International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

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International Journal of Thermofluids

journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/international-journal-of-thermofluids

Exploring the combined influence of primary and secondary vortex flows

on heat transfer enhancement and friction factor in a dimpled configuration
twisted tape with double pipe heat exchanger using SiO2 nano fluid
Prem Kumar Chaurasiya a, Jatoth Heeraman b, Sanjay Kumar Singh c, Tikendra Nath Verma d,
Gaurav Dwivedi e, Anoop Kumar Shukla f, *
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sagar Institute of Science and Technology, Gandhi Nagar, Bhopal, India
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462003, India
e
Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, 462003, India
f
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The double-pipe heat exchanger has a wider application in food industries, chemical industries, and a wide
Twisted tape variety of fields where heat transmission is necessary. This investigation focuses on optimizing heat transfer rates
Nusselt number through active, passive, and combined approaches. Within the realm of passive methods, this study specifically
Friction factor
examines the use of twisted tape additions in pipe flow. In this study, different factors like swirl flow, primary
Flow pattern
Criterion for performance evaluation
and secondary vortex flows caused by tape twist, and the presence of a V-cut on the tape are studied. These
Double pipe heat exchanger factors include heat transfer rate, friction factor, and the standard for judging the performance of a V-cut on the
Nanofluid tape insert. Experiments have been conducted on a double-pipe heat exchanger with nanofluid silicon dioxide as
the working medium. This study encompasses a Reynolds number range of 6000–14,000. Notably, investigations
reveal that the introduction of a v-cut on the tape engenders a secondary vortex flow. The enhancement in the
Nusselt number at the higher Reynolds number for the primary vortex was observed ineffective as the depth of
cut increases. The friction factor is increased by 6.37 times for the e/c ratio, which equals 0.17 (tooth to the
depth of the v cut) in comparison to smooth pipe, while the increase in heat transfer rate for the same is 87.73%
for Re = 6000.

material costs, along with a global emphasis on energy conservation and

1. Introduction sustainable practices, have intensified researchers’ focus on maximizing
system efficiency. Over the past two decades, various techniques have
In numerous functions consisting of motor vehicles, refrigeration, air been explored to reduce equipment size while simultaneously saving
conditioning, and food manufacturing sectors, the pivotal role of space and energy costs [4–6]. Compact design and heat transfer
transferring heat is executed by a device known as a heat exchanger. The enhancement emerge as key strategies for energy conservation in the
efficiency of heat transfer is paramount, necessitating a thorough per­ mechanical and chemical industries. One effective approach to
formance analysis of the heat exchanger. Among the commonly achieving heat transfer augmentation involves improving the vorticity
employed heat exchangers is the double pipe heat exchanger (DPHE), or turbulence of the flow. Twisted tape [TT] inserts represent a
favoured for its uncomplicated design and cost-effectiveness [1–3]. well-established passive technique extensively investigated by re­
Widely acknowledged techniques for enhancing heat transfer include searchers for their efficacy in enhancing heat transfer [7–9]. Fig. 1
active, passive, and compound methods. In the realm of engineering shows both sides of twisted tape inserts with dimples.
investigation, heat transfer enhancement holds significant importance. The incorporation of nanofluids alongside twisted tape inserts pre­
The primary objective in heat exchanger design revolves around sents a promising strategy for augmenting heat transfer in various ap­
achieving heightened efficiency and compactness. Escalating energy and plications. Nanofluids, engineered by dispersing nanoparticles in a base

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A.K. Shukla).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2024.100684

Available online 30 April 2024

2666-2027/© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc/4.0/).
P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

Nomenclature Q Heat transfer rate (W)

Re Reynolds number
A Surface area of inner tube (m2) T Temperature (C) Mean
b Width of v-cut (m) U velocity (m/s)
CP Specific heat capacity (J/kgK) V Volume flow rate (m3/s)
CPE Criteria for performance evaluation
c Depth of v-cut (m) Greek symbols
DPHE Double pipe heat exchanger
ρ
in Density of hot water at inlet
d Diameter of inner tube (m) ρh Density of hot water at mean temperature
e Depth of rectangular tooth (m) υ Kinematic viscosity of hot water
f friction factor Subscripts
h Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) c Cold water
h1 Manometer reading (mm of Hg) h Hot water
k Thermal conductivity (W/mK) ci Cold water at inlet
L Length of twisted tape (m) co Cold water at outlet
l Length of test section (m) hi Hot water at inlet
m Mass flow rate (kg/s) ho Hot water at outlet
Nu Nusselt number w Inner tube wall surface
Pr Prandtl number

fluid, offer enhanced thermophysical properties compared to conven­ holds great potential for significantly enhancing HT performance in
tional fluids [10,11]. The integration of nanofluids like silicon oxide tubes, making it a promising approach for applications that demand
(SiO2) with twisted tape inserts in heat exchanger tubes aims to achieve superior HT.
even higher heat transfer rates. Numerous studies have delved into the In a study conducted by Singh et al. [18], impact of dimpled TT on
simultaneous utilization of nanofluids and twisted tape, leveraging their HT and ‘f’ of a DPHE was experimentally explored. Their findings
synergistic effects. These investigations have showcased the potential revealed a noteworthy enhancement in ‘Nu’ for the dimpled TT
for substantial enhancements in heat transfer performance. Researchers configuration. Specifically, maximum ‘Nu’ value observed with dimpled
have explored diverse combinations of nanoparticles, base fluids, and TT was reported to be 1.82 times higher than that achieved with a plain
twisted tape configurations to optimize heat transfer rates, making this tube. Additionally, study noted a direct proportionality between friction
area of research valuable for applications where an efficient heat factor and the diameter of the dimples introduced on the twisted tape. In
exchanger is paramount [12–15]. The symbolic representation of rect­ a numerical study conducted by Nakhchi et al. [19], the influence of a
angular toothed v-cut twisted tape is shown in Figs. 2 and 3 shows the double v-cut on performed of a HE’x was thoroughly investigated.
v-cut in the twisted tape with the view of the direction of the swirl flow Introduction of double v-cut was found to generate additional vortex
due to twisting in the tape, the primary vortex flow due to the v-cut in flow, leading to a reduction in the boundary layer. This effect, in turn,
the twisted tape, as well as the secondary vortex flow due to the rect­ significantly enhanced HT rate, showing an improvement as 117.4 %
angular teeth provided on the v-cut. compared to conventional TT configurations. Furthermore, TPF expe­
Kurnia et al. [16] developed a 3-D CFD model to examine the in­ rienced a notable increase, reaching as 1.83 times value observed at
fluence of non-Newtonian fluids on HT. The study investigated the smaller ‘Re’ (5000). These findings underscore the effectiveness of
impact of parameters such as TR, flow indices, yield stress, consistency double v-cut in augmenting overall performing of HE’x.
index, and ‘Re’ on convective HT rates. Their findings revealed that In an experimental study by Murugesan et al. [20], an investigation
incorporating TT in helical heat exchangers (HEx) resulted in superior was carried out to assess the effect of TR and D/H on v-cut on the
thermal performance compared to straight tubes. The optimal balance thermo-hydraulic efficiency of HE’x. Results indicated that as the D/H of
between heightened HT rates and additional frictional losses was v-cut increased, both the HT rate and ‘f’ exhibited a corresponding in­
observed at TRs of 7.86 and 15.73. In a study carried out by Qi et al. crease. This finding suggests a positive correlation between the D/H of
[17], they explored the convective HT of nanofluids within a tube. They v-cut and the thermo-hydraulic performance of HE’x, highlighting the
conducted experiments using both rotating and static built-in TT ele­ importance of these geometric parameters in influencing heat transfer
ments as inserts in the tube. The results showed a remarkable and fluid dynamics. To find out what effect converging-diverging tubes
improvement in HT, with a reported 101.6 % increase in HT efficiency have, Mengna et al. [21] did an experiment focusing on the Nusselt
when employing rotating TT inserts in conjunction with nanofluid. This number (Nu) and the friction factor (f). Among various organisations
suggests that the combined use of rotating TT elements and nanofluids with altered twist and rotation angles, a study identified a twist ratio of

Fig. 1. Pictorial view of Twisted Tape test section.

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P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

Fig. 2. Rectangular-toothed V-cut Twisted Tape.

Fig. 3. Rectangular-toothed V-cut Twisted Tape with flow direction.

4.72 and a rotation angle of 180 ◦ as the optimal configuration. can improve HT. The experiment involved varying water flow rates from
Eiamsa-ard et al. [22] did a different experiment that looked at how well 2 litres per minute to 8 litres per minute. The noteworthy observation
tubes with TT inserts and circular rings worked for thermohydraulics from their investigation was that, with the introduction of turbulators,
when there was turbulent flow. The study revealed a significant the exergy efficiency experienced a remarkable enhancement of 87 % in
enhancement in thermal-hydraulic performance when combining cir­ the two-phase flow system. This indicates a substantial improvement in
cular rings and TT inserts. Compared to the use of circular rings alone, the heat transfer process’s efficiency, demonstrating the potential ben­
improvements of 6.3 %, 82.8 %, and 25.8 % were observed in PEC, ‘f’, efits of employing turbulators in such configurations.
and ‘Nu’. The study also highlighted a substantial intemperance in dy­ Madhukesh Javali Kotresh et al. [28] investigated the different shape
namic pressure due to flow limitations caused by spherical rings and factors of molybdenum disulfide MoS2 on a stretchable disk with rota­
tape insertions. They found that the drop in dynamic pressure was tion under the influence of magnetic field, chemical response, and
caused by the flow interaction region getting bigger and the creation of activation energy. The result reveals that the larger values of the solid
changed and swirled flows, which was due to the spherical rings and volume fraction enhance the drag coefficient and reduce the rate of heat
inserts. transfer. A study by G. K. Ramesh et al. [29] looked into how a hybrid
Zhenfei and Ruijuan [23] conducted a study to assess the influence of nanofluid (AA7072–AA7075/water) moved, heated, and changed mass
twisted tape inserts featuring triangular grooves at twist ratios of 5 and between two parallel plates. They did this by including chemical re­
7. They reported that the triangular groove disrupted the boundary actions, activation energy, and heat source/sink effects. They have
layer, resulting in an increase in rotational speed and a pressure drop. discovered that AA7072-AA7075/water is a more efficient liquid than
Additionally, the study explored the impact of TT inserts with frequent AA7072/water. G.K. Ramesh et al. [30] execute the activation energy
spacing. Rama Krishna et al. [24] focused entirely on passes oriented in a and covalent bonding reaction aspects in the flow of hybrid ferroliquid
single objective, specifically from left to right in twist, to evaluate the across a stream-wise and cross-wise position. Substances of Fe3O4 and
modified configuration’s effect on HT’s physical characteristics. The CoFe2O4 are mixed with base liquid water and EG is considered a
study revealed a notable improvement in ‘Nu’ with a reduction in sep­ hybrid ferroliquid for thermodynamic analysis. J.K. Madhukesh et al.
aration among every ‘Re’. Extreme ‘Nu’ were observed at a spacer dis­ [31] investigated a laminar, two-dimensional nanofluid flow with uni­
tance of 2 inches, with no substantial changes noted but a combination form heat sink-source, thermophoretic depositions of the particles, and
of even more decreases in piece of length. The determined efficiency was the Newtonian heating effect for heat generation analysis. J.K. Madhu­
found to correspond to a ‘Re’ of 2550, regardless of the type of inserts kesh et al. [32] studied the performance of nanoparticle aggregation
devoted. stagnation point flow over a rotating sphere during the occurrence of
Bhattacharya et al. [25] conducted a study to evaluate the impact of thermophoretic particle deposition and found that the rate of heat dis­
center-cleared TT on HT and ‘f’ in laminar flow. They used solvothermal tribution increases with a rise in the solid volume fraction, whereas the
oil (Pr = 235–537) as a working medium, and the reported increase in rate of mass distribution grows as the thermophoretic parameter grows.
Nusselt number (Nu) was significant, reaching up to 130 %. In a nu­ They also investigated [33] the Marangoni convection flow of
merical investigation by Bhattacharya et al. [26], the focus shifted to the Al2O3/water-based nanofluid over a stretching sheet in a porous me­
effects of an angular-cut waved strip equipped with an oval transmit on dium with TPD in the presence of Newtonian heating. Additionally, heat
HTR and ‘f’. The study covered a kind of ‘Re’ of 100–2000. Notably, the absorption/generation in energy expression are also considered. The
study found that the functioning of a small waved ratio was improved in results showed that the rate of heat transfer increases as the heat source
a low laminar state. Saha [27] explored joint use with axial ribs in wire parameter grows and decreases as the heat sink parameter decreases. In
coil additions, stating that this combination outperformed wire coil in­ all of the profiles, nanofluid outperforms viscous fluid. In another study,
serts alone. The study looked into things like HTR and pressure drop in J.K. Madhukesh et al. [34] studied important variables like microfluidic
square and quadrilateral ducts, focusing on laminar flow conditions with systems, thermal exchangers, and devices that use nanofluids for ther­
thick oil. It also looked at how helical wire inserts in a helical coil pipe mal control on the Riga wedge surface and observed that the

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P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

nanoparticle with aggregation shows a more significant impact than the performance criteria of a double pipe heat exchanger. This includes both
nanoparticle without aggregation. The findings could help develop and primary vorticity generation due to the v-cut and secondary vortex flow
optimize nanofluid-based products and systems. Furthermore, in due to the rectangular tooth profile in the v-cut. Additionally, this study
another experimental study, J.K. Madhukesh et al. [35] found a larger generated TT at varying twist ratios and depths. Subsequently, in a
increase in the thermal conductivity of nanoliquids than the values DPHE, these modified TT were employed to calculate essential param­
obtained using standard fluid models. Mustafa Sabah Abdullah et al. eters such as ‘Nu’, ‘f’, and CPE. We compared the results to earlier
[36] studied various investigation on the helical-tube heat exchangers findings, specifically in terms of the performance evaluation criterion, to
utilizing nanofluids as the primary medium and observed that the effi­ obtain an optimal insert.
cacy of helical heat exchangers leveraging nanofluids hinges on the
specifics of the chosen nanofluid and its characteristics. M.A. Radwan 2. Methodology
et al. [37] conducted an experimental study to examine the properties of
convective heat transfer and pressure drop in pure water flowing 2.1. Experimental setup
through the inner tube of vertically helically/conically coiled
tube-in-tube heat exchangers. The experimentation is conducted by In the preliminary study, a heat exchanger (HEx) system was used.
varying the geometric parameters of the coils and the operating condi­ Fig. 4 shows an experimental setup that includes a DPHE with nanofluid
tions of the tube side. Yakov Zolotonosov et al. [38] proposed a heat (SiO2) fluid for operation, a centrifugal pump, a rotameter, and a supply
exchange element made of tightly wound wire with subsequent welding system with the right control device. Fig. 5 shows the model of dimple
of turns, called spring-twisted channel. Mathkar A. Alharthi et al. [39] twisted tape and Fig. 6 depicts a two-dimensional CAD model of dimple
proposed a novel method of an artificial neural network to predict the TT. In this configuration, hot fluid flows through the internal tube, while
thermal performance of Al2O3/ water nanofluid in conically coiled cool fluid circulates through the doughnut. To maintain thermal integ­
tubes. These findings demonstrate the capability of ANNs to accurately rity, we insulate all hot fluid pipes and storage tanks with a glass wool
predict the Nusselt number and friction factor and yield satisfactory sheet that has a thermal conductivity of 0.035 W/mK. The cold fluid
outcomes. circuit includes a 0.5 HP centrifugal pump, a rotameter, and a piping
Researchers have explored numerous modifications to enhance the system with suitable valves. The inner tube has a 2 mm wall thickness, a
criterion for performance evaluation (CPE) of a heat exchanger (HE), 16 mm inner diameter, and a 2480 mm length. The outer tube features
and twisted tape (TT) emerges as a particularly promising solution. are wall thickness, diameter, and length of 3, 30, and 2400 mm,
Various researchers have conducted several investigations focusing on respectively. The inlet temperature of hot fluid is preserved at 72 ◦ C,
v-cut TT, revealing varying CPE values that are all consistently greater while the inlet temperature of cold fluid is kept at 28–34 ◦ C.
than unity. Turbulence generation is responsible for the observed The hot fluid system contains a tank for storing hot fluid, which in­
increased heat transfer rate (HTR). cludes an electric heater controlled by a rheostat, a centrifugal pump
A thorough review of the literature suggests that the TT inserts with a power of 0.5 horsepower, a rotameter, and a network of pipes
produce a swirl flow, which reduces the formation of the boundary through an appropriate control device. (6) T-type thermocouples, stan­
layer. A double-pipe heat exchanger designed under ASHRAE standards dardized to a precision of ±0.1 ◦ C, are strategically positioned on the
is used for the study. And the use of nanofluid (SiO2) in base fluid external surface of the internal tube to monitor surface temperature. In
(water) disrupts the formation of the stagnant layer of fluid near the addition, the temperature of the incoming and outgoing hot and cold
surface, facilitating heat transfer. The goal of this study is to find out fluids is calculated using RTDs with an accuracy of ±0.1 ◦ C. Data per­
how using nanofluid affects the heat transfer rate, friction factor, and taining to the temperatures of the incoming and outgoing hot and cold

Fig. 4. Block diagram experimental setup.

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P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

Fig. 5. Model of dimpled TT.

Fig. 6. 2D CAD model of dimple TT.

fluids are gathered using TPF methods with a precision of ± 0.1 ◦ C. The outlined in Figure 7(a) was employed for nanofluid preparation. SiO2
pressure drop of the hot fluid running through the test piece is deter­ nanoparticles, sized between 30–50 nm, were acquired from the Nano
mined using a U-tube manometer. Readings of temperature, pressure Research Lab in India and subsequently combined with distilled water at
drop, and flow rate are documented to support calculations during pe­ a volume fraction of 0.05 %. To ensure stability, sodium dodecyl sulfate
riods of stable operation. surfactant was added at 10 % of the nanoparticle concentration. The
Experiments were conducted separately for V-cut TT and toothed V- resulting mixture underwent an initial 4-hour stirring period followed
cute, TT insertions in a DPHE. The geometrical characteristics, including by 8 h of ultrasonication. The required nanoparticle quantity was
thickness, width, and TR, for both types of inserts are standardised at 2, determined using a specific Eq. (1) mentioned below [4]. Key parame­
14, and 5.5, respectively. These inserts are constructed from aluminum ters considered included a distilled water density of 998.5 kg/m3, a
for experimental purposes. The ‘Re’ is 6000–14,000. Geometric factors, water weight of 40,000 g, and a SiO2 density of 2500 kg/m3.
viz., b/c for v-cut TT as well as b/c and e/c for toothed v-cut TT along the ⎡ ⎤
altered depth of the v-cut, are taken for the study. Table 1 presents the ⎢
WSiO2
⎥
details of the insert geometry and the parameters used in the experi­ VH = ⎢ ⎥ × 100 (1)
ρSiO2
⎣W SiO2 Wbf ⎦
+
ment. The geometric factor b indicates the width of the v cut, c indicates ρSiO2 ρbf

the depth of the v cut, and e indicates the depth of the tooth.

2.3. Nanofluid characterization

2.2. Nanofluid preparation
2.3.1. HRTEM
Nanofluids can be prepared through either a one-step or a two-step High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) is used
method, with the latter being the preferred choice due to its numerous to analyze the morphology of the nanoparticles. In HRTEM imaging it is
advantages. In the current experimental setup, a two-step procedure, observed that the average size of the nanoparticles is 33.75 nm which is
in the range of 30–50 nm. The HRTEM images also confirm that the
Table 1 shape of the nanoparticles is spherical. Figure 7(b) shows the HRTEM
Geometry of TT and their parameters. image of SiO2 nanoparticles.
S. Additions Parameters Depth of v-cut (c)
No Width of v-cut (b) 2.3.2. XRD
Depth of tooth (e)
The crystallinity of SiO2 nanoparticles is confirmed with the help of
01 v-cut c = 3 (mm), b/c = 0.166 c = 3 (mm), b/c= X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The SiO2 graph exhibits a distinct and
0.66
well-defined peak at 35.28◦ , corresponding to the crystalline structure of
c= 3 (mm), b/c= 0.33 c= 5 (mm), b/c=
0.66
SiO2. Additional significant peaks, namely 011, 102, 112, and 202, are
c= 5 (mm), b/c= 0.166 c= 7 (mm), b/c= observed at 29.92◦ , 42.96◦ , 56.88◦ , and 62.48◦ , respectively [1–3]. The
c= 5 (mm), b/c= 0.33 0.66 XRD pattern of SiO2 nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 7(c).
c= 7 (mm), b/c= 0.166
c= 7 (mm), b/c= 0.33
02 Rectangular teeth on v- c= 3 (mm), b/c= 0.166, c= 3 (mm), b/c= 3. Data reduction
cut on TT e/c1 =0.33 0.66, e/c= 0.33
c= 3 (mm), b/c= 0.33, c= 5 (mm), b/c= Hot water average temperature,
e/c= 0.33 0.66, e/c= 0.20
c= 5 (mm), b/c= 0.166, c = 7 (mm), b/c= (thi + tho )
th = (2)
e/c = 0.20 0.66, e/c= 0.14 2
c= 5 (mm), b/c= 0.33,
e/c= 0.20 Cold water average temperature,
c= 7 (mm), b/c= 0.166,
e/c= 0.14 (tci + tco )
tc = (3)
c= 7 (mm), b/c= 0.33, 2
e/c= 0.14
Mean temperature of wall

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P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

Fig. 7. (a) Methodology used in the preparation of the nanofluid, (b) HRTEM image of SiO2 Nanoparticles, (c). XRD pattern of SiO2 Nanoparticles.

t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 + t5 + t6
tw = (Qh + Qc )
6 (4) Q = = hi × As × (Th − Tw )
2
(9)
Mean velocity of hot water
(Vh × ρin )
Uh = ( ) (5) Nusselt number
π d2 ×ρh
4 (hi × d)
Nu = (10)
Kh
Reynolds number (Re)
Friction factor
Uh × d
Re = (6) 2d(ΔP)
v f= (11)
4ρLU2
Heat released by hot water
Criterion for Performance Evaluation (CPE/PEC)
Qh = ρh × Vh × Cph (thi − tho ) ( )
(7) NuT
Nuo
(PEC) = ( )0.33 (12)
fT
Heat gained by cold water fo

Qc = ρc × Vc × Cpc (tco − tci )

(8) 4. Results and discussion

Convective heat transfer coefficient 4.1. Validation of plain tube without twisted tape inserts

To confirm the reliability of the experimental setup, standard cor­

relations shown in Eqs. (13–17) which are used to evaluate heat transfer
data acquired during experimentation. ‘Nu’ and ‘f’ values for smooth
pipe is juxtaposed with correlations from Gnielinski [40], Dittus-Boelter

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P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

Fig. 7. (continued).

[41] for former, and Filonenko [42], & Petukhov [43]. Findings affirm with ‘Re’, showing a deviation of ±8 % concerning the Blasius correla­
that experimental values fall contained by acceptable bounds, with su­ tion [44]. Similarly, Fig. 9 presents deviation of experimental and
preme variations of ±7 % in relation to Gnielinski and ±14 % with theoretical ‘f’ to ‘Re’.
respect to Dittus-Boelter for ‘Nusselt number. In terms of friction factor, Gnielinski correlation
the deviations are within ±8 % with reference to Filonenko and Petu­
khov. Fig. 8 illustrates deviation of experimental and theoretical ‘Nu’

Fig. 8. Validation of heat transfer.

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P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

Fig. 9. Validation of friction factor.

()
f ‘Nu’ enhances with an augmentation with ‘Re’. The ‘Nu’ of smooth TT
(Re − 1000)prf
8 insert surpasses that of a tube without an insert, attributable to swirl
Nuf = [ ][ ( )2/3 ]C1 (13)
() 1/2 flow generated by TT. HTR due to TT (without v-cut) shows an increase
f
1 + 12.7 8
((Pr)0.66 − 1) 1+ d
L in the range between 8.26 % to 31 % compared to smooth tube, as ‘Re’
varies from excessive to down within range of 6000–14,000. Further­
Dittus-Boelter correlation more, ‘Nu’ increases with an increase in depth of the v-cut along with an
increase in the b/c ratio. For the maximum b/c ratio (0.66) and an in­
Nuf = 0.023Re0.8 Pr0.4 (14) crease in depth (c increasing from 3 to 7 mm), percent increase in HTR
Filonenko correlation from 29.72 % to 34.43 % and 61.89 % to 74.37 % concerning plain tube,
as ‘Re’ varies from excessive to down within the range of 6000–14,000.
2
f = (1.82lnRe − 1.64)− (15) This highlights that augmentation is due to primary vortex flow (due to
v-cut) compared to swirl flow (due to TT) is 47.84 %.
Petukhov correlation
Additionally, the inclusion of supplementary teeth on the v-cut re­
2
f = (0.790lnRe − 1.64)− (16) sults in a further enhance in range of HTR, attributed to another vortex
flow termed as secondary vortex flow. Fig. 10(b) illustrates combined
Blasius correlation
effect of the e/c ratio (depth of rectangular tooth to depth of v-cut) along
f = 0.316lnRe− 0.25
(17) with the parameters considered in Fig. 10(a). ‘Nu’ increases with an
increase in depth of the v-cut and decreases with e/c ratio for same b/c
ratio. HTR increases in range of 61.42–92.73 % and 31.45–53.56 %
4.2. Holistic evaluation of vortex flow generated by v-cut and toothed v- concerning smooth tube as ‘Re’ increases from 6000 to 14,000 for
cut TT utmost b/c value of 0.66, with the e/c falling from 0.38 to 0.17. For
smallest e/c value of 0.14, as b/c rises (0.166 to 0.66), HTR increases in
Influence on both primary (v-cut) and combined (rectangular range of 47–87.73 % and 18.12 %–53.49 % concerning smooth tube for
toothed v-cut) twisters on thermohydraulic efficiency of DPHE is ‘Re’ ranging from 6000 to 14,000. It is observed that for e/c equals 0.2,
investigated to enhance the heat transfer rate. Experiments were con­ HTR increases in range of 45.37–67.84 % and 14.34–31.45 %, however
ducted using v-cut TT with varying depths of v-cut (3, 5, and 7 mm) and it increases in range of 39.76 % – 63.91 % and 13.67–30.25 % con­
b/c ratios (width to depth ratio of v-cut) of 0.166, 0.33, and 0.66. Af­ cerning the plain tube for ‘Re’ ranging from 6000 to 14,000 for e/c =
terwards, toothed TT experiments were conducted to the same b/c ratios 0.33.
and three e/c ratios (depth of rectangular tooth to depth of v-cut) of The results from Fig. 10(a) and (b) indicate that teeth provided on
0.14, 0.2, and 0.3. The following sub-sections explore effects of swirl the v-cut generate an additional vortex (secondary), further increasing
flow due to tape twisting, primary vortex flow (induced by the v-cut), ‘Nu’ compared to v-cut alone. On comparing results with and without
and combined impact of primary and secondary vortex flow (caused by the e/c ratio, it is revealed that secondary flow alone increases ‘Nu’ by
rectangular teeth on v-cut) on HTR and ‘f’. 18.27 %. For instance, for c = 7 and b/c = 0.66, utmost improves the
HTR to 723 % due to primary flow, and due to combined primary and
4.2.1. The impact of main and merged vortex flow on HT secondary flows, it is 87.73 %. Fig. 11 shows deviation in ratio of HTR
The deviation of ‘Nu’ to ‘Re’ for smooth tube, smooth twisted, and TT with and without insert.
with v-cut is depicted in Fig. 10(a). It is observed that, across all cases,

8
P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

Fig. 10. (a) Plot of Nu vs Re for v cut twisted tape, (b) Plot of Nu vs Re for toothed v cut TT.

4.2.2. Effect of primary and combined vortex flow on friction factor low within range of 6000–14,000. Furthermore, ’f’ increases with an
Fig. 12(a) shows deviation of ‘f’ with ‘Re’ for plain tube, plain increase in depth of the v-cut.
twisted, and TT with v-cut. It’s evident that ‘f’ reduces with an increase At b/c ratio of 0.66, increase in ‘f’ varies as of 3.47–6.39 and
in ‘Re’ across all cases. The ‘f’ values for a plain TT insert are higher 4.98–5.98 times concerning smooth tube, as ‘Re’ varies from high to low
compared to a plain tube without an insert, attributed to swirl flow within sort of 6000–14,000. This indicates that increase in friction due
generated by the tape. The ‘f’ due to TT (without v-cut) increases from to primary vortex flow (due to v-cut) evaluated to swirl flow (due to TT)
2.86 to 34.12 times compared to plain tube, as ‘Re’ varies from high to is 2.86 times. Additionally, inclusion of supplementary teeth on v-cut

9
P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

Fig. 11. Plot of Nu (with insert) / Nu (without insert) vs Re for all configuration.

leads to a further increases ’f’, albeit not to same extent. The increase in rectangular toothed v-cut TT in all configurations is higher due to
friction is primarily due to secondary vortex flow produced by tooth combined primary and secondary vortex flow generated by v-cut and
provided on v-cut. Fig. 12(b) shows combined effect of e/c ratio (depth teeth on cut.
of rectangular tooth to depth of v-cut) along with factors shown in For a constant b/c ratio of 0.66, CPE is toothed v-cut TT is diverged in
Fig. 12(a). For same b/c ratio, ’f’ rises with an increase in depth of v-cut the range of 5.42 %–14.71 % associated to smooth TT as ‘Re’ diverse
and a reduce in e/c ratio. from 6000 to 14,000. Utmost rise is detected at ‘Re’ is 6000. Further­
For instance, ’f’ increases by 4.32–6.75 times and 4.91–6.37 times more, utmost become more intense in the range of 2.43–1179 and
concerning plain tube for ‘Re’ values of 6000 and 14,000 when e/c ratio 4.56–14.28 for b/c ratios of 0.33 and 0.166. At e/c ratio of 0.33, CPE of
reduces from 0.28 to 0.12 and a b/c ratio of 0.66. However, while ’f’ toothed v-cut TT varied in sort of 39.27 %–11.45 % associated to smooth
drops with improving ‘Re’, for a specific ‘Re’, friction in case of a TT TT is ‘Re’ varying from 6000 - 14,000. The percentage increase in the
raises significantly compared to smooth tube. The tooth provided on v- range of 2.72 %–14.27 % and 5.61 %–15.92 % for e/c ratios of 0.20 and
cut mitigates rate of improve in friction, especially with improving 0.140.
depth of v-cut, for same b/c ratio, owing to secondary vortex flow
generated by tooth. At a particular e/c ratio, ’f’ increases with an in­ 5. Conclusions
crease in b/c ratios. It increases by 4.97–6.92 times and 3.94–6.12 times
concerning smooth tube for ‘Re’ values of 6000 and 14,000 at e/c rate of The correlations, derived from regression analysis based on experi­
0.14, as b/c ratio increases from 0.166 to 0.67. Similar trends are ments conducted on rectangular toothed TT inserts in DPHE for ‘Re’
observed for e/c equals 0.20 and 0.33. The results obtained for ‘f’ as ranging from 6000 to 14,000.
indicated for various combinations in Fig. 12(a) & (b) indicate that tooth
on v-cut is effective, as rate of increase in friction due to additional 1. Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Trends: ‘Nu’ improves while ‘f’
vortex (secondary) is much lower than improve in HTR due to same. reduces universally with improving ‘Re’. Comparing a tube without
Comparation results with and without e/c ratio, secondary flow rises an insert to one with a smooth TT insert, both ’Nu’ and ’f’ are higher
’f’ by only 0.19 times, which is only 2.97 %, as for c = 7 and b1/c1 = due to swirl flow generated. However, in case of a toothed v-cut TT
0.66, determined increases due to primary flow is 5.45 times, and due to insert, ’Nu’ and ’f’ values are further raised because of combined
combined primary and secondary is 6.82 times. To CPE of an inserted vortex flow generated by rectangular and v-cuts. Moreover, width-
toothed v-cut TT along with ‘Nu’, deviation of ’f’ with and without an to-depth ratio (b/c) of v-cut plays a significant role: both ’Nu’ and
insert is required, as shown in Fig. 13. ’f’ increase with a higher v-cut depth and a decrease in the tooth
depth-to-v-cut depth ratio (e/c).
4.2.3. Integrated effect of secondary as well as primary vortex flow on CPE 2. Effect of Increasing Reynolds Number and Depth of Cut: The ’Re’
The CPE serves as interchange between enhanced HT and ‘f’ (Eq. and depth of cut raise, ’HTR’ also rises. Moreover, percentage raise in
(17)). Fig. 14 shows deviations of CPE with ‘Re’ to smooth TT and TT ’Nu’ for TT compared to a smooth tube drops with rising ‘Re’. At
with quadrilateral toothed v-cut. It is noted that for all configurations, higher ‘Re’, addition of rectangular teeth on v-cut generates a sec­
CPE of insert falls with rising ‘Re’. Comparing to a plain TT, the CPE for ondary vortex flow, which further enhances HTR, although not as

10
P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

0.3 plain tube

without v cut
c=3, b/c = 0.167
0.25
c=5, b/c = 0.167
c=3, b/c = 0.33

0.2 c=7, b/c = 0.167

c=5, b/c = 0.33
c=3, b/c = 0.67
0.15 c=7, b/c = 0.33
f

c=5, b/c = 0.67

c=7, b/c = 0.67
0.1

0.05

0
6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000
Reynolds Number

(a) Plot of f vs Re for v cut TT

0.3
plain tube
without v cut
0.25
c=3, b/c = 0.167, e/c = 0.33
c=5, b/c = 0.167, e/c = 0.2
0.2
c=3, b/c = 0.33, e/c = 0.33
c=7, b/c = 0.167, e/c = 0.14
0.15
f

c=5, b/c = 0.33, e/c = 0.12

c=3, b/c = 0.67, e/c = 0.33
0.1 c=7, b/c = 0.33, e/c = 0.14
c=5, b/c = 0.67, e/c = 0.2

0.05 c=7, b/c = 0.67, e/c = 0.14

0
6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000
Reynolds Number

(b) Plot of f vs Re for toothed v cut TT

Fig. 12. (a) Plot of f vs Re for v cut TT (b) Plot of f vs Re for toothed v cut TT.

significantly as primary vortex. Similarly, although ‘f’ raises to ‘Re’ & 3. Friction Factor Enhancement: For an e/c ratio of 0.14 ‘f’ increases
raising depth of cut, particularly compared to a smooth tube, pro­ by 6.37 times associated to smooth tube, while equivalent percent
portion of raise, especially at larger depths, is to mitigated by pres­ raise in HTR reached 87.73 % at Re 6000.
ence of teeth on v-cut.

11
P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

7.2
without v cut
6.7 c=3, b/c = 0.167, e/c = 0.33

6.2 c=5, b/c = 0.167, e/c = 0.2

c=3, b/c = 0.33, e/c = 0.33
5.7
c=7, b/c = 0.167, e/c = 0.14
Friction Factor

5.2 c=5, b/c = 0.33, e/c = 0.12

4.7 c=3, b/c = 0.67, e/c = 0.33
c=7, b/c = 0.33, e/c = 0.14
4.2
c=5, b/c = 0.67, e/c = 0.2
3.7 c=7, b/c = 0.67, e/c = 0.14
3.2

2.7

2.2
6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000
Reynolds Number

Fig. 13. Plot of f (with insert) /f (without insert) vs Re for all configurations.

Fig. 14. Plot of CPE vs Re for all configuration.

4. Benefit of Toothed V-Cut: The addition of a tooth on v-cut increases several avenues of exploration and research can be considered. To
‘Nu’ by 18.27 % associated to a smooth v-cut, while the increment in intensify turbulence and enhance heat transfer, researchers can experi­
friction factor is only 2.97 %. ment with the incorporation of multiple dimple along the pitch of the
5. Performance Evaluation: CPE for smooth twisted and rectangular twisted tape. By altering the number and arrangement of cuts, the
toothed v-cut TT indicates that these inserts offer best trade-off be­ impact on heat transfer and pressure drop can be assessed. These future
tween HTR and ‘f’ for low limits at ‘Re’ 6000. For e/c values of 0.140, research directions aim to further optimize the performance of DPHE
maximum percent enhance in Criteria for Performance Evaluation and similar systems, contributing to improved Heat efficiency and heat
for toothed v-cut associated to without v-cut is 15.92 times. transfer in various industrial applications.

The research presents promising insights into the enhancement of

double pipe heat exchangers using various types of inserts, particularly
W-cut twisted tapes. As a basis for future studies and applications,

12
P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

6. Uncertainty analysis m
U=
ρA
1. Test tube surface area
As = πdL [ ]
(δm)2 (δρ)2 (δA)2 0.5
δU
[( )2 ]0.5 = + +
δAs
)2 (
δAs U m ρ A
δAs = × δd + × δL
δd δL
δU
= 0.0443
[ ]0.5 U
δAs = (πL × δd)2 + (πd × δL)2

[( )
2 ( )2 ]0.5 5. Heat transfer rate
δAs δd δL
= +
As d L Qwater = mCp ΔT
[ ]
[( )2 ( )2 ]0.5 (δm)2 (δC )2 (δ(ΔT ))2 0.5
δAs 0.1 1 δQwater
= +
p
+
w

As
=
16
+
1500 Qwater m Cp ΔTw

δQwater
δAs [
= 3.906 × 10− 5 + 4.444 × 10− 7
]0.5 = 0.0413
As Qwater

δAs
= 0.0062533 6. Heat transfer coefficient
As
QNanofluid QNanofluid
h= =
As (Th − Ts ) As (ΔT)
2. Cross sectional area
[( )2 ( )2 ( )2 ]0.5
π
A = d2 δh δQNanofluid δAs δ(ΔT)
4 h
=
QNanofluid
+
As
+
ΔT
δA 2πd
=
δd 4 δh
= 0.04312
h
[( )2 ]0.5
δA
δA = × δd
δd 7. Reynolds number
[( )2 ]0.5 Ud
πd Re =
δA = × δd v
2
[( )2 ( )2 ( )2 ]0.5
δRe δU δd δv
πd Re
=
U
+
d
+
v
δA = × δd
2
δRe
δA π2d × δd = 0.04951
= π 2 Re
A 4
d

δA 2δd
= 8. Nusselt number
A d
hd
δA 2 × 0.1 Nu =
= = 0.0125 k
A 16
[( ) ( )2 ( )2 ]0.5
2
δNu δh δd δk
= + +
3. Mass flow rate Nu h d k

Vflow
m= ×ρ δNu
= 0.0446
3600 Nu
[( )2 ]0.5
δm δVflow (δρ)2
= +
m Vflow ρ 9. Friction factor
2d(ΔP)
δm [ ]0.5 f=
= 1.76 × 10− 3 + 1.045 × 10− 8 4ρLV 2
m
[( ) ]
δm δf δd
2 (δρ)2 (δL)2 (δU)2 (δ(ΔP))2 0.5
= 0.0425 = + + + +
m f d ρ L U (ΔP)

4. Velocity of Nanofluid

13
P.K. Chaurasiya et al. International Journal of Thermofluids 22 (2024) 100684

δf Dwivedi: Supervision. Anoop Kumar Shukla: Visualization,

= 0.04323
f Methodology.

Table A1 shows the uncertainities of the measured quantitites and

similarly. Table A2 shows the uncertainities of various quantities Declaration of competing interest
measured during the experimentation.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
CRediT authorship contribution statement interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Prem Kumar Chaurasiya: Writing – original draft, Methodology,
Investigation, Conceptualization. Jatoth Heeraman: Writing – review Data availability
& editing, Methodology. Sanjay Kumar Singh: Writing – review &
editing, Investigation. Tikendra Nath Verma: Supervision. Gaurav No data was used for the research described in the article.

Appendix

Table A1
Measured quantities.

S. No. Details Uncertainty

1 Test tube Surface area ±0.625 %

2 Test-tube cross-sectional area ±1.25 %

3 Nano fluid mass flow ±4.5 %

4 Test tube Velocity in Nano fluid ±4.43 %

Table A2
Calculated quantities.

S. No. Details Uncertainty

1 Coefficient of heat transfer ±4.31 %

2 Reynolds number ±4.95 %
3 Nusselt number ±4.46 %
4 Friction factor ±4.32 %

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