General block diagram of embedded system

Processor: The processor is the heart of embedded system. The selection of processor is
based on the following consideration

Basic Structure of Embedded System

• Instruction set
• Maximum bits of operation on single arithmetic and logical operation
• Speed
• Algorithms processing and capability
• Types of processor( microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor,
application specific processor, general purpose processor)
Power source:
Internal power supply is must. Es require from power up to power down to start time task.
Also it can run continuously that is stay “On’ system consumes total power hence efficient
real time programming by using proper ‘wait’ and ‘stop’ instruction or disable some unit
which are not in use can save or limit power consumption.

Clock / oscillator Circuits:

The clock ckt is used for CPU, system timers, and CPU machine cycles clock controls the
time for executing an instruction. Clock oscillator may be internal or external .It should be
highly stable.
Real time clock(RTC):
It require to maintain scheduling various tasks and for real time programming RTC also
use for driving timers, counters needs in the system.
Resets Ckts and power on reset:
Reset process starts executing various instruction from the starting address. The address
is set by the processor in the program counter. The reset step resent and runs the program
in the following way

• System program that execute from beginning

• System boot up program
• System initialization program

Memory :
A system embeds either in the internal flash or ROM, PROM or in an external flash or ROM
or PROM of the microcontroller.
Characteristics of an Embedded System

• Sophisticated Functionality. ...

• Real-Time Operation. ...

• Low Manufacturing Cost. ...

• Processor and Memory. ...

• Tight Design Constraint. ...

• Based on Performance and Functional Requirements. ...

Based on the Performance of the Microcontroller.

Advantages of Embedded System :

• Simple to deliver higher creation.

• Less costs for per bit of resultant.

 • It has not many interconnections.

• It has Better steady and Higher speed.

• It has Higher dependable.

• To use for one errand.

• Versatile because of little in size.

• Disadvantages of Embedded system

• Subsequent to creating installed framework, you can’t make any alteration,

improvement or up degree.
• Hard to keep up.
• Hard to take a back-up of implanted documents.
• You need to reset all setting, due to happen any issue in the framework.
• Investigating is Harder.
• Harder to move information from one framework to other framework.
• Constraints for equipment, because of make it for explicit undertaking.
• Less force supply sturdiness.
• Restricted assets for memory.
• To require higher improvement endeavors for planning an installed
framework.
• General block Diagram of SBC

Advantages of SBC:
 • Easy to use.
• It has verified hardware.
• SBC has adaptability.
• Good performance at low price.Portable
• SBC has GPIO (General purpose input output) capability to interact
with outside world. Low power consumption.
• Good support available for most of the SBC.
• SBC has small form factor and good computational quality.
Disadvantages of SBC:
• Usually delicate (electrically).
• If SBC is designed for an application or product which is in the high
capacity category then it is cost effective otherwise it may cost more
as compared with SOC (system or chip).
• Lot of customization on SBC can be difficult.
• SBC are not as powerful as the personal computers (PC). However, due
to fewer components on single board, SBC usually consume less
power and so do not dissipate much heat. Therefore, SBC in the smart
phone can be used for entire day without charging and without
cooling it.
• All electronic gadgets such as smart phone, tablets contain SBC.
Single Board Computers are frequently used in embedded
applications.
• An embedded computer cannot be expanded beyond its capability of
I/O devices. For example, a vending machine can have an embedded
single board computer to control all the functions of vending
machine, but there is no provision to add more hardware to expand
the system.
• In many cases, SBCs are plugged into a backplane which allows for
input/output devices to be attached to the computer.
• SBC have all the capacity required for most of the automation tasks.
• SBC generally have less capacity than a multi-board computer.

Types of SBCs
Open Source software is the software that is available to users with source
code. Source code is a part of a program or software. Users can modify,
inspect and enhance it to improve the software. Additional features can be
added in the source code. Users use source code to copy, learn and share it.
An Open source software can either be free of cost or chargeable.
Users prefer open source software because of following reasons-

• More control over the software

• More secure
• Stable
• High quality results
• Helps in becoming a better programmer as you can learn and develop
from the source code to make new softwares.

Examples of open source software are –

• Apache HTTP web server

• Mozilla’s Firefox web browser
• Thunderbird email client
• database system
• GNU compiler collection
• Moodle
• OpenOffice
• PHP
• Perl

. Proprietary Software: Proprietary software is computer software where the

source codes are publicly not available only the company that has created
them can modify it. Here the software is developed and tested by the
individual or organization by which it is owned not by the public. This
software is managed by a closed team of individuals or groups that
developed it. We have to pay to get this software and its commercial support
is available for maintenance. The company gives a valid and authenticated
license to the users to use this software. But this license puts some
restrictions on users also like.

• Number of installations of this software into computers

• Restrictions on sharing of software illegally
• Time period up to which software will operate
• Number of features allowed to use

1.Raspberry Pi :Raspberry Pi is a single Board computerdeveloped in United

Kingdomby Raspberry Pi Foundation it is a specially developed for
educational purpose it is a high performance computer with a low cost
Raspberry Pi is used in development of the project such as retrogaming
Arcade cryptocurrency wallet home theatre PC etc

Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Features

CPU: Raspberry Pi 3 uses Broadcom BCM2837 SOC 64-bit quad-core ARM
Cortex A53 (ARMv8 CPU) with 512KB shared L2 cache.
Memory: Provided with 1 GB of RAM
Wi-Fi Support: 802.11n Wireless LAN
Bluetooth: Supports Bluetooth 4.1 Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)
USB Ports: 4-USB ports which allow attaching four different USB devices
like keyboard, mouse, etc.
Ethernet Port: Standard Ethernet port to quickly setup and access internet.
This can be very useful when we want to setup raspberry pi for the first
time without a monitor.
GPIO Pins: Raspberry Pi 3 supports 40 GPIO Pins General Purpose Input
Output. These digital input/output pins can be used to drive LED, Switches,
and Sensors etc.
Full HDMI Port: Support HDMI port (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
which can be used to quickly connect raspberry pi to HDMI Monitor. With
HDMI Cable and Monitor we can add Screen to Raspberry Pi.
Micro SD card slot: The Micro SD Card will hold the operating system which
will boot while we power on Raspberry Pi 3. In next tutorial, we will learn
how to setup and prepare SD card with Raspbian OS.
Audio/Video: Combined 3.5mm audio jack and composite video
Display interface (DSI): enable us to interface Display Module
Camera interface (CSI): enable us to interface Camera Module
Graphics Support: VideoCore IV 3D graphics core for advance graphics
capabilities.
2.Beagle bone: beagle bone is a low cost communities supported
development platform for all learners it is tiny open software which can be
used for any type of small projects Beagle bone black model has mechanical
and header compatibility.

Features:

3D graphics

NEON floating point processor

5 volt DC external via expansion header

USB host
Ethernet

HDMI

512DDR3 RAM

3.Snapdragon SBC features

64 bit risk architecture card Core 1.2 gigahertz speed memory type lpddr3
memory 1GB supported operating system Android various Linux
distribution Windows 10 iot Core

Input output Devices

A keyboard is an array of switches which can include some internal logic

circuit to interface the embedded system there are various types of
keyboards used in embedded system keyboards can be interfaced to as busy
through USB port or on backplane some of them are discussed below

Different types of keyboards

1.The wireless keyboard

This exactly what it’s called; a keyboard without a wire. It is connected to
your computer with infrared, 2.4 GHz WiFi or more often through Bluetooth
2.Membrane keyboard
A membrane keyboard the keys are cushioned with rubber or silicone shell
these keys are very sensitive to pressure applied on it membrane keyboard
consists of three layers such as top membrane layer an inner middle layer
and bottom a membrane layer.
3.Projection keyboard
Projection keyboard are also known as optical virtual keyboard they are
latest in version innovation in the keyboard technology they usually use
laser to display visible virtual keyboard onto surface when the user select a
key on the virtual keyboard then optical sensor or camera sensor the finger
moment which is translated to actions then computer software identifies the
keys and further the character pressed by the user is recognised
4.Roll up USB keyboard
Roll up USB wire keyboards are available in market these keyboards can
blend easily and further can be rolled they are small in size and light in
weight due to its compact structure they are becoming popular in travelling
professions Roll up keyboards are similar to the basic keyboard only their
manufacturing is little bit different than basic keyboard Generally waterproof
they are designed to resist spills and immersion in water .
Display
1 LCD:In as busy or embedded system usually LCD is used as a display
which can be interfaced through a slot size of LCD display is selected as
per the application
Liquid crystal display consist of several layers polarised panel philtre an
electrodes the rod shaped tiny molecules are sandwiched between a flat
piece of glass an or pack substrate when electric charge is applied to aid
these rod shaped molecules align into two different physical position when
electric charges applied they align to block the light entering through them
and if charges not applied then they become transparent when light passes
through eat the desired image appears on it all city is thin flat consumes
very less energy as compared with a lady display an CRT cathode ray tube
Types of lcds are based on displayed data such as segment LCD graphical
LCD colour LCD segment LCD display numbers letters fixed symbol they
are usually used in industrial panels graphical lcd pixel in rows and
columns by erase particular set of pixel Any character can be displayed
colour LCD has two types such as Passive matrix and active matrix
LCD has longer response time because of which ghost image can appear
or image can be mixed
LCD also has narrow viewing angle which can reduce image quality but for
most of the industrial application lcds are used as a display
LED:Light emitting diode display consist of array of allergies to emit red
green and blue light which forms colour images already display mainly
used for outdoor big screens traffic lights in TV etc
Network access devices
single board computer an embedded system use various network access
devices for the wired and wireless communication three types of embedded
network devices.
1.Ethernet:
Ethernet is a standard networking device used to connect computers on a
network using wired connection.
It is a simple interface and also used to connect as busy to other devices a
single router and few Ethernet cables can create a local area network
which connect devices to communicate each otherthe.
Ethernet can operate in small area such as room office or cabin Ethernet is
a network protocol that controls data transmission of land when any device
connected in the network wanted to send the data to another device it
senses the carrier on the connecting wires if it is a free then it sends the
data packet on the network other devices cheque the packet if it is the
expected reservoir than it receives the data
Ethernet connects any computer or any electronic device to its network
through Ethernet adapter or network card.
A network interface card either integrated into the motherboard or computer
on SBC or separately installed in the device for Ethernet networking router
hub switch our gateway is required a hub is a device that acts as a
connecting point between devices on a network cable is unshielded twisted
pair cables used in Internet land this cables are similar to cables which are
used in landline phone
Ethernet can be managed on windows Linux or Mac OS.
Most Ethernet devices are backward compatible and can be used with low
speed Ethernet cables and devices.
Ethernet is still standard for wired networking however today it has been
replaced by wireless networks such as Wi-Fi Bluetooth etc.

CAN Bus:Control area network

The control area network protocol is specially developed for automotive
industry
CAN is a serial network which can be used to establish local connexion
between microcontroller in a motor vehicles
CAN protocol is two wire hub duplex system which is suitable for high
speed transfer of short messages
CAN basically develop to reduce cabling wiring and separate electronic
control units inside the vehicle can communicate to each other
CAN is a low cost and durable network measure advantage of can is that
electronic control unit can have single can interface rather than having
multiple analogue to digital inputs to every devices does can you reduce
this overall cost and weight of the system in automobiles
CAN all devices how can control are cheap and so all devices can see all
transmitted messages each device can decide whether the message is
relevant or should be filtered devices can be added in can without any
modification in the network
CAN also includes CRC cyclic redundancy cheque code for error checking
of all reserved messages frames or message with errors are this region
regarded by all the nodes or devices an error frame can be transmitted to
indicate the error in the network
I2C:Inter integrated circuit
I2C is 2 wire half duplex serial Communication protocol with multi master
multi slave architecture
I to see is used to interface low speed devices like microcontroller eeproms
A2D digital to analogue input output devices or similar embedded devices
it was invented by Philips
I to see birth is popular because it is a simple and can how more than one
master each as low device heads unique addresses
Heads unique addresses communication between master and slave is
cereal so data can be transferred bit by bit
Inter integrated circuit is used for single board and also used to connect
various components which are linked via cable I to see requires only two
bus cable for communication
Inter integrated circuit can work with any bordered simple master slave
relationship exists between all components in I to see each device has a
unique address I to see also include collision detection and provide
arbitration.