Reproductive

System

Group 3
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
the human species could not survive without functional
male and female reproductive system
the reproductive systems play essential roles in the
development of the structural and functional
differences between males and females, influences
human behavior, and produce offspring
however, a reproductive system, unlike other organ
systems, is not necessary for the survival of an
individual human
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS
1. Production of gametes.
2. Fertilization.
3. Development and nourishment
of a new individual.
4. Production of sex hormones.
FORMATION OF GAMETES

Gametes – sex cells; sperm in males; oocytes(eggs in females)

Each sperm cell and each oocyte contains 23 chromosomes
Meiosis – a type of cell division in which formation of gametes
occur
Synapsis – chromosomes align as pairs
Crossing over – allows exchange of genetic material
chromosomes
Reduction division – 1st meiotic division; from 16 to 23
chromosomes
2nd Meiotic division – similar to mitosis
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
the male reproductive system
consists of the testes, a series of
ductss, accessory glands, and
supporting structures
the ducts include the epidydymis,
the ducta deferens, and the urethra
accessory glands include the
seminal vesicles, the rostate gland
and the bulbourethral glands
supporting structures include the
scrotum and the penis
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
 SCROTUM
contains testes
contains dartos muscle that moves
scrotum and testes close to and
away from the body depending on
temperature
sperm must develop at
temperatures less than normal body
temperature
cremaster muscles- extensions of
abdominal muscles can contract
and pull the testes nearer the body
TESTES
Also called male gonads; oval organs within the
scrotum
primary male reproductive organ
produces sperm
contain seminiferous tubules, where the sperm is
produced
contain interstitial cells : secrete testosterone
contain germ cells : cells that sperm cells arise
from
contain sustentacular cells: nourish germ cells
and produce hormones
PENIS
corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, spongy
urethra are 3 columns of erectile tissue which fill
with blood for erection
transfers sperm from male to female
excretes urine
distal end f the penis forms a cap, the glans penis
urethra opens to the exterior as the external
urethral orifice
SPERMATOGENESIS
formation of sperm cells
begins in males at puberty
interstitial cells increase in number and size
seminiferous tubules enlarge
seminiferous tubules produce germ cells and
sustentacular cells
DUCTS
EPIDIDYMIS

thread-like tubules on side of each

testis
where seminiferous tubules empty
new sperm
where sperm continue to mature
and develop the ability to swim and
bind to oocytes
DUCTUS DEFERENS

vas deferens
extends from epididymis and
joins seminal vesicle
cat during a vasectomy
URETHRA

extends from urinary blader to end of penis

passageway for urine and male reproductive fluids
 MALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM GLANDS
SEMINAL VESICLES

sac shaped gland near the

ampulla of each ductus deference
provide fructose
contain prostaglandins which
decrease mucus thickness around
cervix and uterine tubes and help
sperm move through female
reproductive tract
contains coagulants that help
deliver semen
PROSTATE GLAND

surrounds urethra
size of a walnut

BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
small mucus secreting glands
near base of prostate gland
SECRETION
SEMEN

mixture of sperm cells and gland secretions

provides a transport medium and nutrients that
protect and activate sperm
60% of fluid is from seminal vesicles
30% of fluid is from prostate gland
5% of fluid is from bulbourethral gland
5% of fluid is from testes
SEMEN

2-5 milliliters of semen is ejaculated each time

1 milliliter of semen contains 100 million sperm
sperm can live for 72 hours once inside female
PROSTATE GLAND

contain enzymes to liquefy semen after it is inside

female vagina
neutralizes acidity of vagina

BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
neutralize acidity of male urethra and female
urethra
 PATH OF SPERM
1. Sperm develop in
seminiferous tubules (testes)
2. Epididymis (mature)
3. Ductus deferens
4. Receive secretions from
seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, and bulbourethral
gland
5. Urethra where semen
(sperm) exit body
MALE SEX HORMONES

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) – produced in

hypothalamus; stimulates release of LH and FSH from the
anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone (LH) – stimulates interstitial cells to
produce testosterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – binds to sustentacular
cells and stimulates spermatogenesis and secretion of
inhibin
MALE SEX HORMONES

Testosterone – has a negative-feedback effect on GnRH,

LH, and FSH
Inhibin – has a negative-feedback effect on FSHsecretion
SPERM CELL STRUCTURE

HEAD- contain a nucleus and DNA

MIDPIECE - contain mitochondria
TAIL - flagellum for movement
 MALE PUBERTY
– sequence of events by which a child is transformed into a young adult
-begins at 12-14 and ends around 18
-Before puberty; small amounts of testosterone inhibit GnRH release.
-During puberty; testosterone does not completely suppress GnRH release,
resulting in increased prod. of FSH, LH, and testosterone
-testosterone is major male hormone
EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE
-Enlargement of the genitals; necessary for spermatogenesis
-Responsible for the development of secondary sexual
characteristics
ex. hair distribution and growth, skin texture, fat distribution,
skeletal muscle growth, changes in the larynx
FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• It's organs consist of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uretus, vagina,
external genitalia and mammary gland

• The external female Reproductive of the female is located between

the pelvis, between the urinary bladder and the rectum

• The internal reproductive organs are held in place within the pelvis by
ligamanets
•Broad ligaments spread out on both side of the uterus and attaches to
the ovaries and uterine tubes
 Female
Reproductive
Organs
 OVARIES
•Primary Female Reproductive Organ
•Produces oocytes and sex hormones
•One on either side of the uterus
• Ovarian Ligaments - Anchor ovaries to the uterus
•Suspensory Ligaments -Anchor ovaries to the pelvic cavity
•Mesovarium - attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament
•Ovarian follicle -contains oocytes (female sex cell)
Ovaries
Oogenesis and Fertilization
•Oogenesis begins before a female is born. By the 4th month
of development, the ovaries contain 5 million oogonia which
are the cells from which oocyte develops.
Oogonia -cells from which oocytes develop
Fertilization -begins when a sperm cell penetrates the
cytoplasm of a secondary oocyte
Zygote -has 23 pairs of chromosomes (a total of 46
chromosomes)
•Oogenia is the process of gamete production in females
Oogenesis and Fertilization
-Oocytes are swept into one of the uterine tube by Fimbrae
during ovulation

-If sperm is present in the uterine tube during ovulation,

oocyte could be fertilized

-Oocytes only live for 24 hours so if no sperm is present on

ovulation, no zygote is develop, and oocyte dies

-Puberty at menopause, FSH stimulates several follicles to

begin developing during each menstrual cycle but only 1
follicle should be ovulated
Uterus
• Pear sized strutuce located in pelvic
cavity
• It receive retains, and provide
nourishment for fertilized oocytes,
where embryo resides and develop
Uterine (fallopian) tube

• Part of uterus which extends towards ovaries and

receive oocytes
• Fimbrae are fringe like structure around opening of uterine
tubes that help sweeps oocytes into uterine tubes
• Fertilization occurs in the part of uterine tube near the
ovary called ampula
Uterine wall layers:
•The uterine wall is composed of three
distinct layers to support the crucial
functions of the female reproductive system.

3 layers of uterine wall

1. Perimetrium(serous) : outermost

2. Myometriun: Thickest layer

3. Endometrium: innermost layer

 3 layers of uterine wall
1. Perimetrium(serous)
-A thin serous membrane composed of epithelial tissue and connective
tissue. It serves as a protective covering for the uterus and helps to attach it
to surrounding structures within the pelvic cavity.
2. Myometrium
- This muscular layer is responsible for the powerful contractions that occur
during labor and delivery, expelling the fetus from the uterus
3. Endometrium
-If fertilization occurs, the endometrium provides nourishment to the
developing embryo through the placenta
• The vagina connects the uterus
Vagina
(cervix) to the outside of the
body.

• It consists of a layer of smooth

muscle and an inner lining
of moist, stratified squamous
epithelium.
• This allows the menstrual flow,
involved in childbirth, and is very acidic
to keep bacteria out
Female External Genitalia
 External Genitalia
•The vulva, or pudendum, comprises the external genitalia.

•Labia Majora
- Larger, outerfolds of the skin
surrounding the entrance of vagina
-When closed, the labia majora cover
the labia minora.
•Labia Minora

-The labia minora are folds that cover the

vestibule and form the prepuce.
 External Genitalia
•Clitoris
- Small erectile located in vestibule
- Equivalent to make penis
•Prepuce
- Where 2 labia minora unite in clitoris
•Vestibule
- Space in which vagina and urethra are located
• Greater Vestibular Glands
-produce a lubricating fluid that
helps maintain the moistness of the vestibule
• Vulva -or pudendum; external female sex organs; consists
of mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, and
vestibule
• Mons pubis -fatty layer of skin covering pubic symphysis
• Pudendal cleft -space between the labia majora
• Clinical perineum -region between the vagina and the
anus
Perineum
- The clinical perineum is the region between the
vagina and the anus.
Mammary Gland
- organs of milk production located in
the breast
- modified sweat glands

-Female breasts begin to enlarge

during puberty

- consists of lobes covered by adipose

- lobes, ducts, lobules are altered

during lactation to expel milk
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
•Areola - a circular, pigmented area that surrounds the
nipple
• Nipple - very sensitive to tactile stimulation
INTERNAL STRUCTURES
• Lobes
• Lactiferous duct - opens independently to the surface of
the nipple
• Lobules
• Alveoli -secretory sacs
• Myoepithelial cells -surround the alveoli and contract to
expel milk from the alveoli
Physiology of Female
Production
 Puberty in Females
• begins between 11-13 and is usually completed
by 16
• Menarche -first episode of menstrual bleeding
• vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and external
genitalia to
enlarge and adipose tissue is deposited in breast
and hips
• elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone are
secreted
by ovaries
 Female sex hormones
- Gonadotropin-releasing (GnRh) is produced on the
hypothalamus and stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
-Luteinizing Hormone(LH) is produced in the anterior pituitary
and causes ovulation.
- Follicles stimulating hormone(FSH) is produced on the anterior
pituitary gland and prompts follicles in the ovaries to begin
development
 Female Sex Hormones
• Estrogen
- Proliferation of endometrial cell
-Development of mammary gland( especially duct system)
- Control of LH and FSH
- Development and maintenance of secondary sex
characteristics
 Female Sex Hormones

- Enlargement of endometrial cells and secretion of fluid

from uterine glands
- Maintenance of pregnancy state
- Development of mammary glands (especially alveoli)
- Control of estrogen, FSH, and LH secretion
- Development of secondary sex characteristics
 Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual cycle: series of changes that occur in sexually

mature, nonpregnant females

Meneses: time when endometrium is shed from uterus

Average is 28 days and results from cyclical changes that

occur in endometrium
 Stages of Menstrual Cycle
Day 1-5
Menses (shedding of endometrium)
• menstrual bleeding (menses)
• estrogen and progesterone levels are low
• follicle begins to mature
Days 6-13: Proliferative phase (between end of menses and
ovulation)
• endometrium rebuilds
• estrogen levels begin to increase
• progesterone levels remain low
• follicle matures
 Stages of Menstrual Cycle

Day 14: Ovulation Days 15-28 Secretory phase

• oocyte is released due to (between ovulation and next
LH menses)
• estrogen levels high • endometrium is preparing
• progesterone levels are for implantation
increasing • estrogen levels decrease
(low)
• progesterone levels high
• cervical mucus thickens
 Menopause
‑ time when ovaries secrete less hormones and number of
follicles in ovaries is low
‑ cessation of menstrual cycles
‑ menstrual cycle and ovulation are less regular
‑ hot flashes, fatigue, irritability may occur
‑ estrogen replacement therapy may be used to decreases
side effects

climacteric -whole time period from the onset of irregular

cycles to their complete cessation
 Contraception
- Many methods are used to prevent pregnancy, either by preventing
fertilization (contraception) or by preventing implantation of the
developing embryo.
- There are six main types of birth control. From the most to least
effective they include:
1. ong-acting reversible contraception
2. terilization
3. hormonal methods,
4. barrier methods
5. fertility awareness,
6. emergency contraception.
 Effects of Aging on the Reproductive
System
1. Benign prostatic enlargement affects men as they age, and
it blocks urine flow through the prostatic urethra.
2. Prostate cancer is more common in elderly men.
3. Menopause is the most common age-related change in
females.
4. Cancers of the breast, the cervix, and the ovaries increase
in elderly women