FLUID PROPERTIES

TUTORIALS
Q1. Calculate the mass density ( ρ ) , specific weight ( weight density γ ) , specific gravity (
relative density S ) of one liter of a liquid which weighs 7N

SOLUTION

Q2. Calculate the mass density , specific weight and weight of one liter of petrol of specific
gravity 0.7

SOLUTION
γL = ρl g = 700 × 9.8 = 6860 N/ m3 ( specific weight )
𝒘
γ=
𝒗

w = γ v = 6860 × 10-3 = 6.86 N

_____________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.3 /
A distance between the moving plate and fixed plate is 0.025 mm , the
velocity of moving plate is 60 cm /s , requires a force of 2 N /m2 ( shear stress).
Determine the fluid viscosity between the plates ?

Solution :

𝒅𝒖
τ=μ
𝒅𝒚

du = change of velocity = u - 0 = 60 cm /s = 0.6 m /s

dy = change of distance = 0.025 mm = 0.025 × 10-3 m

τ = 2 N / m2
𝝉 𝟐×𝟏𝟎−𝟑
μ = 𝒅𝒖 = = 8.33 × 10-5 N.s / m2
𝟎.𝟔 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟓
𝒅𝒚

= 8.33× 10-5 × 10 = 8.33 × 10-4 poise

____________________________________________________________________

Problems 1.4 /
A flat plate of area 1.5 × 106 mm2is pulled with a speed of 0.4 m/s relative to
another plate located at a distance of 0.15 mm from it. Find the force and power
required to maintain this speed , if the fluid separated them is having viscosity as
1 poise.
Solution :

A = 1.5 × 106 mm2 = 1.5 m2

2
μ = 1 poise = 0.1 N.s / m

𝒅𝒖 𝟎.𝟒
τ=μ = 0.1 × = 266.66 N / m2
𝒅𝒚 𝟎.𝟏𝟓×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

𝑭
τ=
𝑨

F = τ A = 266.66 × 1.5 = 400 N

P=Fu ( P is power )

P = 400 × 0.4 = 160 watt

________________________________________________________

Problem 1.5 /
Determine the intensity of shear stress of an oil having viscosity ( μ ) is 1 poise .
The oil is used for lubricating the clearance between a shaft of diameter 10 cm
and its journal bearing. The clearance is 1.5 mm and the shaft rotates at 150 rpm
.

Solution :

μ = 1 poise = 0.1 N.s / m2

D = 1.5 cm = 0.1 m
𝝅𝑫𝑵 𝝅 ×𝟎.𝟏 ×𝟏𝟓𝟎
u= = = 0.785 m/ s
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

𝒅𝒖 𝟎.𝟕𝟖𝟓
τ=μ = 0.1 × = 52.33 N/ m2
𝒅𝒚 𝟏.𝟓 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

________________________________________________________

Problem 1.6 /
Determine the dynamic viscosity of an oil , which is used for lubrication between
a square plate of size 0.8 m × 0.8 m and an inclined plane with angle of
inclination 300 as shown in Fig.(1.4) . The weight of the plate is 300 N and it
slides down the inclined plane with a uniform velocity of 0.3 m /s . The thickness
of oil film is 1.5 mm .
Solution :

A = 0.8 × 0.8 = 0.64 m2

Thickness of oil film = t = dy = 1.5 mm = 1.5 × 10-3 m

Component of weight W , along the plane = W Sin 30o

= 300 × 0.5 = 150 N

𝑭 𝟏𝟓𝟎
τ= = = 234.37 N/m2
𝑨 𝟎.𝟔𝟒

𝒅𝒖
τ=μ
𝒅𝒚

𝝉 𝟐𝟑𝟒.𝟑𝟕
μ= 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎.𝟑 = 1.17 N.s /m2 = 1.17 × 10 = 11.7 poise
𝒅𝒚 𝟏.𝟓 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

_________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.7 /
Two horizontal plate are placed 1.25 cm apart , the space between them being
filled with oil of viscosity 14 poises . Calculate the shear stress ( τ ) in oil , if The
velocity of the upper plate is 2.5 m/s .

Solution :
t = dy = 1.25 cm = 0.0125 m

μ = 14 poise = 1.4 N.s / m2

𝒅𝒖 𝟐.𝟓 2
τ =μ = 1.4 × = 280 N / m
𝒅𝒚 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓

___________________________________________________________________
Problem 1.8 /
The space between two square flat parallel plate is filled with oil . Each side
of the plate is 60 cm . The thickness of the oil film is 12.5 mm. The upper plate ,
which moves at 2.5 m/s are requires a force of 98.1 N to maintain the
speed.Determine : ( 1 ) the dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise .

( 2 ) the kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes , if the specific

gravity( S ) of the oil is 0.95 .

Solution :
Area ( A) = 0.6 × 0.6 = 0.36 m2

dy = 12.5 × 10-3 m

du = 2.5 m/s
𝑭 𝟗𝟖.𝟏
τ = = = 272.5 N/ m2
𝑨 𝟎.𝟑𝟔

𝒅𝒖
τ=μ
𝒅𝒚

𝝉 𝟐𝟕𝟐.𝟓
( 1) μ = 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐.𝟓 = 1.36 N/ m2 = 13.6 poise
𝒅𝒚 𝟏𝟐.𝟓 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

( 2) ρoil = 0.95 × 1000 = 950 kg / m3

𝝁 𝟏.𝟑𝟔
ν = = = 0.00143 m2 / s
𝝆 𝟗𝟓𝟎

ν = 0.00143 × 104 cm2 / s

= 14.3 cm2 /s = 14.3 stokes

_________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.9 /
Find the kinematic viscosity of an oil having density 981 kg/m3. The shear stress
a point in oil is 0.2452 N/ m2 and velocity gradient ( du / dy ) at the point is 0.2
per second .

Solution :
𝒅𝒖
τ= μ
𝒅𝒚
 𝝉 𝟎.𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟐
μ = 𝒅𝒖 = = 1.226 N.s / m2
𝟎.𝟐
𝒅𝒚

𝝁 𝟏.𝟐𝟐𝟔
ν= = = 0.0012 m2/s = 0.0012 ×104 cm2/s = 12 stokes .
𝝆 𝟗𝟖𝟏

Problem 1.10 /
Determine the specific gravity ( S ) of a fluid having a dynamic viscosity ( μ ) is
0.05 poise and kinematic viscosity 0.035 stokes ?

Solution :

μ = 0.05 poise = 0.005 N.s / m2

ν = 0.035 stokes = 0.035 cm2 / s = 0.035 × 10-4 m2 / s
𝝁 𝝁 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓
ν = , ρf = =
𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟓 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟒
= 1428.5 kg / m3
𝝆 𝝂

𝝆𝒇 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟖.𝟓
Sf = = = 1.4285
𝝆𝒘 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

__________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.11 /
Determine the viscosity of a liquid having kinematic viscosity 6 stokes and
specific gravity 1.9 ?

Solution :

ν = 6 stokes = 6 cm2/ s = 6 × 10-4 m2 /s

𝝆𝒇
Sf = , ρf = Sf × ρw = 1.9 × 1000 = 1900 kg / m3
𝝆𝒘

𝝁
ν = , μ = ν × ρf = 6 × 10-4 × 199 = 1.14 N.s / m2
𝝆𝒇

= 11.4 poise .
__________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.12 /
𝟑
The velocity distribution for flow over a flat plate is given by equation : u = y
𝟒
– y2in which u is the velocity in m /s at a distance ( y ) m above the plate.
Determine the shear stress at y = 0.15 m . Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 0.85
poise .

Solution :
𝟑 𝒅𝒖 𝟑
u = y - y2 , = - 2y
𝟒 𝒅𝒚 𝟒

𝒅𝒖 𝟑
At y = 0.15 m , = - 2 × 0.15 = 0.45
𝒅𝒚 𝟒

If μ = 8.5 poise = 0.85 N .s / m2

𝒅𝒖
τ=μ = 0.85 × 0.45 = 0.3825 N / m2
𝒅𝒚

________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.13 /
The dynamic viscosity of an oil , used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve
is 6 poise. The shaft is of diameter 0.4 m and rotates at 190 rpm. Calculate the
power lost in a bearing for a sleeve length of 90 mm. The thickness of the oil film
is 1.5 mm.

Solution :

μ = 6 poise = 0.6 N.s / m2

𝑫 𝟐𝝅𝑵 𝝅𝑫𝑵 𝝅×𝟎.𝟒 ×𝟏𝟗𝟎
u=rω= × = = = 3.98 m/s
𝟐 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

𝒅𝒖 𝟑.𝟗𝟖
τ= μ = 0.6 = 1592 N / m2
𝒅𝒚 𝟏.𝟓 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

𝑭
τ = ( A is surface area )
𝑨

F = τ A = τ × π D L = 1592 × π × 0.4 × 90 × 10-3 = 180.05 N

𝑫
T =F× ( T is Torque N.m )
𝟐

𝟎.𝟒
= 180.05 × = 36.01 N.m
𝟐
 𝟐𝝅 𝑵
Power ( lost ) = T ω = 36.01 × = 716 48 watt .
𝟔𝟎

________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.14 /
A 15 cm diameter vertical cylinder rotates concentrically inside another cylinder
of diameter 15.10 cm . Both cylinders are 25 cm high . The space between the
cylinders is filled with liquid whose viscosity is unknown . If a torque of 12 N.m
is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 100 rpm., determine the viscosity of the
fluid ?

Solution :
𝑫 𝟐𝝅 𝑵 𝝅𝑫𝑵 𝝅×𝟎.𝟏𝟓 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎
u=rω = × = = = 0.7854 m/s
𝟐 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

Surface area ( A ) = π D L = π × 0.15 × 0.25 = 0.1178 m2

𝑫𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒓 − 𝑫𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒓 𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝟏−𝟎.𝟏𝟓
dy = = = 0.0005 m
𝟐 𝟐

𝒅𝒖 𝝁 ×𝟎.𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟒
τ =μ = (1)
𝒅𝒚 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓

𝑭 𝝁 ×𝟎.𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟒 ×𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟖
τ= , F=τ×A = (2)
𝑨 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓

𝑫
T = F×
𝟐

𝝁 ×𝟎.𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟒 ×𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟖 𝟎.𝟏𝟓

12 = ×
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝟐

μ = 0.864 N.s / m2 = 8.64 poise .

_________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.15 /
The weight density of gas is 16 N/m3at 25oc and at an absolute pressure of 0.25
N/mm2. Determine the mass density of gas and gas constant ?

Solution:

Tabs. = 25 + 273 = 298o K

 P = 0.25 × 106 = 25 × 104 N/m2

γ=ρg
𝜸 𝟏𝟔 𝒑 𝐩 𝟐𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟒
ρ= = = 1.63 kg/ m3,𝝆 = R T , R = =
𝒈 𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝝆𝑻 𝟏.𝟔𝟑×𝟐𝟗𝟖

= 532.5 N.m/kg.k

Problem 1.16 /
A cylinder of 0.6 m3 in volume contains air at 50oc and 0.3 N/mm2 absolute
pressure. The air is compressed to 0.3 m3. Find (1) pressure inside the cylinder ,
assuming isothermal process and ( 2) pressure and temperature, assuming
adiabatic process.( Take 1.4).

Solution :

V1 = 0.6 m3 , T1= 50 +273 = 323o k , P1 = 30× 104 N/m2

V2 = 0.3 m3 , k = 1.4

( 1 ) Isothermal process :
𝑷
= constant , or P V = constant
𝝆

𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝟑𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟒 ×𝟎.𝟔
P1 V1 = P2 V2 , P2 = = = 0.6 × 106 N/m2
𝑽𝟐 𝟎.𝟑

( 2 ) Adiabatic process :
𝑷
= constant or P Vk = constant
𝝆𝒌

P1𝑽𝒌𝟏 = P2𝑽𝒌𝟐
𝑽𝒌𝟏 𝟎.𝟔 1,4
P2 = P1 = 30×104 × ( ) =30 ×104 × 21.4
𝑽𝒌𝟐 𝟎.𝟑

= 0.791×106 N / m2 = 0.791 N/ mm2

𝑹𝑻
× Vk = constant , R T Vk-1 = constant
𝑽

T Vk-1 = constant ( R is constant )

𝑽𝟏 1.4 – 1
T1𝑽𝒌−𝟏
𝟏 = T2𝑽𝒌−𝟏
𝟐 , T 2 = T1 ( )
𝑽𝟐
 𝟎.𝟔 0.4
T2 = 323 ( ) = 323 ×100.4 = 426.2o k
𝟎.𝟑

T2 = 426.2 - 273 = 153.2oc

_______________________________________________________________

Problem 1.17 /
Determine the Bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid. If the pressure of the liquid
increased from 70 N/cm2 to 130 N/cm2. The volume of the liquid decreases by
0.15 per cent ( 15% ) .

Solution :

Increase of pressure ( dP ) = 130 - 70 = 60 N/cm2

Decrease of Volume ( dV ) = 15 %
𝒅𝒑 𝟔𝟎
K= 𝒅𝑽 = 𝟏𝟓 = 4 ×104 N / cm2
𝑽 𝟏𝟎𝟎

__________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.18 /
What is the Bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid which is compressed in a
cylinder from a volume of 0.0125 m3 at 80 N/cm2 pressure to a volume of 0.0124
m3 at 150 N/cm2 pressure .

Solution :

d V = 0.0125 – 0.0124 = 0.0001 m3

d P = 150 – 80 = 70 N/ cm2
𝒅𝑷 𝟕𝟎
K= −𝒅𝑽 = 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 = 70 ×125 N/cm2
𝑽 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓

__________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.19 /
A surface tension of water in contact with air at 20oc is 0.0725 N/m. The pressure
inside a droplet of water is to be 0.02 N/cm2 greater than the outside pressure.
Calculate the diameter of the droplet of water .

Solution :
P = 0.02 × 104 N/m2
𝟒𝝇 𝟒𝝇 𝟒 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟓
P= , d= = 𝟎.𝟎𝟐 ×𝟏𝟎𝟒
= 0.00145 m = 1.45 mm.
𝒅 𝑷

____________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.20 /
Find the surface tension in a soap bubble of a 40 mm diameter , when the inside
pressure is 2.5 N/m2 above atmospheric pressure .

Solution :

𝟖𝝇 𝑷𝒅 𝟐.𝟓 ×𝟒𝟎×𝟏𝟎−𝟑
P= , σ= = = 0.0125 N/m
𝒅 𝟖 𝟖

________________________________________________________

Problem 1.21 /
The pressure outside the droplet of water of diameter 0.04 mm is 10.32 N/cm2 (
atmospheric pressure ) . Calculate the pressure within the droplet , if surface
tension is given as 0.0725 N/m of water .

Solution :
𝟒𝝇 𝟒 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟓
Pinside = = = 7250 N/ m2= 0.725 N / cm2
𝒅 𝟎.𝟎𝟒 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

Poutside = Pinside + Patm. = 0.725 + 10.32 = 11.045 N / cm2

_______________________________________________________________

Problem 1.22 /
Calculate the capillary effect in millimeter in a glass tube of 4 mm diameter,
when immersed in ( 1 ) water , and ( 2 ) mercury. The values of the surface
tension of water and mercury are 0.073575 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The
angle of contact for mercury 1.30o.

Solution :
𝟒 𝝇 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
h=
𝝆𝒈𝒅

𝟒 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟓
( 1 ) For water rise , h= ( ϴ is zero )
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟗.𝟖𝟏 ×𝟒 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑
h = 7.51 ×10-3 m = 7.51 mm
−𝟒 ×𝟎.𝟓𝟏 ×𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏.𝟑𝟎𝒐
( 2 ) For mercury depression , h =
𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎×𝟗.𝟖𝟏 × 𝟒 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

h = -2.46 × 10-3 m = - 2.46 mm

Problem 1.23 /
Find the diameter of glass tube (capillary tube ) that can be used to measure
surface tension of water in contact with air as 0.073575 N/m .

Solution :
𝟒𝝇 𝟒𝝇 𝟒 ×𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟓
h= , d= =
𝝆𝒈𝒅 𝝆𝒈𝒉 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟗.𝟖𝟏 × 𝟐 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

= 0.015 m = 1.5 cm.

_________________________________________________________________

Problem 1.24 /
An oil of viscosity 5 poise is used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve. The
diameter of the shaft is 0.5 m and it rotates at 200 rpm. Calculate the power lost
in oil for a sleeve length of 100 mm . The thickness of oil film is 1 mm.

Solution :
𝑫 𝟐𝝅𝑵 𝝅𝑫𝑵 𝝅 ×𝟎.𝟓 ×𝟐𝟎𝟎
u= r ω = × = = = 5.235 rad / s
𝟐 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

μ = 5 × 0.1 = 0.5 N.s / m2

𝒅𝒖 𝟎.𝟓 ×𝟓.𝟐𝟑𝟓
τ=μ = = 2617.5 N / m2
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟑

𝑭
τ = , F = τ A = τ . π D L = 2617.5 × π × 0.5 × 1 × 10-3
𝑨

= 410.95 N
𝑫 𝟎.𝟓
Torque ( T ) = F . = 410.95 × = 102 .74 N.m
𝟐 𝟐

𝟐𝝅𝑵
Power ( lost ) = Torque . ω = 102.74 ×
𝟔𝟎

= 2150 watt = 2.15 kw .