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Overview GIT

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Overview GIT

Uploaded by

Roomi Chandio
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Overview Of Digestion And

Absorption Of Carbohydrate,
Lipid And Protein
Dr. Samira Tariq
Learning Objective
• under stand the of digestion, absorption and metabolism of
macronutrients.

• Understand the interaction between macronutrients and intermediated


metabolites
INTRODUCTION
DIGESTION
• It is the process or act of converting food in to chemical
substances that can be absorbed and assimilated.
OR
• It is a process involving the hydrolysis of large and complex
organic molecules of food stuffs into smaller and preferably
water soluble molecules which can be easily absorbed by the
gastrointestinal tract for utilization by the organism.
• Digestion is accomplished with the aid of enzymes.
• Vitamins and minerals are also made more digestible.
• Secretory and motor activity of the GIT is regulated by
hormones.
Digestion begins in the oral cavity
• SALIVA
• Secreted by three pair of glands
• Parotid gland ------------watery, amylase.
• Sub maxillary--------------serous,mucin
• Sublingual-----------------viscous(mucoprotien)
• Other gland------------mucus
Characteristics
• Composition;
• 99.5% water
• Organic constituents mainly amylase and lipase.
• Inorganic constituents ,Na,K,Ca,Mg,Cl,HCO3,

• Volume;
• 20ml/hr.
• 1000-1500ml/24hr.
• Increase at meal time.
STOMACH
GASTRIC JUICE:
SITE:
• CHIEF OR ZYMOGEN CELL ______PEPSINOGEN
• PARIETAL OR OXYNTIC CELL_________ HCL
• MUSCUS CELL __________MUCIN
PH:
• 1.3 __________ 2.6

VOLUME:
2-3 lit/day
Digestion in stomach
Digestion of CHO: Only hydrolysis of Sucrose
• Digestion of lipid:
Short,medium+unsaturated long F.A * F.F.A+ 1,2-diacylglycerol
• Digestion of protein:
Protein* Poly peptide +A.A
*gastric lipase
*pepsin
REGULATION OF SECRETION OF PANCREATIC JUICE

▪ NERVOUS MECHASIM and HUMORAL REGULATION

• PARASYMPATHETIC SECRETIN, CCK-Pz


• SYMPATHETIC GASTRIN
• LOCAL REFLUX PATHWAY GLUCAGON
BILE
• Secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder
• On contraction of gall bladder bile entered into duodenum
• Gall bladder bile is more concentrated than hepatic bile
• Both contain 75% of organic compounds and 25% of inorganic compounds
• The pH of hepatic bile is 7.1-7.3
• The pH of gall bladder bile is 6.4-7.7
• The volume of gall bladder is 50ml
BILE ACIDS AND BILE SALTS
ENZYMES OF INTESTINAL JUICES:
• Enterokinase
• Aminopeptidase
• Dipeptidase and tripeptides
• Dextranase
• Disaccharidase ̨3,
• Intestinal amylase
• Phospholipase
• Polynucleotides, nucleotidase + nucleosidase
ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
• Two mechanisms are suggested:
1. Simple diffusion: All the monosaccharides are probably absorbed to
some extent by simple ‘passive’ diffusion.
2. “Active” Transport Mechanisms
• Glucose and galactose are absorbed very rapidly and hence it has
been suggested that they are absorbed actively and it requires energy.
• It is suggested that some mechanism facilitates fructose transport,
called as facilitated transport.
Glucose Transporters
• Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that
facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a
process known as facilitated diffusion.

• Glucose transporters accomplish the movement of glucose from the


extracellular space (deriving from the bloodstream) into cells. ...

• Insulin in the blood is taken up through a transporter GLUT4, in adipose


and muscle cells resulting in the reduction of blood glucose.
Absorption of Amino acids
• L-isomers of A.A + L.Peptides___ by active transport
• D-amino acid __simple passive diffusion

• γ-glutamyl cycle
Absorption of lipid
ABSORPTION OF LIPID
• Micelles
Fatty acid + monoglycerides by passive diffusion
• In mucosal cells
Triglycerides ,phospholipid+ cholesterol are absorbed by
chylomicron
80% _____ 90% absorbed
5______ 10% pass out
• Un absorbed cholesterol ester attacked by intestinal
bacteria to form end products.
LARGE INTESTINE
• Ph = 8.0

Function
• 2000 ml WATER + NaCl absorbed
• Intestinal flora vit B complex +vit K
Fermentation
Putrefaction
SITE OF ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
JEJUNUM: Glucose and other monosaccharides, some
disaccharides. Monoacylglycerols, fatty acids,
glycerol, cholesterol, amino acids
peptides, vitamins, folate, electrolytes, iron, calcium, water
• Ileum: bile acids
Vitamin B₁₂
Electrolytes
Water
Interconversion between the
three principal components
• I. Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates can form lipids
2. Carbohydrates can form non-essential amino acids
• II. Fats
1. Fatty acids can be converted to some amino acids.
2. Acetone, one of the ketone bodies may be glucogenic.
III. Proteins
Proteins can form both carbohydrates and lipids through
the glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids

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