Experiment 1: Speed Measurement Using Stroboscope

Objective: To measure the rotational speed of a rotating object (such as a fan or a disc) using a
stroboscope.

Apparatus Required:

1. Stroboscope
2. Rotating object (e.g., a fan or motorized disc with marked blades or points)
3. Tachometer (optional, for verification)
4. Ruler (optional, for measurement calibration)

Theory:

A stroboscope is a device that emits periodic flashes of light. When the frequency of the
stroboscope matches the rotational frequency of a moving object, the object appears stationary
due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision. By adjusting the flash rate of the stroboscope
until the object appears stationary, the rotational speed can be directly measured in revolutions
per second (RPS) or revolutions per minute (RPM).

Procedure:

Setup:

 Place the rotating object in a visible position where it can be observed easily.
 Ensure the stroboscope is pointed towards the rotating object.

Initial Observation:

 Turn on the rotating object (e.g., fan or disc).

 Identify a distinguishable mark (e.g., a colored blade or point) on the object.

Adjust Stroboscope Frequency:

 Turn on the stroboscope and slowly adjust its flash frequency.

 Observe the rotating object while changing the frequency.
 When the flash frequency matches the rotational speed of the object, the object appears
stationary.

Record the Frequency:

 Note the frequency of the stroboscope (in Hz) at which the object appears stationary.
 The measured frequency directly corresponds to the rotational speed of the object.

Verification (Optional):
  Use a tachometer to verify the speed of the rotating object.
 Compare the stroboscope readings with tachometer values.

Repeat:

 Repeat the process for different speeds of the rotating object (if possible) and record the
readings.

Observations:

 Note the stroboscope frequency (in Hz) when the object appears stationary.
 If the object appears stationary at multiple frequencies, consider harmonics (e.g.,
multiples of the actual speed).

Calculations:

Rotational speed in RPS = Stroboscope Frequency (in Hz)

Convert RPS to RPM:

Speed (RPM) = Speed (RPS)×60

For trail 1: Speed (RPM)=3.33×60=200RPM

Result:

The rotational speed of the object was measured using the stroboscope as ..…RPM.

Precautions:

1. Ensure the stroboscope and the rotating object are aligned properly.
2. Avoid prolonged exposure to stroboscope flashes to prevent discomfort or eye strain.
 3. Ensure stable operation of the rotating object to avoid errors in observation.
4. Calibrate the stroboscope before use for accurate readings.

Applications:

1. Measuring the speed of fans or turbines.

2. Determining the speed of rotating machinery in industrial settings.
3. Visualizing motion in high-speed photography or research.
Experiment 2: Test and Calibration of a Thermocouple

Objective:

To test the functionality and calibrate a thermocouple for accurate temperature measurement by
comparing its readings with a standard thermometer or reference temperature source.

Apparatus Required:

1. Thermocouple (Type K, J, or T, etc.)

2. Reference thermometer or temperature sensor (e.g., mercury thermometer, RTD, or
digital thermometer)
3. Calibration furnace or water bath (for controlled temperature generation)
4. Ice bath (0°C reference)
5. Multimeter or data logger (for thermocouple voltage reading)
6. Connecting wires
7. Beaker (for hot/cold water setup)
8. Stirring rod

Theory:

A thermocouple measures temperature based on the Seebeck effect, where a voltage is generated
when two dissimilar metals are joined at one end and exposed to a temperature difference. The
voltage generated is proportional to the temperature difference and can be converted into
temperature using standard thermocouple tables. Calibration ensures that the thermocouple
readings are accurate over its operating range.

Procedure:

1. Initial Setup:
o Connect the thermocouple to a multimeter or data logger capable of measuring
millivolt output.
o Place the reference thermometer alongside the thermocouple probe for direct
comparison.
2. Zero-Point Calibration (Ice Bath):
o Prepare an ice bath by mixing crushed ice and distilled water in a beaker.
o Immerse the thermocouple tip and the reference thermometer into the ice bath.
o Allow both to stabilize and record the thermocouple voltage and reference
temperature.
o The temperature should read approximately 0°C.
 3. Hot Temperature Test (Boiling Water):
o Heat water in a beaker to its boiling point (approximately 100°C at sea level).
o Immerse the thermocouple and reference thermometer into the boiling water.
o Stir the water gently to ensure uniform temperature.
o Record the thermocouple voltage and the reference thermometer reading.
4. Intermediate Points:
o Use a calibration furnace or controlled water bath to generate intermediate
temperatures (e.g., 50°C, 75°C).
o Immerse the thermocouple and reference thermometer in the medium.
o Record readings at these temperatures.
5. Plot Calibration Curve:
o Convert thermocouple voltage readings to temperature using standard
thermocouple tables.
o Plot the temperature from the thermocouple against the reference thermometer
readings to create a calibration curve.
6. Adjustment (if required):
o If discrepancies exist between the thermocouple and reference thermometer
readings, apply correction factors.

Calculations:

1. Use the standard thermocouple table for the specific type (e.g., Type K) to convert
millivolt readings into temperature.
2. Error: Error (°C)=Reference Temperature−Calculated Temperature\text{Error (°C)} =
\text{Reference Temperature} - \text{Calculated
Temperature}Error (°C)=Reference Temperature−Calculated Temperature

Result:
The thermocouple was tested and calibrated successfully. Its readings were found to match the
reference thermometer within the acceptable error range.

Precautions:

1. Ensure proper insulation of thermocouple wires to avoid electrical noise.

2. Avoid sudden temperature changes to prevent damage to the thermocouple.
3. Ensure the ice bath and boiling water are stable before taking readings.
4. Use distilled water for calibration to avoid contamination.

Applications:

1. Accurate temperature measurement in industrial and laboratory setups.

2. Monitoring processes in heating, cooling, or manufacturing systems.
3. Calibration of other thermometers or temperature sensors.
Experiment 3: Measurement Using Height Gauge and Depth Gauge

Objective:

To measure the height, depth, and other dimensions of an object using a height gauge and a
depth gauge accurately and effectively.

Apparatus Required:

1. Height gauge
2. Depth gauge
3. Surface plate (for height gauge measurements)
4. Workpiece or object with measurable features (e.g., block, hole, groove)
5. Vernier caliper (optional, for verification)

Theory:

1. Height Gauge:

 A height gauge is used for precise measurement of vertical distances and

marking heights on workpieces.
 It consists of a graduated scale, a slider with a scribing or measuring point,
and a base for stability.

2. Depth Gauge:

 A depth gauge is used to measure the depth of holes, grooves, or recesses.

 It consists of a main scale and a sliding jaw with a measuring probe that fits
into the feature being measured.

Both instruments rely on the principles of Vernier or digital scales for precision.

Procedure:

Part A: Measurement with Height Gauge

1. Setup:
  Place the surface plate on a stable surface.
 Clean the surface plate and the height gauge base to ensure accurate
measurement.

2. Measuring Height:

 Position the object on the surface plate.

 Adjust the slider of the height gauge so that the scribing or measuring point
touches the uppermost surface of the object.
 Lock the slider and record the reading directly from the main or Vernier scale.

3. Marking Heights (Optional):

 Use the scriber to mark a specific height on the workpiece for further
machining or reference.

Part B: Measurement with Depth Gauge

1. Setup:

 Ensure the depth gauge probe is clean and free from burrs.

2. Measuring Depth:

 Insert the measuring probe into the hole, groove, or recess of the workpiece.
 Adjust the sliding jaw until the main scale rests flat on the surface of the
object.
 Lock the sliding jaw and record the reading from the main or Vernier scale.

3. Verification (Optional):

 Verify the depth measurement using a Vernier caliper or another reference

tool.

Observations:
Calculations:

Error Formula: Error (mm)=Measured Dimension−Verified Dimension

Example Calculation for Height of a Block:
Error (mm)=50.10−50.00=+0.10mm

Result:

The height and depth measurements of the workpiece were taken with the following outcomes:

 The maximum observed error was +0.10 mm, which is within the acceptable range for
workshop precision.
 The instruments were found to be accurate for the given task.

Precautions:

1. Ensure the measuring instruments and the workpiece are clean to avoid errors.
2. Avoid parallax errors while reading the scale.
3. Handle the height and depth gauges carefully to maintain their accuracy.
4. Calibrate the instruments before use, if required.

Applications:

1. Precision measurement in machining and quality control.

2. Checking the dimensions of machined components against design specifications.
3. Marking reference lines or heights for further operations.
Experiment 4: Measurement of Flatness Using Height Gauge and Dial Gauge

Objective:

To measure the flatness of a surface using a height gauge and a dial gauge.

Apparatus Required:

1. Height gauge with a dial gauge attachment

2. Surface plate (granite or cast iron)
3. Workpiece or object to be tested
4. Feeler gauge (optional, for verification)

Theory:

 Flatness refers to the degree to which a surface conforms to an ideal plane.

 A dial gauge, when attached to a height gauge, allows for precise measurement of
deviations from a reference plane.
 The surface plate acts as the reference plane, and any variations in flatness are detected as
the dial gauge moves across the surface of the workpiece.

Procedure:

1. Setup:
o
Place the surface plate on a stable, vibration-free table.
o
Clean the surface plate and the workpiece to ensure accurate measurements.
o
Attach the dial gauge to the height gauge.
o
Adjust the dial gauge so that its plunger contacts the surface of the workpiece.
2. Zeroing the Dial Gauge:
o Position the workpiece on the surface plate.
o Move the dial gauge to the highest point on the workpiece surface and set the dial
to zero.
3. Measurement of Flatness:
o Move the height gauge with the attached dial gauge across the surface of the
workpiece in a systematic grid pattern (e.g., left-to-right and front-to-back).
o Record the dial gauge readings at multiple points to determine variations in
flatness.
o Note the highest and lowest readings.
4. Verification (Optional):
 o Use a feeler gauge to measure the gap between the surface plate and the
workpiece at areas of deviation.

Calculations:

1. Flatness Tolerance:

Flatness Error (mm)=Maximum Deviation−Minimum Deviation

Example Calculation:

o Maximum Deviation: +0.05 mm

o Minimum Deviation: -0.04 mm

Flatness Error=+0.05−(−0.04)=0.09 mm

Result:

The flatness of the workpiece surface was measured using a height gauge with a dial gauge. The
flatness error was found to be 0.09 mm0.09 \, \text{mm}0.09mm, indicating slight deviations
from the reference plane.

Precautions:

1. Ensure the surface plate and workpiece are free from dust, oil, or debris.
2. Move the height gauge smoothly to avoid jerky motions that could affect readings.
3. Verify that the dial gauge is securely attached to the height gauge to prevent errors.
4. Ensure proper zeroing of the dial gauge at the reference point.
Applications:

1. Ensuring flatness in machined components for assembly or quality control.

2. Checking the accuracy of jigs, fixtures, and tooling surfaces.
3. Detecting warping or deformation in critical parts.
Experiment 5: Study and Use of Slip Gauge

Objective:

To understand the construction, features, and applications of slip gauges and to measure
dimensions by building a desired combination of slip gauges.

Apparatus Required:

1. Slip gauge set (grade 1, 2, or 3 depending on precision required)

2. Surface plate
3. Height gauge or micrometer (optional, for verification)
4. Workpiece with measurable features
5. Wringing cloth or chamois leather

Theory:

 Slip Gauges (also known as gauge blocks) are precision-ground and lapped measuring
tools used to measure or transfer dimensions accurately.
 Each slip gauge has a specific thickness, marked on its surface.
 Slip gauges can be stacked (by wringing) to achieve a desired height or dimension.
Wringing ensures they adhere tightly to each other without requiring adhesive.

Applications of Slip Gauges:

1. Calibration of measuring instruments.

2. Setting up tools and equipment.
3. Checking and transferring precise dimensions.

Procedure:

1. Study of Slip Gauges:

o Inspect the slip gauge set and note the range of sizes available.
o Understand the types of slip gauges (e.g., metric, inch, square, rectangular) and
their grade of accuracy.
2. Wringing of Slip Gauges:
o Clean the slip gauges and ensure no dust or oil is present on their surfaces.
 o Place one slip gauge on top of another and slide them in a circular motion while
applying gentle pressure.
o Ensure the gauges adhere tightly due to molecular attraction (wringing).
3. Building a Desired Combination:
o Calculate the total height or dimension required.
o Select slip gauges from the set to achieve the desired combination.
o Wring the selected gauges together and verify the total dimension using a
micrometer or height gauge.
4. Measurement Using Slip Gauges:
o Place the wrung slip gauge stack on a surface plate or alongside the feature being
measured.
o Use it as a reference to check or set dimensions.
5. Verification (Optional):
o Use a height gauge or micrometer to verify the total height of the wrung slip
gauges.

Calculations:

1. Error Calculation:

Error (mm)=Verified Dimension−Total Height

Example for 25.46 mm Combination:

o Verified Dimension = 25.47 mm

o Total Height = 25.46 mm

Error=25.47−25.46=+0.01 mm

Result:
The slip gauge combinations were successfully wrung and used to achieve precise dimensions.
The measured dimensions were found to match the desired dimensions within an acceptable
error range.

Precautions:

1. Ensure the slip gauges are clean and free from contaminants before wringing.
2. Handle slip gauges carefully to avoid scratches or damage.
3. Verify the total height using a precise measuring instrument.
4. Store the slip gauges in their protective case after use to maintain their accuracy.

Applications:

1. Calibration of micrometers, vernier calipers, and height gauges.

2. Setting and checking dimensions in machining processes.
3. Serving as a reference for high-precision measurement in laboratories and industries.
Experiment 6: Measurement of Angle Using Sine Bar

Objective:

To measure the angle of a given workpiece using a sine bar and slip gauges.

Apparatus Required:

1. Sine bar
2. Slip gauge set
3. Surface plate
4. Workpiece with an inclined surface
5. Spirit level (optional, for accuracy)
6. Dial gauge (optional, for verification)

Theory:

 A sine bar is a precision tool used to measure angles with the help of slip gauges and the
principle of trigonometry.
 The sine bar consists of a steel bar with two precisely spaced cylindrical rollers fixed at
its ends.
 The angle of the workpiece is calculated using the trigonometric formula:

Where:

 θ: Angle of inclination
 h: Height of the slip gauge stack
 L: Center-to-center distance between the sine bar rollers (a fixed value provided with the
sine bar)

Procedure:
1. Initial Setup:
o Place the sine bar on the surface plate.
o Ensure the surface plate, sine bar, and workpiece are clean and free from debris or
oil.
2. Positioning the Workpiece:
o Place the workpiece on the sine bar so that its inclined surface is parallel to the
surface plate.
o Adjust the sine bar by placing slip gauges under one roller until the workpiece
surface is horizontal.
3. Using a Spirit Level or Dial Gauge:
o Place a spirit level or dial gauge on the workpiece's inclined surface.
o Adjust the height of the slip gauge stack until the workpiece surface reads level or
shows no deviation on the dial gauge.
4. Recording Measurements:
o Note the height (h) of the slip gauge stack used.
o Record the center-to-center distance (LLL) between the sine bar rollers (typically
stamped on the sine bar).
5. Calculation of Angle:
o Use the formula to calculate the angle:

6. Verification (Optional):
o Compare the calculated angle with a protractor or angle gauge for verification.
Precautions:

1. Ensure all surfaces are clean and free from dust or oil.
2. Use the correct height of slip gauges and verify their wringing.
3. Place the sine bar rollers securely on the surface plate to avoid instability.
4. Avoid parallax errors while reading the spirit level or dial gauge.

Applications:

1. Checking and setting angles for machining and quality control.

2. Calibration of angular measuring instruments.
3. Measurement of tapers and inclined surfaces.
Experiment 7: Measurement Using a Combination Set and Bevel Protractor

Objective:

To measure linear dimensions, angles, and perpendicularity using a combination set and a bevel
protractor.

Apparatus Required:

1. Combination set (including rule, square head, protractor head, and center head)
2. Bevel protractor
3. Workpiece with measurable dimensions and angles
4. Vernier caliper or micrometer (optional, for verification)

Theory:

1. Combination Set:
o A combination set is a versatile measuring tool used to measure and check linear
dimensions, angles, depths, and perpendicularity.
o It consists of:
 A graduated steel rule.
 A square head for 90° and 45° angle checks.
 A protractor head for angle measurement.
 A center head for locating the center of cylindrical objects.
2. Bevel Protractor:
o A bevel protractor is used to measure angles with high precision.
o It consists of a circular scale (graduated in degrees), a blade, and a vernier scale
for finer angle measurements.

Procedure:

Part A: Measurement Using a Combination Set

1. Linear Dimensions:
o Place the steel rule along the edge of the workpiece and use the square head to
ensure proper alignment.
o Measure the required length or depth.
2. Angle Measurement (90° and 45°):
 o Position the square head against the edge of the workpiece to check for 90° or 45°
angles.
o Visually inspect for gaps or misalignment.
3. Center of a Cylinder:
o Attach the center head to the steel rule.
o Place the center head on the cylindrical workpiece and mark the intersecting lines
to locate the center.

Part B: Measurement Using a Bevel Protractor

1. Angle Measurement:
o Adjust the blade of the bevel protractor to align with the inclined surface of the
workpiece.
o Lock the blade and note the angle from the protractor’s main scale and vernier
scale.
2. Verification:
o Compare the measured angle with a standard angle gauge or a combination set for
verification.

Result:

Linear dimensions, angles, and center points of the workpiece were successfully measured using
a combination set and bevel protractor. The measurements were found to be accurate within the
acceptable range.