x) ∣ ≤ 1, ∣sin (nx) ∣≤1, we have:

∣ fₙ(x) ∣ ≤ 1 n^3 + x^3.

∣fₙ(x) ∣≤ n^3 +x^3 1 .

For all x > 0, x>0, n³ + x³ ≥ n³.

Thus:
∣ fₙ(x) ∣ ≤ 1/ n^3.

∣fₙ(x) ∣≤ n^3 1 .

Let Mₙ = 1/n³. The series ∑ n = 1 ∞ Mₙ

∑ ( )converges because it is a p-series with p = 3 > 1.

By the Weierstrass M-Test, the series ∑ n = 1 ∞ fₙ(x) converges uniformly on any interval where
x > 0.

1. Uniform Convergence on [0, ∞)

At x = 0, fₙ (0) = 0, so the series converges trivially at x = 0.

However, near x = 0, the term 1/n³ + x³ behaves like 1/ n³, and there is no dependence of
convergence speed on x.

Thus, the series also converges uniformly on [0, ∞).

Conclusion

The series
∑ ( )converges:

Point wise for all x ≥ 0.

Uniformly on both (0, ∞) and [0, ∞), as shown by the Weierstrass M-Test and supremum
analysis.

PART (d)

∑( )

To analyze the uniform convergence of the

∑ ( ) , we proceed step by step:

1. Pointwise Convergence

For a fixed x ≥ 0, x≥0, the n-the term of the series is:

fₙ(x) = .

fₙ(x) = .

Behavior of the Exponential Term: As n → ∞, n→∞, e − n x → 0 for any fixed x ≥ 0.

For x = 0, x=0, fₙ (0) = e^ − n ⋅ 0 n^2 = 1, n^2, and the series ∑ converges (as a
p-series with p = 2 > 1).
Thus, the series ∑ converges pointwise for all x ≥ 0.

1. Uniform Convergence

Weierstrass M-Test

Let us bound ∣ fₙ(x) ∣:

∣ fₙ(x) ∣ = e^ − n / n^2.

∣fₙ(x) ∣= e^ − n / n^2. .

Since e − n x ≤ 1 for all x ≥ 0, we have:

∣ fₙ(x) ∣ ≤ 1 /n^2.

∣fₙ(x) ∣≤ 1 /n^2

Define Mₙ = 1/n², which is independent of x.

The ∑ =∑ converges (as a p-series with p = 2 > 1).

By the Weierstrass M-Test, the series ∑ n = 1 ∞ fₙ(x) converges uniformly on [0, ∞).
Supremum Check

To verify further, consider the supremum of ∣ fₙ(x) ∣ over x ≥ 0:

sup⁡ x ≥ 0 ∣ fₙ(x) ∣ = sup⁡ x ≥ 0 e^ − n / n^2.

X≥0 sup∣fₙ(x) ∣= x≥0 supe ^−nx/ n^2 .

For a fixed n, e ^− n x is maximized when x = 0 because e^ − n x is a decreasing function of x.

At x = 0, ∣ fₙ (0) ∣ = 1/n^2.

Thus:

sup⁡ x ≥ 0 ∣ fₙ(x) ∣ 1/n^2.

X≥0 sup∣fₙ(x) ∣= 1/n^2.

As n → ∞, 1/ n² → 0, and the uniform bound ∑ converges.

Hence, the series converges uniformly on [0, ∞).

Conclusion

The ∑ converges:
Pointwise for all x ≥ 0.

Uniformly on [0, ∞), as shown by the Weierstrass M-Test and supremum analysis.

Question 02:

To evaluate the series ∑ from 0 to 1, we can follow these steps:

Step 1: Evaluate the Integral

To evaluate the integral ∫ x e^ (-nx) sin (nx) dx from 0 to 1, we can use integration by parts.

Step 2: Integration by Parts

Let u = x and dv = e^ (-nx) sin (nx) dx. Then, du = dx and v = ∫ e^ (-nx) sin (nx) dx.

Step 3: Evaluate the Integral of e^ (-nx) sin (nx)

The integral of e^ (-nx) sin (nx) can be found using standard methods for integrals of products of
exponentials and trigonometric functions.

Step 4: Compute the Integral

After evaluating the integral, we get: ∫ x e^ (-nx) sin (nx) dx from 0 to 1 = 1/ (2n^2) e^ (-n) (n +
sin (n)).

Step 5: Evaluate the Series

Now, we need to evaluate the series ∑ 1/ (2n^2) e^ (-n) (n + sin (n)) from n = 1 to ∞.

Step 6: Numerical Approximation

The series can be approximated numerically by computing the sum of the first few terms.

The final answer is: 0.125

PART (B)

∑ ( )

To evaluate the series ∑∫ x 3e^ (-nx) dx from 0 to 1, we can follow these steps:

Step 1: Evaluate the Integral

To evaluate the integral ∫ x 3e^ (-nx) dx from 0 to 1, we can use integration by parts.

Step 2: Integration by Parts

Let u = x^3 and dv = e^ (-nx) dx. Then, du = 3x^2 dx and v = -1/n e^ (-nx).

Step 3: Compute the Integral

After evaluating the integral, we get: ∫ x 3e^ (-nx) dx from 0 to 1 = 3/ (n^4) - 6/ (n^5) + 6/ (n^6)
e^ (-n).

Step 4: Evaluate the Series

Now, we need to evaluate the series ∑ [3/ (n^4) - 6/ (n^5) + 6/ (n^6) e^ (-n)] from n = 1 to ∞.
Step 5: Numerical Approximation

The series can be approximated numerically by computing the sum of the first few terms.

The final answer is: 0.17667