Below is a detailed response to each question with step-by-step explanations, code examples,

and descriptions:
---

Question 1. a) Web Protocols, Web Architecture, and HTTP Request-Response Cycle

Web Protocols vs. Web Architecture

1. Web Protocols:

Definition: Rules for data communication over the web.

Examples: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TCP/IP.

Purpose: Ensure data integrity, secure transmission, and interoperability.

2. Web Architecture:

Definition: Design framework for web application deployment.

Examples: Client-server model, three-tier architecture, RESTful architecture.

Purpose: Organize components (front-end, back-end, database) for scalability and efficiency.

HTTP Request-Response Cycle

1. Steps:

Client Request: User requests a resource (e.g., a homepage).

DNS Lookup: Resolves the domain name to an IP address.

Connection Established: TCP connection is established.

Request Sent: HTTP request is sent to the server.

Server Processing: Server processes the request and retrieves data.

Response Sent: Server sends an HTTP response with the requested resource.

Rendering: Browser renders the resource.

2. Example HTTP Request and Response

Request:

GET /index.html HTTP/1.1

Host: www.example.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0
Accept: text/html

Response:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 1234

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Question 1. b) Web Security Threats

1. SQL Injection:

Nature: Malicious SQL queries manipulate the database.

Impact: Data leaks, unauthorized access, or database damage.

2. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS):

Nature: Injected scripts run in users' browsers.

Impact: Session hijacking, phishing, or malware delivery.

3. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF):

Nature: Unauthorized actions on authenticated sessions.

Impact: Account compromise or unwanted transactions.

4. Denial of Service (DoS):

Nature: Overloading the server with requests.

Impact: Downtime and loss of user trust.

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Question 2. Learning Module for Web 3.0

HTML Table for Learning Outcomes

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Topic</th>
<th>Learning Outcome</th>
<th>Estimated Time</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Blockchain</td>
<td>Understand decentralized systems</td>
<td>3 hours</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AI Integration</td>
<td>Learn AI-based web solutions</td>
<td>4 hours</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Semantic Web</td>
<td>Explore Web 3.0 features</td>
<td>2 hours</td>
 </tr>
</table>

Image, Caption, and Embedded Video

<figure>
<img src="module.jpg" alt="Web 3.0 Concept Image">
<figcaption>Web 3.0 Learning Module</figcaption>
</figure>

<video controls>
<source src="web3-intro.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<track src="web3-caption.vtt" kind="captions" srclang="en" label="English">
</video>
<figcaption>Introduction to Web 3.0</figcaption>

List of Reading Resources

<ul>
<li><a href="https://example.com/web3-basics" target="_blank">Web 3.0 Basics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://example.com/blockchain-intro" target="_blank">Introduction to
Blockchain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://example.com/ai-web" target="_blank">AI Integration in Web 3.0</a></li>
</ul>

---

Question 3. Donation Platform and PHP Superglobals

PHP Superglobals and Their Role

1. $_POST:

Collects form data securely.

Example: Process donor name, email, and donation amount.

2. $_SESSION:

Maintains user sessions (e.g., login state).

Example: Track donor history.

3. $_GET:

Handles query strings in URLs.

Example: View specific donation details.

4. $_SERVER:

Provides server information.

Example: Log server activity.

Illustration: Processing Donation Form

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
$name = htmlspecialchars($_POST['name']);
$amount = (float)$_POST['amount'];
echo "Thank you, $name, for donating $amount.";
}

---

Question 4. Student Admission System

Database and Table

CREATE DATABASE school;

USE school;

CREATE TABLE students_data (

Sid INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
Sname VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
Addrl VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
Sdob DATE NOT NULL,
 Phone_number VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,
Email VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
Total_Mark INT NOT NULL
);

Insert and Display Data

$conn = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "school");

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
$sql = "INSERT INTO students_data VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
$stmt = $conn->prepare($sql);
$stmt->bind_param("isssssi", $id, $name, $addr, $dob, $phone, $email, $marks);
$stmt->execute();
}

Display Top 2 Students

$sql = "SELECT * FROM students_data ORDER BY Total_Mark DESC LIMIT 2";

$result = $conn->query($sql);
while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "<tr><td>{$row['Sname']}</td><td>{$row['Total_Mark']}</td></tr>";
}

---

Question 5. AJAX-Based Search Page

<input type="text" id="keyword">

<button onclick="search()">Search</button>
<div id="results"></div>

<script>
function search() {
const keyword = document.getElementById('keyword').value;
fetch(`https://api.example.com/search?keyword=${keyword}`)
.then(res => res.json())
.then(data => {
let output = "<ul>";
data.forEach(item => output += `<li>${item.title}</li>`);
output += "</ul>";
document.getElementById('results').innerHTML = output;
});
 }
</script>

---

Here are detailed solutions to questions 6, 7, 8, and 9:

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Question 6

a) Create an XML document for a bookstore with 3 records

<bookstore>
<book>
<title>The Great Gatsby</title>
<author>F. Scott Fitzgerald</author>
<price>200.50</price>
<publish_year>1925</publish_year>
</book>
<book>
<title>To Kill a Mockingbird</title>
<author>Harper Lee</author>
<price>150.75</price>
<publish_year>1960</publish_year>
</book>
<book>
<title>1984</title>
<author>George Orwell</author>
<price>180.00</price>
<publish_year>1949</publish_year>
</book>
</bookstore>

b) Write a DTD to validate this XML

<!DOCTYPE bookstore [
<!ELEMENT bookstore (book+)>
<!ELEMENT book (title, author, price, publish_year)>
<!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT author (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT price (#PCDATA)>
 <!ELEMENT publish_year (#PCDATA)>
]>

c) Develop an XSLT stylesheet to transform the XML into an HTML table

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version="1.0">
<xsl:template match="/">
<html>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Title</th>
<th>Author</th>
<th>Price</th>
<th>Publication Year</th>
</tr>
<xsl:for-each select="bookstore/book[price > 150]">
<tr>
<td><xsl:value-of select="title"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="author"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="price"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="publish_year"/></td>
</tr>
</xsl:for-each>
</table>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>

---

Question 7

Develop an application using Node.js and MongoDB to perform operations on an "Employee"

collection.

Node.js Script

const { MongoClient } = require("mongodb");

const url = "mongodb://localhost:27017";

const dbName = "companyDB";

(async function () {
const client = new MongoClient(url);
try {
await client.connect();
console.log("Connected to the database");

const db = client.db(dbName);
const collection = db.collection("Employee");

// Insert multiple records

await collection.insertMany([
{ Emp_ID: 1, Emp_name: "Alice", age: 25, DOB: "1998-01-10", School: "ABC",
Date_of_Join: "2020-06-15" },
{ Emp_ID: 2, Emp_name: "Bob", age: 45, DOB: "1978-04-20", School: "XYZ",
Date_of_Join: "2015-03-10" },
{ Emp_ID: 3, Emp_name: "John", age: 28, DOB: "1995-08-30", School: "LMN",
Date_of_Join: "2021-01-01" },
]);

// Sort all documents

console.log(await collection.find().sort({ Emp_name: 1 }).toArray());

// Update John's age

await collection.updateOne({ Emp_name: "John" }, { $set: { age: 30 } });

// Limit query result to 4 documents

console.log(await collection.find().limit(4).toArray());

// Retrieve documents where age > 40

console.log(await collection.find({ age: { $gt: 40 } }).toArray());

} catch (err) {
console.error(err);
} finally {
client.close();
}
})();

---

Question 8
To-Do List Application (HTML and CSS)

HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>To-Do List</h1>
<div id="task-container">
<ul id="task-list">
<!-- Tasks will appear here -->
</ul>
<input type="text" id="task-input" placeholder="Add a new task...">
<button id="add-task-btn">Add Task</button>
</div>
</body>
</html>

CSS

body {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
text-align: center;
margin: 20px;
}

#task-container {
width: 50%;
margin: auto;
}

#task-list li {
margin: 5px;
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border-radius: 5px;
}

.completed {
text-decoration: line-through;
 color: gray;
}

#add-task-btn {
padding: 10px 20px;
background-color: blue;
color: white;
border: none;
border-radius: 5px;
cursor: pointer;
}

#add-task-btn:hover {
background-color: darkblue;
}

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Question 9

a) JavaScript Code to Count Words, Characters, and Lines

const paragraph = "This is a sample paragraph.\nIt has multiple lines.\nAnd it ends here.";

function analyzeText(text) {
const wordCount = text.split(/\s+/).filter(word => word).length;
const charCount = text.length;
const lineCount = text.split("\n").length;

return { wordCount, charCount, lineCount };

}

console.log(analyzeText(paragraph));

b) Interactive Quiz Application

HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<form id="quiz-form">
<p>1. What is 2 + 2?</p>
<input type="radio" name="q1" value="3"> 3<br>
<input type="radio" name="q1" value="4"> 4<br>
<input type="radio" name="q1" value="5"> 5<br>

<p>2. What is the capital of France?</p>

<input type="radio" name="q2" value="Berlin"> Berlin<br>
<input type="radio" name="q2" value="Paris"> Paris<br>
<input type="radio" name="q2" value="Madrid"> Madrid<br>

<button type="button" id="submit-btn">Submit</button>

</form>

<p id="score"></p>
</body>
<script>
$("#submit-btn").click(function () {
let score = 0;

if ($("input[name='q1']:checked").val() === "4") score++;

if ($("input[name='q2']:checked").val() === "Paris") score++;

$("#score").text("Your score is: " + score);

});
</script>
</html>