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380300817 test bank for statistics for business and

economics 7th edition by newbold doc
Business administration (University of Zambia)

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Test Bank for Statistics for Business

and Economics 7th Edition by Newbol
Complete downloadable file at:
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by-Newbol

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Which of the following variables is an example of a categorical variable?

A)The amount of money you spend on eating out each month.

B)The time it takes you to write a test.
C)The geographic region of the country in which you live.
D)The weight of a cereal box.
ANSWER: C

2. Which of the following is an example of a discrete random variable?

A) The monthly electric bill for a local business.

B) The number of people eating at a local café between noon and 2:00 p.m.
C) The amount of time it takes for a worker to complete a complex task.
D) The percentage of people living below the poverty level in a Boston.
ANSWER: B

3. What is the correct ranking of data from weakest or lowest type to strongest or
highest type?

A) Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio

B) Ordinal, nominal, interval and ratio
C) Interval, nominal, ratio and ordinal
D) Nominal, interval, ordinal, and ratio
ANSWER: A

4. Professor Matherly graduated from the University of Tennessee with a code value
= 1 while Professor Hansen graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a
code value = 2. The scale of measurement likely represented by this information
is:

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
ANSWER: A

1
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5. A measurement scale that rates product quality as either 1 = poor, 2 = average and
3 = good is known as

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
ANSWER: B

6. Which of the following statements involve descriptive statistics as opposed to

inferential statistics?

A) The Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Department reported that Houston had
1,791 registered gun dealers in 1997.
B) Based on a survey of 400 magazine readers, the magazine reports that 45% of
its readers prefer double column articles.
C) The FAA samples 500 traffic controllers in order to estimate the percent
retiring due to job stress related illness.
D) Based on a sample of 300 professional tennis players, a tennis magazine
reported that 25% of the parents of all professional tennis players did not play
tennis.
ANSWER: A

7. The width of each bar in a histogram corresponds to the

A) midpoint of the class

B) number of observations in the class
C) boundaries of the class
D) percentage of observations in the class
ANSWER: C

8. Which of the following is not a goal of descriptive statistics?

A) Summarizing data
B) Displaying aspects of the collected data
C) Reporting numerical findings
D) Estimating characteristics of the population
ANSWER: D

9. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) Ordinal data may be described as qualitative.

B) Nominal data may be described as quantitative.
C) A categorical variable may produce ordinal data.
D) A discrete numerical variable may produce ratio scale data.
ANSWER: B

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Chapter 1

10. Which of the following are not typical uses of inferential statistics?

A) Develop forecasts
B) Summarize data
C) Provide estimates
D) Make predictions
ANSWER: B

11. The length of time it takes to assemble a particular electronic component varies
from one employee to another. Management has collected the time (in minutes) it
took 20 different employees to assemble the component. The information is
summarized in the following frequency distribution generated by Excel.

Bin Frequency Cumulative

%
10 1 5.00%
15 9 50.00%
20 1 55.00%
25 7 90.00%
More 2 100.00%

Which of the following statements is true?

A) 50% of all the workers took exactly 15 minutes to assemble the component.
B) 100% of all the workers took longer than 25 minutes to assemble the
component.
C) Eleven workers assembled the component in 20 minutes or less.
D) Seven workers took 25 minutes or longer to assemble the component.
ANSWER: C

12. Consider the following frequency distributions generated by Excel. What is the
missing cumulative % value identified by asterisk?

Bin Frequenc Cumulative %

y
12.8 1 5.00%
41.6 5 30.00%
70.4 6 60.00%
99.2 6 *
More 2 100.00%

A) 60.00%
B) 5.00%
C) 100%
D) 90%
ANSWER: D

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13. Consider the following frequency distribution generated by Excel. What is the
missing frequency value identified by asterisk?

Bin Frequency Cumulative %

584 1 4.00%
1774.4 * 64.00%
2964.8 4 80.00%
4155.2 3 92.00%
5345.6 1 96.00%
More 1 100.00%

A) 3
B) 15
C) 16
D) 25
ANSWER: B

14. When grouping data into classes it is recommended that to have:

A) exactly 5 classes
B) between 5 and 20 classes
C) at least 5 classes
D) at most 10 classes
ANSWER: B

15. A researcher used a procedure to select a sample of n objects from a population in

such a way that each member of the population is chosen strictly by chance, is
equally likely to be chosen, and every possible sample of size n has the same
chance of selection. The procedure used by the researcher is known as:

A) descriptive statistics
B) inferential statistics
C) simple random sampling
D) None of the above
ANSWER: C

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Chapter 1

16. Data on the monthly expenses (in $) submitted by 15 people on a firm’s sales staff
are summarized in the following stem-and-leaf display.

Stem-and-leaf
Dollars N = 25
Leaf Unit = 10.0
2 2 57
(7) 3 1145678
5 4 22459
1 5 1

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) The leaf 7 represents $70.

B) The number 5 in the left-hand column tells us that five people had expenses
between $400 and $499.
C) The parentheses around the number 7 in the left-hand column tell us that most
of the employees had expenses between $300 and $399.
D) There was one employee who spent at least $510.
ANSWER: C

17. Consider the terms: information, data, and knowledge. From a statistical
standpoint, list these terms in order of increasing usefulness in making decisions.

A) Information, data, and knowledge

B) Data, information, and knowledge
C) Knowledge, information, and data
D) Knowledge, data, and information
ANSWER: B

18. Inferential statistics is a process that involves all of the following except:

A) estimating a sample statistic

B) estimating a population parameter
C) testing a hypothesis
D) Both A and B
ANSWER: A

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19. A sample of 30 professional men was asked to estimate their yearly expenditures
on clothes for work. The data are summarized in the following stem-and-leaf
display.

Stem-and-leaf
N = 30
Leaf Unit = 10.0
2 5 048
5 6 002459
(11)7 0 0 2 2 3 3 5 5 7 7 8
6 8 002378
3 9 227
1 10 0

What percentage of these men spent more than $900 on professional attire?

A) 87.7%
B) 13.3%
C) 16.7%
D) 83.3%
ANSWER: B

20. Suppose a survey is taken of 300 high school seniors. This group is probably a

A) sample
B) population
C) system
D) process
ANSWER: A

21. When data are collected in a statistical study for only a portion or subset of all
elements of interest the researcher is using a:

A) sample
B) parameter
C) statistic
D) population
ANSWER: A

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22. Consider the following frequency distribution generated by Excel. What

proportion of these values are less than 63?

Bin Frequency Cumulative %

26 0 0.00%
44.5 5 25.00%
63 7 60.00%
81.5 1 65.00%
More 7 100.00%

A) 25%
B) 60%
C) 65%
D) 35%
ANSWER: A

23. Which of the following is a quantitative variable?

A) The make of a washing machine

B) A person's gender
C) Price of a car in thousands of dollars
D) Whether a person is a college graduate or not
ANSWER: C

24. Companies are often interested in knowing how customers learned about their
products. They often solicit this information on mail-in warranty cards. The
customers’ responses for a particular product were gathered and the data are
presented in the pie chart below.

7% 25% Friend
12%
Magazine
TV

17% Internet
39% Other

What percentage of respondents learned about the product through television or

the Internet?

A) 12%
B) 39%
C) 51%
D) 100%
ANSWER: C

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25. A line graph that connects points that represent the cumulative percentage of
observations below the upper limit of each class interval in a cumulative
frequency distribution is known as a(n):

A) ogive
B) frequency histogram
C) frequency polygon
D) scatter plot
ANSWER: A

26. Pareto’s principle is applied to a wide variety of behavior over many systems. It is
sometimes referred to as the:

A) “20-80” Rule
B) “80-20” Rule
C) “10-90” Rule
D) “90-10” Rule
ANSWER: B

27. Which of the following is most likely a continuous numerical variable?

A) The number of gallons of paint purchased

B) The number of reams of paper ordered
C) The population of Egypt in 2005
D) The number of miles of interstate highways
ANSWER: D

THE NEXT THREE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The Quality Assurance Department of a large restaurant is attempting to monitor and
evaluate customer satisfaction with restaurant services. Prior to their departure, a random
sample of customers is asked to fill out a short questionnaire to rate such services as
quality of food, price, waiting time to be served, and cleanness of the place. The Quality
Assurance Department prepares weekly reports that are used to improve the services.

28. In this restaurant services study, the process of using sample information for
predictions, forecasts, and estimates is called:

A) inferential statistics
B) descriptive statistics
C) statistical survey
D) process
ANSWER: A

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29. In this restaurant services study, the process of using this information to predict
future needs of customers in the restaurant is called:

A) statistical survey
B) inferential statistics
C) descriptive statistics
D) forecasting
ANSWER: D

30. In this restaurant services study, a listing of all customers in this restaurant over a
particular week would constitute a:

A) sample
B) population
C) numerical variable
D) process
ANSWER: B

31. You asked ten of your classmates about their weight. On the basis of this
information, you stated that the average weight of all students in your university
or college is 142.6 pounds. This is an example of:

A) descriptive statistics
B) inferential statistics
C) parameter
D) population
ANSWER: B

32. In rating the service provided by a restaurant server, the following responses are
possible: excellent, above average, average, below average, and poor. The
responses are coded from 1 to 5 with 5 being excellent. The scale of measurement
these represent is:

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
ANSWER: B

33. Which of the following is a categorical variable?

A) Tire pressure
B) Bank account balance
C) Daily sales in a store
D) Eye color
ANSWER: D

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34. An automobile insurance agent believes that company A is more reliable than
company B. Which scale of measurement does this information represent?

A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
ANSWER: B

35. Which of the following statements involve inferential statistics as opposed to

descriptive statistics?

A) The FAA reported there were 200 near misses among airplanes last year.
B) A class of fifty statistics students earned an average grade of 75.5.
C) The city business office reported 40 building permits for new single-family
housing units.
D) Based on a sample of 500 subscribers, a local cable system estimates that
forty percent of its subscribers watch a premium channel at least once per
day.
ANSWER: D

36. Which of the following best describes the data: zip codes for students attending
Utah Valley University?

A) Qualitative
B) Numerical
C) Quantitative
D) Time-series
ANSWER: A

37. Which of the following best describes the data: grade point averages for athletes?

A) Categorical
B) Quantitative
C) Qualitative
D) Relative frequency
ANSWER: B
38. A company has developed a new battery, but the average lifetime is unknown. In
order to estimate this average, a sample of 100 batteries is tested and the average
lifetime of this sample is found to be 250 hours. The 250 hours is the value of a:

A) parameter
B) statistic
C) sampling frame
D) population
ANSWER: B

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39. Consider the following data: like, no preference, or dislike. Which of the
following best describes these data?

A) Qualitative
B) Numerical
C) Quantitative
D) Attitude
ANSWER: A

40. A summary measure that is computed from a population is known as a(n)

A) parameter
B) statistic
C) sample
D) inferential statistics
ANSWER: A

41. At a large company, the majority of the employees earn from $20,000 to $30,000
per year. Middle management employees earn between $30,000 and $50,000 per
year while top management earn between $50,000 and $100,000 per year. A
histogram of all salaries would have which of the following shapes?

A) Symmetrical
B) Uniform
C) Skewed to right
D) Skewed to left
ANSWER: C

42. Which of the following is the graphical analog of a frequency table?

A) Histogram
B) Scatter plot
C) Time series plot
D) Contingency table
ANSWER: A

43. Which of the following statements is false?

A) Relative frequencies are often useful in a presentation because nearly

everybody understands fractional parts when expressed as percents.
B) Relative frequencies are particularly useful when comparing the frequency
distributions of two different size sets of data.
C) The histogram of a normal sample should have a distribution shape that is
skewed.
D) A stem-and-leaf display contains all the information needed to create a histogram.
ANSWER: C

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44. Numerical variables can be subdivided into two types. What are these?

A) Diverse and categorical

B) Discrete and continuous
C) Nominal and progressive
D) Cross-sectional and discrete
ANSWER: B

45. A summary measure that is computed from a sample to describe a characteristic

of the population is known as a(n):

A) parameter
B) statistic
C) population
D) inferential statistics
ANSWER: B

46. Gender and state of birth are examples of which type of data?

A) Discrete
B) Continuous
C) Categorical
D) Ordinal
ANSWER: C

47. Which of the following statements is false?

A) A Pareto diagram is a bar graph with the bars arranged from the most
numerous categories to the least numerous categories.
B) A Pareto diagram includes a line graph displaying the cumulative percentages
and counts for the bars.
C) A Pareto diagram of types of defects will show the ones that have the greatest
effect on the defective rate in order of effect. It is then easy to see which
defects should be targeted in order to most effectively lower the defective rate.
D) None of the above.
ANSWER: D

48. A variable is classified as ordinal if:

A) There is a natural ordering of categories

B) There is no natural ordering of categories
C) The data arise from continuous measurements
D) The variable is tracked over a period of time
ANSWER: A

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49. A time series plot is essentially a:

A) histogram
B) scatter plot
C) Pareto diagram
D) pie chart
ANSWER: B

THE NEXT FIFTEEN QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

In a recent survey, respondents were classified according to their gender, marital status,
and geographic location. These data are summarized in the following cross table:

Single Single Married Married Row Total

Male Female Male Female
Northeast 12 17 22 10 61
South 31 26 8 23 88
Midwest 45 33 52 38 168
West 34 19 24 13 90
Column Total 122 95 99 84 400

50. What percentage of the respondents was unmarried?

A) 0.620
B) 0.305
C) 0.510
D) 0.543
ANSWER: D

51. What percentage of the respondents were unmarried people from the Midwest?

A) 0.195
B) 0.543
C) 0.464
D) 0.359
ANSWER: A

52. What percentage of the respondents were single and from the Northeast?

A) 0.543
B) 0.073
C) 0.475
D) 0.134
ANSWER: B

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53. What percentage of the respondents were married people from the South?

A) 0.114
B) 0.169
C) 0.352
D) 0.078
ANSWER: D

54. What percentage of the respondents were single people from the West?

A) 0.114
B) 0.133
C) 0.543
D) 0.225
ANSWER: B

55. What percentage of the respondents was married?

A) 0.458
B) 0.210
C) 0.248
D) 0.078
ANSWER: A

56. What percentage of the respondents were males?

A) 0.305
B) 0.248
C) 0.553
D) 0.060
ANSWER: C

57. What percentage of the respondents were married females?

A) 0.078
B) 0.248
C) 0.458
D) 0.210
ANSWER: D

58. What percentage of the respondents were people from the West?

A) 0.225
B) 0.133
C) 0.060
D) 0.210
ANSWER; A

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59. What percentage of the respondents were females?

A) 0.305
B) 0.448
C) 0.553
D) 0.060
ANSWER: B

60. What percentage of the respondents were single males?

A) 0.305
B) 0.448
C) 0.133
D) 0.210
ANSWER: A

61. What percentage of the respondents were married females from the Northeast?

A) 0.078
B) 0.448
C) 0.025
D) 0.210
ANSWER: C
62. What percentage of the respondents were married males?

A) 0.305
B) 0.553
C) 0.458
D) 0.248
ANSWER: D

63. What percentage of the respondents was from the Midwest?

A) 0.225
B) 0.420
C) 0.195
D) 0.305
ANSWER; B

64. What percentage of the respondents were married males from the West?

A) 0.060
B) 0.078
C) 0.025
D) 0.195
ANSWER: A

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THE NEXT SIX QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

In a recent marketing experiment, consumers were given one of four different types of
dishwashing detergent and asked to use it for a month. At the end of that time they were
asked to rate the detergent in terms of overall quality. The results are presented below.

Poor Average Fair Good Total

Brand A 5 17 11 10 43
Brand B 14 26 8 18 66
Brand C 10 23 11 17 61
Brand D 11 19 7 5 42
Total 40 85 37 50 212

65. What percentage of the consumers rated their detergent fair or good?

A) 0.490
B) 0.410
C) 0.175
D) 0.236
ANSWER: B

66. What percentage of the consumers evaluated Brand A?

A) 0.203
B) 0.167
C) 0.230
D) 0.189
ANSWER: A

67. What percentage of the consumers rated their detergent average or better?

A) 0.236
B) 0.401
C) 0.811
D) 0.175
ANSWER: C

68. What percentage of the consumers rated their detergent below average?

A) 0.410
B) 0.590
C) 0.175
D) 0.189
ANSWER: D

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69. Of the customers who were given Brand A, what percentage rated it poor?

A) 0.125
B) 0.024
C) 0.116
D) 0.189
ANSWER: C

70. Of the customers who rated their detergent good, what percentage evaluated
Brand C?

A) 0.236
B) 0.340
C) 0.080
D) 0.288
ANSWER: B

71. A professor needs to select a volunteer for a project. Which of the following
would not be an example of a simple random sample?

A) He chooses a number between 00 and 99. The student whose phone number
has the last two digits closest to the one the professor has chosen is selected.
B) He chooses that individual whose name is first in alphabetical order.
C) He puts all student names in a bowl, mixes them up, and selects one.
D) He has each student select a number between 0 and 99 and write it down. He
then selects the student whose number is closest to the last two digits of his
social security number.
ANSWER: B

72. When data is collected using a qualitative, nominal variable, what is true about a
frequency distribution that summarizes the data?

A) Lower and upper class limits can be computed.

B) Class midpoints can be computed.
C) Number of classes corresponds to number of the variable's categories.
D) None of the above.
ANSWER: C

73. An observed subset of the population that is usually selected for analysis is called:

A) knowledge
B) a sample
C) a statistic
D) a process
ANSWER: B

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74. Which analytical tool is often used to separate the “vital few” from the “trivial
many”?

A) Pareto diagram
B) Pie chart
C) Line chart
D) Histogram
ANSWER: A

75. In a frequency distribution, what is the number of observations in a class called?

A) Class midpoint
B) Class frequency
C) Class interval
D) None of the above
ANSWER: B

76. If three possible values of a variable represent distinct categories of similar

objects or events, the variable is referred to as:

A) numerical variable
B) categorical variable
C) binary variable
D) None of the above
ANSWER: B

77. A variable with an unlimited number of numeric values between any two
successive values is referred to as a:

A) continuous variable
B) categorical variable
C) discrete variable
D) parameter
ANSWER: C

78. The distinction between “Statistics” with a capital S and “statistics” with a lower
case s is:

A) “Statistics” refers to a population while “statistics” refers to a sample

B) “Statistics” refers to a sample while “statistics” refers to a population
C) “Statistics” is a tool to help process, summarize, analyze, and interpret data
for the purpose of making better decisions in an uncertain environment, while
“statistics” refers to summary measures that are computed from a sample to
describe a numerical characteristic of the entire population
D) Statistics” refers to tables while “statistics” refers to graphs and charts
ANSWER: C

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79. Dimensional characteristics, such as height, are an example of a:

A) continuous random variable

B) discrete random variable
C) categorical random variable
D) Any of the above
ANSWER: A

80. The total area of bars in a relative frequency histogram:

A) at least 1
B) at most 1
C) exactly 1
D) any value between 0 and 1
ANSWER: C

81. Which of the following statements about a pie chart is false?

A) A pie chart is graphical representation of the proportion or percentage of

frequency of each category of a categorical variable.
B) A pie chart is usually used to display the relative sizes of categories of a
numerical variable.
C) A pie chart always has the shape of a circle.
D) The size of each slice of a pie chart is the proportion or percentage of
frequency of the corresponding category of a categorical variable.
ANSWER: B

82. You collected a data set on the heights (to the nearest inch) of all students at your
university. The best graph to describe this data is a:

A) histogram
B) pie chart
C) bar chart
D) scatter plot
ANSWER: A

83. What is the best type of chart for comparing two sets of categorical data?

A) Ogive
B) Bar chart
C) Pie chart
D) Histogram
ANSWER: B

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True-False Questions

84. The scatter plot can be used to detect whether a linear relationship exists in the
data.
ANSWER: T

85. A histogram is the best graphical tool to display qualitative data.

ANSWER: F

86. Descriptive statistics are used to make a forecast regarding future trends.
ANSWER: F

87. Descriptive statistics transform data to information.

ANSWER: T

88. Discrete numerical variables necessarily have a finite number of values.

ANSWER: F

89. Ordinal data indicate the rank ordering of items, and similar to nominal data – the
values are words that describe responses.
ANSWER: T

90. Descriptive statistics is the study of a sample that enables a researcher to make
projections or estimates about the population from which the sample is drawn.
ANSWER: F

91. Statistics provides business functional areas with tools to make decisions under
conditions of uncertainty.
ANSWER: T

92. A time series plot is considered a pie chart that displays the relative frequency of
defect causes and is used to separate the “vital few” from the ‘trivial many”
ANSWER: F

93. An interval scale indicates rank and distance from a natural zero measured in unit
intervals.
ANSWER: F

94. The role of inferential statistics is to help understand the characteristics of the
sample.
ANSWER: F

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95. A professor is looking for a volunteer for a project. She chooses a number
between 00 and 99. The student whose phone number has the last two digits
closest to the one the professor has chosen is selected. This is an example of a
simple random sample.
ANSWER: T

96. A sample is the complete set of elements in which an investigator is interested.

ANSWER: F

97. Ratio scale data do indicate both rank and distance from a natural zero, with ratios
of two measures having meaning.
ANSWER: T

98. Inferential statistics transform data into information.

ANSWER: F
99. It is possible to use statistics to quantify the relationship between variables.
ANSWER: T

100. Cross tables can be used for summarizing both qualitative and quantitative data.
ANSWER: F

101. Bar charts and pie charts are commonly used to describe categorical data.
ANSWER: T

102. An audit of accounts receivable will generally be based on a population.

ANSWER: F

103. Inferential statistics transforms information into knowledge.

ANSWER: T

104. In a simple random sample, every possible sample of size n is equally likely to be
selected.
ANSWER: T

105. A time series plot measures time along the vertical axis and the numerical values
of the variable of interest along the horizontal axis.
ANSWER: F

106. An example of a quantitative variable is the make of a car.

ANSWER: F

107. Descriptive statistics is a process, not just a numerical result. This process might
include estimation, hypothesis testing, analysis of relationships, or forecasting.
ANSWER: F

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108. A line chart is also called a time-series plot.

ANSWER: T

109. A statistic is a descriptive measure computed from an entire population.

ANSWER: F

110. If we attempt to estimate the average age of a particular university's students

using inferential statistics, we are analyzing relationships.
ANSWER: F

111. A parameter is a descriptive measure computed from an entire population.

ANSWER: T

112. A line chart is also called a scatter plot.

ANSWER: F

113. Inferential statistics is the study and description of data that result from an
experiment.
ANSWER: F

114. An ogive is also called a cumulative line graph.

ANSWER: T

115. The field of statistics can be roughly subdivided into two areas: descriptive
statistics and probability.
ANSWER: F

116. The scatter plot usually doesn’t indicate whether extreme values exist in the data.
ANSWER: F

117. A company employs 750 individuals. To ascertain how the employees feel
regarding a pension plan, 75 of the employees are surveyed. The proportion of the
75 employees who favor the pension plan is a parameter.
ANSWER: F

118. Histograms may not be “mathematically correct” since they often cannot be
scaled on the vertical axis.
ANSWER: T

119. A stem-and-leaf displays an exploratory data analysis (EDA) graph that is an

alternative to the line graph.
ANSWER: F

120. In real life, there are not situations in which we need to describe relationships
between categorical or ordinal variables.
ANSWER: F

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121. If we attempt to determine if weekend sales are higher than weekday sales using
inferential statistics, we are testing a hypothesis.
ANSWER: T

122. Decisions are often based on incomplete information in an uncertain environment.

ANSWER: T

123. There are four levels of measurement.

ANSWER: T

124. “The price of Kodak digital camera is likely to be lower in three months than it is
now.” This statement contains language suggesting a spurious amount of
certainty.
ANSWER: F

125. Your high school graduating class rank is an example of ordinal scale.
ANSWER: T

126. All graphic representations of sets of data need to be completely self-explanatory.

That includes a descriptive meaningful title, and identification of the vertical and
horizontal scales.
ANSWER: T

127. A professor is looking for a volunteer for a project. She chooses the individual
whose name is first in alphabetical order. This is an example of a simple random
sample.
ANSWER: F

128. The stem-and-leaf display for summarizing numerical data is a combination of a

graphic technique and a sorting technique.
ANSWER: T

129. The larger the number of observations in a numerical data set, the smaller the
number of class intervals needed for constructing a grouped frequency
distribution.
ANSWER: F

130. The ratio scale of measurement indicates both rank and distance from a natural
zero.
ANSWER: T

131. The histogram of a sample should have a distribution shape very similar to that of
the population from which the sample was drawn.
ANSWER: T

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132. Cross tables have a stronger visual impact than graphs.

ANSWER: F

133. One important principle that must be followed in the sample selection process is
randomness.
ANSWER: T

134. A student’s IQ is an example of the ratio scale of measurement.

ANSWER: F

135. One possible error in constructing a histogram is to make the heights of the
rectangles, and not the areas of the rectangles, proportional to the frequencies.
ANSWER: T

136. Descriptive statistics are used to transform information to data.

ANSWER: F

137. Jersey numbers of basketball players are an example of the ordinal scale data.
ANSWER: F

138. The nominal level of measurement indicates the rank ordering of items.
ANSWER: F

139. The relative frequency in a class is obtained by dividing the frequency in that
class by the total number of observations.
ANSWER: T

140. By selecting a particular scale of measurement, the researcher can, in a time-series

plot, create an impression either of relative stability or of substantial fluctuation
over time.
ANSWER: T

141. Shoe size is an example of interval scale.

ANSWER: T

142. Quantitative variables usually represent membership in groups or categories.

ANSWER: F

143. When a variable is measured, a numerical value is assigned to it, and the result
will be in one of four levels of measurement – nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio.
ANSWER: T

144. Every ogive starts on the left with a cumulative relative frequency of zero at the
lower class boundary of the first class and ends on the right with a cumulative
relative frequency of 100% at the upper class boundary of the last class.
ANSWER: T

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145. A parameter is a specific characteristic of a sample.

ANSWER: F

146. The interval scale is the highest scale of measurement.

ANSWER: F

147. Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) singles rankings for tennis players is an
example of an interval scale.
ANSWER: F

148. The scatter plot visually shows the relationship between two variables.
ANSWER: T

149. A pie chart is similar to a relative frequency distribution.

ANSWER: T

150. The calendar year is an example of an interval scale of measurement.

ANSWER: T

151. A pie chart shows the number of observations in each class.

ANSWER: F

152. A frequency polygon is a useful graphic technique when comparing two or more
distributions.
ANSWER: T

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Short Answer and Applied Questions

153. Suppose you were interested in determining the average monthly expenditures of
college students on DVDs. How would you define the population for this
problem? How would you obtain sample data for this study? Why would you
want to ensure that you survey a random sample of college students?

ANSWER:
We might be interested in determining these expenditures for all students
currently enrolled in a four-year institution of higher learning in the United States.
We would want to collect a random sample such that each of the thousands of
students in the population is equally likely to be selected. We would not just want
to study the expenditures of students at a private college, as their expenditures
may be quite different than those of students in public colleges.

154. Is it possible for a set of observations to be either a sample or a population? Give

an illustrative example.

ANSWER:
Yes, it is possible for a set of numbers to be either a sample or a population.
Suppose we ask students in a business statistics class how many hours they
studied for their mid-term exam. If we are just interested in this particular class’s
level of effort, then the data collected may be viewed as population data.
However, if we intend on using this data to say something about the study habits
of all college students, then we would probably view this data as sample data.

THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

A recent study examined the intended travel destinations for a sample of residents from
Grand Rapids, Michigan. The respondents indicated the likely destination of their next
vacation. The results of this survey are as follows: 8% were contemplating an
international trip, 16% were considering Florida, 30% said they would go to California,
36% thought they would go somewhere within Michigan, and the remaining 10% were
looking at some other destination.

155. Construct a pie chart to show this information.

ANSWER:

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156. Construct a bar chart to show this information

ANSWER:

THE NEXT FIVE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The data presented below were collected on the amount of time it takes, in hours an
employee, to process an order at a local plumbing wholesaler.

2.8 4.9 0.5 13.2 14.2 8.9 3.7 15.2 11.2 13.4
5.5 10.2 1.1 14.2 7.8 4.5 10.9 8.8 18.2 17.1

157. Construct a stem-and-leaf display of the data.

ANSWER:

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158. Construct a frequency distribution of the data.

ANSWER:
Time(in hours) Frequency
0 but < 3.5 3
3.5 but < 6.5 4
6.5 but < 9.5 3
9.5 but < 12.5 3
12.5 but < 15.5 5
15.5 but < 18.5 2

159. Construct cumulative frequency and cumulative percent distributions of the data.

ANSWER:
Time (in hours) Cumulative Frequency Cumulative %
< 3.5 3 15%
< 6.5 7 35%
< 9.5 10 50%
< 12.5 13 65%
< 15.5 18 90%
< 18.5 20 100%

160. Construct a frequency histogram of the data.

ANSWER:

161. Determine the percentage of time it takes an employee at most 12.5 hours to
process an order at the plumbing wholesaler.

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ANSWER:
65%

162. Modify the following statement to reflect possible uncertainty: “The price of GM
stock will be lower in six months than it is now”.

ANSWER:
The price of GM stock is likely to be lower in six months than it is now.

163. Describe briefly what is meant by simple random sampling.

ANSWER:
Simple random sampling is a procedure used to select a sample of n objects from
a population in such a way that each member of the population is chosen strictly
by chance, each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen, and
every possible sample of a given size, n, has the same chance of selection. This
method is so common that the adjective simple is generally dropped, and the
resulting sample is called a random sample.

164. What is statistics? Why do we need to study statistics?

ANSWER:
Statistics is the study of how to make decisions about a population when our
information has been obtained from a sample. Some uncertainty will always
remain.
We need to study statistics not make statements about the sample from which our
information has been obtained but, rather, to draw dependable conclusions about
the wider population from which the sample has been selected.

165. Discuss briefly the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics.

ANSWER:
Descriptive statistics include graphical and numerical procedures that are used to
summarize and process data and to transform data into information. Inferential
statistics provide the bases for predictions, forecasts, and estimates that are used
to transform information into knowledge.

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166. What is the difference between a frequency distribution and a relative frequency
distribution?

ANSWER:
The basic difference between the frequency and relative frequency distribution is
that the relative frequency distribution tells us the percentages rather than the
actual values. This way the data is standardized making it much easier to compare
it to other samples and populations.

167. Why is a cumulative relative frequency distribution so much more informative

than just the relative frequency distribution?

ANSWER:
Cumulative relative frequency distributions not only tell us the percentages in the
sample or population less than a certain value, but we can take the differences and
find the actual cumulative relative frequencies in each class from this distribution.
Moreover, as long as we know the total sample or population size, you can get the
actual frequencies as well.

168. A cable company, based on a survey of its customers, reports that 48% of all the
television audience watch Larry King Live daily. Is this an example of descriptive
or inferential statistics?

ANSWER:
Inferential statistics

169. A recent Wall Street Journal poll asked a group of American voters to rate
economic conditions in the United States. 92% of the respondents rated economic
conditions as “unfavorable.” Identify the population, sample, sample statistic, and
population parameter in this survey.

ANSWER:
Population: All eligible voters in the U.S.
Sample: Voters selected to participate in the survey.
Sample statistic: 92% of the sample rated economic conditions as unfavorable.
Population parameter: The percentage of all voters who would rate economic
conditions as unfavorable.

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THE NEXT FIVE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

An investment councilor recently reviewed the account activity of a sample of 10 of his
clients and calculated the average number of stock trades per month over the past year for
each client. He obtained the following data values: 10.2, 2.5, 11.4, 3.2, 1.1, 3.4, 8.4, 9.7,
11.2, and 2.4.

170. Construct a frequency distribution of the data.

ANSWER:
Average # Stock Trades Frequency
1 but < 4 5
4 but < 7 0
7 but < 10 2
10 but < 13 3

171. Construct a relative frequency and percent distributions of the data.

ANSWER:
Average # Stock Trades Relative Frequency Percent
1 but < 4 0.5 50
4 but < 7 0.0 0
7 but < 10 0.2 20
10 but < 13 0.3 30

172. Construct a cumulative frequency distribution of the data.

ANSWER:
Average # Stock Trades Cumulative Frequency
<4 5
<7 5
< 10 7
< 13 10

173. Construct a cumulative relative frequency and cumulative percent distributions of

the data.

ANSWER:
Average # Stock Trades Cumulative Cumulative
Relative Frequency Percent
<4 0.5 50
<7 0.5 50
< 10 0.7 70
< 13 1.0 100

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174. Construct a frequency histogram of the data

ANSWER:

THE NEXT FIVE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

Suppose you own a video store.

175. Give an example of a question that could be answered using descriptive statistics.

ANSWER:
How many new releases does the store order during the month of January 2009?

176. Give an example of a question concerning a possible relationship between two

variables of interest to your video business.

ANSWER:
If the store manger increases the rental price of adult videos from $2 to $4 per
video, what will be the effect on the rental of these videos?

177. Give an example of a question where estimating a parameter would be helpful.

ANSWER:
What is the average age of the store’s customers?
178. Give an example of a forecasting question.

ANSWER:
Based on the store’s rental sales in 2008, what is the expected amount of sales in
2009?

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179. Give an example of a question where testing a hypothesis about a parameter

would be helpful.

ANSWER:
Are weekend sales at least 25% higher than weekdays sales?

180. A businessman who is running for the vacant Mayor seat with 88,000 registered
voters conducts a survey. In the survey, 54.6% of the 1,200 registered voters
interviewed say they planned to vote for him. Identify the population of interest
and the sample in this survey.

ANSWER:
The population of interest is the political choices of the 88,000 registered voters.
The sample is the political choices of the 1,200 registered voters interviewed.

181. As a businessperson, in what ways may you find yourself involved with statistics?

ANSWER:
You may find yourself involved with statistics in at least one of the following
ways: (a) as a practitioner collecting, analyzing, and presenting findings based on
statistical data, or (b) as a consumer of statistical claims and findings offered by
others, some of whom may be either incompetent or unethical.

182. As part of the graduation paperwork, seniors at a particular college were asked to
indicate their post-graduation plans. Results showed that 15% planned to start
graduate school right after college graduation. Is this an example of descriptive or
inferential statistics?

ANSWER:
Descriptive statistics

183. Briefly discuss the Pareto diagram.

ANSWER:
A Pareto diagram, named after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, is a bar chart
that displays the frequency of defect causes. The bar at the left indicates the most
frequent cause and bars to the right indicate causes with decreasing frequencies.
A Pareto diagram is used to separate the “vital few” from the “trivial many.”

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184. The sales manager for a local commercial waste disposal company has tracked the
yearly dollar value (in $1000) of contracts made by both internal sales people and
external sales people. The data are presented below. Graph the data with a time
plot. What possible conclusions or actions might the firm consider?

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Internal Sales $370 378 400 360 352 335
External $705 713 728 754 763 775
Sales

ANSWER:

It appears that internal sales have been falling while external sales have been
increasing slowly over the period.

THE NEXT THREE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

Data were collected on the number of people entering an electronics store each hour. The
data are presented below.

23 35 42 28 29 17 38 21 49 52
46 37 25 49 37 25 28 13 29 43

185. Construct a stem-and-leaf display of the data.

ANSWER:

186. Construct a frequency distribution of the data.

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ANSWER:
Number of People Frequency
10 but < 17 1
17 but < 24 3
24 but < 31 6
31 but < 38 3
38 but < 45 3
45 but < 52 3
52 but < 59 1

187. Construct cumulative frequency and cumulative percent distributions of the data.

ANSWER:
Number of people Cumulative Frequency Cumulative %
< 17 1 5%
< 24 4 20%
< 31 10 50%
< 38 13 65%
< 45 16 80%
< 52 19 95%
< 59 20 100%
THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
The head of human resources at a large corporation was curious about levels of
employment by classification. She determined that 12% of all employees were classified
as executive, 13% as professional, 25% as clerical and janitorial, 32% as administrative
and 18% as technical workers.

188. Construct a pie chart to show this information.

ANSWER:

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189. Construct a bar chart to show this information.

ANSWER:

THE NEXT FIVE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

At Michigan State University, 800 students are randomly selected and asked the distance
of their commute to campus. From this group a mean of 14.6 miles is computed.

190. What is the statistic?

ANSWER:
The computed 14.6 miles

191. What is the variable of interest?

ANSWER:
The commute distance for students to campus

192. What is the parameter?

ANSWER:
The mean commute distance for all students at Michigan State University to the
campus

193. What is the sample?

ANSWER:
The 800 randomly selected students

194. What is the population?

ANSWER:
All Michigan State University students
THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

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A paper company is interested in estimating the proportion of trees in a 600-acre forest

with diameters exceeding 2 feet. The company selects 30 plots (100 feet by 100 feet)
from the forest and utilizes the information from the 30 plots to help estimate the
proportion for the whole forest.

195. What statistical term describes the 600-acre forest?

ANSWER:
Population

196. What statistical term describes the 30 plots?

ANSWER:
Sample

197. A company has determined that there are seven possible defects for one of its
product lines. Construct a Pareto diagram for the following defect frequencies:

Defect Frequency
Code
A 10
B 70
C 15
D 90
E 8
F 4
G 3
ANSWER:

P a r eto C ha r t of De fe cts

200 100

80
150
Pe rcent

60
Count

100
40

50
20

0 0
Defective Code D B C A E Other
Count 90 70 15 10 8 7
Percent 45.0 35.0 7.5 5.0 4.0 3.5
Cum % 45.0 80.0 87.5 92.5 96.5 100.0

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THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The data in the next table indicate the number of degrees awarded from 2002 to 2008 by
degree type at a four-year university in Utah.

Year Bachelor Graduate Law

2002 510 85 223
2003 498 85 263
2004 481 94 270
2005 472 110 270
2006 441 93 252
2007 441 119 282
2008 497 169 217

198. Graph the data with a time-series plot.

ANSWER:

199. What possible conclusions or actions might the university consider?

ANSWER:
The number of law and graduate degrees awarded is increasing. The number of
bachelor degrees awarded declined from 2002 to 2007 with a slight increase in
2008. Enrollment restrictions may be in order if class sizes are becoming too large
or if crowding conditions occur.

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THE NEXT THREE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

Percentage returns for the 25 largest U.S. common stock mutual funds for a particular day
are displayed below.

24.3 13.6 19.7 25.0 31.0 21.8 24.9 31.5 20.2 25.9
33.2 28.3 20.6 39.8 30.6 19.0 20.6 37.1 24.8 29.9
31.1 32.6 49.9 31.1 38.3

200. Construct a histogram to describe the data.

ANSWER:

201. Construct an ogive to describe the data.

ANSWER:

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202. Draw a stem-and-leaf display to describe the data.

ANSWER:

203. In completing a survey, respondents use the following numbers to indicate marital
status.
1 = Single (never married),
2 = Married,
3 = Divorced,
4 = Widowed
Is this data qualitative or quantitative? Explain.

ANSWER:
Even though marital status is coded by number, the data is qualitative as it
categorizes each individual respondent. Also, the average of single and divorced
is meaningless.

THE NEXT EIGHT QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

An office supply warehouse has boxes of pencils, 100 pencils to the box. Information
about the entire warehouse as well as a sample of the boxes is shown below:

Number of Number of boxes Number of boxes

defectives (in warehouse) (in sample)
per box
0 1500 50
1 250 20
2 75 3
3 40 3
4 10 1

204. Describe the population.

ANSWER:
All boxes of pencils in the warehouse

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205. What is the population size?

ANSWER:
1875 boxes

206. Describe the sample.

ANSWER:
The boxes of pencils sampled.

207. What is the sample size?

ANSWER:
77 boxes
208. A quality control inspector is interested in the number of boxes with more than
two defectives. What is the value of the parameter?

ANSWER:
50

209. A quality control inspector is interested in the number of boxes with more than
two defectives. What is the value of the sample?

ANSWER:
4

210. A quality control inspector is interested in the proportion of boxes with no more
than one defective pencil. What is the value of the parameter?

ANSWER:
1750 / 1875 = 0.933

211. A quality control inspector is interested in the proportion of boxes with no more
than one defective pencil. What is the value of the statistic?

ANSWER:
70 / 77 = 0.909

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THE NEXT FIVE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

The time (in hours) that a sample of 20 students studied for a statistics test are shown
below

6.5 5.8 4.5 6.2 4.8 7.3 4.6 3.9 4.4 5.5
5.2 6.7 3.0 2.4 5.0 3.6 2.9 4.0 2.8 3.6

212. Construct a stem-and-leaf display for the data

ANSWER:

213. Construct a frequency distribution of the data.

ANSWER:
Number of Hours Frequency
2.0 but < 3.5 4
3.5 but < 5.0 8
5.0 but < 6.5 5
6.5 but < 8.0 3
214. Construct a frequency histogram to describe graphically the time (in hours) that
students studied for the test

ANSWER:

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215. Construct a relative frequency and percent distributions of the data.

ANSWER:
Number of Hours Relative Frequency Percent
2.0 but < 3.5 0.20 20
3.5 but < 5.0 0.40 40
5.0 but < 6.5 0.25 25
6.5 but < 8.0 0.15 15

216. Construct a cumulative frequency, cumulative relative frequency and cumulative

percent distributions of the data.

ANSWER:
Cumulative Cumulative Relative Cumulative
Number of Hours Frequency Frequency Percent
< 3.5 4 0.20 20
< 5.0 12 0.60 60
< 6.5 17 0.85 85
< 8.0 20 1.0 100

217. Explain the difference between the terms “variable” and “data.” Include an
illustration that demonstrates this difference.

ANSWER:
Variable: a characteristic of interest about each individual element of a population
or a sample
Data: refer to the value or values of the variable of interest
Illustration: The age of a person when first attends professional sporting event
would be characteristic of interest about each person and is a variable. Jim was 17
when he first attended a professional sporting event; 17 is the value of the variable
for Jim and is data).

THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

A statistics professor has developed the cross table presented below, that compares
students’ class standing with their final grades.

Year A B C D F Total
Freshman  17 28 8 3 69
Sophomore 14 23 17 10 1 
Junior 17 19 10 2 1 49
Senior 5 8 4 0  17
Total  67 59 20 5 

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218. Calculate the missing values identified by asterisks. What patterns do you see in
this table?

ANSWER:

Year A B C D F Total
Freshman 13 17 28 8 3 69
Sophomore 14 23 17 10 1 65
Junior 17 19 10 2 1 49
Senior 5 8 4 0 0 17
Total 49 67 59 20 5 200

It appears that the earlier a student is in his or her college career, the worse they
will do in class.

219. Convert the data to percentages. What patterns do you see in this table?

ANSWER:

Year A B C D F Total
Freshman 6.5% 8.5% 14.0% 4.0% 1.5% 34.5%
Sophomore 7.0% 11.5% 8.5% 5.0% 0.5% 32.5%
Junior 8.5% 9.5% 5.0% 1.0% 0.5% 24.5%
Senior 2.5% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% 0.0% 8.5%
Total 24.5% 33.5% 29.5% 10% 2.5% 100%

The percentages of students failing the class for freshmen, sophomores, juniors,
and seniors are 1.5%, 0.5%, 0.5% and 0.0%, respectively. It appears that the
earlier a student is in his or her college career, the worse they will do in class.

220. In completing a survey, respondents use the following numbers to indicate ages.
1 = Age 19 years and under,
2 = 20 to 29 years of age
3 = 30 to 39 years of age,
4 = Age 40 years and older
Is this data qualitative or quantitative? Explain.

ANSWER:
This is quantitative data; an average age.

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Chapter 1

221. A department of mathematical sciences has majors in four areas.

Major Number of Majors
Mathematics 50
Computer 22
Science
Actuarial Science 15
Statistics 10

If a circle graph is constructed for these data, what would be the percentage of the
graph for each major?

ANSWER:

Major % of Majors
Mathematics 51.5
Computer 22.7
Science
Actuarial 15.5
Science
Statistics 10.3

222. A consumer goods company has been studying the effect of advertising on total
profits. As part of this study, data on advertising expenditures ($1000s) and total
sales ($1000s) were collected for a five-month period and are as follows: (15,
150), (22.5, 300), (10.5, 120), (18, 180), and (21, 225), where the first number is
advertising expenditures and the second is total sales. Graphically display the
data, and state an appropriate conclusion from the graph.

ANSWER:

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Clearly the is a positive relationship between advertising expenditures and total

sales.
THE NEXT FOUR QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
The final-inspection defect report for an assembly line is reported on the table and Pareto
diagram as shown below:

Defect Blemis Scratc Chip Bend Dent Others

h h
Count 61 50 28 17 13 11

223. What is the total defect count in the report?

ANSWER:
180 defects

224. Find the percentage for “chip” defect items.

ANSWER:
Percent of chip = (50/180) 100% = 15.56%

225. Find the cumulative % for bend, and explain what that value means.

ANSWER:
[(61+50+28+17) /180] 100% = (156/180) 100% = 86.67%. The value 86.67% is
the sum of the percentages for all defects that occurred more often than Bend,
including Bend.

226. Management has given the production line the goal of reducing their defects by
50%. What two defects would you suggest they give special attention to in
working toward this goal? Explain.

ANSWER:

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The two defects, Blemish and Scratch, total 61.67%. If they can control these two
defects, the goal should be within reach.
THE NEXT THREE QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
What not to get them on Valentines Day! A recent study among adults in USA shows that
adults prefer not to receive certain items as gifts on Valentine’s Day; namely, Teddy
bears: 45%; Chocolate: 25%; Jewelry: 15%; Flowers: 12%; Don’t Know: 3%.

227. Draw a Pareto diagram picturing the “Presents not wanted.”

ANSWER:

P a r e t o D i a gr a m f o r U nw a nt e d P r e s e nt s

100 100

80 80

Percent
60 60
Count

40 40

20 20

0 0
Unwanted Presens Te ddy Bears Chocolate Jewelry Flowers Other
Count 45 25 15 12 3
Percent 45.0 25.0 15.0 12.0 3.0
Cum % 45.0 70.0 85.0 97. 0 100.0

228. If you want to be 80% sure you did not get your valentine something unwanted,
what should you avoid buying? How does the Pareto diagram show this?

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ANSWER:
Teddy bears, chocolates, jewelry; these are listed first in the Pareto diagram.

229. 400 adults are to be surveyed, what frequencies would you expect to occur for
each unwanted item listed on the snapshot?

ANSWER:
The frequencies are 180, 100, 60, 48, and 12 for teddy bears, chocolates, jewelry,
flowers, and don’t know, respectively.

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THE NEXT TEN QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:

A sample of 150 students at a State University was taken after the final business statistics
exam to ask them whether they went partying the weekend before the final or spent the
weekend studying, and whether they did well or poorly on the final. The following table
contains the result.

Did Well in Exam Did Poorly in Exam

Studying for Exam 60 15
Went Partying 22 53

230. Of those in the sample who went partying the weekend before the final exam,
what percentage of them did well in the exam?

ANSWER:
22 out of 75, or 29.33%

231. Of those in the sample who did well on the final exam, what percentage of them
went partying the weekend before the exam?

ANSWER:
22 out of 82, or 26.83%

232. What percentage of the students in the sample went partying the weekend before
the final exam and did well in the exam?

ANSWER:
22 out of 150, or 14.67%

233. What percentage of the students in the sample spent the weekend studying and did
well in the final exam?

ANSWER:
60 out of 150, or 40%

234. What percentage of the students in the sample went partying the weekend before
the final exam and did poorly on the exam?

ANSWER:
53 out of 150, or 35.33%

235. If the sample is a good representation of the population, what percentage of the
students in the population should we expect to spend the weekend studying and
do poorly on the final exam?

ANSWER:
15 out of 150, or 10%

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236. If the sample is a good representation of the population, what percentage of those
who spent the weekend studying should we expect to do poorly on the final
exam?

ANSWER:
15 out of 75, or 20%

237. If the sample is a good representation of the population, what percentage of those
who did poorly on the final exam should we expect to have spent the weekend
studying?

ANSWER:
15 out of 68, or 22.06%

238. Of those in the sample who went partying the weekend before the final exam,
what percentage of them did poorly in the exam?

ANSWER:
53 out of 75, or 70.67%

239. Of those in the sample who did well in the final exam, what percentage of them
spent the weekend before the exam studying?

ANSWER:
60 out of 82, or 73.17%

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240. The students at small community college in Iowa apply to study either English or
Business. Some administrators at the college are concerned that women are being
discriminated against in being allowed admittance, particularly in the business
program. Below, you will find two contingency tables that show the percentage
of students admitted by gender to the English program and the Business school.
The data has also been presented graphically. What do the data and graphs
indicate?

English program Business school

Gender No Yes Total Gender No Yes Total
Female 46.0% 54.0% 100% Female 69.2% 30.8% 100%
Male 60.8% 39.2% 100% Male 64.1% 35.9% 100%
Total 53.5% 46.5% 100% Total 65.4% 34.6% 100%

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Percent Admitted by Gender Percent of Business Students

Admitted
Female
Male 80.0% Female
80.0%
60.0% Male
60.0%
40.0% 40.0%
20.0% 20.0%
0.0% 0.0%

M ma
al

al
Fe
No Yes

e le
No

Fe
m
Yes

al
e
ANSWER:
These data indicate that a smaller percentage of women are being admitted to the
business program. Only 30.8% of women are being admitted to the business
program compared to 35.9% for men. However, it is also important to note that
only 34.6% of all applicants (women and men) are admitted to the business
program compared to 46.5% for the English program. Maybe the males should
say something about being discriminated against in being admitted to the English
program.

241. The 2005 mobile phone manufacturers' global market shares were as follows:
Nokia 26.9%, Motorola 16.9%, Ericson 10.5%, Samsung 6.2%, Panasonic 5.5%,
others (Siemens, Alcatel, Mitsubishi, Philips, NEC, and more) 34.0%. Present this
information in a pie chart.

ANSWER:
Nokia
Others 27%
33%

Panasonic
6% Motorola
17%
Samsung
6% Ericson
11%
242. The data in the time series
plot below represents monthly sales for two years of beanbag animals at a local
retail store (Month 1 represents January and Month 12 represents December). Do
you see any obvious patterns in the data? Explain.

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Time series chart of Sales

525
450
375
Sales
300
225
150
75
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Observation Number

ANSWER:
This is a representation of seasonal data. There seems to be a small increase in
months 3, 4, and 5 and a large increase at the end of the year. The sales of this
item seem to peak in December and have a significant drop off in January.

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