Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 18(1): 70-75, January-March 2019

ISSN: 022-457X (Print); 2455-7145 (Online); DOI: 10.5958/2455-7145.2019.00009.2

Morphometric analysis of Bhopal lake catchment using

geospatial technology
ARADHANA THAKUR1*, A.K. NEMA1, R.K. JAISWAL2 and C.D. MISHRA3

Received: 19 January 2019; Accepted: 26 February 2019

ABSTRACT
Morphometric analysis of any basin with the help of geospatial technology gives appropriate results to
understand the configuration of earth surface, shape and dimension of its landform. At present Remote
Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques are being effectively used as tools
to characterize the basin geometry and hydrological response behavior of the watershed. This study
aims to analyze the basin morphometric parameters including linear, aerial and relief aspects of the
Bhopal lake catchment using viable tool RS and GIS,which are the basic requirement for site selection,
planning for soil and water conservation measures and their designing. The present study covered an
area of 364.93 km2 out of which 20.074 km2 is submerged. The detailed map prepared from toposheets
and satellite imagery and basin have been divided into 24 sub-watershed where area of sub-watersheds
varies from 3.78 (WS-4) to 40.33 (WS-11) km2 with highest 4th order stream having dendritic drainage
pattern.
Key words: Basin geometry, Morphometry, Hydrological response behavior, Sub-watershed

INTRODUCTION relief and aerial morphometric parameters of the

sub-watersheds for the watershed developmental
Remote sensing technique has emerged as a
planning. The application of remote sensing and
powerful tool for morphometric analysis needed
GIS in morphometric analysis has most likely used
for understanding the hydrological condition of a
from 1970 (Moussa et al., 1970) which is now being
watershed area. Evaluation of the morphometric
increasingly used over the global level (Oruonye,
parameters helps in preparation of drainage map,
2016). This technique facilitates to save analysis
ordering of the various streams, measurement of
time and gives more accurate results. Similar
the catchment area and perimeter, drainage density,
studies in India has probably first time reported in
basin length, elongation ratio, channel frequency,
1988 (Bhangi et al., 1988) after that it has receiving
bifurcation ratio, drainage texture, circulatory ratio,
more significance by the researchers (Pareta and
lemniscate ratio, form factor, shape factor, length
Pareta 2011; Maurya et al., 2016; Siddaraju et al.,
of overland flow, infiltration number, compactness
2017).
coefficient, length area relation, channel main-
tenance which helps to understand the nature of MATERIALS AND METHOD
drainage basins (Sreedevi et al., 2009; Siddaraju et
The Bhopal lake catchment lies between 77°0′
al., 2017). One of the first attributes to be quantified
00′′ and 77°30′00′′ E longitudes and between 23°5′
is the hierarchy of stream segments according to
00′′ and 23°20′00′′ N latitudes in Madhya Pradesh
an ordering classification system based on ranking
(India) having an area of 364.93 km2 as shown in
of streams proposed by Strahler (1964).
Fig. 1 and situated on the west central part of Bhopal
RS and GIS techniques have already used for city, surrounded by Van Vihar National Park on the
assessment of various terrain and morphometric south, human settlements on the east and north,
parameters of the drainage basins and watersheds, and agriculture fields on the west. Kolansnala is
as they provide powerful tool for the manipulation, the inlet and Kaliasot, the outlet for the upper lake
a flexible environment for analysis of spatial feature which drains the water into Kalisasot reservoir
identification and the extraction of information for during monsoon months. About 90% of the
better understanding. In the present study, the RS precipitation of annual precipitation received
and GIS techniques were used to evaluate linear, during the monsoon months of June to September.
1
Department of Farm Engg., IAS, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh
2
National Institute of Hydrology, WALMI Campus, Kolar Road, Bhopal-462016, Madhya Pradesh
3
Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi-284003, Uttar Pradesh
*Corresponding author Email id: [email protected]
January-March 2019] MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BHOPAL LAKE CATCHMENT 71

Fig. 1. Study area

Geology of Study Area ration (Rl) and length of overland flow (Lo)}; the
Bhander group and basalt are the major areal aspect {length area relationship (Lar), Form
geological formations having shrink small in plain Factor (Rf), Shape Factor (Sf), Drainage Density
areas and erosive surfaces (devoid of vegetation) (Dd), Circularity Ratio (Rc), Elongation Ratio (Re),
are associated with lateral soil of different grades. Compactness Coefficient (Cc), Drainage Texture
(Dt), Infiltration Number (If), channel Frequency
(Fs)} and the relief aspect {Basin Relief (Bh), Relief
Methodology
Ratio (Rh), ruggedness number (Rn)} etc. can be
The drainage network was derived from Survey estimated by using various formulas that was used
of India toposheets, and the sub watershed by Pareta and Pareta (2012) and Naitam et al. (2016).
boundaries were demarcated on the basis of Other parameters Constant Channel Maintenance
contour and drainage flow direction. Morphometric (C) and Gradient Ratio(Gr) taken from Schumn
analysis of a watershed provides a quantitative (1956) and Sreedevi et al. (2005), respectively.
description of the drainage system, which is an
important aspect of the characterization of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
watersheds (Strahler, 1964). Morphometry is the
The estimated different morphometric para-
measurement and mathematical analysis of the
meters are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. In any
configuration of the earth’s surface, shape and
morphometric analysis, stream order is the initial
dimension of its landforms (Agarwal, 1998; Obi
step which is based on hierarchic ranking of stream
Reddy et al., 2002). A major emphasis in
(Strahler, 1964). In present study, sub-watersheds
geomorphology over the past several decades has
been on the development of quantitative physio-
graphic methods to describe the evolution and
behavior of surface drainage networks (Horton,
1945; Leopold and Maddock, 1953).
The Bhopal lake Catchment was divided into
twenty four sub-watersheds named as WS-1 to WS-
24 (Fig 2). Among largest 40.326 km2 (WS-11) and
smallest 3.78 (WS-4) km2 sub-watersheds have, 2
sub-watersheds had maximum fourth order stream.
The different parameters were determined using
ArcGIS 10.1 software andrelevant formula
including the basic aspects area (A), perimeter (P);
the linear aspect {stream order (Nu), number of
stream (N), length of stream (Lu), bifurcation ratio
(Rb), mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm), stream length Fig. 2. Sub-watershed map of the study area
72 THAKUR et al. [Journal of Soil & Water Conservation 18(1)

Table 1. Linear aspects

Watershed A P Stream Order Rb Rbm Lo Lb

2 st nd rd th
no. (km ) (km) 1 2 3 4
Nu Lu Nu Lu Nu Lu Nu Lu 1st / 2nd / 3rd /
2nd 3rd 4th

WS-1 11.95 29.52 7.00 7.13 2.00 2.32 1.00 2.87 3.50 2.00 2.75 0.48 5.98
WS-2 7.24 19.75 4.00 7.48 1.00 2.95 4.00 4.00 0.35 3.60
WS-3 6.41 20.96 6.00 4.43 2.00 4.16 3.00 3.00 0.37 3.31
WS-4 3.78 18.42 3.00 6.29 1.00 0.22 3.00 3.00 0.29 3.94
WS-5 11.64 23.87 7.00 8.58 1.00 4.38 7.00 7.00 0.45 5.25
WS-6 12.48 27.72 6.00 9.02 2.00 4.20 1.00 0.04 3.00 2.00 2.50 0.47 4.17
WS-7 8.83 25.06 7.00 3.20 2.00 6.55 1.00 0.13 3.50 2.00 2.75 0.45 4.50
WS-8 6.75 22.41 3.00 4.63 1.00 2.26 3.00 3.00 0.49 5.01
WS-9 8.47 27.99 7.00 5.69 3.00 5.08 1.00 1.34 2.33 3.00 2.67 0.35 4.11
WS-10 12.50 25.46 8.00 9.09 3.00 3.69 1.00 2.55 2.67 3.00 2.83 0.41 5.35
WS-11 40.33 51.33 27.00 20.67 8.00 16.16 2.00 8.07 1.00 1.53 3.38 4.00 2.00 3.13 0.43 8.72
WS-12 32.05 51.59 24.00 24.65 6.00 9.50 2.00 7.68 1.00 0.16 4.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 0.38 7.14
WS-13 11.56 26.35 7.00 8.88 1.00 5.01 7.00 7.00 0.42 5.60
WS-14 9.09 27.31 14.00 6.48 2.00 3.85 1.00 0.11 7.00 2.00 4.50 0.44 3.66
WS-15 21.01 32.25 15.00 17.90 3.00 2.51 1.00 4.04 5.00 3.00 4.00 0.43 5.13
WS-16 28.64 38.97 17.00 18.84 5.00 8.13 2.00 6.46 3.40 2.50 2.95 0.43 6.67
WS-17 5.81 18.15 3.00 5.81 1.00 0.81 3.00 3.00 0.44 3.92
WS-18 35.40 52.73 19.00 21.92 5.00 28.43 2.00 4.52 3.80 2.50 3.15 0.32 11.74
WS-19 9.00 21.97 8.00 9.41 2.00 2.38 1.00 0.54 4.00 2.00 3.00 0.36 3.44
WS-20 18.29 30.00 12.00 12.88 3.00 10.87 1.00 1.90 4.00 3.00 3.50 0.36 6.56
WS-21 17.31 28.78 11.00 14.50 3.00 4.32 1.00 0.78 3.67 3.00 3.33 0.44 4.32
WS-22 19.10 31.20 9.00 10.85 3.00 1.67 1.00 5.64 3.00 3.00 3.00 0.53 8.50
WS-23 10.20 21.92 5.00 2.16 2.00 11.70 2.50 2.50 0.37 6.95
WS-24 17.12 23.63 6.00 15.11 1.00 15.11 6.00 6.00 0.28 5.91

Table 2. Stream length ratio and mean stream length ratio

WS WS-1 Rl WS-2 Rl WS-3 Rl WS-4 Rl WS-5 Rl WS-6 Rl

1st order 7.13 0.32 7.48 0.39 4.436 0.94 6.280 0.04 8.59 0.51 9.02 0.47
2nd order 2.32 1.24 2.95 4.160 0.224 4.38 4.21 0.01
3rd order 2.87 0.04
4th order
Rlm 0.78 0.39 0.94 0.04 0.51 0.24
WS WS-7 WS-8 WS-9 WS-10 WS-11 WS-12
1st order 3.20 2.05 4.63 0.49 5.69 0.89 9.09 0.41 20.67 0.78 25.650 0.37
2nd order 6.55 0.02 2.26 5.08 0.26 3.69 0.68 16.16 0.50 9.500 0.84
3rd order 0.13 1.34 2.50 8.07 0.19 7.977 0.02
4th order 1.53 0.16
Rlm 1.03 0.49 0.58 0.54 0.49 0.41
WS WS-13 WS-14 WS-15 WS-16 WS-17 WS-18
1st order 8.88 0.56 6.476 0.59 17.90 0.14 18.84 0.43 5.25 0.15 21.92 1.30
2nd order 5.01 3.850 0.03 2.51 1.61 8.13 0.79 0.81 28.43 0.16
3rd order 0.112 4.04 6.46 4.52
4th order
Rlm 0.56 0.31 0.87 0.61 0.15 0.73
WS WS-19 WS-20 WS-21 WS-22 WS-23 WS-24
1st order 9.41 0.25 12.886 0.84 14.50 0.30 10.85 0.15 2.157 5.42 15.11 0.14
2nd order 2.38 0.23 10.870 0.17 4.32 0.18 1.67 3.38 11.7 2.05
3rd order 0.54 1.900 0.78 5.64
4th order
Rlm 0.24 0.51 0.24 1.77 5.42 0.47
January-March 2019] MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BHOPAL LAKE CATCHMENT 73

Table 3. Relief and Gradient Aspects had maximum 4th order stream as per Hortons
WS h H Bh Rh Rn Gr (1945) law. It was found that the total length of 1st
no. order stream is more than as stream length of
maximum ordered stream and in most of the sub-
WS-1 0.49 0.62 0.13 0.10 0.03 0.02
watershed dendritic drainage pattern exist. On
WS-2 0.50 0.55 0.05 0.15 0.03 0.01
WS-3 0.52 0.55 0.03 0.17 0.06 0.01
Bhopal lake catchment the study area had 235 first
WS-4 0.51 0.56 0.05 0.14 0.06 0.01 order streams, 63 second order streams, 19 third
WS-5 0.52 0.56 0.04 0.11 0.03 0.01 order streams and 2 fourth order streams.
WS-6 0.49 0.61 0.12 0.15 0.03 0.03 According to Schumn (1956) the mean bifurcation
WS-7 0.49 0.55 0.06 0.12 0.05 0.01 ratio is higher for WS-5 and minimum for WS-9.
WS-8 0.49 0.54 0.05 0.11 0.03 0.01 In the present study the highestmean
WS-9 0.49 0.57 0.08 0.14 0.05 0.02 bifurcation ratiois 7 for the sub-watershed 5 and 13
WS-10 0.47 0.61 0.14 0.11 0.04 0.03
while lowest mean bifurcation ratiois 2.5 for sub-
WS-11 0.49 0.58 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.01
watershed 6 and 23. The basin length of the
WS-12 0.49 0.56 0.07 0.08 0.02 0.01
watershed varies from 3.31 to 11.74 km.
WS-13 0.49 0.57 0.08 0.10 0.03 0.01
WS-14 0.49 0.55 0.05 0.15 0.07 0.01 The basin relief is the difference in height
WS-15 0.49 0.56 0.06 0.11 0.03 0.01 between the highest and lowest points in
WS-16 0.50 0.57 0.07 0.09 0.02 0.01 the basin and Lb is the horizontal distance along the
WS-17 0.50 0.54 0.05 0.14 0.04 0.01 longest dimension of the basin parallel to the main
WS-18 0.51 0.55 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.00 stream line and it’s ratio is known as relief ratio
WS-19 0.51 0.58 0.07 0.17 0.06 0.02 (Rh). The relief ratio is minimum (0.07)for WS-11,
WS-20 0.51 0.56 0.05 0.09 0.03 0.01 22 and maximum (0.17) for WS-3, 19. The R h
WS-21 0.52 0.56 0.05 0.13 0.03 0.01 normally increases with decreasing drainage area
WS-22 0.51 0.57 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.01 and size of sub-watersheds of a given drainage
WS-23 0.51 0.56 0.05 0.08 0.03 0.01 basin (Gottschalk, 1964). Length of overland flow
WS-24 0.52 0.55 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.01 is the length of water flow over the ground surface

Table 4. Areal Aspects

WS no. Lar Rf Sf Dd C Rc Re Cc Dt If Fs

WS-1 6.20 0.33 3.00 1.03 0.97 0.17 0.65 2.41 0.42 0.86 0.84
WS-2 4.59 0.56 1.79 1.44 0.69 0.23 0.84 2.07 0.53 0.99 0.69
WS-3 4.27 0.59 1.71 1.34 0.75 0.18 0.86 2.33 0.41 1.67 1.25
WS-4 3.11 0.24 4.11 1.72 0.58 0.14 0.56 2.67 0.35 1.83 1.06
WS-5 6.10 0.42 2.37 1.11 0.90 0.26 0.73 1.97 0.54 0.77 0.69
WS-6 6.37 0.72 1.39 1.06 0.94 0.20 0.96 2.21 0.48 0.77 0.72
WS-7 5.17 0.44 2.29 1.12 0.89 0.18 0.75 2.38 0.39 1.27 1.13
WS-8 4.40 0.27 3.72 1.02 0.98 0.17 0.59 2.43 0.31 0.60 0.59
WS-9 5.05 0.50 2.00 1.43 0.70 0.14 0.80 2.71 0.43 1.86 1.30
WS-10 6.37 0.44 2.29 1.23 0.82 0.24 0.75 2.03 0.60 1.18 0.96
WS-11 12.87 0.53 1.89 1.15 0.87 0.19 0.82 2.28 0.90 1.08 0.94
WS-12 11.21 0.63 1.59 1.31 0.76 0.15 0.89 2.57 0.81 1.35 1.03
WS-13 6.08 0.37 2.71 1.20 0.83 0.21 0.69 2.19 0.53 0.83 0.69
WS-14 5.26 0.68 1.47 1.15 0.87 0.15 0.93 2.55 0.38 2.15 1.87
WS-15 8.70 0.80 1.25 1.16 0.86 0.25 1.01 1.98 0.76 1.05 0.90
WS-16 10.48 0.64 1.55 1.17 0.86 0.24 0.91 2.05 0.86 0.98 0.84
WS-17 4.02 0.38 2.64 1.14 0.88 0.22 0.69 2.12 0.36 0.78 0.69
WS-18 11.90 0.26 3.89 1.55 0.65 0.16 0.57 2.50 1.04 1.14 0.73
WS-19 5.23 0.76 1.31 1.37 0.73 0.23 0.99 2.07 0.56 1.67 1.22
WS-20 8.01 0.43 2.35 1.40 0.71 0.26 0.74 1.98 0.86 1.23 0.87
WS-21 7.75 0.93 1.08 1.13 0.88 0.26 1.09 1.95 0.68 0.98 0.87
WS-22 8.22 0.26 3.78 0.95 1.05 0.25 0.58 2.01 0.58 0.65 0.68
WS-23 5.64 0.21 4.74 1.36 0.74 0.27 0.52 1.94 0.63 0.93 0.69
WS-24 7.70 0.49 2.04 1.77 0.57 0.39 0.79 1.61 1.28 0.72 0.41
74 THAKUR et al. [Journal of Soil & Water Conservation 18(1)

before it combines to a definite stream channels. It correlation means when drainage density increases,
can be expressed as half of reciprocal of the the stream frequency also increases and vice-versa.
drainage density (Horton, 1945) and it varies from In present study, the minimum and maximum value
0.29(WS-4) to 0.53 km (WS-22). Ruggedness number of stream frequency are 0.41 and 1.87, respectively
(Rn) is a dimensionless quantity,product of basin (Table 4). Dt is total number of stream segments of
relief (R) and drainage density (Dd) where both are all orders per perimeter of that area (Horton, 1945).
in same units that indicates the structural Smith (1950) has classified drainage texture into five
complexity of the terrain (Schumm, 1956). An different textures i.e., very coarse (<2), coarse (2 to
increased peak discharge is the result of the 4), moderate (4 to 6), fine (6 to 8) and very fine (>8).
network’s improved efficiency due to an increase The drainage texture value of the sub-watersheds
in relief and drainage density (Patton, 1998). It varies from 0.31 to 1.28 km/km2, which indicates
varies from 0.01 to 0.07 in the present study. The existence of coarse drainage texture in the study
drainage density has a directly proportional area. As per Constant of Channel Maintenance
relation with infiltration number and Ruggedness results, to maintain one kilometer length of channel
number. The gradient ratio, an indicator of the the area required is to be 0.58(WS-4) to 1.05 (WS-
channel slope for assessment of run-off 22) square kilometers. Higher value suggest more
volume,varies from 0.01 to 0.03 for the sub- area is required to produce surface flow which
watersheds (Sreedevi et al., 2005). implies that the part of water may get lost by
Langbein (1947) observed the significance of evaporation, percolation etc.; lower value indicates
drainage density for runoff and suggested that the less chance of percolation/infiltration and hence
Dd varying from 0.55 to 2.09 km km-2 for humid more surface runoff. Infiltration number gives an
region with 1.03 km/km2 average drainage density. idea about the infiltration characteristics of the
In this study the Dd varies from 0.95 (WS-22) to 1.72 watershed. The high infiltration number i.e. 1.83
(WS-4) with 1.26 km/km 2 average D d which (WS-4) shows the high runoff and lowest infiltration
indicates the area is under humid region. Form number 0.60 (WS-8) shows the low runoff in the
factor varies from 0.21(WS-23) to 0.93(WS-21), Bhopal lake (Pareta and Pareta, 2012). The Lar value
Smaller the value of form factor, more elongated for sub-watersheds varies from 3.11 (WS-4) to 12.87
will be the watershed.The shape of a watershed (WS-12). The high Lar value indicates that the runoff
influences the shape of its characteristic had to travel relatively longer distance before
hydrograph. A watershed having a fan-shape adjoining into stream channels.
presents a lower concentration time, and it
generates higher flow. In present study WS-23 CONCLUSION
having more time of concentration as compare to Analysis of morphometric parameters of
other.According to Miller (1953) Circulatory ratio drainage basin is very important to solve erosion,
of the basins varies from 0.4 to 0.5 and in present sediment transportation and deposition problems.
study it varies from 0.14 (WS-4, 9) to 0.39 (WS-24) Remote Sensing and GIS has been intensively used
which shows the sub-watersheds are elongated. and had proved to be an efficient tool for analyzing
When circulatory ratio decreases, basin shape is drainage morphometry. It can be used for
shownto be elongated.Elongation ratio varies from watershed prioritization, watershed management,
0.52 (WS-23) to 1.09 (WS-21) for the basin. Strahler rainwater harvestingand designing of soil and
(1964) states that this ratio runs between 0.6 and water conservation measures.
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