TECHNICAL TERMS

Orthographic - is a method of representing three dimensions.

Projection- is an object on a plane having only length and breadth.
Right Angle – is an angle with a measure of 90 degrees.
Dimension – is a radial or linear length (width, height, depth) labeled on a
technical drawing.
Measurement – is the process or result of measuring anything.
Metric system of measurement – is an international system of
measurement
English system of measurement- is an American standard system
of measurement
Metric – pertains to the metric system of measurement.
Dimensioning – is an act of measuring a drawing.
 INFORMATION SHEET 1.1
Construct Orthographic Views

The term orthographic came from the Greek word orthos and graphos
which means straight line drawing.
Orthographic projection is the method of representing the exact shape
of an object into two or more views on a plane generally at right angles to
each other by extending perpendicular from the object to the plane.

Planes of Projection
1. Frontal Plane – this shows the shape of an object when viewed from
the front. This is known as the Front View of the object.

2. Horizontal Plane – this give the appearance of the object as if viewed

directly from above. It shows the distance from the front to the rear.
This is known as the Top View of an object.

3. Profile Plane – this shows the shape of the object when viewed from
the side. The distance from bottom to top and front to rear also
appears. It is known as the Side View of an object.
When opening the planes that forms a box or is sometimes called imaginary
box, the six views of the object are represented on the following positions as
shown below.

1.

Top View
2. Front View
3. Bottom View
4. Rear View
5. Left Side View
6. Right Side View

The Three Regular Views

Orthographic views can be
represented by two or more separate
views, however, it is advisable to
illustrate three views to show clear and
detail presentation of at least three
principal views of the object. The
following are:
1. Top View
2. Front View
3. Side View
Plan View or Top View
This can be little more difficult to visualize because you have to
imagine yourself moving over the top of the object and looking vertically
downward. The left-hand and right-hand illustration shows how the plan is
placed above the front. Again, sketch the light vertical construction lines to
locate the plan in its proper position. Draw these upward from each corner of
the front view.

Front View
Concentrate on the front view. If you look at it correctly the effect will
be seen below at the left, while at the right illustration shows what you will
actually see. Notice that in the left-hand drawing, you can only see the dark-
inked front “face” of the object. Notice also that you cannot see any of the
other sides of the object. This is because all those sides are “going away”
from you in your line of sight and are simply not visible from your view point.
They are still there, of course, but are hidden behind the outer edges of the
first face.

Right-Side View
Right-side view should be drawn at the right side of front view. Imagine
moving around the object to look directly at its right side. How you see it is
shown below-left and what you see is shown below-right. Again the faces you
actually see are heavily outlined.
Principles of Orthographic Drawing

1. The front view and the top view are always drawn in line vertically.
2. The front and the right-side view are always drawn in line horizontally.
3. The height of the front view is the same as the height of the right-side
view.
4. The depth of the top view is the same as the depth of the side view.
5. The length of the top view is the same as the length of the front view.
6. A view taken from above is a top view and must be drawn above the
front view.
7. A view taken from below is a bottom view and must appear below the
front view.
8. A line projected perpendicularly to the plane of projection, its
projection on the plane will be a line.
9. A line when projected parallel to the plane of projection, its projection
on the plane will be TOP VIEW
a
line.
10. An inclined Dimensions line
projected to the
plane of projection, its
45
projection on the A r e a fo r D im e n s io n s
plane will be
for

foreshortened.
11. A view taken
Area

from the right, in

relation to the
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW
selected front, is a
right side view and must be drawn to the right of the front view.
12. A view taken from the left, is a left-side view and must be drawn
left of the front view.
13. The front of the object in the top view faces the front view.
14. The front of the object in the side view faces the front view.

Alphabet of Lines

Lines in technical drawing are represented as follows:

a. According to weight
1. Thick
2. Medium
3. Thin
b. According to construction
1. Continues line
 2. Broken and dashed line

3. Combination of continues and broken/dashed line

c. According to meaning or use

BORDER LINE

VISIBLE LINE

HIDDEN LINE

EXTENSION LINE
10.0 EXTENSION LINE
DIMENSION LINE

CENTER LINE

CUTTING PLANE LINE

SECTION LINE
 1. Border lines are generally the heaviest or the darkest lines in a
drawing. The border surrounds a drawing and is usually
rectangular in shape. It makes the onlooker feels as if the parts
of the drawing are combined into a single unified graphic
representation.
2. Visible lines this is used to show the outlines and corners that
can be seen when the object is viewed. It is often called as the
object lines.
3. Hidden lines this is used to show the edges that are not
normally seen when the object is viewed.
4. Dimension lines this is a line terminated by arrowheads at each
of its end, it is used to indicate the direction and extent of
measurements. Along this line is a numerical value indicating the
units of measurements.
5. Extension lines this is lines that extends from a point in the
drawing to which the dimension refers and meets the dimension
line at the right angle.
6. Center line this is used to indicate the center of a circle or arc,
or to indicate the axis of an object with circular features.
7. Cutting plane lines this lines are used to indicate an imaginary
cut through an object along the line. It is made with long heavy
dashes alternating with two short dashes.
8. Section lines this are light lines used in making sectional views.
They are spaced evenly to make a shaded effect.

Types of Drawing Arrowheads

a. Open-style Arrowheads – They can be made in one or two

strokes.

One Stroke Two Stroke

b. Solid-style Arrowheads – They are usually made thinner and

slightly longer than the open- style. They
are made in one stroke and then filled if necessary without
lifting the pen or pencil.

1 2 3 4
 OPERATION SHEET 1.1

Procedure in Constructing Orthographic Views

1. Analyze the given object.

2. Start focusing at the frontal plane of the object to obtain the necessary
details of the front view. Consider the height and length of the object in
constructing the front view. Draw the height details using construction
lines.

3. Draw the length details. Extend the construction lines to the position of
the plan considering that the front view and the plan share the same
length as stated in the principles of orthographic drawing.
4. Draw the object lines base on the intersection of the construction lines
of step 2 and step 3.

5. Provide a distance of not less than 20mm on top of the front view to
start the construction of the plan. Draw the depth details of the object
since the length details are already in place. Use construction lines in
doing this step.
6. Draw the object lines base on the intersected of the construction lines
that corresponds to the details of the object.

7. Provide a 45° angle line that extends from the edge of the front view
towards the side of the plan. The 45°angle line will serve as a pivotal
point of the lines that have intersected it coming from the depth
details of the plan. Lines that are intersected will be projected towards
the position of
the right side view
which will provide
the same depth
of the right side
view. Use
construction
lines in doing this
step.
8. Draw the object lines base on the intersected of the construction lines
that corresponds to the details of the object.

9. Provide the necessary

dimensions of
each of the views.