TOPIC 4

Sanitary Drainage System

ENGR. RHODORA A. BUSTAMANTE

INSTRUCTOR
 C o m p o n e n t s

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

PLUMBING FIXTURES

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
 Sanitary Piping Layout

General Rules in designing

the Sanitary system:
The pipes should take the shortest possible route to
the house sewer or the terminating point of the
Sanitary system
Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and
vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure
efficient circulation

Subsystems of the
Sanitary System:
Waste Collection System
Ventilation System
 Essential Parts of the
Sanitary Drainage System
Waste Pipe
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
Vent Pipe
used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
Trap
a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of
foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
Stack
the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the
roof.
Branch
any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
 Essential Parts of the
Sanitary Drainage System
House/Building Drain

part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which

receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other
drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house
sewer outside of the building.

House/Building Sewer

extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction
with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and
conveying the drainage of one building site.

NPC 203.3
 Principles of Waste & Soil
(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in

CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction

use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend

branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep

Vertical to Horizontal change in direction

45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep
 Principles of Waste & Soil
(EXCRETA) Pipes Roughing-in

Horizontal to vertical change in direction

use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8
bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee
branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent
sweeps.
No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level
shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross)
Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of
the fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the
largest inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose
are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)
 Sanitary Drainage Lines

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT OF SIZES

OF SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on the

amount of waste it carries.

A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3 liters/min (7.5

gallons per min or 1 cu ft per min), which is equivalent to
the Fixture Unit (F.U.)

The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on the size of

required trap.
 Sanitary Drainage Lines
Maximum Trap Loading
ITEM NO. PIPE SIZE FIXTURE UNIT
Notes:
1 32 mm 1 1.Capacity over 3.15 L/s shall
be determined by the
2 38 mm 3 Administrative Authority.
2.For a continuous flow into a
3 51 mm 4 drainage system, such as
from sump pump or ejector,
4 76 mm 6 air-conditioning equipment or
similar devices, two (2)
5 102 mm 8
fixture units shall be allowed
Exception: On self-service laundries. for every 0.063 L/s of flow.
3. 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s
Discharge Capacity
ITEM NO. LITERS/SEC (GPM) FIXTURE UNIT
1 Up to 0.47 L/s (Up to 7.5 gpm) 1
2 0.50 to 0.95 (8 to 15 gpm) 2
3 1 to 1.89 (16 to 30 gpm) 4
4 1.95 to 3.15 (31 to 50 gpm) 6
 Sanitary Drainage Lines
MINIMUM SLOPE OF
SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2%

or 20mm/m (¼” per foot).

Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street

sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building
plans, pipes 102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not
less than 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the
Administrative Authority
 Traps & Interceptors
Types of Permissible Traps:
The Common P-Trap

Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks,

laundry tubs, & urinals
Materials commonly used for the
P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,
Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.

The Deep Seal P-Trap

Water seal is about twice the size of

The common P-trap
Used for extreme conditions because
resealing quality is greater
 Traps & Interceptors

The Stand Trap

Used for fixtures such as slop sinks

that are usually built low in the
ground, leaving very little space for a
foundation & a trap

Serves as a water seal & structural

support for the fixture

The Running Trap

Used within the line of

the house drain
 Traps & Interceptors
Types of Permissible Traps:
The Drum Trap

Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)

Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water
(bathtubs, shower or floor drains)
 Traps & Interceptors
Types of Prohibited Traps:
Traps with movable parts or concealed interior
partitions

No fixtures shall be double-trapped

The S-Trap

Predecessor of P-traps
Used before traps
had to connect to a
ventilation line
 Traps & Interceptors
REQUIREMENTS:
Traps REQUIRED
Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall
be separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.

Only one trap shall be permitted

on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain
between a trap and the vent)

One trap, centrally located, may

serve three single compartment
sinks or laundry tubs or lavatories,
adjacent to each other and in the
same room, where their waste outlets
are not more than 0.75 m apart.
 Traps & Interceptors
SIZE OF TRAPS:
The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is
connected.

Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less
than 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a
deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative
Authority for special conditions.
 Traps & Interceptors

Minimum sizes of traps for common plumbing fixtures

DRAINAGE
ITEM TRAP & TRAP
FIXTURE FIXTURE
NO. ARM SIZE
UNITS
1 Bathtubs 38 mm 2
2 Bidets 38 mm 2
3 Floor Drains 51 mm 2
4 Shower, single stall 51 mm 2

5 Sink (residential) 38 mm 2
6 Urinal, wall mounted, integral trap 51 mm 3

7 Wash Basin (single) 32 mm 1

8 Water Closet (private installation) 76 mm 4

9 Water Closet (public installation) 76 mm 6

 Traps & Interceptors
INSTALLATION OF TRAPS:
The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and
the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.

Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms

TRAP ARM DISTANCE
DIAMETER TO VENT Note: In no case shall
32 mm 0.76 m the trap distance be less
than 2 times the diameter
38 mm 1.07 m of the trap arm.
51 mm 1.52 m
76 mm 1.83 m
102 mm & larger 3.05 m

The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the

top of closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or
similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a
change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.
 Traps & Interceptors
INDUSTRIAL INTERCEPTORS (CLARIFIERS) &
SEPARATORS:
Interceptors (a device designed and installed to separate and
retain deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters from normal
wastes and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge
into the disposal terminal by gravity) shall have a water seal of
not less than 152 mm deep.
Each interceptor shall be properly vented.
Slaughterhouses, packing establishments, and any
establishment which discharges wastewater with
considerable amount of grease, hairs, feathers , etc. shall
drain through a screening device and thence into a grease
interceptor.
Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for cleaning
machinery or machine parts shall be adequately protected
against storm or surface water and shall drain into an
interceptor which will separate oil and grease before the
effluent reaches the public stream.
 Clean-outs

REQUIREMENTS:
Clean-outs REQUIRED
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total
developed length
at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction
thereof
additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line
with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
inside the building near the connection between the building
drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building
at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
 Clean-outs

Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED

on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such
line is serving sinks or urinals.
on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72
deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
 Clean-outs
SIZE OF CLEAN-OUTS:
Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size of pipe
served
Clean-Out Size

SIZE OF SIZE OF THREADS

PIPE CLEANOUT PER 25.4MM
38 mm 38 mm 11-1/2
51 mm 38 mm 11-1/2
64 mm 64 mm 8
76 mm 64 mm 8
102 mm & larger 89 mm 8
 Clean-outs
INSTALLATION OF
CLEAN-OUTS:
Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the
direction of flow or at right angles to the direction of flow
except in the case of a wye branch.
Each 90° clean-out extension shall be constructed from a
wye fitting or an approved fitting of equivalent sweep.
Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance
of not less than 305 mm; those 51 mm or more shall have a
front clearance of 450 mm.
Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or
above finish floor or shall be extended outside the building
when there is less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750
horizontal clearance to the means of access.
No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be
located more than 6.1 m from an access door, trap door or
crawl hole.
 Vents & Venting System

VENTILATION

Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to

maintain a balanced atmospheric pressure inside the
system

Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the

circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
 Vents & Venting System

Main Types: VENTS

Main Soil & Waste Vent

the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary

system
Connected to the Main Soil & Waste
Stack
The portion where waste does not
travel through
Continues to the roof; the portion
penetrating the roof is called the
Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)
 Vents & Venting System

Main Vent
the principal artery of the venting
system to which vent branches are
connected.
a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’
serves as support to the Main Soil &
Waste Vent
 Vents & Venting System

Individual Vent or Back Vent

a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that

connects with the vent system above the
fixture served or terminates in the open air.
 Vents & Venting System
Other Types:
Unit, Common, or Dual Vent

an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
serve two (2) traps.
 Vents & Venting System

Relief Vent

a vertical vent line that provides

additional circulation of air between
the drainage and vent systems or to
act as an auxiliary vent on a specially
designed system such as a
“yoke vent” connection between the
soil and vent stacks.
 Vents & Venting System
Yoke or By-pass Vent

a pipe connecting upward from a soil

or waste stack below the floor and
below horizontal connection to an
adjacent vent stack at a point above
the floor and higher than the highest
spill level of fixtures for preventing
pressure changes in the stacks.
 Vents & Venting System
Circuit Vent

a group vent pipe which starts in front of the

extreme (highest) fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’
Serves a battery of fixtures
 Vents & Venting System
Looped Vent

a vertical vent connection on a

horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream
of the last fixture connection
and turning to a horizontal line
above the highest overflow
level of the highest fixture
connected there

Used in spaces without partitions

 Vents & Venting System

Wet Vent
that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also
flows through.
 Vents & Venting System

Local Vent

a pipe or shaft to convey foul air

from a plumbing fixture or a room
to the outer air.

Dry Vent

a vent that does not carry liquid or

water-borne wastes.
 Vents & Venting System
Stack Vent

the extension of a soil or waste stack

above the highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack.

Vent Stack

the vertical vent pipe installed

primarily for providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the soil, waste
of the drainage system. The uppermost
end above the roof has traditionally been
referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
 Vents & Venting System
REQUIREMENTS:
Vents REQUIRED
Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-
pressure through venting.

Vents NOT REQUIRED

on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges
through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary
interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly
trapped and vented.
Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall
discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into
a floor sink or other approved type receptor.
 Vents & Venting System

SIZE OF VENTS:
The sizes of vent piping shall be determined from its length
and the total number of fixture units connected thereto.
The diameter of an individual vent shall not be less than 32
mm (1-1/4”) nor less in size than one-half (1/2) the diameter
of the drain to which it is connected.
 Installation of Vents

GRADES & CONNECTIONS

All horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or
sags & shall be graded and connected to drip back by
gravity to the drainage pipe it serves.

Each vent shall rise vertically 152 mm above the highest

level rim of the fixtures served before offsetting horizontally.

All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the

roof or shall be reconnected to the soil or waste stack vent
at a point below the roof. The “vent stack through roof”
(VSTR) shall be increased one (1) pipe size above the
connection between the stack vent and the horizontal vent.

Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be

served by a common vertical vent pipe connected to an
approved double branch fitting.
 Installation of Vents

VENT TERMINATION
VSTR shall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm above
the roof nor less than 300 mm from any vertical surface
nearby.
Each vent opening shall terminate:
Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window;
Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley and street
boundary lines.
Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any part
of the roof that is used for human activities and shall extend
not less than 2.10 m above such roof.
 Installation of Vents

VENT STACK & RELIEF VENTS

Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys

above the building drain shall be served by a parallel vent
stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper
terminal at the roof and connect to the soil or waste stack at
ground level and at every fifth floor levels with a “yoke vent”
at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch
connection to the stack and at the nearby vent stack above
the same floor to provide a relief vent.
The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than
either the soil stack or the vent stack, whichever is smaller.
The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed
1.0 m above the floor level and, by means of a wye branch
at the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch
serving that floor.
 Vents & Venting System

SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:

Trap Seal Loss
- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system
due to inadequate ventilation of traps
- Attributed to the following conditions:
Siphonage- direct and momentum
 Vents & Venting System

Back Pressure Capillary Attraction

Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness

Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal

Retardation of flow
- Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity

Deterioration of the Materials

- Due to the formation of acids
 INDIRECT WASTE PIPING,
WET-VENTED SYSTEMS & SPECIAL WASTES

Indirect Waste Pipe

– is a pipe that does not connect directly with the
drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by
discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or
receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.
 House Drain Appliances

HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES:

GREASE TRAPS:
For establishments like restaurants, cafes, lunch counters,
cafeterias, bars and clubs, hotel, hospital, sanitarium,
factory or school kitchens. A grease trap is not required for
individual dwelling units.
No grease trap shall be installed for a facility that has an
approved rate of flow of more than 3.4 liters per second
(54.26 gpm) nor less than 1.3 L/s (20.74 gpm).
Each grease trap shall have an approved water seal of not
less than 51 mm in depth or the diameter of its outlet,
whichever is greater.
No food waste disposal unit shall discharge into a grease
interceptor or grease trap.
 House Drain Appliances

GREASE TRAPS:
Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the
drainage or sewer system in quantities that can effect line
stoppage or hinder sewage treatment or private sewage
disposal.

2 Main Types

Earth Cooled Grease Trap

Mechanical Grease Trap
 House Drain Appliances

Operating Principles (separation of grease from water):

grease suspended in waste floats to the surface

Earth cooled Grease Trap Mechanical Grease Trap

 Traps & Interceptors

Grease Trap Capacity

TOTAL # OF REQUIRED GREASE

FIXTURES RATE OF RETENTION
CONNECTED FLOW CAPACITY
1 76 L/ min. 18 Kg
2 95 L/ min. 23 Kg
3 132 L/ min. 32 Kg
4 189 L/ min. 45 Kg
 House Drain Appliances

HOUSE TRAPS:
Placed in the house drain immediately inside the foundation wall
of the building

DRAIN TILES:
Used to prevent groundwater from seeping through the
basement walls & foundation
Hollow tiles are placed around the perimeter of the foundation
where water is collected; drain tiles are connected to the house
drain or sump pit
 House Drain Appliances

Garage Traps:
a.k.a. garage catch basin
Operating Principles: trap is filled with water & located at the
lowest point of the garage so it can collect all wastes.
 House Drain Appliances

Back Flow Valves:

Used in house drain to prevent the unlikely occurrence of
back flows
Similar to check valves
 House Drain Appliances

Sewage Ejectors:
Pumps the wastes up form the sump pit to the sewers (which
are usually higher than basement levels)
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process;
where used water and water-carried wastes are brought to
various disposal outlets

Definition: SEPTIC TANKS

A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed
to receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer,
separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and
store digested solids through a period of detention, and
allow the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal
SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water
and settle at the bottom of the septic tank
SCUM- lighter organic material that rise to the surface of
the water
EFFLUENT- liquid content of sewage
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

Bacteria in septic tank

to encourage decomposition:
Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive
Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without
oxygen
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

Minimum
dimensions-
L= 1500mm
W=900mm
D=1200mm
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
SINGLE CHAMBER SEPTIC TANK:
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
DESIGN CRITERIA:

PLANS:
should show all dimensions, reinforcing, structural
calculations, and such other pertinent data as needed.

QUALITY OF DESIGN:
shall be such as to produce a clarified effluent of acceptable
standards and shall provide adequate space for sludge and
scum accumulations.

MATERIALS:
constructed of durable materials, not subject to excessive
corrosion or decay, shall be watertight.
Material: cement (most common) or pre-fabricated cast iron
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
COMPARTMENTS:
have a minimum of 2 compartments:
First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total
capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity;
shall be at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid
depth not less than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total
capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion
chamber to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible
from the manhole
MANHOLES:
with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension;
one over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment
exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required
over the baffle wall.
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR

VERTICAL LEGS:
Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the
sewer pipe
Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less
than the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.
LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET:
Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below
the water surface
Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8
mm above the invert of the outlet pipe.

VENT DIAMETER:
equal to the cross sectional area of the house sewer.
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
AIR SPACE:
Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the
back vent openings.

PARTITION (between compartments):

An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in
no case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in
the inlet compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of
the fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden
baffles are prohibited.

STRUCTURE:

Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not

less than 14.4 kPa
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

CAPACITY:
The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of
bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by
the estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various
building occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all
plumbing fixtures; whichever is greater.
The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system
shall also be limited by the soil structure classification in its
drainage field.

LOCATION:
Should not be located underneath the house
At least 15 meters from the water distribution system
 SEWERS
3 degrees or grades of
waste water:

Grey Water (or Area Water)

Waste water with the exception of human wastes
From laundries, wash basins, sinks, tubs, etc.

Black Water
Water plus solid and liquid human wastes

Storm Water
Rainwater only
 SEWERS
CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS:
Combination Public Sewers
Oldest variety
Carries both storm & sanitary wastes

Storm Sewers

Sanitary Sewers
Carries regular sanitary wastes only
Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for
treatment
Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)
 SEWERS

2 TYPES OF SANITARY SEWERS:

Tributary Sewers
Termination points of individual units or structures
Usually round shaped, with diameters between
0.60 to 1.2 meters
Made of vitrified clay or cement pipes; often
installed by the curb line, before the street
Normally laid in the Northern or Eastern side of
streets with east-west or north-south orientations
 SEWERS
Intercepting Sewers
a.k.a. ‘collecting sewers’
Termination points of tributary sewers
Placed much lower in the ground, from 4 to 30
meters in depth
Varies in shape but have a diameter or effective
opening ranging from 0.60 to 3 meters

Sloped at an angle of 1:50 or 2%

Lifting stations are placed at certain intervals and
pumps or sewage ejectors are used to lift the
waste; sewers terminate at the disposal plant
 SEWERS
REQUIREMENTS:
Sewers REQUIRED
Drainage pipes of all buildings shall be connected to the
public sewer. When not available, they shall be connected to
an approved private sewage disposal system.
Public sewer may be considered as not being available if it
is more than 61 meters from any proposed building or
exterior drainage facility.
Exception: Single family dwellings with an existing private
sewage disposal system may not be connected to a new
public sewer when no hazard, nuisance or unsanitary
condition is evident and when there is no sufficient grade or
fall existing to permit proper drainage flow by gravity to the
public sewer.
 SEWERS
DAMAGE TO PUBLIC SEWER OR PRIVATE
SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

It is unlawful to discharge any ashes, cinders, solids, rags,

flammable, poisonous, explosive liquids or gases, oils,
grease, and other things whatsoever which would cause
damage to the public sewer or private disposal system.
No rain, surface or subsurface waters shall discharge into
any excreta drainage system.
No cesspool and septic tank effluents, seepage pit or under
drain system shall be connected to the excreta building
sewer leading to a public sewer main.

No commercial food waste grinder shall be connected to a

private or public sewage disposal system.
 SEWERS
SIZE OF SEWER:
The minimum size of any building sewer shall be
determined on the basis of the total number of fixture units
drained by such sewer. No building sewer shall be smaller
than 150 mm diameter nor less in size than the building
drain.
 SEWERS
INSTALLATION OF SEWER:

Building sewers shall be run in practical alignment at a

uniform slope of not less than 2% or 21 mm/m toward the
point of disposal.
Exception: When impractical due to depth of street sewer,
structural features or to adverse arrangement of building, to
obtain a slope of 2%, sewers 102 mm and 152 mm in dia
may have a slope of not less than 1% (10.5 mm/m) and
those 203 mm dia and larger may have a slope of not less
than 0.5% (5.3 mm/m)
 SEWERS

No building sewer shall be

installed less than 0.6 M
from the outer face of any
building foundation, nor
less than 0.3 M below the
finish surface of the ground.

Location of building sewer in relation to other services is

shown below.
0.60 m from any building or structure
15.2 m from water supply wells
15.2 m from streams
0.30 m from domestic supply pipes
0.30 m from public water main
 SEWERS
Building sewer or drainage pipe of clay or materials which
are not approved for use within a building shall not be laid in
the same trench as water pipes unless:

the bottom of the water pipe is 0.3M

above the top of the sewer pipe
(NPC 1208.1.1),

the water pipe is placed

on a solid shelf excavated
at one side of the common
trench with a minimum
horizontal distance of at
least 0.3 m from the sewer
or drain pipe
(NPC 1208.1.2).
 SEWERS

Water pipes crossing sewer or drainage pipe of clay or

materials which are not approved for use within a building
shall be laid a minimum of 0.3 m clear above the sewer or
drain pipe. Water pipe joint shall be installed not less than 3
meters away from sewer line in both directions.
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

DISPOSAL FIELDS
Private sewage disposal system common in rural areas for
structures with large adjacent open fields
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

AREA:
dependent on the required septic tank capacity or estimated
sewage flow rate, whichever is greater, and;
the type of soil found in the excavation.

DISTANCE FROM WATER TABLE:

No excavation for leach bed shall extend within 1.5 m of the
water table.

WITH SEEPAGE PIT:

Filter material in the trenches shall terminate 1.5 m from pit
excavation and the pipe extending from such points to the
seepage pit shall be watertight.
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

SEEPAGE PITS

a loosely lined excavation in the ground, which receives the

discharge of a septic tank; designed to permit effluent to
seep through pit bottom and sides

CAPACITY:
based on the quantity of liquid waste and on the character
and porosity of the surrounding soil.

SIZE OF SEEPAGE PIT:

Circular in shape with excavated diameter of not less than
2.2 m and to be lined with clay or concrete brick.
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

STRENGTH:
Brick lining shall have a minimum
compressive strength of 17225 kPa.

MULTIPLE SEEPAGE PITS:

served through a distribution

box or shall be connected in
series by means of a watertight
connection. The outlet shall
have a vented leg fitting extending
304.8 mm below the inlet fitting.
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

CESSPOOLS

a non-watertight lined
excavation in the ground
which receives the discharge
of a sanitary drainage system,
designed to retain the organic
matter but permitting the liquid
to seep through the pit bottom
and sides
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

TEMPORARY PERMITS:
Temporary expedient pending the construction of a public
sewer, so long as it is established that a public sewer will be
available in less than 2 years and the soil and ground water
conditions are favorable;
As an overflow facility when installed in conjunction with an
existing cesspool;
As a means of sewage disposal for limited, minor, or
temporary uses.
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems

PRIVIES

Outside Privy- oldest form of disposal of

organic waste. Consists of a vault
constructed of concrete for the collection
of raw sewage and a wooden shelter
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIAL
SPECIAL LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL

REQUIREMENTS:
When liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of
grease, garbage, flammable wastes, sand, or other
ingredients which may affect the operation of a private
sewage disposal system, an interceptor for such waste shall
be installed.

DISPOSAL:
Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank
or other primary system or into a separate disposal system.
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL DISPOSAL SEEPAGE
BLDG SEPTIC
DISTANCE IN CLEAR FIELD PIT OR
SEWER TANK
REQUIRED FROM CESSPOOL
1 Buildings or 0.6 m 1.5 m 2.4 m 2.4 m
structures*
2 Property line Clear** 1.5 m 1.5 m 2.4 m
Adjoining private
Property
3 Water supply 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m 45.7 m
wells
4 Streams 15.2 m 15.2 m 15.2 m 30.5 m

5 Trees - 3m - 3m
 Private Sewage
Disposal Systems
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL
SYSTEMS
Location of Sewage Disposal System
MIN. HORIZONTAL DISPOSAL SEEPAGE
BLDG SEPTIC
DISTANCE IN CLEAR FIELD PIT OR
SEWER TANK
REQUIRED FROM CESSPOOL
6 Seepage pits or - 1.5 m 1.5 m 3.7 m
Cesspools
7 Disposal field 1.5 m 1.2 m 1.5 m
8 On site domestic 0.3 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
Water service line
9 Pressure public 3m 3m 3m 3m
Water main
 Sewage Treatment Plan (STP)
Some features of STP:
An aeration system within the tank;
A submersible mixer to mix the waste;
A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying;
A decanter;
Blowers;
A fully electronic control system, etc.
 Water Recycling

2 Most Common Types of Municipal Sewage

Treatment

The Activated Sludge Process

Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must
pass through
First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three
different filter houses
Second Phase- clarifies the effluent
Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to fertilizers
Produces water with 99-99.5% purity
 Water Recycling
Raw sewage inlet
The Activated Sludge Process

1. Grit Chamber 2. Coarse screen house

4. incinerator
3. Fine screen house

5. Activated sludge tank

6. Aerating
8. Power House 7. Clarifier outlet
basin

10. Liquid
11. Chemical
9. Drier house extractor
house
house
13. Vacuum
12. warehouse power
house
 Water Recycling

The Trickling Filter Process

a.k.a ‘Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System’
Requires less mechanical elements and less stages
Produces water with 95% purity
Requires a large ground area for its building
STORM DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
 Rainwater Pipes
DOWNSPOUTS OR CONDUCTOR PIPES,
GUTTERS
Rainwater piping shall not be used as soil, waste and vent pipes.
Downspout and gutter sizes are based upon the maximum depth
of rainfall per hour falling upon a given roof area in square meters.
An ave. 102 mm/hr rainfall intensity is used around Metro Manila.

Round, square (sized to enclose its equivalent

round pipe) or rectangular (shall have at least the
same cross-sectional area as its equivalent round pipe,
except that the ratio of its side dimensions shall not
exceed 3 to 1) rainwater pipes may be used
for downspouts.

Downspouts for high-rise buildings shall be of stronger pipe

materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure, they shall be
installed within a pipe chase, and have no intermediate branch
from the roof to the ground level.
 Rainwater Pipes
ROOF DRAINS
Roof drains shall be equipped with dome-type strainers extending
102 mm above the surface of the roof surface. With a minimum
total net inlet area of 1 – ½ times the area of the outlet pipe to
which it is connected.

Roof deck strainers shall be approved flat-surface type, with a

total net inlet area not less than 2 times the area of the outlet pipe
to which the drain is connected.

Roof drains passing through building interiors shall be made

watertight by the use of C.I. drain with integrally-cast waterstop
ring around the outside of the body and placed at mid-depth of the
concrete roof slab and the installation of a clamped suitable
flashing material around the drain.
 Storm Water System
3 Major Systems of
Collecting Storm Water:
The Independent System

a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’

Brings collected water directly
to the water reservoirs
 Storm Water System
The Combined System
Combines storm water
with sanitary wastes
 Storm Water System

The Natural System

Without using any roof gutters or downspouts
Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns

Storm Drain Locations

 Storm Water System
Roofing Elements to
Collect Rainwater:
The Gutter
Usually located along the
entire perimeter of the roof

The Downspout
Located every 8 to 10 meters
& at every corner of the roof
(but, to avoid clogging of pipes,
it is best to locate them every
4 to 6 m)
 Storm Water System

The Strainer or Roof Drain

Drain designed to receive water collecting on

the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a
downspout. Designed to prevent clogging.

The Shoe
At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rain-
water towards the nearest catch basin
 Storm Water System

The Catch Basin

Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more
than one downspout)
Delivers water to the sewers in the street via gravity
Area-Drain-Catch-Basin: also collects surface water

The Storm Line

Connects to each catch basin
 Storm Water System

Storm Sewers

Carries only rainwater collected from the storm

drain or from the streets

Terminates at natural drainage

areas (i.e. lakes, rivers, and
water reservoirs)
Require manholes to serve as
clean-outs and to make sewers
accessible for inspection and
repair built at depths of about 2 to
3 meters; diameter ranging from
0.6 to 1.2 meters
THANK YOU !