‫الجمهورية الجزائري ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــة الديمق ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـراطية الشعبية‬

‫وزارة التك ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــوين والتعل ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــيم المهن ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــيي‬

‫معهد التكوي ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــن والتعليم المهن ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــيي‬
‫المجاهد أبو بكر بلقايد –عن ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــابة‬

‫‪TECHNICAL ENGLISH‬‬
‫‪MANUAL‬‬

‫‪MC‬‬
‫‪METAL CONSTRUCTION‬‬
‫‪OCTOBER 2022‬‬
 Production Team

Name Function Establishment

HASSANI Abdelmalek PSFEP CIP IFEP ANNABA
BOUCETHA Abdelmalek PSFEP CIP IFEP ANNABA
ARIOUI Amel S/DIP IFEP ANNABA

BOUTAMINE Riad computer engineer IFEP ANNABA

KRIKER Youcef PSFEP DFEP ANNABA

BENDJDID Naîm PFP CFPA.BELAID.B ANNABA

GHEMIRED Salah Eddine PSFEP CFPA. KOUBA ANNABA

BELHAOUES Houari PFP CFPA GUELMA
ZIADA Rabah PFP CFPA GUELMA
PSFEP ENGLISH &
DJEBAILI Ahmed Amine CFPA BABAR KHENCHELA
Designer
BOUKHAROUBA Abida PSFEP CIP ENGLISH INSFP DJEBABLA KADOUR GUELMA
HARBI Samy PSFEP ENGLISH INSFP EL TARF
HIDRI Naima PSFEP ENGLISH CFPA OULED IDRIS SOUKAHRAS
INSFP LES FRERES BEKAKRA AIN
SAHEL Asma PSFEP ENGLISH
BAIDA OUM EL BOUAGHI
BOUFOULA Loubna PSFEP ENGLISH INSFP ALI MENDJELI CONSTANTINE
BOULABEIZ Chafia PSFEP ENGLISH CFPA BOUZAROURA ANNABA
KHORIEF Ghazala PSFEP ENGLISH CFPA SIDI MEZGHICHE SKIKDA
HADJI Asma PSFEP ENGLISH INSFP ANOUEL TEBESSA
 METAL CONSTRUCTION

Acknowledgment

The realisation of this technical English manual was possible

thanks to the collaboration of several people to whom we would like to
express our gratitude.

First, we would like to express our gratitude to the designers of this

manual, the CML specialists, their availability and especially their wise
advice, who have contributed to our reflection.

We would also like to thank the English teachers from various

INSFPs and CFPAs belonging to the IFEP Annaba district, who provided
us with the necessary tools and their full availability for the success in the
design of this manual.

We would like to express our gratitude to colleagues who gave us

their moral support throughout this process.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..………….. 03

PREFACE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……...... 05
CHAPTER 1: TECHNICAL VOCABULARY IDENTIFICATION…………………..………………………………..…………………. 06

1.1PRESENTATON…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 07
1.1.1 Jobs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………….. 07
1.2 VOCABULARY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….............. 08
1.2.1 Tools and instruments…………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 09
1.2.2 Equipment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........... 14
1.2.3 Materials…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….............. 17
1.2.4 Consumables …………………………………………………………………..……………………............................. 19
1.3 Summary.................................................................................................................................................... 22
1.4 Activities ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
CHAPTER 2 : USE TECHNICAL WORDS…………………………..…………………................................................... 34
2.1. GENERAL ENGLISH………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………......... 35
2.1. PRONOUNS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… 35
2.1.1 DEFINITION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....... 35
2.1.2 TYPES…………………………………………………………………………….………………….………....................... 35
2.1.3 PRACTICE 1…………………………………………………..…………………..……….……………………….……....... 38
2.2 ARTICLES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……............................. 39
2.2.1 DEFINITION………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…........... 39
2.2.2 TYPES....................................................................................................................................... 39
2.2.3 USE........................................................................................................................................... 40
2.2.4 PRACTICE 2............................................................................................................................. 42
2.3 NOUNS........................................................................................................................................................ 43
2.3.1 DEFINITION.............................................................................................................................. 43
2.3.2 CLASSIFICATION....................................................................................................................... 43
2.3.3 PRACTICE 3............................................................................................................................... 43
2.3.4 PRACTICE 4............................................................................................................................... 44
2.3.5 TYPES........................................................................................................................................ 44
2.3.6 PRACTICE 5............................................................................................................................... 45
2.3.7 PRACTICE 6............................................................................................................................... 46
2.4 ADJECTIVES............................................................................................................................................... 47
2.4.1 DEFINITION.............................................................................................................................. 47
2.4.2 USE AND FORMS...................................................................................................................... 48
2.4.3 PRACTICE 7............................................................................................................................... 50
2.5 AUXILARIES................................................................................................................................................ 51
2.5.1DEFINITION............................................................................................................................... 51
2.5.2 USE …………………………………………………………………………………………………................................... 52
2.5.3 PRACTICE 8……………………………………………………………………………………..…….............................. 54
2.5.4 PRACTICE 9…………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 55
2.6 The SIMPLE SENTENCE............................................................................................................................... 56
2.6.1 DEFINITION……………………………………………………....................................................................... 56

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2.6.2 FORM…………………………………………………………………………………………………….............................. 56
2.6.3 PRACTICE 10............................................................................................................................. 57
2.7 PRESENT SIMPLE VS PRESENT PROGRESSIVE……………………………………………............................................. 58
2.7.1 DEFINITION…………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 58
2.7.2 USE OF TENSES………………………………………………………………………………………………..................... 58
2.7.3 PRACTICE 11…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………… 62
2.8 PAST SIMPLE VS PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE …………………………………………….............................................. 63
2.8.1 DEFINITION……………………………………………………………………………………………….......................... 63
2.8.2 USE OF TENSES ………………………………………………………………………………….……........................... 63
2.8.3 PRACTICE 12…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................... 64
2.9 SIMPLE FUTURE………………………………………………………………………………………………..................................... 65
2.9.1 DEFINITION……………………………………………………………………………………………….......................... 65
2.9.2 USE OF SIMPLE FUTURE…………………………………………………………………………............................. 65
2.9.3 PRACTICE 13…………………………………………………………………………………………………...................... 66
2.10 ADVERBS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...................... 67
2.10.1 DEFINITION………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ 67
2.10.2 USE OF ADVERBS……………………………………………………………………………………........................... 67
2.10.3 PRACTICE 14………………………………………………………………………………………………....................... 68
2.2. EXPRESSING TECHNICAL SENTENCES. …………………………………………………………………..………………………...... 69
2.2.1 USE TECHNICAL SENTENCES …………………………………………………………………………..................... 69
2.2.2 PRACTICE 15............................................................................................................................. 71
2.2.3 PRACTICE 16............................................................................................................................. 72
2.3 SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............. 73
2.4 ACTIVITY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........ 76
CHAPTER 3 : READING COMPREHENSION OF TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION ………………………………..... 77

3.1 INSTRUCTIONS FOR EQUIPMENT USE………………………………………………………………..................... 78

3.2 BOOKLETS………………………………………………………………………………………………………….................... 81
3.3 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION…………………………………………………………………………..................... 89
3.4 SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………................... 91
3.5 ACTIVITIES………………………………………………………………………………………………………….................... 92
GENERAL SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….... 95
GENERAL ACTIVITY…………………………………………………………………………………………….…..………………………............ 96
 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………........ 98
ANNEXES........................................................................................................................................................... 100
 LIST OF USUAL IRREGULAR VERBS....................................................................................................... 105
 ACTIVITIES KEYS.................................................................................................................................... 110
 SAFETY SYMBOLS................................................................................................................................. 117

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PREFACE

The common language used by engineers to communicate their

ideas, concepts and technologies all over the world is English.

English is considered as the “First Language” or the “Working

Language” due to its great importance. The necessity of learning technical
English is widely highlighted in Algeria especially in the field of vocational
training.

Engineering trainees need to be equipped with adequate English in

order to conduct effectively in their field of study or work. For this reason,
a “Technical English Manual” is designed for metal construction trainees
and apprentices for the first time which will help them to understand and
use English technical vocabulary.

The manual is structured into three content chapters:

 Chapter one: identifying the job and introducing considerable number

of the most useful vocabulary of metal construction.
 Chapter two: grammatical part with the use of some technical
sentences.
 Chapter three: reading comprehension of technical documentations.

The authors of this work are grateful to all users of metal

construction manual for critical information and suggestions for
improvement.

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CHAPTER ONE
01

TECHNICAL VOCABULARY
IDENTIFICATION

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1.1 PRESENTATON :
Metal construction is an important field of use for rolled products from
the forge. It uses sheets and profiles in particular. Structures constituted from
these elements require prior operations of cutting, drilling and welding in
factory. On-site operations are limited to primary module assemblies after
lifting or stripping operations, allowing to bring the assembly areas closer.
Metal construction is not a field of construction only, but also of
mechanic or of civil engineering which is interested in the metal construction
and more particularly in steel.
1.1.1 Jobs :
Construction Métallique CML Metal Construction MC
01 Serrurerie Locksmith
Sheet metal work, auto body/ automotive
02 Tôlerie, Carrosserie automobile
body work
03 Soudage Welding
04 Tôlerie, carrosserie, peinture auto Sheet metal work, bodywork , auto paint
05 Menuiserie métallique Metal carpentry
06 Menuiserie aluminium et PVC Aluminium carpentry and PVC
07 Charpente métallique Metal frame work
08 Opérateur en Peinture industrielle Industrial painting operator
09 Chaudronnerie Boilermaking
10 Soudage tuyauterie Pipe welding
11 Contrôle qualité dimensionnelle en CML Dimensional quality control in MC
12 Dessin en construction métallique Metal construction design
13 Contrôle de soudage Welding control
14 Fabrication en menuiserie aluminium et PVC Manufacture of Aluminium carpentry and PVC
15 Ordonnancement lancement en CML Scheduling and launching in MC
16 Carrosserie peinture Bodywork paint
17 Soudage sur tôles et profilés Welding on sheets and profiles
18 Préparation méthodes en CML Preparation methods in MC
19 Dessin d’étude en CML Study design in MC
20 Chaudronnerie, tuyauterie industrielle Industrial boiler piping
21 Etudes en charpente métallique Metal frame work studies
22 Etudes et conception en menuiserie AL et Studies and design in aluminium carpentry
PVC and PVC
23 Soudage Industriel Industrial welding
24 Conception et réalisation de carrosserie Body design and construction

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1.2 VOCABULARY :

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Welding helmet means a protective device

intended to provide protection for the eyes
and face against optical radiation and weld
spatter.

Arc Welding Machine is a device used for

fusing metals. The machine emits an electrical
arc from an electrode which melts metal or
supplies filler into a joint
between two pieces of metal.

Spanners are Chisels are used to

generally used for cut flat, round, or angled iron and
tightening or loosening cut sheets of thick metal. They are
various fasteners. also used to remove unnecessary
metal from a work surface by
cutting it into small pieces.

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Air compressor is a pneumatic device that converts power into

potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressed air).

Nibling machines can be used in Sheet

metal cutting solutions, nibbling cutting
attachments, jigsaw attachments etc.

Nail set is a
short rod of
steel used to
drive a nail
below or
flush with a
surface.

Sandpaper is a paper covered on one

side with abrasive material (such as sand)
glued fast and used for smoothing and
polishing.

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Circular saw is
a power-saw using a toothed or abrasive
disc or blade to cut different materials
using a rotary motion spinning around an
arbor.

Welding clamps Welding hammers

are sheets of metal are essential tools used
that temporarily hold for chipping to remove
two parts of material slab-coating from the
tightly together. weld area.

Bevel square is a hand tool consisting

of two rules that are hinged together
so you can draw or measure angles of
any size ·

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Pipe bender is a tool used to bend piping of different

materials, such as copper and stainless steel, to form various
angles and curves.

Electric screwdriver is a portable

electric device that allows you to
screw and unscrew effortlessly.

Spirit Level is a tool used to indicate how parallel (level)

or perpendicular (plumb) a surface is relative to the earth.

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1.4 ACTIVITIES:
Activity 01: Give the occupation that matches every job description bellow:

1-__________________: Is a tradesperson who fabricates steel, iron, or cooper

into boilers and other large containers intended to hold hot gas or liquid.

2-__________________: Uses fabricating techniques which may include;

casting, forming, forging and welding to construct and assemble products made
from aluminum and other metals.

3-__________________: Is a tradesperson who specializes in fusing materials

together. The materials to be joined can be metals (such as steel, aluminum,
brass, stainless steel etc.)

4-___________________: Works on the surface of motor vehicles and restores

vehicle finishes (removes exterior trim and hardware, matches colors and
mixes paints).

5-_____________________: Uses welding equipment and tools to bend, alter,

and repair metal pipes and fittings.

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Activity 2: Label the pictures below with the right names:

Mechanical saw,Screw,Hammer ,Sharpening Stone,Gloves,Steel Drill,Tap

Valve,Bevel Square,Shifting Spanner,Welding Goggles,Riveter,Metal wire,Oxygen
Cutter,Cold Chisels,Grinding Wheel,Axe,cylinder Trolley,Check Valve,Clamp,Bolt
Cutter,Apron

1........................... 2.……………….. 3. ………………. 4.……..………. 5.………..…..

6. .......................... 7. ……………….. 8.……………. 9.……..………. 10. ………….…..

11. ......................... 12.…………….. 13. ……………. 14. ……..………. 15.………….…..

16………….. 17………….. 18.………………. 19……..………. 20……….…..

21...........................

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 METAL CONSTRUCTION

Activity 3: Look at the picture below then answer the following questions:

A. Who is in the picture? And where is he?

B. What is the welder doing?
C. Label the safety equipment the man is wearing?
D. What are the tools and equipment you see in this picture?
Activity 4: Name the following tools:

3
1 2 4

5 6 7 8

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Activity 5: Label the equipment shown below using the words provided in the
box:

Bolter, welding helmet, Extension ladder, fume extractor, crane, welding table,
aluminum profile Trolleys, milling machine, electrode holder, fork-lift truck

1 2 3 5
4

6 7 8 9 10

Activity 6: Classify the following terms in the right column:

Wire brush, flat bead, nail-hinge, insulating tape, aluminum profile trolleys, bar,
lock, hand lamp, tanks, slag, strike plate, circular saw, gas cylinder, rolling
shutter, jambs, check valve.

Tools and Instruments Equipment Materials consumables

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Activity 7: Match each machine name with the right definition:

a-is machine used for removing of rough surface of a

1-Aluminium and
workpiece with the help of rotating abrasive wheel
notching machine
that acts as a tool.
b-is a machine tool with a revolving cutter, for
2-The milling machine dressing edges, as of boards, or metal plates, to a
pattern or templet.
c-Machine removes material from a workpiece by
3-The edger rotating a cutting tool (cutter) and moving it into the
workpiece.
d-Machines are used for the precise cutting of angles
4-The grinding machine.
on mild steel or alloy.

Activity 8: Match words from A with those from B to make compound nouns:

1-Tool a -shutter

2-Zinc b-tackle

3-Acetylene c-cylinder

4-Lifting d-box

5-Pipe e-coated

6-Rolling f-paper

7-Striking g-bender

8-Tracing h-joint

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Activity 9: Order the letters to get the correct labeling of tools in the pictures
below:

picture

Tool’s 1/Mltela 2/ivrtengi mermha 3/emahmr lawc

labeling _________________ _________________ _____________

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Activity 10: Fill in the gaps with the appropriate letters to get the labeling of
the tool /equipment on each picture:
Tool/equipment labeling

1 / F_me E_t_a__o_

2/ _ca_fo_di_g

3/S_ir_t _ev_l

4/B_o_pi_e To__h

5/ _ene_a_or

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Activity 11: Match each picture with its function:

Label Picture Function

1-File A-Manual or powered,

used for turning screws.

B-A fixed-base machine

2- that is used for making
Screwdrivers holes.

C-A welding method in

3-Drill press which electric current flows
through the filler metal
wire to maintain the arc.

4-MIG D-A hand tool designed to

welding shape and smooth metal.
(GMAW)

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CHAPTER TWO
02

USE TECHNICAL WORDS

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General English
The grammar section emphasizes various grammar rules that the trainee
needs in learning English language.

PRONOUNS
2.1. PRONOUNS

2.1.1- Definition:

A pronoun is a word that is used to replace a noun or a noun phrase. We

often use it to avoid repeating the noun that it refers to.

2.1.2- Types:

Pronouns can be classified into different types based on their functions.

The given below are the various types of pronouns.

a- Personal Pronouns:

Are simple pronouns that are used to substitute proper names or other
nouns such as: (places, things, and ideas) based on the speaker’s point of view.
They are: I, you, he, she, we, they,
him, her, he, she, us and them.

Example: The welding is so smooth

that you can hardly see where the
sections of pipe are joined together.

b- Subject Pronouns:

Are pronouns that perform the

action in a sentence. Some examples
of subject pronouns are: I, you, we, he, she, it, they.

Example: Mrs Jones married a welder from Antigua and she had four children

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c- Object Pronouns:

Are pronouns that receive the action in a sentence. Some examples of

object pronouns are: me, us, him, her and them.

Example: Welders repair metal products by heating them with their welding tools.

d- Indefinite Pronouns:

Are pronouns that do not refer to any particular person, place or thing.
Some examples of indefinite pronouns are: someone, somebody, somewhere,
something, anyone, anybody, anywhere, anything, no one, nobody, nowhere,
everyone, everybody, everywhere, everything, each, none, few, and many.

Example: All carpenters use tools to indicate distance and outline cuts in their
projects as a means to make sure everything is accurate.

e- Reflexive Pronouns:

Are pronouns that are used to refer back to the subject (a person or thing)
in the sentence. Some examples of reflexive pronouns are: myself, yourself,
herself, himself, oneself, itself, ourselves, themselves and yourselves.

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Example: For being a good carpenter, you

must start from the skill itself, but also
depends on the tools you have.

f- Demonstrative Pronouns:

Are pronouns that are used to point to

specific objects. They are: this, that, these
and those.

Example: This paper introduces the working principle of voltage source with
half-bridge inverter for electronic beam welder.

g- Possessive Pronouns:

Are pronouns that are used to show possession. They are: mine, yours,
his, hers, theirs and its.

Example: Carbon steel is one alloy that is prized in the construction industry for
its hardness and strength.

h- Relative Pronouns:

Are pronouns that are used to relate one part of the sentence to another.
They are: who, that, which, where, when, why, what, whom and whose.

Example: Aluminium is a silver metal that was introduced in 1824 by a Danish

chemist and physicist.

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i- Reciprocal Pronouns:

Are pronouns that are used to

express a mutual relationship. Some
examples of reciprocal pronouns are:
eachother and one another.

Example : A welding trainee must help

eachother to know the necessary tools
for their profession.

2.1.3 Practice 1: Fill in the blanks with one of the following Pronouns:

Anywhere, them, who, those, eachother, himself, you, their, she

1- The guy_______________________cuts the pipe over there is a welding engineer.

2- The carpenter fixed all the damage of the house by _______________________________.
3- A screwdriver and a hammer are the only tools___________________________need.
4- _________________________________used a chisel to prise off the lid.
5- The International Geodetic Committees have adopted the metre as
___________________________________ unit of measurement.

6- The two welders help _________________________________in their work.

7- Please, hand me ________________________________screws.
8- I searched all over, but I couldn’t find my gloves_______________________________.
9- Where is my welding goggles, I didn’t find________________________________________ .

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Articles
2.2. Articles

2.2.1- Definition:

An article is a word that modifies or describes the Noun. It is used before

the noun to show whether it refers to something specific or not. There are two
types of articles in the English language, they are: indefinite articles (a, an) and
definite article (the).

2.2.2- Types:

a- Definite Article:

Definite means to be clear, exact or obvious about something. It is called

definite because it is used in relation to a particular thing or person. “The” is
the definite article in English, which is used to refer to particular nouns. It
indicates that the speaker talks about a particular thing or person.

Example: -The joint is the basis of reference for welding symbols.

b- Indefinite Articles:

Indefinite means something which

is not clear, obvious or exact. They are
called indefinite because the speaker
talks about anyone of that type of things.
It indicates that the noun is not someone
or something in particular. They are: “a”
and “an”.
Example: - There is a ball screw in an aluminum profile.

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2.2.3- Use:

We use the definite article ‘’The’’ when we talk about a specific object
that both the person speaking and the listener know. We use it before a
singular or a plural noun.

Example: The welding helmet that you are looking

for, is over there.

We use the articles ‘’a / an’’ when we don't specify things or people we
are talking about.

Example: - I borrowed a scraper from a trainee

sitting next to me.

-We are looking for an apartment

near to the workshop.

We use’’ a’’ before a singular noun beginning with a consonant sound.

We use ‘’ an’’ before a singular noun beginning with a vowel sound.

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A+CONSONANT AN+VOWELS

A tap valve
An Angle crimper

- Cases where Articles Are Not Used:

There are many cases where articles must not be used:

1. When talking about non-countable nouns:

Example: I like carpentry.

2. When talking about: towns, cities, mountains, countries except when

they include ‘kingdom’, ‘states’ and ‘lands’.
Example: - Algeria (without ‘the’)
-The Netherlands (with ‘the’)
3. When talking about languages:
Example: - English is essential for travelling anywhere in the world.
4. We do not use articles in front of the name of the subject, such as Maths,
Biology, economics, etc.
Example: - I hate the fact that Mathematics is his favourite subject.
5. We do not use articles in front of seasons, festivals, names of days, and
months.
Example: - Summer is the best season for swimming.
- She will reach the town on Sunday.
6. When talking about things in general.
Example: - Water is essential for life.
7. When talking about sports and games.
Example: - Let’s go and play basketball.
8. Do not use article before noun + number.
Example: - The laboratory is in room 6 on the
third floor.

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2.2.4 Practice 2: Fill in the blanks with one of the following articles: (a, an,
the, or zero article Ø)

1. ___gloves are very important tool in welding

operation.
2. ____apple a day keeps the doctor away.
3. ____ electric current which periodically reverses
direction.
4. ____Oxygen cutting is one of the most popular methods used for
processing steel, most often low-alloy and low-carbon steels.
5. Miss Lin speaks ____ Chinese.
6. I bought ____ umbrella to go out in the rain.
7. Intensity adjustment is ____ image enhancement
technique that maps an image intensity values to
____ new range.
8. Eli likes to play ____ volley ball.
9. Carol's father works as ____ electrician.
10.The book is about ____ man who lives on____
small island.
11.I want ____ apple from that basket.
12.Can you pass me ____ water?
13.We are going to fly from ___ USA to ___ Cairo.
14.Over the years, ___industrial welding has known many changes.

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Nouns
2.3. Nouns
2.3.1. Definition:
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea
2.3.2. Classification:
a. Concrete and abstract Nouns:
Concrete nouns name people, places, or things that you can touch, see,
hear, smell, or taste.

Person Place Thing

Carpenter, Mrs. Jones, Town, workshop, Bolter, rivet, square,
welder penthouse saw

Abstract nouns name ideas, concepts, or emotions. These nouns are

intangible, which means you cannot touch, see, hear, smell, or taste them using
your five senses.

Idea Emotion
Intelligence, justice, time Anger, excitement, surprise

2.3.3 Practice3: classify the following nouns in the table below:

worker, steel, resistance, rack, safety, nail.

Concrete noun Abstract noun

_______. ____________. _____________ _______. ____________. _____________

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b. Common and Proper Nouns :

Common nouns name any person, place, thing, or idea. They are not
capitalized unless they come at the beginning of a sentence.
Proper nouns are the names of specific people, places, things, or ideas.
Proper nouns should always be capitalized.
Common Proper
worker James
River Mississippi River
Edger Bosch

2.3.4 Practice 4: classify the following nouns in the table below:

steel, Ford, trainee, brace, Algeria, carpenter, alloy, Ali
Common Proper

_______. ____________. _____________ _______. ____________. _____________

2.3.5 Types:
a. Singular and Plural Nouns :
Definition:
Singular means only one. Plural means more than one.
a.1. Regular plurals
In order to make a noun plural, it is usually only necessary to add “s” .
However, there are many irregular nouns that add “es”. The rules for spelling
plural nouns are based on the letters at the end of the word.
Rule Examples
Nut⇒ nuts
Most nouns Add s to form the plural. truck ⇒ trucks
bolt ⇒ bolts
gas ⇒ gases
Add es to form the plural.
Nouns that end brush ⇒ brushes
Forwords that end in z, add an
in s, sh, x, ch, or z box ⇒ boxes
extra z before the es.
Latch⇒ latches
Some nouns ending
roof ⇒ roofs
in f or fe just add s. Sometimes
Nouns ending in f or fe safe ⇒ safes
it is necessary to change
Leaf ⇒ Leaves
the ‘f ‘to a ‘v’.

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Nouns that end Add s to form the plural. way ⇒ ways

in vowel + y
Nouns that end Change the ‘y’ to ‘i’ and trophy⇒trophies
in consonant + y add es to form the plural.
a.2. Irregular Plural Nouns :
Irregular nouns form plurals in unusual ways.
Dictionaries will give you the plural spelling if it is
irregular.
Singular plural
child children
foot feet
man men

a.3. Some nouns are spelled the same way whether they are singular or plural:
Fish, sheep, deer…
a.4. Some nouns exist only in the plural form:
Gloves, pants, clothes, pajamas, glasses, goggles, shorts,
scissors…
Note: This is not a complete list.

2.3.6 Practice 5: Put the following nouns into plural form:

Goggles, woman, tooth, roof, metal, Pin, family, tank.

Goggles
Tooth
Metal
Family
Tank

b. Compound Nouns:
A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more words. Each word
makes up part of the meaning of the noun.
Compound nouns can be written three ways:
A single word Two words Hyphenated
Neutralflame Measure tape Oxy-acetylene

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When a compound noun is a single word, make it plural by adding ‘s’ to

the end. If the compound noun is hyphenated or composed of two separate
words, remember to add ‘s’ only to the word that is plural.
Examples: Neutral flames, measure tapes, ...

2.3.7 Practice 6: Correct the mistakes in the following words:

Rail way, Filler-rod, Zshape, grindingwheel, Screw driver

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Adjectives
2.4. ADJECTIVES

2.4.1 DEFINITION:

• Adjectives are words which describe nouns (things and people).

• Adjectives are placed:

• Example: The welder is wearing protective equipment.

1- Before a noun
adjective noun

2- After some verbs • Example: Welding goggles are important for the welder.
(to be, to taste, to seem,
to get, to look, ...etc) Verb adjective

A small list of adjectives and their opposites

Beautiful – ugly Good- bad Big- small Poor- rich

Hot- cold Easy- difficult Angry- happy Clean- dirty
Dry- wet Large- small Cheap- expensive Dangerous- safe
Easy –hard Long- short Noisy- quite Strong- weak

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2.4.2 USE AND FORMS:

Adjectives are used for :

Degrees of Comparison:
A-Superiority:

Adjective Comparatives Superlatives

1- Short Adjectives add -er add -est

One syllable harder the hardest
Hard eg :steel is harder than eg :concrete is the hardest
aluminium. material.

One syllable, with a double the final consonant

consonant +vowel+ and add er double the final consonant
consonant bigger and add est
(CVC Rule) hotter The biggest
Big The hottest
Hot

Two syllables, ending in -y omit-y and add-ier omit -y and add-iest

heavy heavier the tidiest
eg : the crane lifts heavier eg : the crane is the heaviest
things than the forklift-truck machine.

2- Long Adjectives
Two/three/four syllables more + adjective the most + adjective
expensive more expensive the most expensive

eg :silver is more expensive eg :gold is the most

than bronze. expensive metal.

3- Irregular Adjectives Change completely in the Change completely in the

comparative form superlative form
Good- Bad
Good-------better Good------the best
Bad---------worse bad-------the worst
eg :working with the all
eg :working with gloves is protective equipment is the
better than bare hands. best thing to do.

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B-Equality:

• Expresses comparison of equality.

as+adjective+as
• Example: the grinding machine is as
dangerous as the chainsaw.

C-Inferiorirty:

• Expresses comparison of inferiority.

less+ Adjective+than
• Example: the saw is less dangerous than the
electric saw.

Forms:

Adjectives ending in Suffixes:

- Adjectives ending in: ing –ed – ive- able- ible- al- ic- y- ous- ful- less- ish:
Examples: - an interesting job. He’s exhausted- creative- capable-
possible- responsible-final- energetic- shiny- courageous- harmful-
careless- British…

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-Possessive adjectives :

A possessive adjective is employed in a sentence in order to show

possession and provide more information about the noun.
Possessive adjectives are: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.

Examples:

- My laptop is broken and has to be serviced.

- Her father is working as a forklift driver in an industrial company.
- Workers should check their tools before they start the work.
- Our trainer asked us to finish the job on time.

2.4.3 Practice 7: Complete the sentences with the appropriate adjective:

tidy / exact / faster than/ dangerous/ the best / strong / responsible/ bigger than/Capable.

1) Aluminum has a __________________________ corrosion resistance.

2) Carpenter should be __________________________ to read technical documents,
drawings and sketches.
3) Working with gas cylinder in front of fire is very _________________________and
can cause explosion.
4) The welder is _________________________________for his workshop which must
be__________________________ all the time.
5) In the metal frame work, among the carpenter’s responsibilities is taking
the _____________________________measurements and calculate the size and
amount of the material needed.
6) The metal factory is______________________________the workshop.
7) Working with the electric chainsaw is_________________using the manual one.
8) Respecting the safety signs during work is_________________way of protection.

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Auxiliaries

2.5. Auxiliaries

2.5.1. Definition:

Auxiliaries are words called ‘helping verbs’ because we use them with a
main verb to form the tense and to make negative and interrogative
‘question’ forms.

The main auxiliaries are: “to be” – “to have” and “to do”

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2.5.2. Use:
The auxiliaries “to be” and “to have” are used to form continuous perfect
tenses.

 “to be” and its form:

Present simple Past simple Future simple

I am Was Shall / will be
You are Were Will be
He/she/it is Was Will be
We are Were Will be
They are Were Will be
The past participle of “to be” is “been”

 The negative form:

I am not ... I was not ... I shall not be ...

You are not ... You were not ... You will not be...

He is not... He was not ... He will not be ...

 The interrogative form:

Am I...? Was I...? Shall I...?

Are you...? Were you...? Will you...?

Is he...? Was he...? Will he...?

eg. - I am a worker.
- Are you a trainee?
- He is not an engineer.
- They were very serious at workshop.
- It was on the list.
- Will they work tomorrow?

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Present simple Past simple Future simple

I have Had Shall / will have
You have Had Will have
He/she/it has Had Will have
We have Had Shall / will have
They have Had Will have

 Negative and interrogative:

If “have” is used as a verb with the meaning of “to possess”, we use the
auxiliary “do” in the present and “did” in the past simple.

eg. - I do not have any experiences.

- He does not have the necessary tool.

- They did not have a lot of methods.

- Did you have the schedule?

 The auxiliary “do”:

- “do” is not used in the affirmative.
- “do” is used in negative and interrogative forms.
- “do” is used in the present simple and “did” in the past simple.
- After “do” and “did” the verb is in the infinitive.

eg. - He speaks English. - He does not speak English.

Infinitive

- They phoned me. - They did not phone me.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Present simple I work in a factory I do not work... Do I work...?
He enjoys working He does not... Does he...?
They lived in Algeria They did not live... Did they live in...?
Past simple He formed the shapes He did not form... Did he form...?

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2.5.3 Practice 8: Choose the correct auxiliary:

1. They ______ not give her the job because she had no experience.
a. do b.have c. did

2. He ______disappointed because the machine was broken down.

a. was b.had c. do

3. It _____rained for two weeks.

a. will b. has c. did

4. _____ you see the new program last night?

a. have b. did c. am

5. What _____you do to the drill? It’s broken.

a. were b. did c. have

6. I _____ really enjoying my English classes.

a. have b. are c. am

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2.5.4 Practice 9: Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct

auxiliary from the list:

do - had - was - did - are - is - were - has

1. The workers_____ preparing to leave the workshop when the accident

happened.
2. I realised that I_____not understood anything.
3. _____you see the new list?
4. I _____not remember how to measure the dimensions.
5. Three quarters of the Mexican steel_____exported to the USA in 2016.
6. A new substance_____tested in the laboratories.
7. The meeting_____been arranged for 16th April at 10 a.m.
8. Children_____not allowed entering this area.

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The Simple Sentence

2.6 The Simple Sentence

2.6.1 Definition:

The simple sentence is the most basic sentence that we have in

English. It has just one independent clause that conveys a single, complete
thought.

Example: They use intense heat and gaz.

2.6.2 Form:

There are five main structures which we can use to make a simple
statement.

Key: blue=subject; green=verb

1-Subject verb (s+v):

Example: They are measuring.

2-Subject verb object (s+ v+ o):

Example: The metal construction worker welds sheet metal parts.

Object (o)

3-subject verb complement (s+ v+ c):

The complement could be an adjective (adj) or a noun phrase.

Example: He is practical.
C (adj)

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He is a hard-working man.
C (noun phrase)

4-subject verb adverbial (s + v + adverbial ):

The adverbial could be an adverb (adv) or a prepositional phrase.

Example: hey are welding efficiently.

Adverbial (adverb)

He works on metal construction.

Adverbial (prepositional phrase)

5-subject verb object object(s +v +o +o):

Example: They give their work enough time.

object object

2.6.3 Practice 10: Match with an arrow:

He drills holes s+v+o+o
He is working s+v+adverbial
Metal construction is a dangerous occupation s+v+o
They fasten seams by welding , bolting, riveting or soldering s+v
He shares his team his experience s+v+complement

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Present Simple VS
Present Progressive

2.7 Present Simple VS Present Progressive /Continuous

2.7.1 Definition:

The Present Simple is used to talk about permanent facts, habits and
repeated actions. It usually refers to our daily routine; things that we regularly
do in our life. While the present progressive is used to talk about temporary
actions happening at the moment of speaking.

2.7.2 Use of tenses:

1-The Present Simple is used:

a-To talk about Repeated actions, daily activities and habits:

Example:- Everyday the welder wears goggles to protect his eyes.

- The carpenter always organizes his toolbox after work.

b- To express Facts and general truths:

Example: - The door jamb keeps the frame square and stable.

c-To give instructions and directions:

Example: - Set up the ladder on a flat and stable surface then climb.

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Form of the Present Simple: Subject+ base form of the verb

To form the Present Simple Tense, we use the verb base form.

For the third person singular (he, she, it), the base form of the verb takes “s”.

For verbs ending in: s-o-sh-ch-z-x we add “es “ for third person singular.

Example: He brushes the pipelines preparing for welding.

2-The Present Progressive is used:

a-To talk about actions happening now at the same time of speaking:

Example: -He is removing the rust with the wire brush.

b-To talk about actions happening around now not necessarily at the same
time of speaking:

Example: -The Workers are transporting prefabricated parts of the bridge for
assembly and installation.

c-To talk about a fixed plan in the future:

Example: They are going to buy a new nibbling machine next month.

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Form of the Present Progressive: Subject+ To be in present tense (am/is/are +verb+ ing)

Non Continuous verbs:

The Present continuous is not used with a number of common verbs.

Even these verbs are used for describing an action at the moment of speaking,
we use the present simple tense instead.

These verbs are:

Emotion verbs: love-like-dislike-hate-prefer-want-need-fear-wish-

Sensation verbs: hear-see-smell-taste-touch.

Possessive verbs: own-belong-possess-have

Communication verbs: agree-disagree-deny-impress-mean-promise-surprise

Mental verbs: believe-desire-forget-imagine-know-mean-realize-recognize-

remember-suppose-think -understand

Other verbs: be-concern-consist-cost-depends-deserve-fit.

Example: - He is having a chainsaw . - he has a chainsaw.

The present simple and the present progressive time adverbs:

The Present Simple The Present Progressive

Always-sometimes-never-usually- Now-at the moment-today- still
rarely -seldom-often-every (day- this (week –month……)
week- month………) listen! - Look!
on( days of the week )

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2.7.3 Practice 11: Put the verbs between brackets in the Present Simple or the
Present Continuous:

1. Everyday the welder (to prepare) workbench, workspace and equipment

before starting work.

2. They (to install) steel infrastructure of the building this month.

3. Right now the roof (to sag) because joints and rafters are improperly
constructed.

4. The sandpaper (to smooth) and (to clean) surfaces.

5. Workers always (to check) the safety procedures of their equipment.

6. The Aluminum profile trolleys (to allow) to carry heavy loads.

7. They (to load) the steel plates with the crane now.

8. Look! He (to open) the jaws with an angle crimper.

9. The construction crew (to move) to a new worksite next week.

10.(to use) the machine properly in accordance with the manufacturer’s

instructions.

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PAST SIMPLE VS
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
2.8 Past Simple Vs. Present Perfect Simple:
2.8.1 Definition:
The simple past is a tense where the verb indicates that an action
happened and finished in the past time. It is formed by adding “ed” to regular
verbs however irregular ones change.
Common past time expressions include: last, yesterday, ago, before, in+
a date (eg. in 1949)
Whereas the present perfect simple is a tense where the verb indicates
that an action started in the past time and continues in the present time. It
means that the focus is on the result rather than on the action itself. It is
formed by “have” or “has” and the past participle of the main verb.
Common expressions: already, just, yet, many times, once, before

2.8.2 Use of tenses:

The simple past is used: The present perfect is used:
To express habits in the past: To suggest no need for repetition:

1-The welder used to wear goggles, gloves and 1-The trainee has already put the dimensions on
apron before he started to weld. the piece.
2-Before they began to weld, the trainees
2- Have they already done the task?
always cleaned the working area.
For a recently completed action:
3-Before they began to weld, did the trainees
always clean the working area? -Trainees have just prepared tools and
equipment for tracing, cutting, forming and
For finished actions in the past at a definite assembling processes.
time:
In negative sentences to mean not in the
1-Weld defects occurred because of incomplete period of time between “before now “and
fusions, yesterday. “now”:
2-Last time, an unqualified welder caused weld 1-The welder has not bent a steel pipe into half
defect in the workshop. circle yet.
2-Have you finished the welding task yet?
3-The torch became the most important tool for
welding and cutting of steel many years ago. When actions happened at a specified time
before now:
1-Apprentices have taken measures many times.
2-The trainee has not seen the arc welding
technique before.

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2.8.3 Practice 12: Put the verbs between brackets in the simple past tense or
in the present perfect tense:
1) Trainees (not to use) the pipe bender before.
2) Yesterday, the welder (to use) damaged gas hoses, long arcs and old
materials.
3) Using of contaminated filler metals (to lead) to the fault weld last week.
4) In the 19th century, it (to become) possible to combine gases like oxygen
and acetylene safely to produce a flame.
5) Before the supervisor (to control) the welding result, the apprentice (to
detect) welding defects in his work.
6) Once the apprentice (to degrease) the metal piece, he will hold it in
suitable fixtures.
7) The Swedish Oskar Kjellberg (to develop) and (to patent) the coated
electrode many years ago.

8) The carpenter (to use) a single riveted double cover butt joint to connect
two 12mm thick plates last week.
9) The apprentice (not to cut) the piece parts yet.
10) The supervisor used to correct trainees who (to do) bad job.

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Simple Future

2.9 Simple Future

2.9.1 Definition:
The simple future tense is used to refer to actions or
states that begin and end in the future. These events have
not happened yet, but will happen sometime in the future.
There are several time expressions that indicates the
simple future: tomorrow, next+ period of time (next week,
next Monday...), In+ period of time (in two days, in a year…)
It is formed as follows:
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Subject+will+ main verb Subject+ will+ not+main Will+ subject+ main
Example: verb verb
The blacksmith will heat Example: Example:
the piece in few minutes. The blacksmith will not heat Will the blacksmith heat
the piece for long time. the piece in few
minutes?

NB: will not= won’t

There is another way to express the simple future with intention:

 To be in the present+ going to + main verb
Example: I am going to leave the workshop at 02:00pm.

2.9.2 Use of simple future:

Here are some common reasons this tense is used for:
 To predict a future event.
Example: The carpenter will finish the work next week.

 sed in combination with time clauses: as soon as, when, before, after
Example: as soon as I prepare the carpentry elements I will make the assembly.

 To indicate future conditionals.

Example: If you don’t use good quality of personal protective equipment, you
will get hurt.

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2.9.3 Practice 13: Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form of the
simple future:
1- Wearing goggles (to protect) _______________________ your eyes from sparks.
2- Before you start welding, you (to need) ________________to make sure that you
have all tools at hand.
3- As soon as the welder finishes welding, he (to use) ______________________the
chipping hammer and the wire brush to clean the welded piece.
4- Not cleaning-up the welding table (to make/not) ___________________the next
welding session efficient.
5- After taking the dimensions, the carpenter (to cut) _____________________ The
metal according to the given sketches.

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Adverbs
2.10 Adverbs

2.10.1 Definition:

An adverb is a word that describes verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs,

phrases, or even entire sentences. It tells when, where, how; and how often an
action is performed, or indicates the quality or degree of the action.
Examples:
-Can you move it carefully? It’s fragile.
-Don’t go so fast.
-You have to turn it clockwise.
–Put it over there.
2.10.2 Use of adverbs:
Adverbs have many different uses. They are especially important for
indicating: time, manner, place, degree and frequency.
Type Adverbs Examples
Always, sometimes, often,
Adverbs of frequency Tell usually frequently, never
The welder must always
us about the frequency of the learn about the machines he
generally, rarely/hardly ever
action. uses.
etc…
Are often formed from
Adverbs of manner tell us adjectives by adding –ly:
Gas is The state of matter in
about the way the action which molecules move
Carefully, quickly. equally,
happens or is done. freely.
fast, well, badly ,etc…
For the welding process, the
Across, over, under, in, out,
Adverbs of place tell us though, backward, there,
oxygen and acetylene gases
about where the action reach the torch through gas
around, here, sideways,
happens or where something regulator.
upstairs, in the park, in the
is.
field, in that place, etc..

The worker should always

Adverbs of time tell us Before, ago, lately, yet, now,
have the proper safety
about when the action soon, yesterday, tonight, ,
equipment before he even
happens. then , last month, last year…
begins.

Completely, just,, almost, ,

Adverbs of degree Tells us somewhat, , much Almost, ,
Gas expands completely to
about the degree/level of the fill any space that it
very, enough, rather, quite,
action. occupies.
too, really, etc…

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2.10.3 Practice 14: In the following sentences underline the adverbs and
state their types.

1. I never forget about safety measures.

2. I use an adequate working area inside the workshop.
3. I clean the workshop properly before I start.
4. I choose a machine attentively that fits my style and skill level.
5. I work hard enough to succeed my job.

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EXPRESSING TECHNICAL
SENTENCES

2.2. Expressing technical sentences

2.2.1 Use technical sentences:
To improve your technical English in your domain you must be concise
and precise when expressing yourself.
Here are some examples to help you:
- Carpentry is as important job as welding.
- The chainsaw is more powerful than the
manual saw.
- They are reading and interpreting the
specification sheet of the project.
- After finishing work, the welder’s uniform will be dirty.

- The carpenter should turn back the tools to their places.

- The welder must be attentive to the general safety rules.

- She used a chisel to prise off the lid.

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- A screwdriver and a hammer are the only

tools you need while assembling the structure.

- All carpenters use a tape measure

even for the smallest work. This is
crucial for having the right dimensions.

- Safety boots protect feet from

flame and heat.

- The carpenter is tightening the bolts

with the shifting spanner.

- Tilt and turn window can both tilt

inwards at the top or from hinges.

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2.2.2 Practice 15: Match the tool with its function:

Used for boring holes.

Used to loosen or tigthen a

nut or a bult.

Used to secure or hold

objects.

Used for laying out angles.

Used for cutting wires,

chains, padlocks and bolts.

Used for smoothing or

polishing woodwork or
other surfaces.

Used for cutting operations.

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2.2.3 Practice 16: Give the right action from the list for every description:

Bending- Assembly- Polishing - Drilling – Cutting - Milling

1-___________________: Is the process of removing
unwanted material in the form of chips, from a block
of metal.

2-___________________: Is the process by which metal

can be deformed when applying force to the subject.

3-___________________: Is the process of machining

using rotary cutters to remove material by advancing
a cutter into a workpiece.

4-___________________: The processes involve lifting and

placing components into position, then connecting
them together. This is achieved through bolting but
sometimes site welding is used.

5-________________________: Is an aggressive process

that removes oxidation and creates a reflective
surface but also adds protection from corrosion and
Contamination.

6-___________________: Is a process that makes holes in

metal, steel, aluminum or stainless steel.

N° French English
1 Cintrage Bending
2 Assemblage Assembly
3 Polissage Polishing
4 Perçage Drilling
5 Coupage Cutting
6 Fraisage Milling

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SUMMARY

2.3 Summary:
Pronouns types table

Personal Pronouns: Subject Pronouns:

I, you, he, she, we, they, him, I, you, we, he, she, it, they.
her, him, she, us and them.

Object Pronouns: Indefinite Pronouns: someone,

somebody, somewhere, something,
Me, you, him, her, it, us anyone, anybody, anywhere, anything,
and them. no one, nobody, nowhere,
everyone…..many.

Reflexive Pronouns:
Demonstrative Pronouns:
myself, yourself, itself, himself,
herself, oneself, ourselves, this, that, these and those.
yourselves, theirselves.

Possessive Pronouns: Relative Pronouns:

mine, yours, its, his, hers, Who, that, which, where, when,
ours, and theirs. why, what, whom and whose.

Reciprocal Pronouns:
eachother and one another.

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What you must know

Auxiliaries
Be: is used in continuous tenses.
Have: is used in perfect tenses.
Do: is used in the negative and the interrogative forms.
when the verb is in the present simple tense.
Did: is used in the past simple,in the negative and the interrogative forms.

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Question formation:
A question is a type of sentence expressed in a form that requires an
answer. It is also known as an interrogative sentence.
There are two basic types of questions in English:
1- “Wh questions” ask for specific information and start with “Wh” word.
The most common question structure is:
Question word + auxiliary + object or main verb
Wh question words :
Is used when asking for information about something:
What eg: what is a welding defect?
eg: what are the defaults you have made in your welding ?
is used when asking for the time:
When
eg : when will you finish this work ?
Is used when asking for the place:
Where
eg: where did you put the tools ?
Is used when asking for identity of person or persons:
Who eg: who has designed this steel building?
eg: who have designed this steel building ?
Is used when asking about possession:
Whose
eg: whose workpiece is this ?
Is used to ask about choice:
Which
eg: which type of screws do you use ?
Is used when asking for reasons:
Why
eg: why are you using this type of welding ?
Is used when asking about the manner or quality or condition:
How
eg: how important are metals in building construction ?

2- Yes/ No questions ask for positive or negative answers.

They start with an auxiliary or a modal verb and are followed by:
subject + verb + object
Questions Positive answers Negative answers
-Is the workshop cleaned? -Yes it is. -No it is not.
-Are your welders certified? -Yes they are. -No they are not.
-Has the trainee read the chainsaw safety sheet? -Yes he has. -No he has not.
-Have the trainees read the chainsaw safety sheet? -Yes they have. -No they have not.
-Do carpenters consume metal in their work? -Yes they do. -No they do not.
-Could I borrow your chisel ? -Yes you could. -No you could not.
Note: It is used with the same structure in all the tenses.

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2.4 Activity:
Iron and Steel

Earth contains large number of metals which are useful to man. One of
the most important of these is iron. Modern industry needs considerable
quantities of this metal, either in the form of iron or in the form of steel. A
certain number of non-ferrous metals, including aluminum and zinc, are also
important, but even today the majority of our engineering products are of iron
or steel. Moreover, iron possesses magnetic properties, which have made the
development of electrical power possible.
The iron ore which we find in earth is not pure. It contains some impurities
which we must remove by something. The process of smelting consists of
heating the ore in blasts of hot air enter the furnace from the bottom and
provide the oxygen which is necessary for the reduction of the core. The ore
becomes molten, and its oxides combine with carbon from the ore. The non-
metallic constituents of the ore combine with limestone to form a liquid slag.

Read the text above carefully then do the following activities:

Questions:
I. Say if it is ‘true’ or ‘false’:
- Metals are not useful for man.
- The iron ore which is extracted from earth is pure.
- Oxygen is not important for the reduction of the ore.

II. Answer the following questions:

-Name the different metals mentioned in the first paragraph.
-What are the main steps to purify the iron ore?

III. Answer the following questions:

1. Find in the text words that are similar to:
Components=__________________ Requires=____________________
2. Give the opposites to:
Ferrous ≠ _____________________ Cooling ≠ ______________________

IV. Complete the table from the text:

Ferrous metal Non-ferrous metal

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CHAPTER THREE
03

READING COMPREHENSION
OF TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR
EQUIPMENT USE

3.1 Instructions for Equipment Use:

Are machine directives given by a guide, by an instruction manual or by
an operating manual which offer operators all the necessary advice for safety
and for proper use of the machine.

Example 1: The grinding wheel:

Grinding wheel is the most common equipment in the metallurgy
industry. It cuts metals with different sizes, shapes, and efficiency. It’s generally
composed of two types of materials; one is the abrasive cutting compound
used for grinding in Industrial applications, the other is the bond formed
between the abrasives.

This is how to use it:

1. Hold the part or the tool to be ground in your hands, then apply it to the
grinding wheel by exerting pressure.

2. Use the largest grinding surface possible

by moving the part laterally.

3. Use the support to support the piece or

your hands that hold the tool to be
sharpened.

4. Avoid grinding in the same place for a long time.

5. Cool the room often.

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Example 2: The vernier caliper

A Vernier caliper (often called a Vernier or caliper) is a convenient tool
to use when measuring the length of a small object or the outer or inner
diameter of a round object like a pipe or hole. A Vernier caliper can measure
accurately to 0.01cm, or 0.1mm.

Reading a Vernier caliper is not difficult. Once the jaws of the Vernier
are in place, the scales are set and the reading can be made.

There are two scales used for measuring with calipers: SI (metric) and
imperial. These two scales can sometimes be found on the same caliper, one
on the top and one on the bottom. When using each scale, the procedure for
determining each measurement is slightly different.

This is how to use it:

1. Place the object to be measured

between the two caliper jaws.

2. Do the reading. The first number to be

retained is on the ruler, before the 0
mark of the vernier (in our case below,
between 9 and 10. We retain 9).

3. Then we look for the exact coincidence on the vernier between one scale of
the vernier and one of the ruler (in our case, it is scale 7. We obtain 0.7).

4. Find the final reading. We obtain 9.7 mm.

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Example 3: The hacksaw

A hacksaw is a hand-powered small –toothed saw for cutting metal
pipes, rods and brackets.

This is how we use it:

1. Choose the right blade.

2. Install the blade correctly in the frame, the tip of the teeth pointing
forward.

3. Adjust blade tension.

4. Clamp the workpiece securely, preferably in a vice.

5. Start sawing at reduced pressure.

6. Carry out the actual sawing by applying light pressure to the saw while
pushing and releasing on return.

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BOOKLETS

3.2 Booklets
1. Bench Drill:

It is the simplest and most accurate machine, which is used in the

production shops.

The workpiece is held stationary means clamped in position and drill

bits rotate to make a hole.

It is designed specifically to perform the operation of drilling and similar

operations.

Drill bits are also called drills. Like drilling machines, milling machines, slotting
machines and planer machines are also used in production shops to perform
various types of operations.

Parts of the Bench Drill and Their Functions:

Here are the different parts of the drilling machine and their functions:

1-Drill chuck: Plays a very most important role in a drilling machine because it's
used as a work holding device.

2-Head: The top part of the drilling machine is called the head, which has a
spindle that moves in upward and downward directions.

3-Table: The table is used to hold the workpiece or a job and can be
adjusted by moving it upward or downward direction.

4-Column: It supports the table and head as well as all other mechanisms
which are attached to the head. Cast iron or steel is used to make
columns. Because its mechanical properties are of high strength and also
hardened.

5-Spindle: It is used to hold and rotate the drill bits tool. It is fitted with the
head of the drilling machine.

6-Drill Base: It is the most important part of the drilling machine because it
carries the whole weight of the drilling machine. Cast iron or steel material is
used to make the base of the drilling machine.

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7-Electric Motor: The electric motor is used to supply power to the drilling
machine.

8-Hand wheel: Is a very important part of the drilling machine because with
the help of this, how much feed is to be given in a job or workpiece is
controlled. The spindle moves in the up and down direction when the hand
wheel is rotated.

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Operations of the Drilling Machine:

A drilling machine performs many types of operations. We can say drilling

operations are done for many purposes.

Some of them are discussed below:

1-Drilling: In this process, a hole is made in a solid working by a rotating drill.

2-Reaming: In reaming process previous size of the hole is enlarging in a
perfect accuracy manner. It is a multi-tooth cutting tool.

3-Spot Facing: The holes made in the process of making flat surfaces on the
bore face or upper faces of a hole in the casted job are called spot facing.
4-Tapping: It is the process by which internal threads are formed. It is
performed either by hand or by machine.
5-Lapping: In this process firstly two workpieces are rubbed together which
is called lapping and then after fixing both the job in an accurate manner
after that, drilling is performed.
6-Trepanning: The process of making a big diameter hole or cutting of round
job machine is called trepanning.

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2.Electric Chipping Hammer

CP 0012 – Light Chipping Hammer:

The CP12 is the new addition to the CP range of pneumatic hammers for
light chipping and scaling duties. Since the CP12 is light and has a high blow
frequency, it is very easy to handle and control for more precise jobs. Typical
applications include alteration work, hole making and trimming.
Key features:
5 kg – Light Chipping
CP 0012
• Optimum power-to-weight ratio for a good balance between hitting power
and easy handling.
• Straight-forward design for easy maintenance and repair.
• Handle design similar to the famous CP9.
• Teasing throttle and air cushioned piston to give the operator precise control.
• Rugged construction with hardened steel cylinder.
• Slim and light screw-on retainer for Hex 19x50 mm moil points and chisels.

CP 0012 slim and light CP 0012 handle based on the famous CP

retainer CP 0012 0009 design

Chuck Cylinder
Air
Air
Blows per
Model Size Weight Length Stroke Retainer Handle
minute Consumtion Part
Inlet
no.
(mm) (Kg) (mm) (mm) (in) type type
(bpm) (l/s)
(in)
(cfm)

”D”
8900
Hex 9,5 handle-
CP 0012 5 410 2600 50 2 3/8” BSP Screw-on 0001
19x50 20 Inside
01
trigger

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For both metal and concrete applications:

There is no hammer with more hitting power per kg than CP rivet buster –
even a T-handle breaker will need to be at least twice as heavy to impact with
an equivalent blow. This superpower can still be controlled thanks to low blow
frequency and teasing throttle – that’s why the CP rivet buster is one of the
favorite tools of demolition contractors in the US. Users have discovered many
new applications for rivet busters for working in both concrete and steel. No
longer is the buster used exclusively by iron workers for forming and cutting
rivets, but it has now found its way into the hands of operators who need the
most powerful tool for the job. Concrete applications.

Concrete applications
Metal applications
• Bridge deck work, where weight of breakers
is restricted • Cutting and removing large rivets and bolts with
Narrow chisels and backout punch, or other special
• De-capping foundation pillars, where concrete steel and accessories
is very hard
• Cutting 3/4” (5 mm) metal tanks or plates with
• Medium to heavy concrete demolition ripper chisel

• As an alternative to paving breakers where high • Industrial applications such as in foundries or the
hitting power is required but applied in are Petrochemical industry.
strained space or working horizontally industry

This chipping hammer is a great tool for most small area works. It is also
used for removing welding slag from a weld and welding spatter from alongside
welds. By offering a chipping action, this hammer allows operators to precisely
chip away only specific areas. Thanks to its high power and exclusive ergonomic
features, this tool gets your productivity at the top, no matter how tough the
conditions.

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3. Bench Grinder
A Bench grinding machine, also called “Benchtop Grinder”, is a type of
grinding machine fitted to a work top and used to keep tools sharp or to grind
and shape material with the use of abrasive wheels.

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Bench Grinder Troubleshooting

Trouble Probable Cause Solution
1) Damaged bearings. 1) Contact Customer Service.
2) Bearings not lubricated. 2) Lubricate.
Noisy operation. 3) Rubbing of a tool. 3) Remove / replace the tools
and check they are balanced.
4) Loose tool. 4) Tighten the fastening nut.
1) Electrical power supply. 1) Check the power cable.
2) Wiring connections 2) Check the electrical
The motor will not connections.
start. 3) Burnt motor windings. 3) Contact Customer Service.
4) Blown fuses. 4) Replace the fuses.
5) Broken switch. 5) Contact Customer Service.
1) Excessive pressure on the 1)Apply less pressure.
The tool "softens" workpiece.
or 2) Shavings will not discharge. 2) Clean the machine.
overheats too 3) Tool is worn or does not cut 3) Check the tool sharpness
much. the material well. and wear.
4) Needs lubrication. 4) Lubricate as you work.
1)Arbor nut too tight, springing 1)Do not over tighten nut
the flanges
2)Flange(s) warped, or flange 2)Replace flange(s).
Grinding wheels surface is not flat.
won’t spin true 3)Wheel bushings have too 3)Install new bushings or
much play. replace wheel
4)Arbor damaged 4)Contact JET Customer
Service.
1)Incorrect size or type of 1)Match wheel size to grinder
wheel specifications. Use proper
wheel type for job being done.
2)Wheels out of balance 2)Balance wheels.
3)Too much play in wheel 3)Install new bushings or
Excessive bushing. replace wheel.
vibration. 4)Flanges are worn, bent or 4)Inspect flanges, replace if
have burrs needed
5)Worn bearings in grinder. 5)Replace bearings. Contact
Customer Service
6)Poor quality wheel. 6)Replace wheel with one of
better quality.

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Technical documentation

3.3 Technical documentation

A. Nomenclature of welding processes

N° Processes
1 Electric arc welding : arc welding
11 Arc welding with fuse electrode without gas shielding
111 Arc welding with coated electrode
112 Gravity arc welding with coated electrode
113 Bare wire arc welding
114 Cored wire arc welding
115 Shielded arc welding
12 Submerged arc welding
121 Submerged wire-electrode arc welding
122 Submerged arc welding with strip electrode
13 Gas shielded metal- arc welding
131 MIG welding : inert gas shielded metal- arc welding
MAG welding : flux cored metal-arc welding with non-inert gas
132
shield

B. Safety instructions
Safety signs are important in any work environment in general and more
particular in metal construction areas. Their primary importance is to prevent
injury at the workplace. They inform staff and visitors about the possible
dangers and hazards that they may face in certain situations in the work
environment.

Signs increase safety by using symbols in addition to text to communicate

about safety issues. These symbols allow speakers of other languages to
understand signs easily. They contain more detailed text about dealing with or
avoiding dangers. They clarify important information and help workers better
understand the risks they may face.

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Safety Signs:

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SUMMARY
3.4 Summary

Machine workshop Users’ Rules:

The following rules cover basic safety rules for apprentices and trainees use of
machine tools in the workshops.
1. Users are required to wear full length pants; persons wearing shorts or skirts in
the shops will have to leave.
2. Shop users must wear closed toed footwear and full length socks to prevent
burns and cuts.
3. Goggles must be worn throughout the shop when it is necessary.
4. Long hair must be tied back.
5. Use of headphones is not allowed in the shop.
6. Cell phones and iPads are not to be used (closed) in the shop.
7. Users will not use equipment with which they are not familiar and which they
have not been trained to use by a machinist/toolmaker technician or a teacher.
8. Users, on entering the shop, will present themselves directly to the technicians so
that they are aware that they are there.
9. Apprentices and trainees will work in the presence of and under the supervision
of the machinist/toolmaker technician or the teacher.
10. Food is not permitted in the shops.
11. Materials, calculators, tools will not be placed on top of machines into which they
can fall during machine operation.
12. Coats and bags will be stored outside of the shop, away from machinery.
13. If there is a deficiency or mechanical problem with any machine, it must be
brought to the immediate attention of a technician who will assess the problem.
In the meanwhile, the user will turn off the machine.
14. Apprentices and trainees requiring tools and materials must ask the supervising
technician. They cannot help themselves to tooling and materials.
15. Users will maintain courteous behavior towards both their classmates and
supervising technicians or teacher.
16. Users will defer to the technicians or to the teacher in questions of safety if these
later see a potentially unsafe situation.
17. Users will receive an initial warning about unsafe behavior. A second safety
violation will entail the user being asked to turn off the machine and leave the
shop.

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3.5 Activities:
Activity 1: fill in the gaps with one of the following words to have coherent
instructions when using the grinding wheel:
Grinding wheel, tool, grinding surface, laterally, sharpened, grinding, cool

1. Hold the part or the___________ to be ground in your hands, then apply it

to the___________ by exerting pressure.
2. Use the largest______________ possible by moving the part ___________.
3. Use the support to support the piece or your hands that hold the tool to be
________________.
4. Avoid __________________in the same place for a long time.
5. ___________________the room often.

Activity 2: Correct the mistakes in the following instructions (vernier caliper):

 Place the object to be measured between the ruler.

 Do the reading. The first number to be retained is on the two caliper
jaws, before the 0 mark of the vernier (in our case below, between 9
and 10. We retain 9.
 Then we look for the exact coincidence on reading between one scale
of the vernier and one of the ruler (in our case, it is scale 7. We
obtain 0.7).
 The vernier finds the final. We obtain 9.7 mm.

Activity 3: Match each verb with its instruction (the hacksaw):

1.Carry out -the right blade.

2.Clamp -the blade correctly in the frame, the tip of the teeth
pointing forward.

3.start -blade tension.

4.Install -the workpiece securely, preferably in a vice.

5.Adjust -sawing at reduced pressure.

6.Choose -the actual sawing by applying light pressure to the

saw while pushing and releasing on return.

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Activity 4: Name the parts of “the Bench drilling machine” mentioned in

letters:

E
B

F
C

G
D

Activity 5: Match each operation with its function (bench drilling machine):

Drilling Enlarging a hole

Trepanning Make a hole

Tapping Rub two workpieces together

Spot Facing Make a big diameter

Lapping Make flat surfaces on the bore face

Reaming Form internal thread

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Activity 6: Fill in the following chart (bench grinding machine):

Trouble Probable cause Solution

Check the electrical
The motor will not
__________________________ connections
start.
Check the tool sharpness
Tool is worn or does not
__________________________ and wear
cut the material well.

Noisy operation. Bearings not lubricated

Grinding wheels won’t
spin true __________________________ Replace flange(s).

Activity 7: Choose the right solution for the following bench grinder trouble
causes:
Loose tool:
1) Contact Customer Service. 2) Lubricate. 3) Tighten the fastening nut

Broken switch:
1) Replace the fuses. 2) Contact Customer Service. 3) Check the power cable

Shavings will not discharge:

1)Apply less pressure. 2) Lubricate as you work 3) Clean the machine.

Poor quality wheel:

1)Balance wheels. 2)Install new bushings or replace wheel. 3) Replace wheel with a new one.
Activity 8:

1. Say ‘true’ or ‘false’ about the following sentences then correct the false ones
if there are:
- Safety signs are important in metal construction domain only.
- Safety signs don’t inform workers about possible risks they may face in
the workplace.
- To communicate about safety issues, we need symbols in signs.
2. What are the standard colors used in safety signs?
3. Give two synonyms to the word “danger”
a- ________________________________________________________
b-________________________________________________________

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GENERAL SUMMARY

Text:
Construction metalworking is the assembly and installation of steel
structures, vessels and components that encompass the food & dairy,
pharmaceutical & chemical industries, architectural engineering and structural
steel work for buildings and bridges. Very high standards of finish and quality
are expected from the construction metalworker as food and pharmaceutical
products are transported and produced from steel components that a
construction metalworker would assemble. High-rise buildings, stadiums and
bridges are erected using the skills of the construction metalworker along with
cutting edge architectural designs that affect the modern landscape for
innovative building designs.
Work organization and self-management, working precisely and
accurately, concentration, attention to detail, communication and
interpersonal skills, problem solving, innovation and creativity, are the
universal attributes of the construction metal worker. Construction
metalworkers are highly skilled individuals who are able to work autonomously,
contribute to a technical team, take personal responsibility for completing
projects to approved quality standards in a timely manner, and interact
effectively with colleagues and customers in an industrial setting. Every step in
the process matters and mistakes are largely irreversible and very costly. With
the international mobility of people, construction metalworkers face rapidly
expanding opportunities and challenges.

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GENERAL ACTIVITY

Read the text in the general summary above then answer the following
questions:

I. Text comprehension:
1. How construction metalworking is defined in the text?
2. What are the main norms required from construction metalworker?
3. What are the different skills and qualities we may find in the field of the
construction metalworking?
4. Give a suitable title to the text.

II. Text exploration:

1. Choose the correct synonym for each word or expression:
 High-rise building:
a. small building b. skyscrapers c. house

 Standards:
a. norms b. basics c. behavior

 Very costly:
a. cheap b. available c. expensive

 Attributes:
a. qualities b. rules c. responsibilities

 Erected:
a. destructed b. formed c. built

2. Put the verbs of the following passage in the past simple:

“Construction metalworkers are highly skilled individuals who are

able to work autonomously, contribute to a technical team, and take
personal responsibility for completing projects.

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 METAL CONSTRUCTION

3. Complete the table:

Noun Infinitive
Construction
Management
Concentration
Attention

III. Written production:

“With the international mobility of people, construction metalworkers

face rapidly expanding opportunities and challenges.”

Explain this sentence.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books:

- Adjectives Lesson- English Grammar: Learnenglish-online.com

- Djamel Achit. Useful English Grammar For teachers and students. Edited by Clic Edition
- English Grammar in Use
- English grammar in use (livre de Raymond Murphy)
- Intermediate Oxford Practice Grammar. (Livre de John Eastwood)
- Klas Weman. Welding Processes Handbook. Edited by Elsevier Science, 2011.Second
edition.
- Mark Harisson /Oxford Living Grammar / First Printed Edition 2009.
- New English File/ Clive Oxenden 2009.
- Subject experts of ACE Engeneering Academy, hyderabad. Steel Structure Book. Published
at ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
- Technical English Vocabulary and Grammar, Nick Brieger and Alison Paul
- Welding- Root Cause for defects. Document. Edited, 08/10/2015

Dictionnaries:

- Anne Fortin, Jacques Maurais, René Robitaille sous-direction de : Pierre Chartrand.

Quebec.Document, Petit lexique du soudage. Edited 1974. Anglais Français
- DeepL Translate. DeepL GmbH. Created by Linguee. 28/08/2017
- Dictionary of building and civil engineering. English French/ Français Anglais. BY Don
montague.Published by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row,
London SEI 8HN, UK. First edition 1996. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-
library, 2008
- English-French Glossary of construction vocabulary
- Glossary of welding terms.pdf.sourse :As defined in the Hobart Institute of Welding
Technology ‘Pocket Welding Guide’,26th edition
- Le Grand Dictionnaire Terminologique.
- Lexique des termes technique en maintenance et mécanique industrielle ;
lectromécanique, ingénierie
- Lexique-mecanique industrielle
- Petit lexique de soudage

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Web Sites:

- http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/gdt_bdl2.html
- https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/sentencestructrure
- https://apprenticeships.nz/apprentices/engineering/aluminium-worker/
- https://au.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/what-does-an-aluminium-fabricator-do
- https://cceonlinenews.com/2021/10/12/a-beginner-builders-guide-to-steel-building-kits-2
- https://fr.techdicho.com.
- https://techdico.com
- https://vitrinelinguistique.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca
- https://www.cambridgeenglish.org
- https://www.englishgrammar101.com
- https://www.lingee.fr. Dictionnaire Français-Anglais
- https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-a-simple-sentence
- https://www.myenglishpages.com/english/grammar-lesson-adjectives.
- https://www.reverso.net/text-translation
- https://www.Test-english.com
- phphttps://www.easypacelearning.com/all-lessons/grammar/227-adjectives-english-lesson.
- www.perfect English.com

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ANNEXES
Glossary
French English
A
Acétylène Acetylene
Alliage Alloy
Argon Argon
Aspirateur des fumées Fume extractor
B
Baie Bay
Banc d’usinage Machining bench
Bar Bar
Bardages Claddings
Battant Casement
Bobine Coil
Boîte à outils Toolbox
Bordereau des travaux Schedule of work
Boulon Bolt
Boulon Bolt
Boulonneuse Bolt tightening machine
Bouteille de gaz Gas cylinder
Bouteille de gaz acétylène Acetylene cylinder
Bouteille de gaz oxygène Oxygen gaz cylinder
Brosse Métallique Wire brush
Burin Chisel
Burins Cold chisels
Buses Welding nozzles
C
Câble d’alimentation Power cable
Câble de masse Mass cable
Câble primaire Primary cable
Câble Secondaire Secondary cable
Cahier des charges Specification
Caisson Caisson
Casque Welding helmet
Catalogue de constructeurs Constructor catalog
Chalumeaux Blowpipe Torch
Chapeau de Protection Protection cap

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 METAL CONSTRUCTION

Chariot élévateur Fork-lift truck

Chariot porte accessoire Accessory trolley
Chariot porte bouteilles Cylinder trolley
Chariot pour profilés aluminium Aluminum profile trolley
chaussures de sécurité Safety boots
Cintreuses à tubes et à tiges Pipe bender
Ciseaux Scissors
Citernes Tanks
Clenche Latch
Clés à molette Adjustable spanner
Cloison Partition
Clou Nail
Cordon concave Concave bead
Cordon convexe Convex bead
Cordon de soudure Welding bead
Cordon plat Flat bead
Corrosion Corrosion
Coupe boulons Bolt cutter
Couvre-joint Joint cover
Cratère Crater
Crémone Cremona bolt
Crics Jack
Croisillon Brace
D
Défauts de soudage Welding defects
Déligneuse Edger
Des pannes Purlin
Description de la flamme Flame description
Déshydratant Desiccant
Détendeur manomètre Pressure regulator valve
Déversement Discharge
Diluant pour peinture Paint thinner
Documents techniques Technical documents
Dormant Frame
Double vitrage Double glazing
E
Ebrasement Splay
Echafaudages Scaffolding
Echelle à coulisses Extension ladder
Écrou Nut
Enclume Anvil
Enfileuse de joints Gasket threader
Equerre Metal set square
Escabeau Step Ladder
Essai de pliage Bend test
Essai de traction Tensile test

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Essais de dureté Hardness test

Essais mécaniques Mechanical tests
Établi Workbench
Étau / pince Vice / plier
F
Fausse équerre Bevel square
Fil à plomb Plumb line
Fil métallique Metal wire
Flambement Buckling
Flux décapant Flux Stripper
Forets acier Steel drill bits
Fraiseuse Milling machine
G
Gache Strike Plat
Gâche Striker plate
Galvanisation Galvanizing
Gants Gloves
Gaz Gas
Générateur Generator
Glace émaillée Enameled glass
Glace feuilletée Laminated glass
Grattoirs Scraper
Grignoteuse Nibbler
Grue Crane
H
Hache Axe
I
Imposte Transom
Isolation Thermique Thermal insolation
J
Jambage Jamb
L
l’oxycoupage Oxygen cutting
L’oxycoupeur Oxygen cutter
Laitier Slag
Lampes baladeuses Portable lamp/Handlamp
Le cisaillage Cutting (shearing)
Le poste de soudage TIG GTAW gas tangesten arc welding
(tungstène inerte gaz ) TIG welding machine
Le soudage MIG-MAG GMAW (gas metal arc) welding
l'électrode enrobée Coated electrode
les croquis Sketch
Les unités de mesure Measuring units
Limes Metal file
Limite d’élasticité Elasticity Flexibility
Linteau Lintel

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Lunettes de soudage Welding Goggles

M
Maillet Mallet
Marteau Hammer
Marteau à piquer Chipping hammer
Marteaux rivoir Riveting hammers
Masque Mask
Meneau Mullion
Métal Metal
Métal d'apport Brazing metal
Métal de base Base metal /Parent metal
Mètres rubans Measuring tape
Meuleuse Grinder
Meuleuse d’établi Bench grinder
N
Niveau à bulle Spirit level
O
Oxygène Oxygen
P
Palan de levage Lifting tackle
Papier de verre Sandpaper
Paumelle Hinge
Perceuse Drill
Perceuse d’établi Bench drill
Perceuse électrique Electric drill
Perceuse multibroche Multi-spindle drill
Persienne Louver
Petit bois Sash bar
Pièces normalisées Normalized pieces
Pierre à aiguiser Sharpening stone
Pince (à gaz ) Gas plier
Pinceaux à peinture Painting brush
Pistolet à clous Nail gun
plan d’ensemble Assembling plan
Poignée de porte Door handle
Polissage Buffing
Porte électrode (pince) Electrode holder
Présentation des calques Tracing paper
Profilés Profiles
PVB Polyvinyle Butyrale
PVC Polyvinyle Chloride
R
Raccords rapide Quick couplers
Rivet Rivet
Riveteuse Riveter
Robinet de valve Tap valve

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Rondelle Washer
Ruban isolant (chatterton) Insulating tape
S
Sablage Sand-blasting
Scie Saw
Scie à parcloses Glazing bead saw
Scie circulaire Circular saw
Scie mécanique Mechanical saw
Serre joints Clamps
Serrure Lock
Soubassement Basement
Soudage Oxyacétylénique Oxyacetylenic welding
Symboles de soudage Welding symbols
T
Table d’assemblage menuiserie aluminium Aluminum carpentry assembly table
Table de montage Assembly table
Table de soudage Welding table
Tablier Apron
Techniques de dessin Drawing technics
Tenailles Pincers
Toiture Roof
Tôle Sheet/Metal sheet
Topographie Topography
Tournevis Screwdriver
Tournevis électrique Electric screwdriver
Transmission énergétique Energetic transmission
Transmission lumineuse Light transmission
Transmission UV UV Transmission
Tronçonneuse Chainsaw
Tuyau Hose / pipe
U
Unité de réglage Setting unit
V
Valve anti retour Check valve
Vantail de fenêtre Window Leaf
Vibreurs électriques Electric vibrators
Vis Screw
Voilement Warping
Volet roulant Rolling shutter
Z
Zingage Zinc- coating

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List of usual irregular verbs

Infinitive Simple Past Past participle

abide Abode abode
arise Arose arisen
awake Awoke awoken
be was/were been
bear Bore borne / born
beat Beat beaten
become Became become
beget begat / begot begotten
begin Began begun
bend Bent bent
bet Bet bet
bid bid / bade bid / bidden
bite Bit bitten
bleed Bled bled
blow Blew blown
break Broke broken
bring Brought brought
broadcast Broadcast broadcast
build Built built
burn Burnt burnt
burst Burst burst
buy Bought bought
can Could could
cast Cast cast
catch Caught caught
chide chid / chode chid / chidden
choose Chose chosen
cling Clung clung
clothe clad / clothed clad / clothed
come Came come
cost Cost cost
creep Crept crept
cut Cut cut
deal Dealt dealt
dig Dug dug
dive Dived dived / dove

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do Did done
draw Drew drawn
dream Dreamt dreamt
drink Drank drunk
drive Drove driven
dwell Dwelt dwelt / dwelled
eat Ate eaten
fall Fell fallen
feed Fed fed
feel Felt felt
fight Fought fought
find Found found
flee Fled fled
fling Flung flung
fly Flew flown
forbid Forbade forbidden
forecast Forecast forecast
foresee Foresaw foreseen
forget Forgot forgotten / forgot
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten / got
give gave given
go went gone
grind ground ground
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led

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lean leant leant

leap leapt leapt
learn learnt learnt
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit / lighted lit / lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
mow mowed mowed / mown
offset offset offset
overcome overcame overcome
partake partook partaken
pay paid paid
plead pled pled
preset preset preset
prove proved proven / proved
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
relay relaid relaid
rend rent rent
rid rid rid
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
saw saw / sawed sawn / sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shed shed shed
shine shone shone

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shoe shod shod

shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank / sunk sunk / sunken
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
slit slit slit
smell smelt smelt
sow sowed sown / sowed
speak spoke spoken
speed sped sped
spell spelt spelt
spend spent spent
spill spilt / spilled spilt / spilled
spin spun spun
spit spat / spit spat / spit
split split split
spoil spoilt spoilt
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
strew strewed strewn / strewed
strike struck stricken / struck
strive strove striven
swear swore sworn
sweat sweat sweat
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken

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teach taught taught

tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive throve thriven
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
typeset typeset typeset
undergo underwent undergone
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
weep wept wept
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted
win won won
wind wound wound
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written

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Activities keys

CHAPTER ONE
Activity 1:

1-Boilermaker 2-Aluminum 3-Welder 4-Automotive 5-Pipe welder

carpenter painter

Activity 2:

3.Grinding 6.Oxygen
1.Bolt Cutter 2.Axe 4.Gloves 5.Riveter 7.Tap Valve
Wheel Cutter

10.Check 11.Cold 12.cylinder 13.Mechanical

8.Screw 9.Hammer 14.Clamp
Valve Chisels Trolley saw

15.Sharpening 16.Bevel 17.Shifting 18.Steel 19.Metal 21.Welding

20.Apron
Stone Square Spanner Drill wire Goggles

Activity 3:
A-A welder, he is in a workshop.
B-He is welding.
C-the safety equipment are: gloves, helmet with eye protection (goggles), heat resistant
jacket.
D-The tools and equipment in the picture: a welding table, welding machine, cylinder, pliers
and torch.

Activity 4:
1-gloves 2-hammer 3-bolt cutter 4-handle
5-anvil 6-nut 7-clamp 8-sharpening stone

Activity 5:
1-Extension ladder 4-welding helmet 7-crane
2-welding table 5 -electrode holder 8-milling machine
3-fume extractor 6-bolter 9- lift fork
10-Aluminium profile Trolleys

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Activity 6:

Tools and Instruments Equipment Materials consumables

Nail Wire brush Flat bead hinge
Insulating tape aluminum profile Bar Lock
Handlamp trolley Slag strike plate
circular saw tanks Rolling shutter jambs
check valve gas cylinder

Activity 7:

1 2 3 4
d C b a

Activity 8:

1 d
2 e
3 c
4 b
5 g
6 a
7 h
8 f

Activity 9:
1/Mallet
2/Riveting hammer
3/Claw Hammer

Activity 10:
1-Fume extractor
2-Scaffolding
3-Spirit level
4-Blowpipe torch
5-Generator

Activity 11:
1-D 2-A 3-B 4-C

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CHAPTER TWO
Practice 1:

1. who 2. him 3. you 4. She 5. their

6. eachother 7. those 8. anywhere 9. them

Practice 2:

1. Ø 2. An 3. The 4. Ø 5. Ø 6. an 7. an / a
8. Ø 9. an 10. The/ a 11. an 12. Ø 13. Ø/ Ø 14. the

Practice 3:

Concrete noun Abstract noun

Worker, rack, steel, nail Resistance, Safety

Practice 4:

Common Proper
Steel, trainee, brace, carpenter, alloy Ford, Ali, Algeria

Practice 5:

Singular Plural
Goggles Goggles
Tooth Teeth
Metal Metals
Family Families
Tank Tanks

Practice 6:
Railway, filler rod, Z-shape, grinding wheel, Screwdriver

practice 7:

1.strong 2.capable 3.dangerous 4.Responsible/ tidy

5. exact 6.bigger than 7.faster than 8.the best

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practice 8:
1/c 2/a 3/b
4/b 5/b 6/c

practice9:
1. were 2. had 3. did 4. do
5. was 6. is 7. has 8. are

practice 10:
1 c
2 d
3 e
4 b
5 a
practice11:
1.prepares 2.are installing
3. Is sagging 4.Smoothes/cleans 5.check
6. allow 7.are loading 8.is opening 9.is moving 10.Use

practice 12:
1.have not use 2.used 3.led 4.became 5.Controlled/detected
7.Developed/pate
6.Has degreased 8.used 9.Has not cut 10.did
nted

practice 13:
1.Will protect 2.will need 3.will use 4.will not make 5.will cut

practice 14:
1. I never forget about safety measures. Adverb of frequency
2. I use an adequate working area inside the workshop. Adverb of place
3. I clean the workshop properly before I start. Adverb of frequency, adverb of time
4. I choose a machine attentively that fits my style and skill level. Adverb of manner
5. I work hard enough to succeed my job. Adverb of frequency, adverb of degree.

practice 15:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
E D D G A C F

practice 16:
1.cutting 2.bending 3.milling 4.assembly 5.polishing 6.drilling

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2.4 Activity:
I. True/false
false false true

II:
1. The metals mentioned in the first paragraph are: iron, zinc, aluminum and steel.
2. The steps of purifying iron ore are:
- Heating the ore in blasts with and limestone, and reducing it to metal.
- Blasts of hot air enter the furnace from the bottom and provide the oxygen which is
necessary for the reduction of the ore.
- The ore becomes molten, and its oxides combine with carbon from the coke.

III :
1-synonyms:
Components= constituents requires= needs
2-opposites:
Ferrous≠ non-ferrous cooling ≠ heating
IV:
Ferrous metal Non-ferrous metal
Iron - steel Aluminum - zinc

CHAPTER THREE
Activity 1:

1.tool/grinding wheel 2.grinding surface/laterally 3.sharpened

4.grinding 5.cool /

Activity 2:
- Place the object to be measured between the two caliper jaws.
- Do the reading. The first number to be retained is on the ruler. Before the 0 mark of
the vernier (in our case below, between 9 and 10. We retain 9
- Then we look for the exact coincidence on the vernier between one scale of the
vernier and one of the ruler (in our case, it is scale 7. We obtain 0.7)
- Find the final reading. We obtain 9.7 mm
Activity 3:
1 f
2 d
3 e
4 b
5 c
6 a

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Activity 4:
a.head b.electric motor c.column d.hand wheel
e.spindle f.drill chuck g.table h.base

Activity 5:
1 b
2 d
3 f
4 e
5 c
6 a
Activity 6:
Trouble Probable cause Solution
Wiring connections
The tool "softens" or
overheats too much
Lubricate.
Flange(s) warped, or flange surface is not flat.

Activity 7:
Loose tool: 3) Tighten the fastening nut
Broken switch: 2) Contact Customer Service.
Shavings will not discharge: 3) Clean the machine.
Poor quality wheel: 3) Replace wheel with a new
Activity 8:
1- False
Safety signs are important in any work environment in general and more particular in metal
construction areas.
-False
Safety signs inform workers about the possible risks they may face in workplace.
-False
To communicate about safety issues, we need symbols in addition to texts.
2. The standard colors used in safety signs are: black, red, orange, yellow, blue, green, white.
3. The two synonyms are:
a- risk
b- Hazard
General Activity:
I. Text comprehension:
1. Definition of the construction metalworking in the text:
Metalworking is the assembly and installation of steel structures, vessels and
components that encompass the food & dairy, pharmaceutical & chemical industries,
architectural engineering and structural steel work for buildings and bridges.

2. The main norms required from construction metalworker are: High quality and finish.

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3. The different skills and qualities we may find in the field of the construction
metalworking are:
- work organization and self-management,
- working precisely and accurately,
- concentration,
- attention to detail,
- communication and interpersonal skills,
- problem solving,
- Innovation and creativity.
4. The suitable title: Construction metalworking.

II. Text exploration:

1. Synonyms:
 High-rise building: b. skyscrapers
 Standards: a. norms
 Very costly c. expensive
 Attributes a. qualities
 Erected c. built
2. “Construction metalworkers were highly skilled individuals who were able to work
autonomously, contributed to a technical team, and took personal responsibility for
completing projects.”
3. The infinitive of nouns:

Noun Infinitive
Construction to construct
Management to manage
Concentration to concentrate
Attention to pay attention / to watch

III. Written Production:

People are moving from one place to another all over the world for business,
trade, studies or even for entertainment. This leads to build many places as working
structures, universities, hotels, bridges… which will be realized by metal construction.

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SAFETY SYMBOLS

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