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Smart Grid Technologies:

RE-engineering of the conventional grid
• This engineering work will take many forms including:
1) Enhancements and extensions to the existing grid,
2) Inspection and maintenance activities,
3) Preparation for distributed generation and storage
4) The development and deployment of an extensive two-way
communications system
5) The transmission system will require more advanced technologies
such as FACTS and HVDC to help with power flow control and
ensure stability.
6) Substations in a smart grid will move beyond basic protection and
traditional automation schemes to bring complexity around
distributed functional and communications architectures
7) There will be a migration of intelligence from the traditional
centralized functions and decisions at the energy management and
distribution management system (DMS) level to the substations and
feeders in order to enhance responsiveness of the T&D system.

Characteristics of a SMART Grid

1. Enabling active participation by consumers in DR

2. Accommodating all generation (including DER) and
storage options
3. Enabling new markets, products, and services
4. Providing power quality (PQ) for twenty-first century
needs
5. Optimizing assets and operating efficiently
6. Self-healing from power disturbance events
7. Operating resiliently against physical and cyber attack

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Comparison btw Conventional Grid &

SMART Grid
Characteristics Conventional grid Smart grid
Enables consumer Consumer do not interact with the grid Full-price information available, choose
participation and are not widely informed and from many plans, prices, and options to
educated on their role in reducing buy and sell
energy demand and costs

Accommodate all Dominated by central generation, very Many “plug-and play” DER complement
generation limited distributed generation and central generation
and storage options storage
Enables new Markets Limited wholesale markets, not well Mature, well-integrated wholesale
integrated markets, growth of new electricity
markets
Meets PQ needs Focus on outages rather than PQ PQ a priority with a variety of quality and
price options according to needs
Optimizes assets Limited grid intelligence is integrated with Deep integration of grid intelligence with
and operates asset management processes asset management applications
efficiently
Self-heals Focus on protection of assets following Prevents disruptions, minimizes impact,
fault and restores rapidly
Resists attack Vulnerable to terrorists and natural Deters, detects, mitigates, and restores
disasters rapidly and efficiently

More insights on the Characteristics

of a SMART Grid
• The seven cited elements may be viewed more generically as making the
grid as follows:
1) Intelligent: Capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting power to
prevent or minimize a potential outage
2) Efficient: Capable of meeting increased consumer demand without adding
more infrastructure
3) Quality focused: Capable of delivering the PQ necessary to power our
increasingly digital economy and the data centres.
4) Accommodating: Accepting energy from virtually all fuel-sources including
solar and wind as easily and transparently as coal and natural gas.
5) Resilient: Increasingly resistant to attacks and natural disasters as it
becomes more decentralized and reinforced with smart grid security
protocols
6) Motivating: Enabling real-time communication between the consumer and
utility, so consumers can tailor their energy consumption based on
individual preferences (e.g price)
7) Opportunistic:. Creating new opportunities and markets by means of its
ability to capitalize on plug-and play innovation wherever and whenever
appropriate (cryptocurrency)
8) Green: Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a
genuine path toward significant environmental improvement

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Smart Grid Technology Framework

The concept of a smart grid embraces all the monitoring, control, and data acquisition
functions across the T&D and low voltage networks with the need for more advanced
integration and meaningful information exchange between the utility and the electricity
network and between the utility and customers.

Smart Grid Technology Framework

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Major components of Smart Grid

From a high level system perspective, the smart grid can be

considered to contain the following major components:
1) Smart sensing and metering technologies:
 It provide faster and more accurate response for consumer options such
as remote monitoring, time-of-use (TOU) pricing, and DSM
2) Integrated, standards-based, two-way communications infrastructure:
 It provides an open architecture for real-time information and control to
every endpoint on the grid
3) Advanced control methods:
 It monitors critical components, enabling rapid diagnosis and precise
responses appropriate to any event in a “self-healing” manner
4) A software system architecture with improved interfaces, decision
support, analytics, and advanced visualization
 It enhances human decision making, effectively transforming grid
operators and managers into knowledge workers

Smart Grid Technology Functionalities

and Capabilities

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Smart Grid Technology Functionalities

and Capabilities

Smart Grid Technology Functionalities

and Capabilities

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Smart Grid Technology Functionalities

and Capabilities

Smart Grid Technology Functionalities

and Capabilities

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Smart Grid Technology

Landscape

Smart Energy Resources

• Large-scale centralized generation dominated the power industry for

decades until growing environmental and socioeconomic concerns and
rising interest in power system efficiency improvement favoured the
construction of smaller scale generation facilities (particularly those of
renewable nature) closer to customer loads over the construction of large
power plants and long transmission lines

• This has led to the emergence of the distributed energy resource (DER)
concept, which includes distributed generation (DG), distributed storage
(DS), and other customer energy resources implemented through programs
such as demand response(DR), load management(LM), etc.

• DERs are distribution level energy sources that have smaller generating
capacities than utility scale generation resources. Examples include
reciprocating diesel engines, natural gas–powered microturbines, large
batteries, small to utility-scale renewable generation (solar PV, wind, etc)
and fuel cells

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Smart Energy Resources

Smart Energy Resources

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Smart Energy Resources: Technologies

There are several renewable sources of electric energy

(generically called renewables). The main difference between
renewables and other conventional energy sources are:
1) Renewables provide energy that is considered to be cleaner with
respect to pollution.
2) Renewable energy sources do not deplete natural resources in the
process of creating of power
3) Renewables are scalable to the appropriate size anywhere from
single house applications all the way up to large-scale renewables,
which can supply power to thousands of homes

• The design and development of the smart grid RES requires:

 Modelling renewable energy sources and technologies,
 Analysing their levels of penetration, and
 Conducting impact assessments of the system legacy for the purpose
of modernization

Sustainable Energy Options for

Smart Grid
Renewable energy options are meant to provide the smart
grid with:

1) Remote utilization and storage of RE resources output

2) Enhancement of functionality of grid-connected renewable energy
systems (RES) by:
 Facilitating give - and - take of energy from the system
 Redistribution/reallocation of unused power from grid-connected
RES
 Facilitating storage of grid-generated and RES-generated energy
by back-up storage technologies at customer end
 Tracking interactions for billing and study
3) Enhancement of functionality of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids
4) Utilization of vehicle battery packs as energy storage devices

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Renewable Generation in Smart Grid

Some of the most common renewable energy resources are:

• Solar PV
• Solar Thermal
• Wind
• Biomass and Biogas
• Geothermal
• Wave Power
• Hydro
• Fuel Cells
• Tidal Power
• Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Renewable Energy Needs in a

Smart Grid

To integrate high penetration levels intermittent renewable

resources, several planning and operational solutions are
needed, but this will requires a combined effort on three (3)
major levels that can be used in a smart grid strategy:

1) Generation mix to utilize different complementary resources

2) Advanced smart grid transmission facilities, including fast
responsive energy storage, FACTS, HVDC etc
3) Smart grid applications on distribution networks including
distribution automation, fast demand response, including
distributed resources on the distribution feeders, distributed
energy storage, demand-side management (DSM) etc.

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Energy Storage Technologies in a

Smart Grid
• Energy storage is important for utility load levelling, electric
vehicles, solar energy systems, uninterrupted power supply, and
energy systems in remote locations
• Storage options are particularly essential when variable sources
are used in islanding and standalone power systems
• Energy storage methods can be divided into several groups:
chemical, electrical, electrochemical, mechanical, thermal,etc
• Some of the most common examples of energy storage systems
connected to utility power grid include the following:
1) Battery Energy Storage (BES)
a) Flow Battery ( similar to Lead-Acid battery)
b) Advance Battery (lithium-ion, polymerion, nickel metal hybrid)
2) Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
3) Flywheel energy storage (FES)
4) Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
5) Super capacitors
6) Pumped hydro

Merit & Demerit of Energy Storage

Technology Options used in Smart Grid

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Merit & Demerit of Storage Technology

Options used in Smart Grid

Merit & Demerit of Storage Technology

Options used in Smart Grid

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Merit & Demerit of Storage Technology

Options used in Smart Grid

Merit & Demerit of Storage Technology

Options used in Smart Grid

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Merit & Demerit of Storage Technology

Options used in Smart Grid

Merit & Demerit of Storage Technology

Options used in Smart Grid

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Factors for selecting proper storage

technology for smart grid
1) Unit Size: for example, large units support grid-connected DER technologies.
2) Storage Capacity: Total store of available energy after charging.
3) Available Capacity: Average value of power output based on the state of
charge/depth of discharge.
4) Self-discharge Time: Time required for a fully charged, non – interconnected
storage device to reach a certain depth of discharge (DOD)
5) Efficiency: Ratio of energy output from the device to the energy input.
6) Durability or Life-cycle: Number of consecutive charge - discharge cycles a
storage installation can undergo while maintaining the installations and other
specifications within limited ranges.
7) Autonomy: Ratio between energy capacity and maximum discharge power; it
indicates the maximum amount of time the system can continuously release
energy.
8) Mass and Volume Densities: Amount of energy accumulated per unit mass or
volume of the storage unit.
9) Cost: Cost of installation, operation, and maintenance of storage technology
10) Feasibility: Degree of adaptability to the storage applications.
11) Reliability: Guarantee of service.

Energy Storage Technologies in a

Smart Grid
• Conceptual description of smart grid energy storage

Typical network power flows

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Energy Storage Technologies in a

Smart Grid

Energy storage and release cycles

Smart Substations
• An electrical substation is a focal point of an electricity generation, transmission,
and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or reverse
using transformers.

• There are different kinds of substations such as transmission substations,

distribution substations, and switching substation.

• Substations and feeders are the source of critical real-time data for efficient and
safe operation of the utility network. These data are time critical and are used to
protect, monitor, and control the power system field equipment.

• The general functions of a substation include the following:

1) Voltage transformation
2) Connection point for transmission and distribution power lines
3) Switchyard for electrical transmission and/or distribution system
configuration
4) Monitoring point for control centre
5) Protection of power lines and apparatus
6) Communication with other substations and regional control centre

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Smart Substations:
Role of Substations in smart grid

• Substations in a smart grid will move beyond basic protection and

traditional automation schemes to bring complexity around
distributed functional and communications architectures, more
advanced local analytics, and data management

• There will be a migration of intelligence from the traditional

centralized functions and decisions at the energy management and
DMS level to the substations to enhance reliability, security, and
responsiveness of the T&D system

• The enterprise system applications will become more advanced in

being able to coordinate the distributed intelligence in the substation
and feeders in the field to ensure control area and system-wide
coordination and efficiency.

Smart Substations:
1). Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)
• Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are microprocessor-based
devices with the capability to exchange data and control signals
with another device (IED, electronic meter, controller, SCADA, etc.)
over a communications link.
• IEDs are key component of substation integration and automation
technology
• IEDs perform protection, monitoring, control, and data acquisition
functions in generating stations, substations, and along feeders
and are critical to the operations of the electric network
• IEDs are widely used in substations for different purposes (e.g:
differential protection, distance protection, overcurrent protection,
metering, and monitoring)
• IED technology can help utilities improve reliability, gain operational
efficiencies, and enable asset management programs including
predictive maintenance, life extensions, and improved planning.

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Smart Substations:
Protection, Monitoring & Control Device (IEDs)

Server-based substation control system architecture with IEDs

Smart Substations:
2). Smart Sensors
• The main functionality of sensors is to collect data from
power equipment at the substation yard such as
transformers, circuit breakers, and power lines

• With the introduction of digital and optical technologies in

combination with communication, new sensors are becoming
available to acquire different types of asset-related
information

• The most prominent advantages of such sensors are higher

accuracy, no saturation, reduced size and weight, safe and
environment friendly (avoid oil or SF6), higher performance,
wide dynamic range, high bandwidth, and low maintenance

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Smart Substations:
3).SCADA
• SCADA refers to a system or a combination of systems that collects data
from various sensors at a plant or in other remote locations and then sends
these data to a central computer system, which then manages and controls
the data and remotely controls devices in the field.

• The primary purpose of an electric utility SCADA system is to acquire real-

time data from the field devices located at the power plants, transmission
and distribution substations, distribution feeders, etc., provide control of the
field equipment, and present the information to the operating personnel.

• Recent trends in SCADA include providing increased situational

awareness through improved GUIs and presentation of data & information,
intelligent alarm processing, the utilization of local clients and web-based
clients, improved integration with other engineering & business systems
and enhanced security features

Smart Substations:
4). Master Stations
• The master station is a computer system responsible for
communicating with the field equipment and includes a human
machine interface (HMI) in the control room or elsewhere
• In larger SCADA systems, the master station may include multiple
redundant servers, distributed software applications, and disaster
recovery sites.

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Smart Substations: Master Stations

Master stations can be divided into five (5) different categories based
on their functionality:
1) SCADA master station
2) SCADA master station with automatic generation control (AGC)
3) EMS (Energy Management System)
4) Distribution Management System (DMS)
5) Distribution Automation (DA) master

SCADA master station primary functions:

 Data acquisition
 Remote control
 User interface
 Areas of responsibility
 Historical data analysis
 Report writer
SCADA/AGC primary functions (in addition to SCADA master station):
 AGC
 Economic dispatch (ED)/hydro allocator
 Interchange transaction scheduling

Smart Substations: Master Stations

• EMS primary functions (in addition to SCADA/AGC system):
 Network configuration/topology processor
 Contingency analysis
 Three phase balanced operator power flow
 Optimal power flow
 Dispatcher training simulator

• DMS primary functions:

 Interface to automated mapping/facilities management (AM/FM) or
geographic information system (GIS)
 Interface to customer information system (CIS)
 Interface to outage management
 Three phase unbalanced operator power flow
• DA primary functions:
 Two-way distribution communications
 Fault identification/fault isolation/service restoration
 Voltage reduction
 Load management
 Power factor control
 Short-term load forecasting

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Smart Substations:
5). Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
• The RTU is a microprocessor based device that interfaces with a SCADA
system by transmitting telemetry data to the master station and changing
the state of connected devices based on control messages received from
the master station.

Smart substations in the Smart Grid

Architecture

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Smart Substations:
Substation data flow

Smart Meters & Advanced Metering

Infrastructure (AMI)
Smart Meters
• Smart meters have two (2) functions:
1) Providing data on energy usage to customers (end-users) to help
control cost and consumption
2) Sending data to the utility for load factor control, peak-load
requirements, and the development of pricing strategies based on
consumption information and so on

• Smart meters equips utility customers with knowledge about how

much they pay per kilowatt hour and how and when they use energy.
This will result in better pricing information and more accurate bills in
addition to ensuring faster outage detection and restoration by the
utility.

• Additional features will allow for demand-response rates, tax credits,

tariff options, and participation in voluntary rewards programs for
reduced consumption.

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