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Proteomic Profiling Methods and Protocols 1st Edition
Anton Posch (Eds.) Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Anton Posch (eds.)
ISBN(s): 9781493925490, 1493925490
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 14.73 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
Methods in
Molecular Biology 1295
Proteomic
Profiling
Methods and Protocols
METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Series Editor
John M. Walker
School of Life and Medical Sciences
University of Hertfordshire
Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
Edited by
Anton Posch
Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Munich, Germany
Editor
Anton Posch
Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH
Munich, Germany
This volume is a comprehensive continuation and extension of a book called “2D PAGE:
Sample Preparation and Fractionation” which was published in 2008.
This book presents the latest developments of the main pillars of protein analysis,
namely sample preparation, separation, and characterization. Individual technologies of
each pillar combined into complementary and robust workflows render proteomic analysis
of complex biological samples even more powerful and are the prerequisite to gain maximum
value from biological samples in a single experiment.
In this volume, basic but important sample preparation protocols are described again,
followed by sophisticated procedures to enrich for specific protein classes and completed by
the detailed description of integrated workflows for comprehensive protein analysis and
characterization. The authors of the individual chapters are well-known protein biochem-
ists, and all of them have set value to provide a detailed representation of their lab work and
to share important tips and tricks for a successful and reproducible employment of their
precious protocols in other laboratories.
This book is for students of Biochemistry, Biomedicine, Biology, and Genomics and
will be an invaluable source for the experienced, practicing scientist, too.
v
Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
vii
viii Contents
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Contributors
xi
xii Contributors
ERIC COX • Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder
Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
ALIREZA DEHGHANI • Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn,
Bonn, Germany
EDOUARD DELAIVE • URBC-NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
JINGJING DENG • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Kimmel
Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School
of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
MARC DIEU • URBC-NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
CAROLA EBERHAGEN • Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center
Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
LUTZ ANDREAS EICHACKER • Center of Organelle Research, University of Stavanger,
Stavanger, Norway
CLAUDIA EINER • Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center
Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
MICHAELA D. FILIOU • Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
THOMAS FRANZ • Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
YONG SONG GHO • Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science
and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
JENNIFER E. GILDA • Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University
of California, Davis, CA, USA
OKSANA GNEDENKO • Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
SIMON GÖDDEKE • Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes
Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf,
Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Duesseldorf, Germany
STANLEY GOLDBERG • Glen Mills Inc., Clifton, NJ, USA
ALDRIN V. GOMES • Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University
of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology,
University of California, Davis, CA, USA
DAVID W. GREENING • Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular
Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
ANJA GRIEBEL • SERVA Electrophoresis GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
NICOLA GROLL • Department of Protein Analytics, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences
Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
RAVI GUPTA • Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang,
Republic of Korea
CATHERINE GUZZO • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School
of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
ADRIANA HARBERS • Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA
HANS-ULRICH HÄRING • Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology,
Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University
of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases
of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Duesseldorf, Germany
Contributors xiii
Abstract
This chapter covers the various methods of Mechanical Cell Disruption and Tissue Homogenization that
are currently commercially available for processing minute samples (<1 mL) to larger production quantities.
These mechanical methods of lysing do not introduce chemicals or enzymes to the system. However,
the energies needed when using these “harsh” methods can be high and destroy the very proteins
being sought.
The destruction of cell membranes and walls by these “harsh” methods is effected by subjecting the
cells (1) to shearing by liquid flow, (2) to exploding by pressure differences between inside and outside of
cell, (3) to collision forces by impact of beads or paddles, or (4) a combination of these forces. Practical
suggestions to optimize each method, where to acquire such equipment, and links to reference sources
are included.
Key words Cell disruption, Bead mills, BioNeb cell disruption, Cell disruption vessel, Douce tissue
grinder, Dyno-Mill, French Press G-M, Gaulin high-pressure homogenizer, High-pressure homoge-
nizers, Megatron, Microfluidics, Mixer-Mill, Mortar, Pestle, Nitrogen Parr vessel, Opposed jet
homogenization, Parr nitrogen vessel, Polytron, Potter-Elvehjem tissue grinders, Pressure vessel,
Sonicator, Sonitube, Tissue grinders, Tissue homogenization, Ultrasonic processor, Electro Water
Separation
1 Introduction
Anton Posch (ed.), Proteomic Profiling: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1295,
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2550-6_1, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
1
2 Stanley Goldberg
Table 1
Methods overview, trade names, websites
Table 2
Suitable subjects and capacity for each method
Yeast,
Algae,
Fungus,
Type of biomaterial to be lysed→ Bacteria Spores Seeds Plants Tissues Capacity
Technique ↓
Bead impact – shaking vessel Y Y Y Y Y S/M
Bead impact – agitator shaft Y Y ? Y Y M/L
Rotor/stator – shear by spinning shaft N N Y Y Y S/M/L
Mortar/pestle – shear Y Y Y Y Y S/M
by mechanical pressure
High-pressure batch – liquid expansion Y Y ? ? ? S/M
High-pressure batch – gas expansion Y N N Y Y S/M
High-pressure flow – high velocity shear Y Y N N N S/M/L
High-pressure flow – opposed Y Y N N N S/M/L
liquid streams
Droplet – low pressure droplet Y Y N N N S/M
nebulizing
Ultrasonic – shear collapsing bubbles Y Y N Y Y S/M/L
Electro water separation N Y N N N M/L
Suitability: Y—general good practice; N—not recommended; ?—not known or marginal success
Quantities: S = small 0.1–25 mL; M = medium 10–500 mL; L = 250 mL to many liters
2.1 Theory All bead devices open the cells or homogenize tissues by throwing
the beads (also called “grinding media”) against the cells/tissue.
Also the accelerated beads generate strong shear in the liquid buf-
fer surrounding the cells/tissues, which also pulls then apart. Two
methods to accelerate the grinding media (beads) are (1) by shak-
ing the entire container or (2) by a spinning agitator within a
container (see next section). The shaking container method is
usable for tissues as well as free cells. For extremely small samples
of 0.2 mL to somewhat larger quantities of 50 mL, the shaking of
the vessel is the method of choice. The motion can be of differing
geometries depending upon what equipment is selected. Shaking
can only be done in batch operation thus limiting the amount of
4 Stanley Goldberg
with rest time to allow for re-chilling samples on ice; (3) Use
of fewer beads and/or extra buffer to act a heat sink; (4)
Reduced degree of shaking vigor.
● Detrimental contamination of the batch due to the wear of
either the grinding media or container walls is usually rare due
to the insignificant amounts involved. A hint to mitigate any
contamination problem is to use inert materials of construc-
tion such as using beads and containers of zirconium oxide
stabilized with yttria (95 %/5 %; specific gravity 6.0).
● Beads size: For small diameter cells (e.g. bacteria) use beads of
0.10–0.5 mm diameter. For larger cells (e.g. yeast, algae,
hyphae) use beads of 0.5–1.25 mm. Glass (sp. gr. 2.5) is a
good starting material due to low cost. For homogenizing
plant or animal tissues that have been previously chopped with
a razor, beads of 1.0–5.0 mm diameter are used.
● Bead density: If additional energy is needed to improve break-
age/homogenization of tough cells, then use higher density
materials. These material types include ceramic (zirconium
oxide family) with specific gravities from 3.8 to 6.0, stainless
steel of sp. gr. 7.0+, and tungsten carbide of sp. gr. 14.2+.
Also, the use of larger diameter beads from 2 to 20 mm can
improve breakage. Recently, success has been reported with
SiC grit with its sharp edges, and with stainless steel ballcones
that have a wedged edge at the equator.
● Time savings can be achieved by ganging several samples into
96-well titer plates rather then running one sample at a time.
The larger models can accommodate these plates.
● A simple way to evaluate the suitability of bead shaking can be
done as follows. In a test tube place some glass beads and buff-
ered cells/tissues. Hold the tube against a vortex shaker for
1–3 min. If breakage/homogenization is realized, then bead
shaking has promise. Switching to suitable equipment as
described above will reduce repetitive strain to the technician
holding the test tubes.
● For small diameter cells (e.g. E. coli of 0.25–1.0 μm) use beads
of 0.10–0.5 mm diameter. For larger cells (e.g. yeast, algae,
hyphae) use beads of 0.5–1.25 mm. Glass (sp. gr. 2.5) is a
good starting material due to low cost. If addition energy is
needed to improve breakage/homogenization, then switch to
ceramic (zirconium oxide family) with specific gravities from
3.8 to 6.0.
● A quick preliminary test can be run with standard lab equip-
ment. Load a beaker with the buffered cells/tissue along with
some beads. Place on a magnetic stirrer (or use an overhead
stirrer) and spin the beads. If some breakage is seen then the
bead mill is a good candidate for processing the cells in
question.
4 Rotor–Stator Homogenizer
6.1 Theory There are two widely used cell disruption methods that employ
rapidly expanding fluids from within the cell to explode the cell
membranes. The French Press G-M® uses liquid under pressure,
and the Parr cell disruption vessel uses compressed gases. Since
these are bath operations, they are only suitable for small quantities
of less than about a liter.
6.1.1 The French The French Press G-M design consists of a stainless steel cylinder
Press G-M® (called Pressure Cell) fitted with an exit valve at one end and a
piston/plunger at the other end. Up to 35 mL of suspend-free
cells in buffer are loaded into the pressure cell. With the exit valve
closed the piston is pressed against the liquid by a hydraulic press,
called the French Press G-M. Once a suitable pressure (up to
40 kpsi) is achieved throughout the liquid and within the cell body,
then the outlet valve is opened to allow the cell suspension to drip
out at a slow rate of about 1 mL/min (9–20 drops/min). This
exposure to atmospheric pressure, being much lower than the
pressure that was forced within the microorganism’s body causes
the liquid to rush out, and thereby rupturing the cell membrane.
Normally, bacteria (at 40 kpsi) and yeast (at 20 kpsi) are handled in
the French Press G-M, not tissues, plants, nor seeds (Fig. 7).
6.1.2 The Parr Cell The Parr cell disruption vessel is a pressure vessel into which the
Disruption Vessel sample to be disrupted is placed along with a dip tube fitted with
an exit valve. Suitable gas such as nitrogen at 2 kpsi is forced into
the vessel and dissolved into the cells. When the exit valve is opened
the gas pressure is suddenly released causing the nitrogen to come
out of the solution within the cells as expanding bubbles. This
action stretches the membranes of each cell until they rupture and
releases the contents of the cell. Although sometimes referred to as
“explosive decompression,” nitrogen decompression is actually a
gentle method.
This method is suited for treating mammalian and other
membrane-bound cells, for treating plant cells, for releasing virus
from fertilized eggs, and for treating fragile bacteria. It is not rec-
ommended for untreated bacterial cells, unless using various
pretreatment procedures to weaken the cell wall. Yeast, fungus,
spores, and other materials with tough walls do not respond well
to this method (Figs. 8 and 9).
6.2.2 Parr Cell ● Individual cells such as lymphocytes, leukocytes, tissue culture
Disruption Vessel cells, or very fragile bacterial cells will not require pretreat-
ment. Tissues must usually be pre-minced to ensure that they
not plug the exit dip tube and discharge valve.
● The intended use of a homogenate generally determines the
composition of the suspending medium. Isotonic solutions are
commonly used. Solutions with higher concentrations will
tend to stabilize the nucleus and organelles. Conversely, very
dilute solutions will pre-stretch the cells by osmotic pressure
and will render them more susceptible to disruption by the
Vessel method.
● Very small quantities of calcium chloride, magnesium acetate,
or magnesium chloride added to the suspending medium will
stabilize the nuclei when differential rupture is desired. Ratios
of approximately 10 mL of suspending medium to 1 g of wet
cells are commonly used to prepare the cell suspension.
● Small sample quantities can be held inside of a smaller test tube or
beaker placed in the vessel. The inner container should be
approximately twice the volume of the suspension to be treated,
and the dip tube adjusted to reach the bottom of the container.
Mechanical/Physical Cell Disruption Methods 13
stream of pressurized cell suspension fluid into two legs. These are
then directed at one another in an interaction chamber where they
collide, disrupting the cells.
This equipment is suitable for a variety of free cells (bacteria,
yeasts, mammalian cells), but not seeds, tissue samples, nor plant
materials. The design of identical fluid channels in both laboratory-
scale and large-scale units allows for direct scale-up from the small-
est laboratory unit (14 mL batch) directly to large production
units (tens of L/min) (Fig. 12).
7.1.3 Practical Aspects ● To process a small sample size, first a liquid compatible with the
Using High-Pressure Valve continuous phase of the slurry is added to the feed hopper of
with Impingement Wall: the homogenizer. The machine is started and the pressure is set.
Gaulin When the liquid level reaches the very bottom of the feed hop-
per, the cell slurry can be added quickly. The cell slurry will
push the liquid ahead of it. When the slurry is observed in the
discharge, a sample can be taken. In this way, limited sample is
not lost while waiting for pressure to rise to operational levels.
● If the product is very sensitive to heat, then it may be necessary
to cool the equipment prior to introducing cell suspension and
to cool the suspension immediately after it discharges from the
homogenizer. A cooling coil is connected to the discharge
tube of the homogenizer and is immersed in an ice water bath.
Since the homogenizer is a positive displacement pump, there
must be no valves or restrictions in this discharge line that
could potentially shut off flow. Rapid chilling will minimize
16 Stanley Goldberg
7.1.4 Practical Aspects: ● The material should be fully thawed before processing; ice may
High-Pressure Narrow plug the chambers.
Tubes/Opposed Jets ● Multiple passes decrease the particle artifacts’ size. Purification
methods to be used after cell disruption may determine the
desired particle size.
● Optimization with respect to process pressure and number of
passes may be needed to increase the yield and facilitate subse-
quent purification steps.
● Most models are autoclavable and air driven, though some are
electric-hydraulic systems. In many circumstances, especially when
samples are processed multiple times, the Microfluidizer® proces-
sors require sample cooling before and/or after processing.
9.1 Theory The use of sound waves in fluids can disrupt cells. The operation
starts with normal electrical current (50 Hz or 60 Hz) being trans-
formed to 20,000 Hz. This electrical signal is fed to a piezo-electric
crystal causing it to oscillation at this high frequency. The vibra-
tions move a titanium metal HORN about 5–15 μm. The shape of
the horn amplifies this motion to 100–150 μm/cycle. By placing
the horn’s end—the tip—into fluid, the tip moves the liquid
Mechanical/Physical Cell Disruption Methods 17
forward (away) and then retracts (back) quicker than the liquid can
return. During the return stroke, the pressure in the system drops
below the vapor pressure of the liquid so boiling occurs (“cavita-
tion”). As the liquid flows back, the bubbles collapse. This bubble
collapsing imparts the energy needed to disrupt the cells (Fig. 14).
10.1 Theory Extracting non-polar lipids from microalgae are achieved using a
lipid extraction device having an anode and a cathode that forms a
channel and defines a fluid flow path through which an aqueous
slurry is passed. An electromotive force is applied across the chan-
nel at a gap distance in a range from 0.5 mm to 200 mm to cause
the non-polar lipids to be released from the algae cells (Fig. 15).
Acknowledgements
Electro-Flotation
Concentrate
Electrical Pulses
Contaminated Clear
Water Water
Electro-Coagulation
Electrical Pulses
References
disruption with a nitrogen vessel and sonica- 10. Vinatier J, Herzog E, Plamont MA, Wojcik
tion. J Cell Sci 57:1–13 SM, Schmidt A, Brose N, Daviet L, El
8. Kelly WJ, Muske KR (2004) Optimal opera- Mestikawy S, Giros B (2006) Interaction
tion of high-pressure homogenization for between the vesicular glutamate transporter
intracellular product recovery. Bioprocess type 1 and endophilin A1, a protein essential
Biosyst Eng 27:25–37 for endocytosis. J Neurochem 97:1111–1125
9. Mehlhorn I, Groth D, Stockel J, Moffat B, 11. Jaki BU, Franzblau SG, Cho SH, Pauli GF
Reilly D, Yansura D, Willett WS, Baldwin M, (2006) Development of an extraction method
Fletterick R, Cohen FE, Vandlen R, Henner for mycobacterial metabolome analysis. J Pharm
D, Prusiner SB (1996) High-level expression Biomed Anal 41:196–200
and characterization of a purified 142-residue 12. Eckelberry N (2013) US patent application
polypeptide of the prion protein. Biochemistry publication, US 2013/0211113 A1, 15 Aug
35:5528–5537 2013
Chapter 2
Abstract
Due to post-sampling changes, caused by residual enzyme activity in the sample, levels of analytes can
change from their in vivo levels so that they no longer accurately reflect conditions in the living system.
The Stabilizor™ system accomplishes elimination of enzyme activity through heat-induced denaturation of
enzymes by permanently altering the 3D protein structure of the enzymes. Heat stabilization can be intro-
duced in the workflow either directly after sampling, with the instrument just next to where the sample is
taken, or prior to sample homogenization and extraction, when samples are heat denatured directly from
a frozen state. Initially, heat stabilization was developed to enable mass spectrometric analysis of neuropep-
tides. Heat stabilization has since been further developed and applied to a range of samples and down-
stream protein analysis techniques such as western blot, 2D gels and phosphorylation analysis with LC-MS.
1 Introduction
Anton Posch (ed.), Proteomic Profiling: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 1295,
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2550-6_2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
21
22 Mats Borén
All these changes, low oxygen, low ATP and low energy are signals
which are sensed on a cellular and protein level and results in an
active response from the still living cells in the sample. This results
in changes in protein levels as well as post-translational modifica-
tions (PTMs). This is a very fast process which initiates within
seconds of sampling and leads to measurable changes [1]. In addition
to the initial response, primarily an active regulated response,
which takes place from the moment of sampling until stabilization,
by freezing or heat inactivation, there is a second response, mainly
reactive in nature, which occurs during sample preparation due
to residual enzyme activity in the homogenate [2]. During this
phase, enzymes released from their cellular confinement and con-
trols are free to interact with whatever substrates they encounter.
Both phases of enzyme driven change post-sampling must be
adequately addressed and minimized in order to successfully
measure in-vivo relevant levels of analytes.
The standard way of addressing the problem of enzymatically
driven post-sampling changes have been to add chemical inhibitors
and work fast while keep the samples cool during homogenization and
extraction. This is only partly successful as enzyme inhibitors are
selective and reduce enzyme activity rather than eliminate it [3].
A few years ago, an alternative approach, to preserving sample
quality in protein studies, was introduced, the Stabilizor system [3].
The Stabilizor system accomplishes elimination of enzyme activity
through heat-induced denaturation of enzymes by permanently
altering the 3D protein structure of the enzymes. In contrast to
chemical inhibitors, heat-induced enzyme denaturation is a general
principle affecting all protein-modifying enzymes, virtually reduc-
ing their activity to zero in the stabilized sample. Heat stabilization
can be introduced in the workflow either directly after sampling
with the instrument present just next to where the sample is taken
or just prior to sample homogenization and extraction when sam-
ples are heat denatured directly from a frozen state.
Heat stabilization has been applied to a range of samples and
downstream analysis techniques. It has proven itself as a valuable
tool in sample preparation for protein analysis. Initially, heat stabi-
lization was developed to enable mass spectrometric analysis of
neuropeptides. The applicability has since been expanded and it
has been advantageously applied to a diverse array of protein analysis
techniques including western blot with phospho-specific antibodies,
top-down 2D PAGE, bottom-up phospho-shot gun, and MALDI
imaging [4]. As the Stabilizor system induces protein denaturation
and loss of protein 3D structure it is not suitable for sample prepa-
ration prior to analysis of enzyme activity, multi-protein complexes
or formalin-fixed epitopes, e.g. immuno-histochemistry. Using
western blots, stabilization of protein phosphorylation levels has
been shown. Flash-frozen and heat-stabilized samples either frozen
directly or left at room temperature for 30 min were compared.
Heat Stabilization of Proteins 23
Fig. 1 Quantitation of phospho-proteins in hippocampal lysates shows that heat-stabilized levels remain
unchanged while frozen tissue levels are decreased with 30 min room temperature incubation. Signals from
replicate Western blots were normalized to actin. Histograms represent average values for each group of
samples relative to 100 % for frozen tissues at 0 min RT (white bars); black bars, stabilized tissues 0 min at
RT; grey bars, frozen tissues 30 min at RT; striped bars, stabilized tissues 30 min at RT. Errors bars are the
standard error of the mean. Statistical significance was determined by the unpaired Student’s t-test. *p < 0.05;
**p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001. Reprinted from J. Neurosci. Methods, 196(1), 99–106. Ahmed, MM., and Gardiner,
KJ. Preserving protein profiles in tissue samples: differing outcomes with and without heat stabilization (2011),
with permission from Elsevier
24 Mats Borén
Fig. 2 2-DE analysis of differentially expressed proteins from stabilized or snap-frozen mouse cortex. Spots
with differential intensity between the two samples are highlighted in color: higher intensity spots in heat-
stabilized samples (green), higher intensity spots in snap-frozen samples (red and blue). Numbers refer to
protein spots that were subjected to MS analysis. Reprinted from Proteomics, 9(19), 4433–44. Robinson, AA.,
Westbrook, JA., English, JA., et al., Assessing the use of thermal treatment to preserve the intact proteomes of
post-mortem heart and brain tissue. (2009), with permission from Wiley
2 Materials
2.1 The The Stabilizor system consists of the Stabilizor T1 instrument and
Stabilizor System Maintainor® sample cards used to hold the sample during treat-
ment and subsequent storage.
1. The Stabilizor T1 instrument is a bench-top instrument which
at its core holds a conductive heating unit. Besides ordinary
house hold electricity the instrument does not require other
inputs or special considerations.
Heat Stabilization of Proteins 25
Fig. 3 Phosphorylation states of murine PPIA isoforms in (a) stabilized and (b) unstabilized homogenates and
ATP synthase subunit a in stabilized (c) and unstabilized (d) homogenates, indicate a shift in phosphorylation
levels between isoforms between stabilized (a & c) and unstabilized (b & d) samples. In the unstabilized
sample (d), progressive phosphorylation of ATP synthase subunit a (21) resulted in a 550 % increase in the
higher phosphorylation state (40). The sum of mean spot volumes (62, 66, 79) were nearly identical in stabi-
lized and unstabilized samples, respectively, as well as the sum of the mean volumes for spots 40, 53, and 21
were nearly identical in stabilized and unstabilized samples indicating that there were no preferential loss of
protein from either sample. Experimental pI values are provided on the abscissa. Reprinted from Electrophoresis,
32(16), 2206–2215, Smejkal, GB., Rivas-Morello, C., Chang, JH., et al., Thermal stabilization of tissues and the
preservation of protein phosphorylation states for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2011) with permission
from Wiley
Fig. 4 Percent distribution of ratios of median intensity of 1,107 peptides with tyrosine phosphorylation
between snap-frozen (SF) and heat-stabilized (Stabilized) samples isolated from mice brain tissue. 34 % of
peptides are detected at intensities at least 50 % higher or only in stabilized samples whereas only 4 % are
detected at intensities at least 50 % higher or only in snap-frozen samples, indicating a preservation of phos-
phorylation levels in stabilized samples. Mice brains were collected in triplicates and either just snap-frozen
or heat-stabilized using the Stabilizor system prior to freezing. Proteins were extracted using a urea-based
extraction buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors and turned into peptides using trypsin. Peptides
with tyrosine phosphorylations were affinity-enriched using a tyrosine-specific antibody (Cell Signaling,
#9411). Peptide intensities were analyzed using LC-MS/MS
3 Methods
3.1 Heat In order to minimize enzymatic driven change it is vital that the time
Stabilization of Fresh between sampling and stabilization is kept as short as possible.
Samples Directly When using the Stabilizor T1 instrument with fresh samples the
After Removal instrument should be next to the sample source and focus should
from the Source be on getting the samples heat-stabilized as fast and reproducible
as possible.
1. Prepare all material required during sample extraction, stabili-
zation, and subsequent storage.
2. Start the Stabilizor T1 instrument and select the Auto Fresh
method, if preservation of structural morphology is not needed,
or Fresh (Structural preserve) preservation of structural mor-
phology is needed (see Note 4).
3. Collect samples one at a time.
4. Start the post-mortem clock at the moment of death; if sam-
pling starts with sacrifice (see Note 5).
5. Preferentially sacrifice mice without the use of anesthesia,
which have been shown to affect phosphorylation levels [8]
(see Note 6).
6. Extract sample from source and place in on open Maintainor
Tissue card (see Note 7).
7. Position the Maintainor Tissue card in the sample sledge of the
Stabilizor T1 instrument and press the START button on the
touch screen.
8. When stabilization is complete, the Maintainor Tissue card
with sample is ejected from the instrument.
9. After stabilization, store samples frozen at −80 °C, either in the
card or transfer to storage device of your choice, or proceed
with homogenization and extraction (see Note 8).
10. After heat inactivation proceed with homogenization and
extraction as outlined in Subheading 3.3.
3.2 Heat Already frozen samples can also benefit from heat inactivation as
Stabilization some enzymes reactive during thawing and can induce change during
of Frozen Samples homogenization and after extraction. This can be useful in situations
where it is impossible or unpractical to have the instrument close to
the site of sampling and for already biobanked samples. When using
the Stabilizor T1 instrument with frozen samples it is important that
the samples are kept frozen until they enter the instruments and
brought directly from a frozen state to a denatured state.
1. Start the Stabilizor T1 instrument and select the Auto Frozen
method, if preservation of structural morphology is not
needed, or Frozen (Structural preserve) if preservation of struc-
tural morphology is needed (see Note 9).
2. Keep samples on dry ice or in −20 °C freezer making sure the
samples remain frozen (see Note 10).
28 Mats Borén
Apoyose en mí, quiso dar algunos pasos; mas al punto sus piernas
desmayadas se negaron a sostenerla. Sin decir nada la tomé en
brazos, y dije a Tribaldos:
—Ayúdame; vamos a llevarla a nuestro alojamiento.
Por fortuna este no estaba lejos, y bien pronto llegamos a él. En la
puerta la inglesa movió la cabeza, abrió los ojos y me dijo:
—No quiero molestaros más, caballero. Podré subir sola. Dadme e
brazo.
En el mismo momento apareció presuroso y sofocado un oficia
inglés, llamado Sir Tomás Parr, a quien yo había conocido en Cádiz, y
enterado brevemente de la lamentable ocurrencia, habló con su
compatriota en inglés.
—¿Pero habrá aquí una habitación confortable para la señora? —me
dijo después.
—Puede descansar en mi propia habitación —dijo el dómine, que
había bajado oficiosamente al sentir el ruido.
—Bien —dijo el inglés—. Esta señorita se detuvo en Ciudad-Rodrigo
más de lo necesario, y ha querido alcanzarnos. Su temeridad nos ha
dado ya muchos disgustos. Subámosla. Haré venir al médico mayor de
ejército.
—No quiero médicos —dijo la desconocida—. No tengo herida
grave: una ligera contusión en la frente y otra en el brazo izquierdo.
Esto lo decía subiendo apoyada en mi brazo. Al llegar arriba, dejose
caer en un sillón que en la primera estancia había, y respiró con
expansivo desahogo.
—A este caballero debo la vida —dijo señalándome—. Parece
milagro.
—Mucho gusto tengo en ver a usted, mi querido Sr. Araceli —me
dijo el inglés—. Desde el año pasado no nos habíamos visto. ¿Se
acuerda usted de mí... en Cádiz?
—Me acuerdo perfectamente.
—Usted se embarcó con la expedición de Blake. No pudimos vernos
porque usted se ocultó después del duelo en que dio la muerte a Lord
Gray.
La inglesa me miró con profundo interés y curiosidad.
—Este caballero... —murmuró.
—Es el mismo de quien os he hablado hace días... —contestó Parr.
—¡Si el libertino que ha hecho desgraciadas a tantas familias de
Inglaterra y España, hubiese tropezado siempre con hombres como
vos...! Según me han dicho, Lord Gray se atrevió a mirar a una
persona que os amaba... La energía, la severidad y la nobleza de
vuestra conducta son superiores a estos tiempos.
—Para conocer bien aquel suceso —dije yo, no ciertamente
orgulloso de mi acción— sería preciso que yo explicase algunos
antecedentes...
—Puedo aseguraros que antes de conoceros, antes de que me
prestaseis el servicio que acabo de recibir, sentía hacia vos una grande
admiración.
Dije entonces todo lo que la modestia y el buen parecer exigían.
—¿De modo que esta señora se alojará aquí? —me dijo Parr—
Donde yo estoy es imposible. Dormimos siete en una sola habitación.
—He dicho que le cederé la mía, la cual es digna del mismo Si
Arturo —dijo Forfolleda, pues este era el nombre del dómine.
—Entonces estará bien aquí.
Sir Tomás Parr habló largamente en inglés con la bella desconocida
y después se despidió. No dejaba de causarme sorpresa que sus
compatriotas abandonasen a aquella hermosa mujer, que sin duda
debía de tener esposo o hermanos en el ejército; pero dije para mí
«Será que las costumbres inglesas lo ordenan de este modo.»
En tanto, la señora de Forfolleda (pues Forfolleda tenía señora)
bizmó el brazo de la desconocida, y restañó la sangre de la rozadura
que recibiera en la cabeza, con cuya operación dimos por concluidos
los cuidados quirúrgicos, y pensamos en arreglar a la señora cuarto y
cama en que pasar la noche.
Un momento después, el precioso cuerpo de la dama inglesa
descansaba sobre un lecho algo más blando que una roca, al cual tuve
que conducirla en mis brazos, porque la acometió nuevamente aque
desmayo primero que la imposibilitaba toda acción corporal. Ella me
dio las gracias en silencio volviendo hacia mí sus hermosos ojos azules
que dulcemente y con la encantadora vaguedad y extravío que sigue a
los desmayos, se fijaron primero en mi persona y después en las
paredes de la habitación. Más la miraba yo, y más hermosa me parecía
a cada momento. No puedo dar idea de la extremada belleza de sus
ojos azules. Todas las facciones de su rostro distinguíanse por la más
pura corrección y finura. Los cabellos rubios hacían verosímil la imagen
de las trenzas de oro tan usada por los poetas, y acompañaban la boca
los más lindos y blancos dientes que pueden verse. Su cuerpo
atormentado bajo las ballenas de un apretado jubón, del cual pendían
faldas de amazona, era delgadísimo; mas no carecía de las redondeces
y elegantes contornos y desigualdades que distinguen a una mujer de
un palo torneado.
—Gracias, caballero —me dijo con acento melancólico y usando
siempre el vos—. Si no temiera molestaros, os suplicaría que me
dieseis algún alimento.
—¿Quiere la señora un pedazo de pierna de carnero —dijo
Forfolleda, que arreglaba los trastos de la habitación—, unas sopas de
ajo, chocolate, o quizás un poco de salmorejo con guindilla? También
tengo abadejo. Dicen que al Sr. D. Arturo le gusta mucho el abadejo.
—Gracias —repuso la inglesa con mal humor—, no puedo come
eso. Que me hagan un poco de té.
Fui a la cocina, donde la señora de Forfolleda me dijo que allí no
había té ni cosa que lo pareciese, añadiendo que si ella probara tan
solo un buche de tal enjuagadero de tripas, arrojaría por la boca
juntamente con los hígados, la primer leche que mamó. Luego se puso
a reprender a su esposo por admitir en la casa a herejes luteranos y
calvinistas, cuales eran los ingleses; mas el dómine refutó
victoriosamente el ataque, afirmando que, merced a la ayuda de los
herejes calvinistas y luteranos, la católica España triunfaría de
Napoleón, lo cual no significaba más sino que Dios se vale del mal para
producir el bien.
—Vete a cualquier casa donde haya ingleses —dije a Tribaldos— y
trae té. ¿Sabes lo que es?
—Unas hojas arrugaditas y negras. Ya sé... todas las noches lo
tomaba la mujer del capitán.
Volví al lado de la inglesa, que me dijo no podía comer cosa alguna
de nuestra cocina; y habiéndome pedido pan, se lo di mientras llegaba
el anhelado té.
Al poco rato entró Tribaldos trayendo una ancha taza que despedía
un olor extraño.
—¿Qué es esto? —dijo la dama con espanto, cuando los vapores de
condenado licor llegaron a su nariz.
—¿Qué menjurje has puesto aquí, maldito? —exclamé amenazando
al aturdido mozo.
—Señor, no he puesto nada, nada más que las hojas arrugaditas
con un poco de canela y de clavo. La señora de Forfolleda dijo que as
se hacía, y que lo había compuesto muchas veces para unos ingleses
que fueron a Salamanca a ver la catedral vieja.
La inglesa prorrumpió en risas.
—Señora, perdone usted a este animal, que no sabe lo que hace
Voy yo mismo a la cocina y beberá usted té.
Poco después volví con mi obra, que debió satisfacer a la
interesada, pues la aceptó con gozo.
—Ahora, señora mía, me retiraré, para que usted descanse —le dije
—. Deme usted órdenes para mañana o para esta noche misma. S
quiere usted que avise a su esposo... o es que se halla en la división de
Picton, que no está en este pueblo...
—Señor oficial —dijo solemnemente bebiendo su té—, yo no tengo
esposo; yo soy soltera.
Esto puso el límite a mi asombro, y vacilante al principio en mis
ideas, no supe contestarle con medias palabras.
«¡Buena pieza será esta que se ha colgado de mi brazo! —dije para
mí—. Los franceses traen consigo mujeres de mala vida; pero de los
ingleses no sabía que...»
—Soltera, sí —añadió con aplomo y apartando la taza de sus labios
—. Os asombráis de ver una señorita como yo en un campo de batalla
en tierra extranjera y lejos, muy lejos de su familia y de su patria
Sabed que vine a España con mi hermano, oficial de ingenieros de la
división de Hill, el cual hermano mío pereció en la sangrienta batalla de
la Albuera. El dolor y la desesperación tuviéronme por algunos días
enferma y en peligro de muerte; pero me reanimó la conciencia de los
deberes que en aquel trance tenía que cumplir, y consagreme a busca
el cuerpo del pobre soldado para enviarle a Inglaterra al panteón de
nuestra familia. En poco tiempo cumplí esta triste misión, y hallándome
sola traté de volver a mi país. Pero al mismo tiempo me cautivaban de
tal modo la historia, las tradiciones, las costumbres, la literatura, las
artes, las ruinas, la música popular, los bailes, los trajes de esta nación
tan grande en otro tiempo y otra vez grandísima en la época presente
que formé el proyecto de quedarme aquí para estudiarlo todo, y previa
licencia de mis padres, así lo he hecho.
«Sabe Dios qué casta de pájaro serás tú» —dije para mi capote; y
luego, en voz alta, añadí sosteniendo fijamente la dulce mirada de sus
ojos de cielo:
—¡Y los padres de usted consintieron, sin reparar en los continuos y
graves peligros a que está expuesta una tierna doncella sola y sin
amparo en país extranjero, en medio de un ejército! Señora, por amo
de Dios...
—¡Ah, no conocéis sin duda que nosotras, las hijas de Inglaterra
estamos protegidas por las leyes de tal manera y con tanto rigor que
ningún hombre se atreve a faltarnos al respeto!
—Sí, así dicen que pasa en Inglaterra. Y parece que allá salen las
señoritas solas a paseo, y viajan solas o acompañadas de cualquie
galancete.
—Aunque fuera su novio, no importa —dijo la inglesa.
—¡Pero estamos en España, señora, en España! Usted no sabe bien
en qué país se ha metido.
—Pero sigo al ejército aliado y estoy al amparo de las leyes inglesas
—dijo sonriendo—. Caballero, faltad al pudor si os parece; intentad
galantearme de una manera menos decorosa que la que empleáis para
amar a esa Dulcinea que fue causa de la muerte de Gray, y Lord
Wellington os mandará fusilar si no os casáis conmigo.
—Me casaría, señora.
—Caballero, veo que quizás sin malicia principiáis a faltar a
comedimiento.
—Pues no me casaría, señora, no me casaría... Permítame usted
que me retire.
—Podéis hacerlo —me dijo levantándose penosamente para cerra
por dentro la puerta—. Os agradeceré que mañana hagáis traer m
maleta. Felizmente no la traía conmigo. Está en el convoy.
—Se traerá la maleta. Buenas noches, señora.
IX