GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

ASSIGNMENT OF UNIT 4 : DATA STORAGE

SUBMITTED BY: KHUSBOO
TO
MR. RAKESH
1. DESCRIBE DATA FORMATS IN GIS.

 The digital data is composed of bits: which have a state of either 0 or 1. information can be encoded in these
binary characters. The way in which this code works varied between systems.
 One of the most universal convections is the organization into sets of eight bits, called words or bytes. A byte
therefore has a sequence of 0s and 1s in any of 256 combinations- be it 00000000, 11111111 or 01101000.
Streams of bytes can be used to encode all kinds of information.
 The file is a collection of bytes that make up a logical unit of information. In describing types of file, the terms
ASCII and binary are common. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) files adopt a
convection in which each eight- bit sequence corresponds to one of a set of common characters.
 A binary file encodes information in the bit sequence. If a file is described as binary it means that information is
encoded in the bit sequence in some way or another. This is how different software products use different types
of file, identified with their different file extensions (for e.g., .doc, .tiff, .jpeg and so on).
 In a sense, all files are binary, but in common usage the term refers to a file that does not conform to the ASCII
convection.
 The data used in GIS is no different. It is also orgnized into files with different software products using their own
particular file types, binary coding and file extensions.
 2. EXPLAIN ABOUT VECTOR FORMATS.
1. Arc Export: Arc Export is a transfer format, either ASCII or compressed into binary used to transfer files between
different versions of Arc/Info. It is undocumented and will work only with ESRI products.
2. Arc/Info Coverages: An Arc/Info “coverage” is a set of internal binary files used by Arc/Info. This file format is
proprietary and not usable by other programs.
3. Arc/Info E00: This is a proprietary file format used to distribute Arc/Info datasets. Topology and attributes are properly
maintained in this format.
4. Zip: One or more files compressed and consolidated into a single binary file. Use WinZip to uncompress and extract the
extracts the contents of the Zip file.
5. .Mif / .Mid: Mapinfo data transfer files is a transverse standard used by map info, a desktop mapping system.This format is
an example of a ASCII transfer format. It carries all 3 types of GIS information: geographic, attribute and display.Attribute
links are implicit in the file format.
6. MapInfo Map Files: Map info has its own internal binary format used by Bantle Systems Inc.’s Microstation, a CAD
program. It is well documented and standardized, so it may also be used as a transfer standard.DGN files contain detailed
display information.The most common way to store attributes is to place them in and external database file and record
links in the MSLINK field a data item carried for each element in the DGN file.
 3. EXPLAIN ABOUT RASTER DATA FORMATS.
1. Arc Digitized Raster Graphics (ADRG): US Defence Agency.
2. Band Interleaved by Line (BIL) (.bil): A common format for distributing satellite data.
3. Band Sequential (BSQ) (.bsq): A common format for distributing satellite data.
4. Digital Elevation Model (DEM): A topographic data model format developed by USGS.
5. PC Paintbrush Exchange (PCX) (.pcx) : Widely used raster format developed by Zsoft.
6. Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) (.sdts): New US standard for both raster and vector data developed by US
Federal Government.
7. Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) (.tif): An image file format. Resolution ca be very good and used for georeferencing
of image. The georeferencing often accompanies the TIF file as second file called TIFF. TIFF files are very large. It is non-
proprietary and device independent.
8. IMG (.img): ERDAS imagine uses this format for satellite and other image data.
9. GIFF (.gif): A common format for image data. GIFF does not support georegistration. Image resolution is excellent and file
size is modest.
4. WHAT IS TIGER?

 TIGER stands for Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing Files.
 TIGER is an ASCII transfer format used by the US Census Bureau to store the street maps constructed for the
1990 census.
 It contains complete geographic coordinates and is line, not polygon, based (although polygons can be constructed
from its attribute information).
 The most important attributes include street name and address information.
 TIGER does not contain display information.. Maps of entire US are available in TIGER format.
 5. EXPLAIN DIFFERENT STORAGE MEDIA USE IN GIS.

 WHAT IS DATA STORAGE MEDIA?

 In computers a storage medium is a physical device that receives and retain electronic data for applications and users and makes
the data available for retrieval the story is medium might be inside a computer or other device or attached to a system externally,
either directly or over a network.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF STORGE MEDIA:
 HARD DISK DRIVES:
 hard disk drive provide a high- capacity alternative to magnetic storage media such as tape or floppy disk. It contains metal platers coated with the
magnetic layer.The platters usually spin continuously when a computer is on, storing data in different sectors on the magnetic disc.
 Hard disk continue to be the dominant media for backup storage appliances, active achieves and long- term retention.A disk- based backup
appliance might also include interfaces to replicate data copies, search as clones and snapshots, to tertiary devices or a hybrid cloud.

 RAID:
 RAID Work by placing data on multiple disks and balancing input/output operations across those disks. RAID can improve performance, fault
tolerance over both, depending on the RAID configuration.
 If RAID is set up for fault tolerance, the data is protected in the event a drive fails.The use of multiple disk also increase the mean time between
failure.
 FLASH MEMORY:
 flash memory does not depend on moving mechanical parts. Instead, data is returned to microchips, making storage operation much faster than
traditional disk.
 However, data must be erased and rewritten in in dire blocks, which can be a fact a device overall indurance.
 There are two main types of flash SSDs: NAND and NOR.The names are defined by their respective logic gates, which determine the fundamental
architecture underlying digital circuits.
 USB FLASH DRIVE:
 the term USB flash drive refers to the device in it's entirely, including the USB connector, where is the storage medium is the internal flash chip.
 USB flash drive can vary in size, but they are generally about the size of a thumb, with a design similar to SSDs but on a smaller scale.
 USB flash drive attach to devices by sliding into compatible USB ports, making it possible to quickly transfer or copy data. The drives are variously
called memory sticks, keychain drives, thumb drives and jump drives.
 OPTICAL DISK:
 Optical disk technology uses laser to right and read data. Many optical disk support write once, read many (WORM) operation only.
 When first introduced, optical disk could store more data than magnetic HDD, but that has since changed and optical disk are now used primarily
for pre recorded audio and video recordings over for backup and archival purposes.
 TAPE:
 tape was a dominant backup storage medium until the 1990s but was gradually pushed aside by magnetic disk. Even so, type system are still often
used for high capacity data archiving and have continued to improve intensity and endurance, largely due to advances in the linear tape open (LTO)
format.
6. WHAT ARE BIL , BIP , BSQ?

1. BIL : BIL stands for Band Inerleaved by Line. A common format for distributing satellite data.
2. BIP: BIP stands for Band Interleaved by Pixcel. A common format for distributing satellite data.
3. BSQ: BSQ stands for Band Sequential. A common format for distributing satellite data.
7. WHAT IS DEM?
 The term DEM describes a quantitative model of a topographic surface in digital form. Though, DEM is frequently used
to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface, however, most often it is used to refer specially to a
raster or regular grid of spot heights a 2.5D grid- based model that contains the elevation of points with respect to a
reference surface, without any restrictions on what the object is like.
 The term is widely used in North America to refer to a raster or regular grid of spot heights. Elevation is assumed
constant within each cell of the grid.
 The accuracy of DEM is the function of the nature of the terrain, cell size and the spacing of cells.
 A DEM has been described by the three elements; block, profile and elevation points. The block is used to define the
physical extent of a DEM.
 The profile is the linear array of sampled elevation points. The spacing between the profile and the between elevation
points has a significant effect on the accuracy and appearance of the DEM.
 A DEM is usually georeferenced to a geographic or the UTM coordinate system.
8. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY DATA COMPACTION?

 Compaction is the process of making something more compact, or dense and very tightly packed together.
 Data compaction is the reduction of the number of data elements, bandwidth, cost and time for the generation,
transmission, storage of data without loss of information by eliminating unnecessary redundancy, removing
irrelevancy, or using special coding.
 Examples of data compaction methods are the use of fixed- tolerance bands, variable- tolerance bands, slope-
keypoints, sample changes, curve patterns, curve fitting, variable- precision coding, frequency analysis and
probability analysis.
 Simply squeezing non compacted data into smaller space, for example by increasing packing density by
transferring images from newsprint to microfilm or by transferring data on punched cards onto magnetic tape, is
not data compaction.
 9.WHAT ARE SQUARE BLOCKS? EXPLAIN 2*2 & 3*3 CELLS.
 SQUARE BLOCKS:
 In computing (specially data transmission and data storage), a block, sometimes called a physical record, is a sequence of bytes or bits,
usually containing some whole number of records, having a maximum length; a block size. Data thus structured are said to be blocked.
 2*2:
 Binary Number: 1010

 3*3:
 Binary Number: 1111
10. WRITE THE PROCESS OF RUN LENGTH AND CHAIN CODING IN
DETAILS AND ITS UTILITY IN GIS.

 CHAIN CODING:
 The chain coding, also sometimes called Freeman chain coding is a compact method of storing raster data and useful for
detection of sharp turns and area estimation but introduces redundancy because of repetition of intervening boundaries.
 In a chain- coded representation of a map, using any starting point on the border of an object, the sequence of cardinal
directions of the cells that makes up the boundary of the object are recorded systematically in a clockwise direction.
 The polygon is defined in terms of unit cells measured in cardinal directions.
 RUN LENGTH:
 It is an improvement over the convectional chain code technique and suitable to the personal computers with limited
storage capacity.
 It stores a single value for a group of cells instead of storing the value for each individual cell.
 In this procedure, adjacent cells along a row that have the same value are treated as a group and termed a run.
 Each row in the grid is examined in turn, and pixels having the same value, that is, homogeneous pixels are grouped
together.
 11.WHAT IS AUTO CAD? DISCUSS ITS CHARACTERISTICS AND
EXPLAIN HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER GIS SOFTWARE?
 AUTO CAD:
 AutoCAD is a computer- aided design software developed by the company Autodesk. It allows you to draw and edit digital 2D and
3D designs more quickly and easily than you could by hand. The files can also be easily saved and stored in the cloud, so they be
accessed anywhere at anytime.
 CHARACTERSTICS OF AUTO CAD:
 Auto CAD is a global application. It is being used globally by product development teams, manufacturing facilities, medical
professionals, educational institutions, professionals, and engineers.
 3D modeling and visualization are two main important features of the program. Auto CAD allows the modelers to create powerful
3d models, wireframes, meshes and surfaces using various 3D tools and commands.
 Auto CAD helps the user to develop, modify, and design better infrastructure, deliver scalable and feasible building assignments,
supervise production finances and foresee project results.
 3D models from other CAD applications can also be imported to Auto CAD. The designers can also work on imported online maps
or locations.
 Auto CAD can create section planes. These section planes help in achieving cross- sectional views of 3D objects. The users can
change, select or move the section planes to inspect the inner details of 3D objects.
 HOW AUTO CAD IS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER SOFTWARES:
 the main difference between AutoCAD and other GIS software is that it is intended for use by professional designers.This
has an impact on the functionality, design price, and quality.
 Auto CAD is focused on precise and skilled design that Sir by blueprint for home building professionals.This allow the
contractor and project manager to have a clear path forward in constructing the build. Whereas, other GIS software is
designed to support its user in the creation of a space from a blank canvas.The tools provided allow user to design, built,
and animate a world.