LABActivhy-14

and Minima
Topic LocalMaxima
MATERIALSREQUIRED
Objective : maxima,local minima
1. Cardboardl(of suitablee
TO understandthe Conceptsoflocal
and point of inflection.
Pre-requisite Knowledge :
2. Strings 3. Glue 4. Nails
5. White sheets
7. Hammer 8. Clips.
dimensions)
6. Drawing pins
of
familiar continuity and differentiability
with
Students must be
slope ofline.
Tunction, tangents to curve,
Method of Construction : [fig. ()].
andpaste a white sheet on it with glue
I. Take a cardboard

Fig. ()
2. Take two pieces of strings and fix them on the sheet to represent the X-axis and Y-axis [Fig.()]. Name them as
XOX and Y'OY.
3. Take another string of suitable length. Bend it in the shape of acurve and fix it on the white sheet using nilk .:
shown in fig. (ii).

Y B

A
K
X
y'

4. Take five pieces of strings and fix Fig. (üi)

5. Let the wires at points A, B, them at points A, B, C, Dand Eas shown in fig. (ii).
C, Dand E represent
The slopes of the tangents at these tangents to the curve.
derivative at these points is zero. points is zero as the tangents are parallel to X-axis. ie.
the value of the iS
VINESH Kact Lab Manual in
Mathematics-XII |40
 siyot elit deivativechanges hm negalivetn ponitive, , they are paonts of local
yn of the fit derivative changes from poaitive toneyalive, o, they we the points of local
Ditenectu e curve lhe sign of the derivative does notchange at point P Hence, it is a

Applie
ation
the concept ollocal maximm/minmum values of afunctions praphically.
in helptiul neplany

VIVA-VOCE
localna
L Delne s Natd to have local maxma at point X-c if there exist h > 0 such that
Iuncion

localmnim.
0. Deline if there exist h > 0 such that
Nad to have local minima at point X
Ans. Afuntion / is

alwaysabsolute maxima ?
) L slecal masma
Ans. No
absolute minima ?
0.4. Is localminiuma always
Ans. N),
function is not necessarily zero. Is this true ?
0s For local maxima or mninima, the derivative of
Ans. No
points ?
0. 6. How can we get eritical
Ans. By putting /')0.
0.7. What is other name of critical point ?
Ans. Stationarypont.
0. 8. What is the sign of f'"N) for local maxima ?
Ans. "()is ncgative.
Q.9. What is the sigu of f"(N) for local minima?
Ans. "() is positive.
function has point of local maxima. Is it
Q.10. Ifu) changes its sign from -ve to tve at particular, then
true ?

Ans. N0.

VINESH act Lah Manual in Mathematic<-XIL /41

 LABAcivty-13
DecreasingFunction
Topic
Increasingand MATERIALSREQUIRE
1. Thin
Objective conceptsofdecreasingand increasingfunctions 2. Cadhrad
3. White sheet,
To understandthe
Pre-requisite Knowiedge
familiar with tangents
to curve, slope of line.
6. Trigoneti Taies
4.(e
Students must be
: dirmensions 7.Clips
Method of Constructioncardboard ofsuitable
sheet on a
I. Paste a white
with glue (fig 0)

Fig. (i)
clips, so that they representthe )
equal length and fix them on the whitesheet with
2. Taketwo wires of(ii)]. Name them X'0X and Y'OY.
Y-axis (Refer fig.

Fig. (i)
the shape of curves [Refer fig (
3. Take another pair of wires of suitable length. Fix them on the sheet in with
4. Teke twopoints on both curves and represent tangents at those points the help of straight wires of surae
lengths [Refer fig. (ii)].

Fig. (iüi)
VINESH Xact Lab Manual in
Mathematics-XIl /38
Mustration:
straightwireand
ea fix it on the left curve C in such a way that it
make
is tangent to the curve at point A, [fig.
tangent an angle a with the positive direction of X-axis.
this
Let,

that a is obtuse so tan a 1s negative.

(ü),
observe,

.
Weillustratesthat the slope of tangent at A, is negative.
This
Similarl,taketwo points
say A, and A on the same curve, make tangents at A and A with wires of suitable
oflength.
1.
makeangles a, and a, respectively with the positive direction of x-axis. [fig. (ii)l.
thesetangents
Let are obtuse
a, angles which illustrates that the slopes of tangents at A, and A are also negative
a,and
Angles derivatives ofthe function at A, and A, are negative.
the
ie,. the left hand side of the curveC, is a decreasing function.
Hence, thefunction given by
the above steps to obtain tangents on the second curve C, at points B, B, and B
Similarly,repeat
4 Lerthesetangents make angles B. B, and B, with the positive direction ofx-axis (Refer fig. (ii).
observethat B,,B:and B are all acute angles so
the slopes of tangents at Bj, B, and B, are positive ie. the
We B are positive.
derivatives ofthefunction at B, B, and side of curve is an increasing function.
given by the right hand
Hence,thefuunction
Observation Table:
Curve II
Curve 1
Slope Angle Slope
Angle
(-ve) B> <900 tan B (tve)
90° tan a

tan B, = |(+ve)
tan a, = (- ve) B

tan B; = (+ve)
tan , (ve) B3
curve
Thus, the function represented by the
by thecurve is
Thus. the function represented

Application: concept of decreasing and increasing functions.

1. This function is helpful in understanding the

VIVA-VOCE
increasing function ? decreases with
Q. 1. What is monotonically increasing on [a, b] if the value of fx) inceases or
Ans. A function x) said to be monotonically
is
increase or decrease in x.
decreasing function ? increases or decreases with
Q. 2. What is monotonically monotonically decreasing on a, b]if thevalue of x)
be
Ans. A function x) is sajd to
decrease or increase in X.
for x, <.X, x) 2Jy) ?
Q. 3. Is fx) increasing function
Ans. No.
for x, < x, ’ ) >)?
Q. 4. Isfx)decreasing function
Ans. Yes. function ?
When a function x) is said to be strictly increasing (a, b) if x <X, r)<y).
5.
saidto be strictly increasing function on
Ans. Afunction f(x) is be strictly decreasing
function ?
0. When a function fr) is said to decreasing function on (a, b) ifx > , f r )<r).
strictly
AS, A function x) is said to be
Mathematics-XIl /39
VINESH Kact Lab Manual in
 )

To
Objective :
verify practicallythat for a
Continuity
functionis f to be
tientlySmall
arbitrarily continuous
small, if
at a
Ar is
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Sudents mustbe familiar with
Pre-requisite Knowledge cont : inuity graph.
1. Wooden board/Thermocol
of 2. Pencil 3.
4. Scale
Students must be familiar
with continuity of White Chart Papers
Method of Construction/ functions. 5. Glue 6.
Take a wooden board of
suitable Procedure
:
chart paper on it with the help of dimensions and paste a white
7. Drawing pins.Calculator
glue (fig. ()).

,As shown in fig. (ii), draw the Fig. ()

graphcurve of the given continuous function fx) (Refer fig. (i)].

3. Now on the positive side of x-axis, take a pont A(Xo,Fig. (i)

0). Then make apoint B (Xo Yo) on the curve,
topoint A[Refer fig. (i)]. corresponding

B(XYo)

A(x, 0)

Fig. (ii)
VINESH Kact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /29
Ilustration :
1. Consider another point, A,(x, +Ar,, 0) on the right side ofA such that., Ax, is an increment in x
2. From A,, draw a perpendicular on the curve at point B,. Take the coordinates of point B, as [Reter fig.t(iv).
(xot
(Refer fig. (iv)]. Ay
B,(x,+Ar, y, tAy)
| Ay;
T

B,
A(k, 0) A,x, +Ar, 0)

Fig. (iv)
3. Asshown in fig. (iv), draw a perpendicular from point B(x0 Yo) on A,B. Name it as BT,.
Ay,. Record both the measurements.
TakeAA,
4.5. Let another A, by =reducing
and B,T,
= Ax,point the increment in xto A, such that, Ar, < Ar,. Let the coordinates of A, be
(o t Ar,, 0).
on the curve [Refer fig. (v)].
Then obtain point B, by drawing a perpendicular from A,
B, B,
B,

T,Ë T2 T

A A, A,r,0)
A, a,tar, 0)
(xtAx,)
Ax

Fig. ()
Let the perpendicular BT, intersect A,B, at point T,.
6. Let A,A, = Ax, and B,T, = Ay, (say). Record the observations.
7. Repeat the above steps by reducing the increment in x in each step.
Observation Table : We observe that :
S. No. Increment in x Corresponding increment in y
1. |Ar,| =
2

10.

VINESH Xact Lab Manual in /30

 "As Ar becomes smaller the value of Ay
"Hence lim Ay=0, for acontinuous function.

Application:
This activity helps in understanding the concept of derivatives (right hand or left hand) at
corresponding to agiven function. any point on the
curve

0. 1. When a function is said to be

Ans. Afunctionf («) issaid to be
VIVA-VOCE
continuous ?
0. 2. Vhen a function f() is continuous at a point if the graph of the function has no break or jump.
said to be left continuous at x
Ans. A function of fx) is said to be =a?
left continuous at x =aif lim
0. 3. When a X’a
f(r)= fla).
functionf) is said to be right
Ans. A function fx) is said to be continuous at x = a?
right continuous at x = a if Lt
A) =Aa).
0. 4. X’a+
What is removable
discontinuity of function fx) at x=a?
Ans. A function fr) is said to have
removal discontinuity at x = aif Lt fx) exists but
0. 5. What is not equal to f(a).
non-removal discontinuity function f) at x=a?
of
Ans. A function x) is said to have
non removal discontinuity at x = a, if Lt x)does not exist.
0. 6. Is product of two continuous function is also
Ans. Yes. continuous at x = a?
0.7. Is reciprocal of continuous function is continuous
Ans. Yes.
at x=a?

Q. 8. Given f, g are continuous function. Is

continuous at x = a, given g(a) 0?
Ans. Yes.

VINESH Kact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /31

 LAB Activity-5
Topic Graph of Inverse Trigonometrical Functions
Objective: MATERIALS REQUIRED
Todrawthe graph of sin-l x, using the graph of sin x and
demonstratethe concept of mirror reflection (about the line y = x)
1. Cardboard 2. Iron nails
3. Strings 4. Pencil 5. Eraser
Pre-requisite Knowledge : 6. Measuring scale 7. White paper
Students mustbe familiar with drawing of 8. Coloured pens 9. Cutter 10. Glue.
andsymmetry. trigonometrical graphs 11. Graph Paper
Method of Construction :
of
1. Take a cardboard dimensions 40 cm x 40 cm approx.
2. Paste a white chart paper on it of size 30 cm x30 cm approx.
fig. () Also paste a graph paper of suitable size on white
chart paper as shown in

3 4 6

43 2

Fig. ()
3. Draw two mutually perpendicular lines on the white
chart paper using a scale.
4. Name them as X'OX and YOY as
rectangular axes [refer fig ()].
5. Then approximately, graduate the axes by taking unit on
x-axis = 1:5 times the unit of y-axis, as shown is fig (i).

Fig. (i)

VINESH Kact Lab Manual in Mathematics-XII /13

 6. Mark the points to the nearest approximation

6
,SIn , sin sin in the co-ordinate plane.
4 4 2

1. FIx an iron nail at each point and name them as N N2 NgN4

as
O Kepeat the above process on the other side of x-axis by marking the points
sin
6 2

FIx the nails on these points and name them as N, N,, N, NË. Also fix a nail at O.

10. Join the nails with the help of tight string on both sides of x-axisto get the graph of sin x from 2 to 2
II. Then, plot the points (1, 1), (2, 2)........to get the graph of line y= x. Fix a string on these points
12. Draw perpendiculars from the points N,, N,, N, N, on theliney =x and produce these lines such that
of perpendiculars on both sides of the line y =x is same.
the length
13. Again fix nails at these points and name them as P, P, P3, P4
14. Similarly, fix nails on the other side of x-axis and name them as P{, Pz, Pg, P4
15. Join the nails on both sides of the line y=xby atight string.
16. This string represents the graph ofy = sin x.
Procedure:
1. Place a mirror on the line y= x
2. The image of the graph of sin x represents the graph of sin x.
3. The graph of sinris the mirror reflection of sinx and vice versa.
Observation :
Name of the point Image in the Mirror
N

Ng
N4
N
N
N
NË

" The image of the graph of sin x in y =x is the graph of

"The image of the graph of sinx in y =x isthe graph of

Application:
This acivity can be used to plot the graphs of cosx, tan- x etc.

VINESH Kact Lab Manual