Building Services (6C409)

Why to Study BUS?

What is MEP?
What is HVAC?
Building services refer to the various systems and
installations that are designed and installed within a
building to ensure its proper functioning, comfort,
safety, and efficiency.
Importance of water supply and drainage
arrangements in buildings
1. Access to Clean Water: Adequate water supply ensures that
occupants have access to clean and safe water for drinking,
cooking, personal hygiene, and other daily activities. It is
essential for maintaining good health and preventing
waterborne diseases.
2. Sanitation and Hygiene: Proper drainage arrangements
facilitate the removal of wastewater and sewage from
buildings, promoting sanitation and hygiene. Efficient
drainage systems prevent the accumulation of stagnant water,
which can lead to the growth of bacteria, pests, and foul
odors.
3.Environmental Protection: Well-designed water supply and
drainage systems help protect the environment. Effective
wastewater management prevents the contamination of natural
water bodies, such as rivers and groundwater sources, reducing the
impact on ecosystems and preserving water quality.

4.Structural Integrity: Improper water supply and drainage

arrangements can cause damage to building structures over time.
Inadequate drainage may result in water seepage, which can weaken
foundations, deteriorate building materials, and lead to structural
problems, such as dampness, mold growth, and even structural
collapse.
5.Compliance with Regulations: Buildings must adhere to local
regulations and building codes related to water supply and drainage
arrangements. Compliance ensures that buildings meet safety standards,
health requirements, and environmental guidelines, and helps avoid legal
issues and penalties.
6.Convenience and Comfort: Reliable water supply and efficient drainage
systems contribute to the convenience and comfort of building occupants.
They enable smooth functioning of plumbing fixtures and appliances,
such as faucets, showers, toilets, and laundry facilities, enhancing the
overall quality of life within the building.
7.Sustainability and Resource Conservation: Well-designed water supply
and drainage arrangements promote sustainability and resource
conservation. Water-efficient fixtures, rainwater harvesting systems, and
water recycling technologies can help reduce water consumption, lower
utility costs, and minimize the strain on water resources.
Water Supply System

A water supply system consists of various

components that work together to deliver clean
water for consumption and other domestic uses.
1. Water Source and Storage: The water can be sourced from a municipal water supply,
private wells, or rainwater harvesting systems. It is important to have appropriate
storage facilities, such as water tanks or reservoirs, to ensure a continuous supply of
water.

2. Water Treatment and Purification: Water from the source often undergoes treatment
and purification processes to remove impurities, contaminants, and pathogens.
Common treatment methods include filtration, disinfection (e.g., chlorination), and
chemical treatment.

3. Distribution Network: A network of pipes and valves distributes the treated water
from the source or storage facility to various points of use within the building. The
network may include main supply lines, branch lines, and individual connections to
fixtures and appliances.

4. Fixtures and Faucets: Fixtures and faucets, such as sinks, toilets, showers, and taps,
are installed at specific locations within the building to provide access to water. These
fixtures are connected to the water supply network through pipes and valves.
Drainage System
Drainage system is responsible for collecting and removing wastewater,
sewage, and stormwater from a building. They prevent the accumulation of
water, ensure proper sanitation, and prevent structural damage.
Drainage Pipes and Fittings: A network of pipes and fittings, usually made of
materials like PVC or cast iron, is installed throughout the building to collect and
transport wastewater and sewage to the appropriate disposal point. The pipes are
designed with the required slope to facilitate the flow of wastewater.

Traps and Vents: Traps are curved sections of pipes that are designed to create a water
seal, preventing the entry of foul odors and gases from the drainage system into the
building. Vents are pipes or openings connected to the drainage system, allowing air to
enter and equalize pressure, ensuring smooth wastewater flow.

Grease Traps and Interceptors: In commercial settings, grease traps and interceptors
are installed to capture and separate fats, oils, and grease from wastewater, preventing
their entry into the drainage system and potential blockages.

Manholes and Access Points: Manholes and access points are strategically placed
along the drainage system to provide access for maintenance, inspections, and clearing
blockages if necessary.
Basic Terminology
Water Main: The water main refers to the large, primary pipe in a water
supply system that carries water from the water source (e.g., a water
treatment plant or a well) to the distribution network. Water mains are
typically buried underground and are responsible for delivering water to
various areas and buildings.

Service Pipe: The service pipe, also known as the service line, is a smaller
pipe that connects the water main to an individual building or property. It
carries the water from the water main to the building's water supply
system, providing water for indoor use.

Communication Pipe: A communication pipe is a pipe that connects

different parts of a building's plumbing system. It allows communication
between different water supply or drainage fixtures within the building.
Supply Pipe: The supply pipe is the internal piping within a building that
distributes water from the building's service pipe to various water fixtures, such
as faucets, toilets, showers, and appliances. It ensures the delivery of water to
different points of use within the building.
Distribution Pipe: The distribution pipe refers to the network of pipes within a
building or a property that carries water from the supply pipe to the various
fixtures and appliances that require water.
Consumer's Pipe: The consumer's pipe is the part of the water supply system
that is owned and maintained by the building owner or the occupant. It typically
includes the service pipe and the internal supply and distribution pipes within the
building.
Air Gap: An air gap is a physical separation or vertical distance between the
water outlet (e.g., faucet, overflow rim of a sink) and the flood level of a fixture,
appliance, or receiving vessel. It is designed to prevent backflow and
contamination of the potable water supply. The air gap creates a barrier that
ensures that water cannot flow back into the supply line, maintaining water safety
and quality.
Principles for conveyance and distribution of
water within the premises
The conveyance and distribution of water within the premises of a
building are crucial to ensuring a reliable and efficient water supply
for various purposes. Here are some key principles to consider for
the proper conveyance and distribution of water:

▪ Proper Layout and Design: Careful planning and design of the

plumbing system are essential to ensure an efficient water
distribution network. Consider factors such as the building's
layout, water demand, fixture locations, and potential expansion
needs when designing the system.
▪ Pipe Sizing and Material Selection: Selecting the appropriate
pipe size and material is important for optimal water flow and
pressure. Smaller pipes can cause reduced water pressure, while
oversized pipes may result in increased energy and water
wastage. Choose materials that are durable, corrosion-resistant,
and compliant with local plumbing codes.
▪ Pressure Regulation: Maintain appropriate water pressure
throughout the distribution system to ensure consistent water
supply to all fixtures and appliances. Pressure regulators can be
installed to control and adjust water pressure as needed.
▪ Backflow Prevention: Implement backflow prevention devices
to protect the potable water supply from contamination. Backflow
occurs when water flows backward into the water supply system,
potentially carrying pollutants or contaminants with it. Air gaps,
check valves, etc. are common backflow prevention methods.
▪ Separate Systems for Potable and Non-Potable Water: Establish
separate piping systems for potable (drinking) water and non-
potable water (e.g., for irrigation, flushing, industrial purposes).
This helps prevent cross-contamination and ensures that only safe
water is used for drinking and cooking.
▪ Accessibility and Maintenance: Ensure that all components of the
water distribution system, including pipes, valves, and fixtures, are
easily accessible for maintenance and repairs. Regular inspection
and maintenance are essential to identify and address potential
issues promptly.
▪ Water Efficiency: Incorporate water-efficient fixtures and
appliances to promote water conservation. Low-flow faucets,
toilets, and showerheads can significantly reduce water
consumption without compromising performance.
▪ Sustainable Water Practices: Consider implementing
rainwater harvesting or graywater recycling systems to
supplement the water supply for non-potable uses. These
sustainable practices can reduce the demand for fresh water and
conserve resources.

▪ Insulation: Properly insulate pipes in areas exposed to extreme

temperatures to prevent freezing in cold climates or heat gain in
hot climates. Insulation helps maintain water temperature and
prevents potential damage to pipes.

▪ Flow Control: Use flow control devices, such as flow

restrictors or flow regulators, to manage water usage and
maintain consistent flow rates where required.
Licensing of Plumbers

Licensing of plumbers is a regulatory process implemented by

governments and local authorities to ensure that plumbing work
is performed by qualified and competent professionals.

The state of Maharashtra has implemented a licensing system for

plumbers through the Maharashtra State Skill Development
Society (MSSDS). Plumbers can obtain a "Plumber Level 1"
certification after completing a specific training program and
passing an assessment.
The process of obtaining a plumbing license typically involves the following
steps:
 Education and Training: Plumbers are required to complete a specific level of
education and training in plumbing techniques, codes, and regulations. This
training can be acquired through vocational schools, technical colleges,
apprenticeship programs, or a combination of classroom instruction and on-the-
job training.
 Apprenticeship: Many licensing authorities require aspiring plumbers to
complete an apprenticeship under the guidance of a licensed plumber. During
the apprenticeship, the individual gains practical experience and knowledge of
real-world plumbing work.
 Examination: After completing the required education and training, candidates
must pass a licensing examination. The exam assesses their understanding of
plumbing principles, codes, safety practices, and other relevant topics.
Contd..
 Experience Requirements: Some jurisdictions have specific experience
requirements that candidates must fulfill before they can apply for a plumbing
license. This experience is often gained through an apprenticeship or working
as a journeyman plumber.

 Application Process: Once candidates have met the education, training, and
experience requirements, they can submit an application for a plumbing
license to the licensing authority. The application usually includes proof of
education, training, and experience, as well as the necessary fees.

 Continuing Education: After obtaining a plumbing license, plumbers may be

required to participate in continuing education programs to keep their
knowledge and skills up-to-date and comply with changing regulations and
industry best practices.
Basic Qualification of Plumbing Contractor
Plumbing License will be issued only to those applicants who possess one of the
following qualifications:
 1) B.E.(Civil),(Mech.)&(Elect.) 2) A.M.I.E.(Civil)/(Mech.)
 3) B.Architect 4) Diploma in Civil, Mech.and Elect.Engg
 5) Govt.Diploma in Arch. 6)Diploma in Construction Technology/Const.Engg.
 7) Diploma in Civil & Rural Engg. 8) Licentiate of Civil and Sanitary
Engineering of V.J.T.I.
 9) Licentiate of Civil Engg., Mech.Engg.and Elect.Engg. of V.J.T.I.
 10) Licentiate of Civil & Environmental Engg. of V.J.T.I.
 11) Licentiate and Diploma Granted by other Govt. Institutions.
 Courses conducted by Technical Education Board and for which, minimum
Secondary School Certificate is necessary and course is not less than 6
Semester (for Sr.No.4 to 11above).
Duties and Responsibilities of the Plumbing Contractor
1. Project Management: The plumbing contractor is responsible for
managing plumbing projects from start to finish. This includes planning,
scheduling, and coordinating all aspects of the plumbing work.
2. Estimation and Bidding: The contractor must provide accurate cost
estimates for plumbing projects and submit competitive bids to clients or
general contractors.
3. Material Procurement: Procuring necessary plumbing materials and
equipment is the contractor's responsibility. This involves sourcing high-
quality materials at competitive prices.
4. Compliance with Codes and Regulations: The plumbing contractor
must ensure that all plumbing work is done in accordance with local
building codes, regulations, and industry standards.
Contd…
5. Hiring and Supervising Workers: The contractor hires and supervises a
team of plumbers and other skilled workers to execute the plumbing tasks
effectively.
6. Safety Management: Ensuring a safe working environment is a crucial
duty. The contractor must implement safety protocols and provide training to
workers to prevent accidents and injuries.
7. Quality Control: The contractor is responsible for maintaining high-quality
workmanship throughout the project to ensure that plumbing systems
function correctly and are free of defects.
8. Scheduling and Time Management: The contractor establishes a project
schedule, ensures timely completion of work, and manages any delays or
setbacks that may arise.
Contd..
9. Customer Relations: The contractor interacts with clients, addresses their
concerns, and keeps them informed about project progress.
10. Troubleshooting and Problem-Solving: The contractor must be skilled at
identifying and resolving plumbing issues that may arise during the project.
11. Coordination with Other Trades: In larger construction projects, the
plumbing contractor collaborates with other contractors (e.g., electrical,
HVAC) to ensure smooth integration of various systems.
12. Documentation and Reporting: The contractor maintains records, prepares
reports, and keeps documentation of project details, including permits,
inspections, and project changes.
13. Warranty and Service: After the project's completion, the plumbing
contractor may offer warranty support and ongoing maintenance services for
the plumbing system.
14. Sustainable Practices: Emphasizing environmentally friendly and water-
efficient plumbing practices can be part of the contractor's responsibilities to
promote sustainability.
Water supply requirement for building
Domestic consumption under normal condition in an Indian city as
per National Building Code, has been taken as 135 litres per head
per day (in short designated as l/h/d) or litres per capita per day
(lpcd).

The community, society, and industry need water for different

uses. Water demand is the accurate estimation of total water. The
unit of Water demand is LPCD ( liters per person per day). While
planning the water supply scheme for an area, it is essential to
determine the total water required for a different purpose.
Various types of water Demand
Domestic water demand

Industrial and Commercial water demand

Public uses, such as street washing, watering of public

parks etc. water demand

Fire demand

Losses and waste

Domestic water demand
Domestic Water demand includes the water required for
drinking, cooking, bathing, lawn sprinkling, gardening,
sanitation purpose, etc. It depends upon habits, social
status, and climatic conditions of people. As per IS 1172-
1993, the domestic consumption varies from 135 lpcd-
200 lpcd depending upon the economic situation and full
flushing system. Minimum Domestic water consumption
for Indian towns and cities with full flushing system and
the Weaker section as per IS 1172-1993
Industrial Water Demand
It represents the need of industries, either existing or
likely to start in the future. This quantity will thus vary
with the number and types of industries present in the
city. For small-scale industries, in general, it is 50 lpcd.
In industrial cities, the per-capita water requirement is
450 lpcd.
Institutional and Commercial Water Demand
It includes the use of institutions, such as hospitals, hotels,
restaurants, schools and colleges, railway stations, offices,
etc. This quantity will certainly vary with the nature of the
city and with the number and types of commercial
establishments and institutions present in it. It varies from
20 lpcd to 50 lpcd.
Demand for Public Uses
This includes Watering in a public park, gardening,
washing, sprinkling on roads, use in a public fountain, etc.
In India, generally, public demand is zero. It is less than
5% of total consumption. Demand for public use is 10
lpcd.
Fire Demand
It is the amount of water required for firefighting purpose in
case of a fire break out in an area. This water is required to
be available at a pressure of about 100 to 150 kN/m^2 or 10
to 15m head of water. If the population is less than 50000
fire demand is not calculated. For larger city fire demand
was calculated. there are various formulas available to
calculate the fire demand
Water Quantity Estimation

The quantity of water required for municipal uses for

which the water supply scheme has to be designed
requires following data:
1) Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres
per day per head)
2) Population to be served.
3) Quantity= Per capita demand x Population
a) Calculate water demand and their storage tank size for G+4
apartment having four 2BHK flats on each floor located in
Aurangabad. Assume necessary data.
Ans-
No of floors :- G+4 = 5
No of flats :- 5 x 4 = 20
Members in each flat :5 members
.’.Total population in apartment :- 20x5=100 persons
Assume as per NBC the water requirement for city more than 10
lakh is 200 lit/head/day.
Total quantity of water required to apartment
=100x200
=20,000 lit/day
Now, considering peak demand factor 1.5
Hence,
=20,000x1.5
=30000 lit/day.
Now , Design of storage tank of UGWT
.’.Capacity of UGWT=3x30000=90000 lit
Dimension of UGWT,
Volume of UGWT tank =90000/1000=90 m3
.’.Size of UGWT tank= 9m x 5m x 2m

Design of storage tank of OHWT,

.’.Capacity of OHWT=30000/2=15000 lit
Volume of OHWT= 15000/1000=15m3
Dimension of OHWT= 3m X 2.5m X 2m
As a general rule the following rates per capita per day may
be considered minimum for domestic and non domestic
needs (IS 1172:1993):
1) For communities with population up to 20000 and
without flushing,
a)water supply through stanpost is 40lphd
b) water supply through house service connection system
70 to 100lphd
2) For communities with population 20000 to 100,000
together with ful1 flushing system 100 to 150lphd
3) For communities with population above 100,000 together
with ful1 flushing system 150 to 200lphd
Direct Water Supply System
A Direct Water Supply System is a type of plumbing
arrangement that delivers potable (drinking) water directly
from the main water source to various points of use within a
building, without the need for a storage tank or intermediate
containers. This system is commonly used in modern
buildings and homes to provide a continuous and pressurized
water supply.
Salient Features
Main Water Supply: The system is connected directly to the
municipal water supply or a well water source. The pressure of the
main water supply helps maintain a constant flow of water
throughout the building.
Pressurization: The water in a direct water supply system is under
pressure, typically provided by the municipal water supply's
pressure or through the use of pumps. This pressure ensures that
water is readily available when a faucet or other point of use is
opened.
No Storage Tank: Unlike indirect water supply systems that use
storage tanks to store water, a direct water supply system does not
require a storage tank. Water is supplied directly from the source to
the points of use.
 Continuous Supply: As long as there is an active water supply from the
main source and the plumbing system is in good condition, a direct water
supply system provides a continuous flow of water to faucets, showers,
toilets, and other fixtures.
 Piping Network: The system relies on a network of pipes that distribute
water to various parts of the building. The piping is designed to maintain
water pressure and flow rates while ensuring that the water is safe for
consumption.
 Pressure Regulation: Pressure-reducing valves may be used in the system to
regulate the water pressure to safe and manageable levels for household
use. This is important to prevent excessive water pressure that could
potentially damage pipes and fixtures.
 Backflow Prevention: Since the system is directly connected to the main
water supply, backflow prevention devices are necessary to prevent
contaminated water from flowing back into the main supply and polluting
it.
Benefits
▪ Continuous Flow: Users can access water at any time without
waiting for a storage tank to fill.
▪ Better Water Quality: Water from the main supply is generally
cleaner and less prone to stagnation compared to stored water in
tanks.
▪ Simplicity: The absence of storage tanks reduces maintenance needs
and the risk of bacterial growth.
▪ Efficiency: Water is delivered directly, reducing energy and space
requirements associated with storage tanks.
▪ Higher Water Pressure: Users often experience better water
pressure, which is advantageous for showers and other appliances.
Disadvantages
Dependency: The system relies on a consistent and
reliable main water supply. Any interruptions in the main
supply can disrupt water availability.
Water Quality: If the main water supply quality
deteriorates, it directly affects the water quality within the
building.
Pressure Variations: Changes in the municipal water
supply pressure can affect the water pressure experienced
by users.
Direct Pumping System
A direct pumping system, also known as a direct water
supply pumping system, is a type of water distribution system
that uses pumps to supply water directly from a source (such
as a well, river, or reservoir) to various points of use within a
building or a community. This system is commonly used in
areas where the natural topography does not allow for a
gravity-based distribution system, or where the water source
is located at a lower level than the points of use.
Key features and components of a direct pumping system include:
▪ Water Source: The system draws water from a natural source like a
well, river, lake, or reservoir. This source could be at a lower elevation
than the buildings being supplied, necessitating the use of pumps.
▪ Pumps: Electric or diesel-powered pumps are used to lift water from
the source and deliver it under pressure to the points of use. The pumps
create the necessary pressure to overcome elevation differences and
supply water to higher areas.
▪ Pressure Tanks: Pressure tanks are often incorporated into the system
to maintain a steady and consistent pressure in the distribution network.
These tanks store water under pressure and release it as needed to ensure
a continuous flow at the desired pressure.
▪ Piping Network: A network of pipes distributes the pressurized water
from the pumps to various parts of the building or community. The
pipes are sized appropriately to maintain the required pressure and flow
rates.
Pressure Control: Pressure sensors and control systems are used to
monitor and adjust the pump operation to maintain consistent
pressure levels within the distribution network.
Backflow Prevention: Backflow prevention devices are essential to
prevent the contamination of the water supply. They ensure that water
flows in one direction only and prevent the backflow of potentially
contaminated water into the main supply.
Electrical Power Supply: Since pumps are used to move water, a
reliable power supply is necessary to operate the pumping system.
Backup power sources may be required to ensure continuous water
supply during power outages.
Advantages
Flexibility: This system can be implemented in areas with varying
topography, where a gravity-based system might not be feasible.
Water Access: It provides access to water in locations where water
sources are situated at lower elevations.
Customizable Pressure: The system allows for adjustment of
pressure to suit the needs of different parts of the distribution
network.
Efficiency: Pumps can be optimized to meet the exact water
demand, reducing wastage and energy consumption.
Disadvantages
Energy Dependence: The system relies on a consistent and reliable
power supply for the pumps to function. Power outages can disrupt
water supply.
Maintenance: Pumps and associated equipment require regular
maintenance to ensure proper operation and avoid breakdowns.
Costs: The initial investment and operational costs for pumps,
controls, and power supply can be higher than gravity-based
systems.
Complexity: Designing and maintaining a pumping system requires
technical expertise and careful planning.
Hydro-Pneumatic System
A hydro-pneumatic system is a type of water distribution
system that combines hydraulic (water-based) and pneumatic
(air-based) components to provide pressurized water supply
to various points of use within a building or facility. This
system utilizes both water and air to maintain consistent
pressure levels and improve efficiency in water distribution.
Hydro-pneumatic systems are commonly used to ensure a
reliable and stable water supply in buildings, industrial
facilities, and commercial settings.
Key features and components of a hydro-pneumatic system
include:
 Water Source: The system is typically connected to a water supply
source such as a well, municipal water system, or reservoir.
 Pumps: Pumps are used to lift water from the source and pressurize it.
The pressurized water is then stored in a vessel known as a hydro-
pneumatic tank.
 Hydro-Pneumatic Tank: The hydro-pneumatic tank is a key component
of the system. It consists of two compartments: one for water and one for
compressed air. The tank is partially filled with water, and the remaining
space contains compressed air. As water is drawn from the tank, the
compressed air provides the necessary pressure to maintain a constant
flow and pressure within the distribution system.
Pressure Control: Pressure sensors and control systems monitor the
pressure within the distribution system and regulate the operation
of the pumps to maintain the desired pressure levels.
Air Compressor: An air compressor is used to periodically
replenish the compressed air in the hydro-pneumatic tank. This
ensures that the system remains operational and can provide
consistent pressure.
Check Valves: Check valves are used to prevent backflow of water
and air between the different compartments of the hydro-pneumatic
tank.
Piping Network: A network of pipes distributes the pressurized
water from the hydro-pneumatic tank to various points of use
within the building or facility.
Benefits
Stable Pressure: The combination of water and compressed air
allows for a stable and consistent pressure within the distribution
system, even during varying levels of demand.
Efficiency: The system can operate with smaller pumps and less
frequent pump starts and stops, leading to energy savings.
Reduced Water Hammer: The compressed air cushion in the
hydro-pneumatic tank helps absorb pressure fluctuations, reducing
the occurrence of water hammer (sudden pressure surges) in the
pipes.
Optimized Pump Operation: The system's pressure control
features optimize pump operation, reducing wear and tear on the
pumps.
Disadvantages:
▪ Air Maintenance: Proper maintenance of the compressed air
component, including air compressor operation and checking for
air leaks, is essential for system efficiency.
▪ System Sizing: Designing the system requires careful
consideration of factors such as water demand, pressure
requirements, and tank size.
▪ Maintenance: Regular maintenance of pumps, tanks, and controls
is necessary to ensure reliable operation and prevent issues.
▪ Initial Cost: The initial investment for the required components
and controls can be higher compared to simpler water distribution
systems.
Overhead Tanks Distribution
An overhead tank distribution system is a type of water
distribution system commonly used in buildings, residential
complexes, and small communities to provide a reliable
supply of water to various points of use. In this system,
water is stored in an elevated tank (overhead tank) located
above the highest point of consumption, allowing gravity to
assist in water flow and pressure. Overhead tanks are
positioned at an elevation to create enough pressure to
supply water to lower floors and fixtures without the need
for pumps in many cases.
Features and Components
 Overhead Tank: The overhead tank, also known as a water storage tank
or elevated tank, is a key component of the system. It is typically
located on the rooftop or at a higher point within the building or
community. The tank stores water and uses gravity to provide pressure
for water distribution.
 Gravity Flow: Water flows from the elevated tank to various points of
use due to the force of gravity. The difference in height between the
tank and the points of consumption creates the necessary pressure for
water to flow.
 Piping Network: A network of pipes distributes water from the overhead
tank to different floors and fixtures throughout the building or
community. Proper pipe sizing and layout are important to ensure
adequate flow and pressure.
Pressure Control: While the system relies on gravity for water flow,
pressure control devices such as pressure-reducing valves or
pressure tanks may be used to manage pressure fluctuations and
maintain a consistent water supply.
Backflow Prevention: Backflow prevention devices are installed in
the system to prevent the contamination of the water supply by
ensuring that water flows in one direction only.
Overflow and Ventilation: The overhead tank is equipped with
overflow pipes to manage excess water and prevent flooding.
Ventilation is also provided to ensure proper air circulation and
prevent the growth of algae or bacteria in the tank.
Advantages
Reliability: Gravity-based water flow is less
dependent on external factors like power supply and
pump operation, making the system reliable.
Energy Efficiency: The system doesn't require pumps
to generate pressure, leading to energy savings.
Simple Maintenance: Overhead tanks are relatively
easy to maintain, and maintenance needs are generally
straightforward.
Disadvantages
Elevation and Pressure: The pressure available is determined by
the elevation difference between the tank and the points of use.
Lower floors might have lower pressure, requiring careful design.
Tank Cleaning: Overhead tanks need regular cleaning to prevent
sediment buildup and ensure water quality.
Tank Location: The tank's location and structural integrity are
important for safety and stability.
Limited Flow: The flow rate can be limited by the available
pressure, which might affect simultaneous use of multiple
fixtures.
Design Steps of Water Distribution System for a Building
1. Site Assessment:
 Gather information about the building's location, water source availability, and
topography.
 Determine the building's water demand based on its usage (residential,
commercial, industrial) and the number of occupants.
2. Water Source Selection:
 Identify available water sources, such as municipal water supply, groundwater, or
alternative sources like rainwater harvesting.
 Assess the quality and reliability of the selected water source.
3. Water Quality Assessment:
 Conduct water quality tests to ensure the water meets safety and potability
standards.
 Consider the need for water treatment or purification systems if the water quality
is not suitable.
4. System Layout and Sizing:
Design the layout of the piping network, considering the location of fixtures,
points of use, and the overhead tank (if applicable).
Size the pipes based on anticipated water flow rates and pressure
requirements for each fixture.
5. Overhead Tank Design (if applicable):
Determine the appropriate location and elevation of the overhead tank to
ensure adequate pressure on all floors.
Size the tank based on water demand, usage patterns, and storage capacity
requirements.
6. Pressure Calculation:
Calculate the pressure drop in the piping network to ensure sufficient
pressure at all points of use, especially in higher and remote areas.
7. Pump Selection (if applicable):
If needed, select pumps that can lift water to the overhead tank and provide
necessary pressure.
Choose pumps based on flow rate, pressure, and energy efficiency
considerations.
8. Backflow Prevention and Safety:
Incorporate appropriate backflow prevention devices to prevent the
contamination of the water supply.
Ensure the system complies with safety regulations and codes.
9. Pressure Control and Regulation:
Integrate pressure control devices like pressure-reducing valves to maintain
consistent pressure throughout the system.
10.Materials and Components Selection:
Select appropriate pipes, fittings, valves, and other components considering
factors like water quality, corrosion resistance, and longevity.
11. Emergency and Redundancy Planning:
Design the system to include provisions for emergency situations, such as
backup water sources or temporary storage.
12. Environmental Considerations:
Incorporate sustainable practices, such as rainwater harvesting or
greywater reuse, to reduce water consumption and environmental impact.
13. Cost Estimation:
Estimate the costs associated with materials, labor, equipment, and
installation for budgeting purposes.
14. Documentation and Drawing Preparation:
Create detailed drawings and plans that illustrate the system layout, pipe
sizes, fixture locations, and equipment specifications.
15. Approval and Compliance:
Ensure that the design complies with local building codes, regulations, and
water quality standards.
Obtain necessary approvals and permits from relevant authorities.
16.Implementation and Construction:
Oversee the installation of the system, ensuring that it follows the approved
design and plans.
17.Testing and Commissioning:
Test the system thoroughly to identify and rectify any issues before putting
it into operation.
18.Operation and Maintenance Guidelines:
Provide guidelines for ongoing maintenance, including regular inspections,
cleaning of tanks, and replacing worn-out components.
Laying of Mains and Pipes
Laying mains and pipes is a critical aspect of
plumbing and water distribution systems in
buildings. Proper installation ensures efficient water
flow, prevents leaks, and promotes the longevity of
the system.