Dr. K.V.

Vidyanandan
AGM & Sr. Faculty Member (PMI)
[email protected]
Need for Speed Governing

Types of Governing Methods

Rotor Inertia & Governor Droop

Primary & Secondary Control

Transient Speed Rise

 FREQUENCY BALANCE
❖ Frequency deviation from nominal 50 Hz represents the mismatch
between generation (supply) and load (demand).

❖ If Load = Generation, Frequency = 50 Hz (nominal)

❖ If Load > Generation, Frequency < 50 Hz
❖ If Load < Generation, Frequency > 50 Hz

❖ Prime-mover Governing Systems provide a means of controlling the

power generated and thereby frequency of the system.

❖ This is known as Load Frequency Control.

 FREQUENCY BALANCE

❖ Frequency deviation from nominal value (50Hz) represents mismatch

between generation (supply) and load (demand).
 WHY FREQUENCY STABILITY ...?
❖ For satisfactory operation of the power system, the frequency
should remain close to nominal value (50/60 Hz).
❖ This will ensure constancy of speed of motors, fans and pumps.
❖ Variation in frequency will affect the performance of equipments
and can interfere with system protection schemes.
❖ Considerable drop in frequency will result in high magnetising
currents in motors and transformers.
❖ During low frequency, chances of failure of turbine blades whose
resonance frequency is close to that level.
 FREQUENCY OPERATION LIMITS
based on UK grid code

Book-J. Hossain, A. Mahmud, “Large Scale Renewable Power Generation”, Springer-2014

POWER SYSTEM AS A ROTATING SHAFT

Generators → Accelerate the Shaft

Loads → Decelerate the Shaft
 FUNCTIONS OF A TURBINE GOVERNOR

❖ Turbine startup: acceleration from barring gear to rated speed

❖ Holding (soaking) the machine at various speeds

❖ Synchronization of the unit with the grid

❖ Control of the active power supplied by the generator

❖ Control of system frequency in an isolated electrical grid

❖ Protection of the unit against overspeed in case of load rejection

❖ Safe operation of the turbine during normal load and load ramping

❖ Turbine shutdown
FREQUENCY REGULATION
Initial slope is inversely proportional to
system inertia
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN LOAD INCREASES ?

❖ When there is an increase in system load, due to the inherent

mechanical delay, the governor cannot act instantaneously.

❖ In order to meet the extra demand, kinetic energy of the rotating

mass is released and there by machine speed reduces

❖ Using the speed deviation (∆ω), the governor is activated to open

CV further and the increased steam flow arrests the speed drop.

❖ The steady state speed in this case will be less than the nominal.
 WHY SPEED REDUCE WITH
INCREASE IN LOAD..?

Frequency response covers multiple time frames:

❖ Inertial response (up to 3 – 5 seconds)
❖ Governor response (aka “Primary Response” : 20 – 30 seconds)
❖ AGC response (re-dispatch) (aka “Secondary Response” : 20 – 30 minutes)
 PRIMARY FREQUENCY RESPONSE
❖ Primary control actions are done locally (at power plant level) based
on the set-points for frequency and power.

❖ The objective of the primary control is to maintain the balance

between supply and demand (generation and load).

❖ This balance can be reached at post-disturbance steady-state

frequency different from the nominal frequency.

❖ The control task is shared by all generators participating in primary

frequency control irrespective of the location of the disturbance.
INERTIA Vs. GOVERNOR RESPONSE
GENERATION CONTROL SYSTEM
GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS (KWU)
GOVERNOR ACTION
GOVERNOR ACTION
SPEED GOVERNOR FUNCTIONING
RESPONSE OF SPEED GOVERNOR
TYPES OF GOVERNORS
TYPES OF GOVERNORS
 MECHANICAL GOVERNOR

❖ Speed transducer is mechanical centrifugal type speed governor,

which directly actuates the CVs through mechanical linkages.

❖ These type of governors are usually not used in utility turbines.

 HYDRO - MECHANICAL GOVERNOR

❖ Speed is sensed using a mechanical centrifugal type governor.

❖ Governor output is connected to a hydraulic system either
hydraulically or mechanically.
❖ The hydraulic system develops sufficient force to operate the CVS.
 HYDRAULIC GOVERNOR
❖ Speed transducer in hydraulic governor is a centrifugal pump
whose discharge pressure is a function of machine speed.

❖ This signal is sent to a hydraulic converter to generate a high

power hydraulic signal for the operation of control valves.
HYDRAULIC GOVERNOR
 ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC GOVERNOR
❖ Electronic Transducer is used for measuring the machine speed.

❖ This signal is processed electronically and then sends to an Electro

Hydraulic Converter (EHC).

❖ EHC converts the electronic signals into proportional hydraulic

signals for the operation of control valves.
ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC CONVERTER
 TURBINE CONTROLLERS
1. Speed Control

2. Load Control

3. Pressure Control

Speed Control
It is a PD Controller used for/during

❖ Turbine startups, unit synchronization and turbine shutdowns

❖ Providing minimum load

❖ Operation of turbine over entire range of load in case of load

controller failure
 TURBINE CONTROLLERS
Load Control

❖ PI Controller

❖ Has provision of load reference limiter

❖ Frequency influence option

Pressure Control

❖ PI Controller

❖ Initial pressure control

❖ Limit pressure control

HALL PROBE ARRANGEMENT (KWU)
METHODS OF GOVERNOR CONTROL
 METHODS OF GOVERNOR CONTROL

NOZZLE GOVERNING

❖ Various groups of Nozzles with suitable isolating valves are used for
regulating the steam flow to the turbine.
❖ These nozzles are grouped in 2, 3, 4 or more and their operation is
done sequentially.
❖ These nozzle groups achieve control by regulating the steam flow
to the first stage of HP cylinder.
❖ Arc of steam admission in this method is < 1800.
 THROTTLE GOVERNING

❖ In this method of governing, steam is throttled to a suitable

pressure using one or more sets of throttle/control valves (CVs).

❖ Flow rate is controlled by changing pressure drop across the valve,

which is the outcome of varying flow restriction.

❖ All the CVs operate simultaneously and the throttle control is

achieved usually by regulating the steam admission to the HPC.

❖ Arc of steam admission in this governing method is 360o.

❖ A decrease in mass flow rate of steam is associated with a drop in

turbine inlet pressure.
THROTTLE VALVE
 THROTTLE GOVERNING
❖ In this method of governing, steam is throttled to a suitable
pressure using one or more sets of throttle/control valves (CVs).

❖ All the CVs operate simultaneously and the throttle control is

achieved usually by regulating the steam admission to the HPC.

❖ Arc of steam admission in this governing method is 3600.

❖ Advantage: Simplicity of control and construction.

❖ Disadvantage: Not efficient for variable load operation.

❖ At part loads, pressure drop across CVs will be large, resulting in a

large increase in entropy and a decrease in available energy.
 NOZZLE GOVERNING

❖ Various groups of Nozzles with suitable isolating valves are used

for regulating the steam flow to the turbine.

❖ Nozzles are grouped in 2, 3, 4 or more and operated sequentially.

❖ Control is achieved by regulating the steam flow to the first stage

of HP cylinder.

❖ Arc of steam admission in this method is < 1800.

NOZZLE ASSEMBLY
 NOZZLE Vs. THROTTLE GOVERNING

Nozzle Governing (Partial Arc Admission)

1. Two or more regulation valve are opened one after another
2. Lower throttling losses
3. Better heat rate
4. Load is controlled by varying a nozzle area at constant pressure

Throttling Governing (Full Arc Admission)

1. Two or more regulating valve are opened and closed at a time
2. Preferred during start-up of turbine
3. Lower stresses
4. Load is controlled by varying pressure at constant nozzle area
 COMPARISON OF
NOZZLE AND THROTTLE GOVERNING

❖ As there is very little throttling losses in nozzle governing, at low or

part loads, steam consumption per kWh will be less in nozzle
control.

❖ Therefore, nozzle governing is more efficient for variable load

turbines.

❖ Base load turbines which normally run at full capacity can get
better efficiency with a throttle governing.
 COMPARISON OF
NOZZLE AND THROTTLE GOVERNING
 GOVERNOR COMPONENTS

The main parts of a ball-head hydro-mechanical governor are:

❖ Speeder Spring
❖ Flyweights
❖ Thrust Bearing
❖ Pilot Valve
❖ Servo (Power) Piston
❖ Drive Shaft
 SPEEDER SPRING

❖ Speeder spring is used to set desired speed.

❖ Applying more force down on the speeder spring causes the

governor to increase steam.

❖ This initial force is usually set by the operator for the “reference”
speed.

❖ It can be set by a knob, a lever, an electric motor, air pressure, or

solenoids, depending on the specific governor.
 ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNOR
❖ The ability to return to the original speed (constant speed) after a
change in load is called isochronous speed control.

❖ Governor components include comparator and integrator.

❖ Works only when unit supplies to an isolated load or only one unit
in a multi-machine system need to respond to load change.
 GOVERNOR DROOP

❖ Droop is the rpm loss experienced when a load is applied to a

prime mover operating at a fixed valve position.

❖ For a 5% droop, a 5% increase in frequency causes change in

turbine output from 100% to 0%.

Or Drop in load from 100% to 0% results in 5% increase in speed.

 GOVERNOR DROOP

The ratio of speed deviation

(∆ω) or frequency deviation
(∆f) to the change in valve
position (∆Y) or power
output (∆P) is equal to the
droop parameter R.

% change in speed or frequency

% Droop = x 100
% change in power output Unit of R: Hz/MW
No load speed – Full load speed
= x 100
Full load speed
GOVERNOR DROOP

❖ Droop (or speed regulation)

permits a machine to share
load with other machines in an
interconnected system.

❖ Typical values of droop for

steam turbines vary from 2.5 to
8% and generally set at 5%.
 GOVERNOR DROOP

❖ Governor Droop (or Speed Regulation) is the term used to describe

a turbine’s response to changes in system frequency.

❖ Droop distributes frequency regulation to all generators in the

power system for proportional load sharing.

❖ It allows the use of a less costly and less complex governors.

❖ New grid code requires all units above 10 MW capacity should

have an operating governor with droop.

❖ For steam turbines, recommended droop is in the range of 2.5 -

8%, but usually set between 4 - 5%.
LOAD SHARING BETWEEN TWO UNITS
 TRANSIENT SPEED RISE
❖ During total load rejection in a unit, speed of the turbine-generator
shoots up temporarily before settling down to steady state value.
❖ This temporary speed rise is called transient speed rise.
❖ It is expressed as: percentage speed rise on full load throw off.
❖ Typical Value of TSR : 5-7%
 TRANSIENT SPEED RISE

❖ Due to inherent inertia of the components of governing elements

and friction present in governing system, certain motion of
governing system is lost before corrective signal can actuate the
control valves.

❖ The lost of the motion is called DEAD BAND of the system and is
expressed as percentage of rated speed.
GOVERNING OIL SYSTEM (KWU TURBINE)
 GOVERNOR CONTROLS

The different prime mover controls are classified as

❖ Primary Control (Speed Governor)

❖ Secondary Control (Load Frequency Control)
❖ Tertiary Control
BASIC FREQUENCY CONTROL LOOPS
 COMBINED PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY CONTROL
GOVERNING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1. Control Fluid Supply System (FRF)

2. Weight Loaded Accumulator

3. Governing Box

4. Stop Valve Servomotors

5. Electro Hydraulic Converter (EHC)

6. Control Valve Servomotors

7. Pilot Valves

8. Extraction Stop Valve

9. CRH NRVs
 CONTROL FLUID SYSTEM
Control fluid supply system provides the following:

❖ Supplies oil to hydraulic parts of the governing system during:

Start-up
Normal operation
Short duration power failure

❖ Includes mechanical purification, extraction of air dissolved

and water evaporation.

❖ Maintains the fluid temperature between 48-52 oC.

❖ Prevents control fluid fume coming into the turbine house.

 CONTROL FLUID SUPPLY SYSTEM

A spring-weight hydraulic accumulator is provided to supply

governing oil during power failure / pump changeover.
GOVERNING SCHEME
 GOVERNING BOX
Location : Brg. No. 1 pedestal

Consists of:
❖ Control Gear
❖ Overspeed Governor
❖ Trip Solenoids
❖ Test Electromagnets
❖ Manual Trip Buttons
❖ Intermediate Shaft
❖ Slide Valve
❖ Pressure Limiting Device
❖ Test Valve
GOVERNING BOX
CONTROL GEAR EXTERNAL VIEW
 CONTROL GEAR OIL CONNECTIONS
Line of Protections

Control Gear
Oil to SV

Resetting Oil

Oil Inlet
 OVER SPEED TRIP MECHANISM
Over speed Over speed
Trip-1 pilot Trip-2 pilot
Further Reading
Title Author(s) Publisher
1. Electric Energy Systems O.I Elgerd McGraw-Hill, 1983
Theory: An Introduction
2. Power System P. M. Anderson Wiley, 2003
Control and Stability A. Fouad
3. Power System Prabha Kundur McGraw Hill, 1994
Stability and Control
4. Steam Turbines: Design, H.P Bloch McGraw Hill, 2009
Applications and Rerating M.P Singh
5. Robust Power System Hassan Bevrani Springer, 2009
Frequency Control
6. Load-frequency Control UCTE 2004
and Performance Policy 1
Dr. K.V. Vidyanandan
[email protected]